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Optical Activity During 2016&Ndash MNRAS 474, 933–946 (2018) doi:10.1093/mnras/stx2663 Advance Access publication 2017 October 24 WD 1145+017: optical activity during 2016–2017 and limits on the X-ray flux S. Rappaport,1‹ B. L. Gary,2‹ A. Vanderburg,3,4‹† S. Xu(),5 D. Pooley6 and K. Mukai7,8 1Department of Physics, Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, M.I.T., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA 2Hereford Arizona Observatory, Hereford, AZ 85615, USA 3Harvard–Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA 4Department of Astronomy, The University of Texas at Austin, 2515 Speedway, Stop C1400, Austin, TX 78712, USA 5European Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 2, D-85748 Garching, Germany Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article/474/1/933/4563657 by guest on 03 October 2021 6Department of Physics and Astronomy, Trinity University, San Antonio, TX 78212-7200, USA 7CRESST and X-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA 8Department of Physics, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA Accepted 2017 October 10. Received 2017 October 6; in original form 2017 August 19 ABSTRACT WD 1145+017 was observed from 2016 November through 2017 June for the purpose of further characterizing the transit behaviour of the dusty debris clouds orbiting this white dwarf. The optical observations were carried out with a small ground-based telescope run by an amateur astronomer, and covered 53 different nights over the 8-month interval. We have found that the optical activity has increased to the highest level observed since its discovery with Kepler K2, with approximately 17 per cent of the optical flux extinguished per orbit. The source exhibits some transits with depths of up to 55 per cent and durations as long as 2 h. The dominant period of the orbiting dust clouds during 2016–2017 is 4.49126 h. We present ‘waterfall’ images for the entire 2016–2017 and 2015–2016 observing seasons. In addition, the white dwarf was observed with the Chandra X-ray Observatory for 10-ks on each of four different occasions, separated by about a month each. The upper limit on the average X-ray flux from WD 1145+017 is 5 × 10−15 erg cm−2 s−1 (unabsorbed over the range 28 0.1–100 keV), which translates to an upper limit on the X-ray luminosity, Lx,of 2 × 10 −1 erg s .IfLx GMwdM˙ acc/Rwd, where Mwd and Rwd are the mass and radius of the white 11 −1 dwarf, and M˙ acc is the accretion rate, then M˙ acc 2 × 10 gs . This is just consistent with the value of M˙ that is inferred from the level of dust activity. Key words: planets and satellites: composition – planets and satellites: detection – planets and satellites: general – planet–star interactions. −1 1 INTRODUCTION 300 km s (Xu et al. 2016). The history of the discovery of WD 1145+017, a review of its properties and some ideas about the WD 1145+017 is a unique white dwarf that has the following four orbiting debris are given in the review of Vanderburg & Rappaport attributes: it (1) exhibits atmospheric pollution via an array of metal (2017, and references therein). Some of the basic photometric and lines (Vanderburg et al. 2015; hereafter ‘V15’; Xu et al. 2016); (2) spectroscopic properties of the object are summarized in Table 1. shows strong evidence for a dusty disc that produces IR emission in A substantial fraction of white dwarfs exhibit atmospheric pollu- excess of the white-dwarf’s intrinsic emission (V15); (3) exhibits tion from metals such as Mg, Al, Si, Ca, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe and Ni. This deep transits that are thought to be due to orbiting disintegrating observation, coupled with the relatively short gravitational settling debris (V15;Gansicke¨ et al. 2016; Rappaport et al. 2016, hereafter times, suggest that there must be a nearly continual process of accre- ‘R16’; Gary et al. 2017, hereafter ‘G17’) and (4) has broad and tion (e.g. Zuckerman et al. 2010;Koester,Gansicke¨ & Farihi 2014). variable circumstellar metal absorption lines with widths of up to A smaller fraction (perhaps ∼3 per cent) of all white dwarfs and up to 20 per cent of polluted white dwarfs (Zuckerman & Becklin E-mail: [email protected] (SR); [email protected] (BLG); avanderburg@ 1987) are also found to have NIR signatures of dusty discs orbiting utexas.edu (AV) them (Kilic et al. 2006; Farihi, Jura & Zuckerman 2009;Barber † NASA Sagan Fellow. et al. 2012; Rocchetto et al. 2015). C 2017 The Author(s) Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society 934 S. Rappaport et al. Table 1. Photometric and spectral properties broad