El Dibujo Anónimo De La Antigua Tabarka, Túnez the Anonymous Drawing of Historic Tabarka, Tunisia

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El Dibujo Anónimo De La Antigua Tabarka, Túnez the Anonymous Drawing of Historic Tabarka, Tunisia 78-101 MANZANO-JUAN VIDA#2FB4B4 3/5/12 16:31 Página 90 1. Dibujo anónimo “Tabarka” (Túnez), sin fecha. 1. Anonymous drawing “Tabarka” (Tunisia), undated. 90 EL DIBUJO ANÓNIMO DE LA ANTIGUA TABARKA, TÚNEZ THE ANONYMOUS DRAWING OF HISTORIC TABARKA, TUNISIA Francisco Juan Vidal 1 El Archivo de Simancas conserva 2008-0197) 1 han aportado datos belonging to the State collection, un dibujo manuscrito original, que contribuyen a ilustrar este Lº 5622). Research carried out as anónimo y de fecha incierta, que excelente documento gráfico. part of an international project on representa una vista general y urban settlements founded Palabras clave: Tabarca, dibujos remota del islote de Tabarka (MPD, between the XVI and XVIII centuries de ciudades, Wyngaerde, Bautista XIV-15, proveniente de la serie de on island territories under Antonelli Estado, Lº 5622). Las Hispano-Italian rule (Integrated investigaciones llevadas a cabo en Action, MINICIN HI-2008-0197) 1 has provided information which el seno del proyecto internacional Kept in the Simancas General helps to illustrate this excellent sobre los asentamientos urbanos Archive is an original manuscript graphical document. fundados entre los siglos XVI y XVIII drawing, which is anonymous and en las respectivas posesiones of uncertain age. It portrays a Keywords: Tabarca, drawings insulares hispano-italianas general, long distance view of the of cities, Wyngaerde, Bautista (Acción Integrada, MINICIN HI- island of Tabarka (MPD, XIV-15, Antonelli 78-101 MANZANO-JUAN VIDA#2FB4B4 3/5/12 16:31 Página 91 expresión gráfica arquitectónica Tabarka: aproximación cinto amurallado, con una torre para Tabarka: historical background 91 histórica defenderse de los piratas. En un prin- The island of Tabarka, 750 x 500 metres in size cipio se asentarán bajo la protección de and with an area of some 16 hectares, lies 500 El islote de Tabarka, de 750 x 500 me- la República de Génova. metres from the Tunisian coast, at the mouth of tros de dimensión y unas 16 hectáreas En la primera mitad del siglo XVI la the river Uad-el-Kebir, next to the gulf of Bora, de extensión, se enclava a unos 500 me- Corona Española inicia una campaña mi- historically a strategic location for the tros frente a las costas tunecinas, en la exploitation of coral and for controlling the litar en el norte de África con el fin pro- frontier between Christianity and Islam (Fig. 2). desembocadura del Uad-el-Kebir, jun- teger las rutas marítimas con Sicilia, Ná- to al golfo de Bora, lugar estratégico his- Seasonally inhabited by Genovese fishermen, it poles y Alejandría, y también para con- was a possession of the Spanish Crown from the tóricamente para la explotación del co- tener a los musulmanes. En 1535 se pro- first decades of the XVI century until the ral y para el control de la frontera cris- dujo la toma de Túnez, derrocando a beginning of the XVIII century. tiano-musulmana (Fig. 2). Habitada es- Kheir-ed-Din Barbarroja, reponiendo It is already known that in the XII century the tacionalmente por pescadores genove- Tunisian coast of Marsacares (between Ras a Moulay Hassan en el trono y ofrecien- ses, pertenecerá a la Corona Española Ajebel the Red cape and Cape Serrat), under the do su protectorado al nuevo soberano desde las primeras décadas del siglo XVI jurisdiction of Pisa, was worked by Genovese, (Fig. 3). Tabarka pasará entonces al do- Catalonian and French fisherman from hasta principios del siglo XVIII. minio de la Corona, y se situará en la lí- Montpellier and Marseille. It was a seasonal Se sabe que ya en el siglo XII las cos- nea del frente cristiano-musulmán, don- activity, which started with the good weather tas tunecinas del Marsacares (entre de España establecerá una “frontera” es- and ended in autumn. Much later, around the cabo Rojo y cabo Serrat), dominadas tratégica, sin dejar de mantener su con- middle of the XIV century, foreign interest in the jurisdiccionalmente por Pisa, eran ex- exploitation of coral in the area intensified. En dición de lugar apreciado por la rique- plotadas por pescadores genoveses, 1446 Catalonian trader Rafael Vives obtained a za de sus bancos de coral. catalanes y franceses de Montpellier y concession for coral fishing rights from the Marsella. Se trataba de una actividad En 1542 se firmará el primer contra- Uthman sovereign. In the years that followed to entre la Corona Española, represen- (from 1446-1448) it would be Catalonian estacional, que comenzaba con el buen fishermen, many of whom resident in Sicily, who tiempo y finalizaba en otoño. Tras un tada por el virrey de Sicilia, Fernando Gonzaga, y las familias genovesas de los worked the waters around Tabarka. largo paréntesis, hacia mediados del si- Between 1452 and1506 the Genovese gained glo XIV se