DOCSLIB.ORG

Taxonomy (Biology)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Taxonomy (Biology) KKuulliiaahh BBiioollooggii 11.. TTaaxxoonnoommyy MahasiswaMahasiswa semestersemester pendek-pendek- 20082008 CCLLAASSSSIIFFIICCAATTIIOONN . TheThe classificationclassification ofof plantsplants (and(and animals)animals) isis calledcalled TAXONOMYTAXONOMY . TaxonomyTaxonomy isis thethe sciencescience ofof identifyingidentifying andand namingnaming speciesspecies andand organisingorganising themthem intointo systemssystems ofof classificationclassification . TheThe sciencescience ofof taxonomytaxonomy andand systematicssystematics involvesinvolves classifyingclassifying organismsorganisms accordingaccording toto naturalnatural andand evolutionaryevolutionary relationships.relationships. TheThe systemsystem inin widewide useuse datesdates backback toto thethe eighteentheighteenth century,century, whenwhen SwedishSwedish botanistbotanist CarlCarl LinnaeusLinnaeus deviseddevised aa wayway ofof naming,naming, ranking,ranking, andand classifyingclassifying organisms.organisms. Taxonomy is arguably the world's oldest profession, and naming and classifying what's around us is part of the human condition. Scientific naming began with the Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus in the eighteenth century. Scientists still use his system, but how much has the science changed from the days when Linnaeus, in a frock coat and with a powdered wig, classified the Earth's plants and animals? Darwin's theory of evolution has allowed scientists to see diversity as the result of a dynamic process rather than a static picture. This makes the discovery, documentation and study of the diversity of life even more exciting now than in the past. As the conservation of biodiversity becomes ever more important politically, the work of taxonomists has impact not only within the scientific community, but also in society as a whole. Taxonomists today still go into natural habitats and discover new species; it is estimated that scientists have described only ten per cent of the Earth's species, so the task is enormous. Fieldwork involves plant presses, insect nets and hard work getting from place to place, just as it did in the past. Taxonomists house their collected specimens in museums, for their use and for that of future generations of scientists. Morphology is still important in the study of evolutionary patterns, so specimens continue to have a critical role in taxonomy. But today's researchers have at their disposal an armoury of ways of looking at the relationships between species--from electron microscopes for examining the tiniest organisms to DNA sequencers for looking at genes. CLASSIFICATION TO SPECIES LEVEL E.g. the classification of the geranium Geranium endressii is: Division Anthophyta Class Dicotyledones Family Geraniaceae Genus Geranium Species endressii Each of the various groupings in this list (Anthophyta, Dicotyledones, Geraniaceae, Geranium, endressii) is called a TAXON - plural TAXA. In normal everyday use the full classification is not given, instead the plant is referred to by a Latin name made up of the Genus + species, so: Geranium endressii CLASSIFICATION BELOW SPECIES LEVEL Variations within the species which occur in nature are classified into infra-specific taxa - mostly subspecies, varietas (= botanical variety), and forma (form). Variations which are selected in cultivation and deliberately propagated are called cultivated varieties (cultivar for short), or simply varieties. REMEMBER! Variety or cultivar is not the same as varietas or botanical variety. HOW TO WRITE PLANT NAMES (PROPERLY!) The Latin name of a plant is the name of the Genus (always with an initial capital) followed by the name of the species (always with a small initial letter), usually written in italics. E.g. creeping buttercup: Ranunculus repens correct ranunculus repens wrong! Ranunculus Repenswrong! Asparagus officinalis subsp. prostratus correct Asparagus officinalis subsp. officinalis correct ,…..but: Asparagus officinalis prostratus wrong! Asparagus Officinalis Prostratus wrong! Asparagus Officinalis subsp. Prostratus wrong! Asparagus officinalis officinalis wrong!.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Planting Schemes Advice Note 2021
    Natural Environment Team East Dorset Environment Partnership Dorset Biodiversity Appraisal Protocol Advice Note Planting scheme recommendations Introduction This advice note was written with the East Dorset Environment Partnership and is intended primarily to assist ecological consultants and developers when submitting Biodiversity Plans (BPs) and Landscape & Ecological Management Plans (LEMPs) to DC NET for review under the Dorset Biodiversity Appraisal Protocol (DBAP) by describing how to maximise the biodiversity potential of good planting schemes designed to deliver multiple benefits and contribute to achieving biodiversity net gain. Making the most of existing habitats strengthened through strong eco-tones; sound planting composition; connectivity to ecological networks within and beyond site boundaries and appropriate on-going management are all fundamental elements of an outstanding planting scheme. Submitted planting schemes for developments should seek to offer biodiversity benefit and comply with Dorset Council’s Pollinators Action Plan and Green Infrastructure Strategies. Schemes should demonstrate how they will contribute to addressing the Climate & Ecological Emergency Strategy (Draft 2020). Currently, many schemes appear to be generic designs that do not take account of local conditions and are based on widely available and low-cost shrubs; many of which are invasive, potentially invasive or nuisance plants known as ‘garden thugs’. This is of particular concern where new sites for development are on the rural fringe and pose a significant risk of spreading damaging alien plant species into the wider countryside and sensitive semi-natural habitats. Recent published work by the Royal Horticultural Society (RHS) and others has focussed on lists of plants that attract pollinators rather than broader biodiversity considerations.
