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Thesis Reference Thesis Paramètres photosynthétiques affectant le transport d'électrons à travers le pool de plastoquinone : la densité des photosystèmes I, le contenu de chlorophylle et l'activité d'une plastoquinol-oxydase CEPPI, Margarita Georgina Abstract La présente thèse a pour buts de permettre une interprétation plus précise des cinétiques de fluorescence de la Chl a (OJIP). Elle comporte deux parties principales. La première investigue l'activité et la localisation d'une oxydase du plastoquinol, une PQH2-oxydase. Dans la seconde partie de cette thèse, une expérience est menée sur des plantes de Beta vulgaris soumises à des traitements déficients en soufre et/ou magnésium, affectant spécifiquement la quantité de photosystèmes I (PSI) ainsi que le contenu de Chl. Nos résultats montrent que l'amplitude de la phase IP de la cinétique de fluorescence OJIP peut être employée comme un indicateur de la quantité de PSI dans les feuilles. Nous estimons l'effet des changements du gradient de lumière dans les feuilles suite à la perte de Chl, et montrons que ces changements n'ont pas d'impact significatif sur l'intensité d'émission de la fluorescence de la Chl a ; en particulier, les niveaux maximal et minimal de fluorescence restent inchangés. Reference CEPPI, Margarita Georgina. Paramètres photosynthétiques affectant le transport d'électrons à travers le pool de plastoquinone : la densité des photosystèmes I, le contenu de chlorophylle et l'activité d'une plastoquinol-oxydase. Thèse de doctorat : Univ. Genève, 2009, no. Sc. 4175 URN : urn:nbn:ch:unige-53870 DOI : 10.13097/archive-ouverte/unige:5387 Available at: http://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:5387 Disclaimer: layout of this document may differ from the published version. 1 / 1 UNIVERSITÉ DE GENÈVE FACULTÉ DES SCIENCES Département de botanique et biologie végétale Professeur Reto J. Strasser Laboratoire de bioénergétique et microbiologie Dr. Gert Schansker Paramètres photosynthétiques affectant le transport d’électrons à travers le pool de plastoquinone : la densité des photosystèmes I, le contenu de chlorophylle et l’activité d’une plastoquinol-oxydase THÈSE présentée à la Faculté des Sciences de l’Université de Genève pour obtenir le grade de Docteur ès sciences, mention biologie par Margarita Georgina CEPPI de Morbio Superiore (TI) Thèse n° 4175 Genève Repromail, Université de Genève 2010 TABLE DES MATIERES CHAPITRE I INTRODUCTION GENERALE............................................................................... 1 I.1. Appareil photosynthétique, structure et fonctions ............................................................. 1 I.1.a Introduction............................................................................................................................. 1 I.1.b Structure du chloroplaste....................................................................................................... 2 I.1.c Composants et structure de l’appareil photosynthétique ................................................. 3 I.1.d Absorption de la lumière et transport d’électrons)............................................................ 9 I.1.e Fonctions du pool de plastoquinone (PQ) dans les réactions photosynthétiques ........10 I.2. Introduction à la fluorescence de la chlorophylle a..........................................................11 I.2.a Méthodes de mesure de la fluorescence de la Chl a........................................................12 I.2.b Les mesures de transmission à 820 nm comme méthode complémentaire ................16 I.3. Les éléments nutritifs dans la photosynthèse ....................................................................16 I.3.a Le magnésium .......................................................................................................................17 I.3.b Le soufre................................................................................................................................18 I.3.c Le fer.......................................................................................................................................18 I.3.d Le cuivre.................................................................................................................................18 I.3.e Le manganèse ........................................................................................................................19 CHAPITRE II VARIABILITE DE L’ACTIVITE DE L’ENZYME PQH2-OXYDASE CHEZ DES PLANTES ANGIOSPERMES.............................................................21 II.1. Introduction..................................................................................................................................21 II.2. Matériels et méthodes ...............................................................................................................23 II.2.a Matériel végétal.....................................................................................................................23 II.2.b Mesures de la fluorescence de la Chl a..............................................................................23 II.2.c Protocoles double pulse.......................................................................................................23 II.2.c.i Critères d’adaptation à l’obscurité pour les plantes...................................................24 II.2.c.ii Cinétiques d’adaptation à l’obscurité des courbes OJIP...........................................24 II.2.c.iii Cycles de mesure double pulse .....................................................................................25 II.2.c.iv Calcul du demi-temps de réoxydation du pool de PQ..............................................26 II.2.d Variabilité de la cinétique de réoxydation du pool de PQ entre les espèces ...............28 II.2.d.i Arbre phylogénétique et facteurs écophysiologiques................................................28 II.2.d.ii Variabilité de la cinétique de réoxydation du pool de PQ au sein d’une même espèce....................................................................................................................29 II.2.e Équipements de mesure......................................................................................................30 II.3. Résultats ........................................................................................................................................33 II.3.a Sondage in situ de l’activité de la PQH2-oxydase chez des espèces I d’Angiospermes .....................................................................................................................33 II.3.a.i Facteurs écophysiologiques et phylogénétiques .........................................................33 II.3.a.ii Arbre phylogénétique .....................................................................................................33 II.3.a.iii Analyse statistique ...........................................................................................................43 II.3.a.iv Sondage de l’activité de la PQH2-oxydase au sein d’une même espèce..................44 II.4. Discussion .....................................................................................................................................48 II.4.a Variabilité de la cinétique de réoxydation du pool de PQ : facteurs écophysiologiques .................................................................................................................48 II.4.b Cinétiques biphasiques.........................................................................................................49 II.4.c Impact de la voie métabolique ............................................................................................49 II.4.d Importance des facteurs phylogénétiques .........................................................................49 II.4.e Conclusions............................................................................................................................50 CHAPITRE III LOCALISATION ET INDUCTION DE L’ACTIVITE DE L’ENZYME PQH2-OXYDASE CHEZ DES PLANTES ANGIOSPERMES ..........................51 III.1. Introduction..................................................................................................................................51 III.2. Matériels et méthodes................................................................................................................52 III.2.a Matériel végétal......................................................................................................................52 III.2.b Matériel de mesure................................................................................................................52 III.2.c Mesure de la fluorescence de la Chl a ...............................................................................52 III.3. Résultats.........................................................................................................................................55 III.3.a Variation des cinétiques et type de récupération à l’obscurité de VJ.............................55 III.3.b Activité de la PQH2-oxydase au sein d’une même famille..............................................55 III.3.c Activité de la PQH2-oxydase en fonction de l’âge de la feuille et du stress hydrique ..................................................................................................................................56 III.3.d Activité de la PQH2-oxydase en fonction de l’intensité de la lumière..........................57 III.4. Discussion .....................................................................................................................................59
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