intensificará el interés extran- Lomellini (procedentes de Pegli) y los control by obtaining a special privilege from the jero por la explotación del coral en la Grimaldi, para la explotación del coral Tunisian Bey (1451) for coral fishing and trading zona. En 1446 el comerciante catalán del Marsacares. En 1570 se renueva el rights along the coast from Ras Ajebel to the Rafael Vives obtiene una concesión del acuerdo en exclusiva con los Lomelli- west. They founded a company for the purpose of trading in the highly-valued “red gold”. This soberano Uthman para la pesca del co- ni di Tabarka. El acuerdo les permiti- rá establecerse en el islote con una pre- led to the establishment of a more stable ral. En los años siguientes (entre 1446- settlement on the island of Tabarka and a 1448) serán los pescadores catalanes, sencia jurídicamente definida, en régi- spontaneous colony of fisherman emerged. A muchos de ellos residentes en Sicilia, men de concesión, dedicándose a la pes- small group of houses was built around a church, quienes faenarán en Tabarka. ca y comercio del coral. A cambio de- along with some warehouses and a small walled Entre 1452 y 1506 los genoveses se berán pagar a la Corona Española la im- enclosure with a tower for defence against harán con el control al obtener un pri- posición de un “quinto” de lo obteni- pirates. Initially the settlement was established under the protection of the Republic of Genoa. vilegio del Bey tunecino (1451) para la do por su venta en el mercado de Gé- During the first half of the XVI century the nova. Tendrán la facultad de nombrar pesca y el comercio del coral en las cos- Spanish Crown began a military campaign in tas desde el Ras Ajebel (cabo Rojo) ha- un gobernador que deberá jurar fideli- North Africa to protect shipping routes to Sicily, cia occidente. Fundarán una compañía dad al Rey Católico y gobernar con Naples and Alexandria, and to contain Muslim dedicada al comercio del preciado arreglo a las leyes de Castilla. Al tiem- expansion. In 1535 Tunis was taken, Kheir-ed- “oro rojo”. Ello dará lugar a un asen- po se construirá una fortaleza-presidio Din Barbarossa was deposed and replaced on tamiento más estable, surgiendo una co- que los concesionarios deberán mante- the throne by Moulay Hassan and Tunisia was placed under the sovereign protection of Spain ner a su cargo, incluyendo los sueldos lonia espontánea de pescadores en la (Fig. 3). Tabarka, thus, came under control of the isla de Tabarka. Allí levantarán un pe- de la guarnición (Fig. 4). Se iniciará así Spanish Crown, and lay on the front line queño núcleo de viviendas entorno a un periodo de dos siglos de dominación between the Christian and Muslim worlds, una iglesia, almacenes y un pequeño re- española en Tabarka (Juan et al. 2010). where Spain established a strategic “frontier”; it 78-101 MANZANO-JUAN VIDA#2FB4B4 3/5/12 16:31 Página 92 2. Ciudad de Tabarka con su peñón (antiguo islote) siva de los turcos para desalojar a los españoles. 3. “Tunetis urbis, ae movae Rius arcis, et frente a las costas del golfo de Bora. Google Maps, 4. Fortaleza-presidio de Tabarka, octubre de 2010. Gulketae…” (1574) in the atlas Latin Martinense of octubre de 2011. g. Braun and e. Hogenbergius, representing the 3. “Tunetis urbis, ae movae Rius arcis, et 2. City of Tabarka with its rock (old Island) Turkish offensive to evict the Spaniards. Gulketae…” (1574) en el atlas Martinense Latino de off the coast of the Gulf of Bora. Google Maps, 4. Garrison-fort of Tabarka, October 2010. G. Braun y E. Hogenbergius, representando la ofen- October 2011. 92 Características del asentamiento tabarkino A excepción del castillo-presidio, tra- zado por ingenieros militares, la estruc- tura del asentamiento del periodo ge- novés en el islote de Tabarka hereda- rá las trazas y las fábricas de la colo- nia preexistente, donde las viviendas se- rán construidas por los propios colo- nos. Ello dará lugar a una estructura territorial dispersa, surgiendo pequeñas agrupaciones urbanas espontáneas ge- neradas por agregación de unidades fa- miliares entorno a caminos-calles, pla- 2 za, cisterna y alguna iglesia. El origen de la actividad, de tipo estacional, se- guirá condicionando la vida en Tabar- ka, llegando a contarse la mitad de po- bladores dedicados al coral en las temporadas de invierno respecto a las de verano. La tipología de vivienda uti- lizada responderá a los lógicos condi- cionantes de simplicidad, economía y funcionalidad, recurriendo a modelos tradicionales de origen rural de fácil auto-construcción (Juan et al. 2010). Una relación de 1582, encargada al embajador español en Génova, Pedro González de Mendoza, describe Tabar- ka dominada por el gran presidio construido con “bastiones de cal y pie- dras cocidas”, con varios fuertes y to- rres, guarnecida por 70 soldados y ha- bitada por una población de al menos 200 habitantes, parte estable y parte flotante, de pescadores, artesanos y co- 3 merciantes.
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