    [Show full text]
  • The Down Rare Plant Register of Scarce & Threatened Vascular Plants
    Vascular Plant Register County Down County Down Scarce, Rare & Extinct Vascular Plant Register and Checklist of Species Graham Day & Paul Hackney Record editor: Graham Day Authors of species accounts: Graham Day and Paul Hackney General editor: Julia Nunn 2008 These records have been selected from the database held by the Centre for Environmental Data and Recording at the Ulster Museum. The database comprises all known county Down records. The records that form the basis for this work were made by botanists, most of whom were amateur and some of whom were professional, employed by government departments or undertaking environmental impact assessments. This publication is intended to be of assistance to conservation and planning organisations and authorities, district and local councils and interested members of the public. Cover design by Fiona Maitland Cover photographs: Mourne Mountains from Murlough National Nature Reserve © Julia Nunn Hyoscyamus niger © Graham Day Spiranthes romanzoffiana © Graham Day Gentianella campestris © Graham Day MAGNI Publication no. 016 © National Museums & Galleries of Northern Ireland 1 Vascular Plant Register County Down 2 Vascular Plant Register County Down CONTENTS Preface 5 Introduction 7 Conservation legislation categories 7 The species accounts 10 Key to abbreviations used in the text and the records 11 Contact details 12 Acknowledgements 12 Species accounts for scarce, rare and extinct vascular plants 13 Casual species 161 Checklist of taxa from county Down 166 Publications relevant to the flora of county Down 180 Index 182 3 Vascular Plant Register County Down 4 Vascular Plant Register County Down PREFACE County Down is distinguished among Irish counties by its relatively diverse and interesting flora, as a consequence of its range of habitats and long coastline.
    [Show full text]
  • An Encyclopedia of Shade Perennials This Page Intentionally Left Blank an Encyclopedia of Shade Perennials
    An Encyclopedia of Shade Perennials This page intentionally left blank An Encyclopedia of Shade Perennials W. George Schmid Timber Press Portland • Cambridge All photographs are by the author unless otherwise noted. Copyright © 2002 by W. George Schmid. All rights reserved. Published in 2002 by Timber Press, Inc. Timber Press The Haseltine Building 2 Station Road 133 S.W. Second Avenue, Suite 450 Swavesey Portland, Oregon 97204, U.S.A. Cambridge CB4 5QJ, U.K. ISBN 0-88192-549-7 Printed in Hong Kong Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Schmid, Wolfram George. An encyclopedia of shade perennials / W. George Schmid. p. cm. ISBN 0-88192-549-7 1. Perennials—Encyclopedias. 2. Shade-tolerant plants—Encyclopedias. I. Title. SB434 .S297 2002 635.9′32′03—dc21 2002020456 I dedicate this book to the greatest treasure in my life, my family: Hildegarde, my wife, friend, and supporter for over half a century, and my children, Michael, Henry, Hildegarde, Wilhelmina, and Siegfried, who with their mates have given us ten grandchildren whose eyes not only see but also appreciate nature’s riches. Their combined love and encouragement made this book possible. This page intentionally left blank Contents Foreword by Allan M. Armitage 9 Acknowledgments 10 Part 1. The Shady Garden 11 1. A Personal Outlook 13 2. Fated Shade 17 3. Practical Thoughts 27 4. Plants Assigned 45 Part 2. Perennials for the Shady Garden A–Z 55 Plant Sources 339 U.S. Department of Agriculture Hardiness Zone Map 342 Index of Plant Names 343 Color photographs follow page 176 7 This page intentionally left blank Foreword As I read George Schmid’s book, I am reminded that all gardeners are kindred in spirit and that— regardless of their roots or knowledge—the gardening they do and the gardens they create are always personal.