metal absorption lines may be due to gas, produced from of WD 1145+017. sublimated dust and orbiting close into the white dwarf, perhaps within ∼10 Rwd (Xu et al. 2016; Redfield et al. 2017; Vanderburg Parameter WD 11145+017 & Rappaport 2017). RA (J2000) 11:48:33.627 In this paper, we discuss the results of optical monitoring of WD Dec. (J2000) +01:28:59.41 1145+017 covering 8 months of the 2016–2017 observing season. Spectral type DBZA We also present the results of four Chandra X-ray observations of a Kp 17.29 10 ks each, but spanning an interval of 20 weeks. In Sections 2 and 3, gb 17.00 ± 0.01 we describe how the optical and X-ray observations were acquired. Jc 17.50 ± 0.03 The results of the optical observations are presented in Section 4, Kc 17.40 ± 0.08 including a number of illustrative light curves (Section 4.1), a new W1d 17.02 ± 0.16 way to visualize ‘waterfall’ diagrams (Section 4.2), a search for W2d 16.51 ± 0.35 periodicities (Section 4.3) and an overview of the photometric dip e ± Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article/474/1/933/4563657 by guest on 03 October 2021 Teff (K) 15 900 500 activity since its discovery (Section 4.4). The Chandra X-ray ob- e ± logg (cgs) 8.0 0.2 servations led to only an upper limit on the flux which is evaluated Re ± wd(R⊕)1.400.18 Me ± and discussed in Section 5. An interpretation of what this limit on wd(M)0.590.12 e ± the X-ray flux implies for the accretion rate of debris is explored Cooling age (Myr) 175 75 + Distance (pc)f 174 ± 25 in Section 5.4. Our current understanding of WD 1145 017 is dis- − μα (mas yr 1)f −43.3 ± 4.9 cussed more broadly in Section 6. We summarize our results and − μδ (mas yr 1)f −7.0 ± 4.9 draw some final conclusions in Section 7. Orbital periodg (hr) 4.49126 Orbital radiusg (R)1.16 2 GROUND-BASED OPTICAL MONITORING Notes. ahttps://archive.stsci.edu/k2/epic/search.php. bTaken from the SDSS image (Ahn We report on 53 observing sessions of WD 1145+017 during the et al. 2012). 8-month interval 2016 October 25 through 2017 June 18. The me- cUKIDSS magnitudes (Lawrence et al. 2007). dian interval between observing sessions was 4 d. dWISE point source catalogue (Cutri All observations were made with the Hereford Arizona Obser- et al. 2013). vatory (HAO, Minor Planet Center site code of G95). This is a e V15; http://dev.montrealwhitedwarfdatabase.org/ private observatory in Hereford, Arizona, consisting of a 14-inch evolution.html (Dufour et al. 2017). Meade LX200 GPS telescope and a Santa Barbara Instrument Group fFrom UCAC4 (Zacharias et al. 2013); Smart (SBIG) ST-10XME CCD camera. All observations were unfiltered; & Nicastro (2014). gBased on the primary periodicity observed the system response exceeded 10 per cent of maximum from 400 in this work. to 900 nm. The telescope, camera, filter wheel, autoguiding sys- tems and dome azimuth are controlled from a residence office via WD 1145+017 has all these attributes, but what makes it unique buried 100-feet cables. A commercial program, MaxIm DL v5.2, are (i) the transits that are presumed to be due to dust clouds in is used for observatory control as well as later image processing. 4.5–5 h orbits (V15;Gansicke¨ et al. 2016 ; R16; G17), and (ii) the Calibration images (bias, dark and flat) are updated at appropriate very broad absorption lines ascribed to high-velocity metal gases intervals, with emphasis on using the same CCD camera control orbiting perhaps even closer to the white dwarf (Xu et al. 2016; temperature for dark frames. Autoguiding was usually performed Redfield et al. 2017). The details of the orbiting debris that produces using the ST-10XME second chip (meant only for autoguiding) in the dust, in particular the numbers and masses of the bodies, are order to preserve the star field’s pixel location throughout each ob- largely unknown. However, in broad brush, there were six distinct serving session. Once an observing session is set up and operating periods found in the K2 discovery observations ranging from 4.5 to in a stable manner, the observatory is allowed to function for the 4.9 h; these were named the ‘A’ through ‘F’ periods. Periods within rest of the night unattended; automatic shut-down of hardware is ∼0.2 per cent of the A period found in K2, have been seen in ground- accomplished when specified conditions are met (elevation <15◦, based observations ever since the transits were first discovered. astronomical twilight, etc.). The ‘B’ period, at 4.605 h, was detected briefly, and convincingly, The image processing, using MaxIm DL, is maintained as close as during the 2015–2016 observing season.
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