    [Show full text]
  • Gardening in the South Country Casual to Antebellum Elegance
    Gardening in the South Country Casual to Antebellum Elegance AHS 43rd Annual Meeting. April 14·16, 1988 • Atlanta, Georgia • Tour magnificent private gardens and see a grounds of the Atlanta Historical Society and variety of southern gardening styles the Atlanta Botanical Garden and delight in • Enjoy educational sessions that will expand Georgia's historical and horticultural treasures your gardening expertise and provide you with • Savor the magic of Callaway Gardens new inspiration • Enhance your own garden with plant • Learn about the latest developments in purchases from visits to Goodness Grows horticultural research from experts associated Nursery and other noted garden centers with the Biosphere II project in Arizona Plan now to join us in Atlanta-a city rich in • Wander through the beautifully landscaped history and horticulture-April 14-16, 1988. VOLUME 66 NUMBER 10 President's Page: Meet Our New Directors by Carolyn Marsh Lindsay 2 Plants for the Landscape: Hardy Geraniums by Elisabeth Sheldon 4 Flowers for Drying: Everlasting Perennials by JoAnn Schowalter Loebel 10 The John J. Tyler Arboretum Text by Marcia Bonta Ph otography by Bruce Bonta 14 An Autumn Garden by Peter Loewer 21 Restoration of a Poet's Garden by Jane Baber White 27 Book Reviews by Barbara W. Ellis 32 Garden Hints: Choosing the Best Rose by Rayford Reddell 35 Classifieds 38 The Design Page: Spring Bulbs by Margaret Hensel 42 Sources 45 On the Cover: The brightly colo red leaves of Brassica oleracea, commonly called flowering kale or ornamental ca bbage, add a distinctive touch to the autumn garden. This colorful plant also makes an unusual centerpiece for the table.
    [Show full text]
  • Thesis Reference
    Thesis Paramètres photosynthétiques affectant le transport d'électrons à travers le pool de plastoquinone : la densité des photosystèmes I, le contenu de chlorophylle et l'activité d'une plastoquinol-oxydase CEPPI, Margarita Georgina Abstract La présente thèse a pour buts de permettre une interprétation plus précise des cinétiques de fluorescence de la Chl a (OJIP). Elle comporte deux parties principales. La première investigue l'activité et la localisation d'une oxydase du plastoquinol, une PQH2-oxydase. Dans la seconde partie de cette thèse, une expérience est menée sur des plantes de Beta vulgaris soumises à des traitements déficients en soufre et/ou magnésium, affectant spécifiquement la quantité de photosystèmes I (PSI) ainsi que le contenu de Chl. Nos résultats montrent que l'amplitude de la phase IP de la cinétique de fluorescence OJIP peut être employée comme un indicateur de la quantité de PSI dans les feuilles. Nous estimons l'effet des changements du gradient de lumière dans les feuilles suite à la perte de Chl, et montrons que ces changements n'ont pas d'impact significatif sur l'intensité d'émission de la fluorescence de la Chl a ; en particulier, les niveaux maximal et minimal de fluorescence restent inchangés. Reference CEPPI, Margarita Georgina. Paramètres photosynthétiques affectant le transport d'électrons à travers le pool de plastoquinone : la densité des photosystèmes I, le contenu de chlorophylle et l'activité d'une plastoquinol-oxydase. Thèse de doctorat : Univ. Genève, 2009, no. Sc. 4175 URN : urn:nbn:ch:unige-53870 DOI : 10.13097/archive-ouverte/unige:5387 Available at: http://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:5387 Disclaimer: layout of this document may differ from the published version.
    [Show full text]
  • Number 4, Summer 1998 Director’S Letter Watering, Weeding, and Waiting by Bryce Lane Summer at the JC Raulston Arboretum Is a Great Time for Visiting
    Planning and planting for a better world Friends of the JC Raulston Arboretum Newsletter Number 4, Summer 1998 Director’s Letter Watering, Weeding, and Waiting by Bryce Lane Summer at the JC Raulston Arboretum is a great time for visiting. However, be sure to bring plenty of water to drink. It has been a hot one so far, and that poses a few extra challenges for gardeners throughout the region. Our summer staff of Mitzi, Karen, Todd, Doug, and Sarah have been busy keeping the garden and collections in “tip top” shape. Much of their time has been involved in two typical summer time gardening Gala in the Garden Co-Chairs May McMillan Benson, left, and Peggy Fain share a well deserved smile during the very successful Gala. See page 18 for activities, watering and weeding. more gala news. photo by Linda Watson In between these activities they have been busy propagating a The giveaway is an incredible event insure the event was memorable. myriad of very interesting and where a “sea” of people select from Indeed it was a memorable Gala, exciting plants. That’s where the a “sea” of plants. It only takes about with brief gale force winds and waiting comes in! Many of these ten minutes for the plants to be torrential rains occurring right plants will be featured at the NC chosen and amazingly, no one is before dinner. That did not dampen Association of Nurserymen Trade injured or very disappointed! Be anyone’s spirits. As we all stood Show, which is now re-scheduled sure to mark your calendars.
    [Show full text]
  • Reproductive Characteristics As Drivers of Alien Plant Naturalization and Invasion
    Reproductive characteristics as drivers of alien plant naturalization and invasion Dissertation submitted for the degree of Doctor of Natural Sciences presented by Mialy Harindra Razanajatovo at the Faculty of Sciences Department of Biology Date of the oral examination: 12 February 2016 First referee: Prof. Dr. Mark van Kleunen Second referee: Prof. Dr. Markus Fischer Konstanzer Online-Publikations-System (KOPS) URL: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:352-0-324483 Summary Due to human activity and global movements, many plant species have been introduced to non-native regions where they experience novel abiotic and biotic conditions. Some of these alien species manage to establish reproducing naturalized populations, and some naturalized alien species subsequently become invasive. Invasion by alien plant species can negatively affect native communities and ecosystems, but what gives the alien species an advantage under novel conditions is still not clear. Therefore, identifying the drivers of invasions has become a major goal in invasion ecology. Reproduction is crucial in plant invasions, because propagule supply is required for founding new populations, population maintenance and spread in non-native regions. Baker’s Law, referring to the superior advantage of species capable of uniparental reproduction in establishing after long distance dispersal, has received major interest in explaining plant invasions. However, previous findings regarding Baker’s Law are contradicting. Moreover, there has been an increasing interest in understanding the integration of alien plant species into native plant-pollinator networks but few studies have looked at the pollination ecology of successful (naturalized and invasive) and unsuccessful (non-naturalized and non-invasive) alien plant species.
    [Show full text]
  • Latin for Gardeners: Over 3,000 Plant Names Explained and Explored
    L ATIN for GARDENERS ACANTHUS bear’s breeches Lorraine Harrison is the author of several books, including Inspiring Sussex Gardeners, The Shaker Book of the Garden, How to Read Gardens, and A Potted History of Vegetables: A Kitchen Cornucopia. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 60637 © 2012 Quid Publishing Conceived, designed and produced by Quid Publishing Level 4, Sheridan House 114 Western Road Hove BN3 1DD England Designed by Lindsey Johns All rights reserved. Published 2012. Printed in China 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 1 2 3 4 5 ISBN-13: 978-0-226-00919-3 (cloth) ISBN-13: 978-0-226-00922-3 (e-book) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Harrison, Lorraine. Latin for gardeners : over 3,000 plant names explained and explored / Lorraine Harrison. pages ; cm ISBN 978-0-226-00919-3 (cloth : alkaline paper) — ISBN (invalid) 978-0-226-00922-3 (e-book) 1. Latin language—Etymology—Names—Dictionaries. 2. Latin language—Technical Latin—Dictionaries. 3. Plants—Nomenclature—Dictionaries—Latin. 4. Plants—History. I. Title. PA2387.H37 2012 580.1’4—dc23 2012020837 ∞ This paper meets the requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper). L ATIN for GARDENERS Over 3,000 Plant Names Explained and Explored LORRAINE HARRISON The University of Chicago Press Contents Preface 6 How to Use This Book 8 A Short History of Botanical Latin 9 Jasminum, Botanical Latin for Beginners 10 jasmine (p. 116) An Introduction to the A–Z Listings 13 THE A-Z LISTINGS OF LatIN PlaNT NAMES A from a- to azureus 14 B from babylonicus to byzantinus 37 C from cacaliifolius to cytisoides 45 D from dactyliferus to dyerianum 69 E from e- to eyriesii 79 F from fabaceus to futilis 85 G from gaditanus to gymnocarpus 94 H from haastii to hystrix 102 I from ibericus to ixocarpus 109 J from jacobaeus to juvenilis 115 K from kamtschaticus to kurdicus 117 L from labiatus to lysimachioides 118 Tropaeolum majus, M from macedonicus to myrtifolius 129 nasturtium (p.
    [Show full text]
  • June to August
    Sheet1 Gaillardia 'Dazzler' (AGM) £4.20 Striking heads of BRIGHT ORANGE-RED, YELLOW TIPPED petals and a maroon disc; June to August. Long, wiry stems - ideal border or cut flower. Any reasonable, well drained soil in sun. 60 to Gaillardia x grandiflora 'Amber Wheels' £4.20 Taller,more erect form with amber-yellow flowers having a large central orange-red centre. Flowers early summer to the frosts.Toothed grey leaves. Light, poor, free draining soil in sun. (6- 10)75cm. Galax urceolata £7.50 Very tricky to grow, creeping woodlander with rosettes of rounded, leathery, crenated & toothed, thick textured soft green leaves, turning coppery red in winter. Bronze new growth. Narrow, unbranched spikes of greenish-white flowers during late spring & early summer. Cool, moist woodland soil with some shade. (4-5) Galega 'Duchess of Bedford' £5.65 3.00 Narrow, erect spikes of small pea-like, pale pink-blue & white, bi- coloured flowers; May-June. Erect, leafy perennial with pinnate leaves. Dislike root disturbance. Ordinary soil in sun or part shade. Galega x hartlandii 'Alba' (AGM) £5.80 Tall leafy perennial with divided pinnate leaves on erect stems. Sheaves of small pea-like pure white flowers on branched spikes all summer. Leave undisturbed when established. Any soil, including poor, in sun. 120x60cm. Galega x hartlandii 'Lady Wilson' (AGM) £5.75 3.00 Erect leafy perennial with divided, pinnate leaves for the back of the border. Narrow, erect spikes of small pea-like lilac-blue flowers are persistent throughout summer. Dislike root disturbance. Ordinary soil in sun or part shade. 120x60cm.
    [Show full text]
  • Salt Lake City Plant List & Hydrozone Schedule 2013
    SALT LAKE CITY PLANT LIST & HYDROZONE SCHEDULE 2013 prepared by Salt Lake City Public Utilities | Salt Lake City, Utah Acknowledgements The successful development of this revision was dependant on the assistance of many experts in a variety of fields, and the quality of this document can be attributed to them. Any errors or typos we own exclusively. Dozens of people and organizations assisted in the revision and expansion of this version of the Salt Lake City Plant List, generously giving of their time and expertise. We thank them for their time, effort, and spirit they bought to this project. In particular, we would like to thank the following: • Kelly Kopp, Larry Rupp, and Roger Kjelgren from Utah State University • Diane Jones-Mower and the other landscape professionals of the Utah Nursery and Landscape Association • Fred Liljegren from the Bureau of Reclamation, • Jamie Tsandes and Greg Graves, Utah Licensed Landscape Architects • Janet Simonich of Progressive Plants • Katie Wagner of the Salt Lake County Extension Services. The following individuals assisted in the compilation of the original document in 1995, and we wish to offer our thanks. Robert Desmond Utah Chapter, ASLA Richard Hildreth Red Butte Garden and Arboretum Fred Liljegren U.S. Bureau of Reclamation Steve Linde Utah Nursery & Landscape Association Susan Meyer Research Ecologist, USDA Forest Service; Chair of the Board of Directors for the Utah Native Plant Society Larry Rupp Utah State Horticulturist Jan Striefel Landmark Design, Inc. John Swain Salt Lake City Parks Bill Rutherford Salt Lake City Urban Forester Brent Wilde Salt Lake City Planning Cheri Coffey Salt Lake City Planning Doug Dansie Salt Lake City Planning SLC Plant List and Hydrozone Schedule Salt Lake City Corp 2013 Page 2 of 48 Craig Hinckley Salt Lake City Planning For the 2004 update, we were fortunate to have had the assistance of many of the original committee members and we extend our appreciation for their continued involvement.
    [Show full text]
  • RHS Qualifications Awarding Body
    RHS Qualifications Awarding Body RHS Level 3 Advanced Certificate in Horticulture General Guidance Notes and Syllabus The Royal Horticultural Society, Qualifications Section, Wisley, Woking, Surrey GU23 6QB November 2010 CONTENTS Page 1 BACKGROUND AND STATUS 3 2 AIMS OF THE AWARD 3 3 COURSE OF STUDY 4 4 INTERPRETATION OF THE SYLLABUS 4 5 THE EXAMINATIONS 5 6 SCRIPT MARKING 5 7 ELIGIBILITY 6 8 REGISTRATION REQUIREMENTS 6 9 NOTIFICATION OF RESULTS 7 10 QUALIFYING AND GRADING REQUIREMENTS 8 11 PRIZES 8 12 PREVIOUS EXAMINATION PAPERS 8 13 ENQUIRIES ABOUT RESULTS SERVICE 8 14 REASONABLE ADJUSTMENTS 9 15 RHS QUALIFICATIONS POLICIES 9 16 COMMUNICATION 9 Appendix 1 – The Syllabus 10 For an alternative format of this document, please call the Qualifications Section on 01483 226500 or email [email protected] Q-Level 3 Advanced Syllabus v13 19.11.10 2 © Royal Horticultural Society 1 BACKGROUND STATUS 1.1 The RHS Level 3 Advanced Certificate in Horticulture was established in 2000 as part of a progressive programme of primarily vocational horticultural examinations run by the Royal Horticultural Society. These examinations are as follows:- RHS Level 2 Certificate in Horticulture RHS Level 3 Advanced Certificate in Horticulture RHS Level 3 Diploma in Horticulture Master of Horticulture (RHS) Award The RHS Level 3 Advanced Certificate in Horticulture is a modular qualification involving both theoretical and practical elements. It comprises the first half of the RHS Level 3 Diploma in Horticulture, and in academic terms equates to two GCE „A/S ‟ levels or Year One of an Edexcel National Diploma in Horticulture. Candidates who successfully complete the RHS Level 3 Advanced Certificate in Horticulture will be eligible to register as candidates for the RHS Level 3 Diploma award.
    [Show full text]
  • An Ecological Database of the British Flora
    An Ecological Database of the British Flora submitted by Helen Jacqueline Peat for examination for the degree Doctor of Philosophy Department of Biology University of York October 1992 Abstract The design and compilation of a database containing ecological information on the British Flora is described. All native and naturalised species of the Gymnospermae and Angiospermae are included. Data on c.130 characteristics concerning habitat, distribution, morphology, physiology, life history and associated organisms, were collected by both literature searching and correspondence with plant ecologists. The evolutionary history of 25 of the characteristics was investigated by looking at the amount of variance at each taxonomic level. The variation in pollination mechanisms was found at high taxonomic levels suggesting these evolved, and became fixed, early on in the evolution of flowering plants. Chromosome number, annualness, dichogamy and self-fertilization showed most variance at low taxonomic levels, suggesting these characteristics have evolved more recently and may still be subject to change. Most of the characteristics, however, eg. presence of compound leaves, height and propagule length showed variance spread over several taxonomic levels suggesting evolution has occurred at different times in different lineages. The necessity of accounting for phylogeny when conducting comparative analyses is discussed, and two methods allowing this are outlined. Using these, the questions: 'Why does stomatal distribution differ between species?' and 'Why do different species have different degrees of mycorrhizal infection?' were investigated. Amphistomaty was found to be associated with species of unshaded habitats, those with small leaves and those with hairy leaves, and hypostomaty with woody species, larger leaves and glabrous leaves.
    [Show full text]