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Genetic Homogeneity Revealed Using Scot, ISSR and RAPD Markers in Micropropagated Pittosporum Eriocarpum Royle- an Endemic and Endangered Medicinal Plant

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Genetic Homogeneity Revealed Using Scot, ISSR and RAPD Markers in Micropropagated Pittosporum Eriocarpum Royle- an Endemic and Endangered Medicinal Plant RESEARCH ARTICLE Genetic Homogeneity Revealed Using SCoT, ISSR and RAPD Markers in Micropropagated Pittosporum eriocarpum Royle- An Endemic and Endangered Medicinal Plant Julie Thakur, Mayank D. Dwivedi, Pragya Sourabh, Prem L. Uniyal, Arun K. Pandey* Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi, India * [email protected] a11111 Abstract Pittosporum eriocarpum Royle, a medicinally important taxon, is endemic to Uttarakhand region of Himalaya. It has become endangered due to over-collection and the loss of habi- tats. As raising plants through seeds in this plant is problematic, a reliable protocol for micro- propagation using nodal explants has been developed. High shoot regeneration (95%) OPEN ACCESS occurred in MS medium augmented with BA 0.4mg/l in combination IBA 0.6mg/l. In vitro Citation: Thakur J, Dwivedi MD, Sourabh P, Uniyal regenerated shoots were rooted in MS medium supplemented with three auxins, of which PL, Pandey AK (2016) Genetic Homogeneity 0.6 mg/l indole butyric acid proved to be the best for rooting (90%) with maximum number of Revealed Using SCoT, ISSR and RAPD Markers in Micropropagated Pittosporum eriocarpum Royle- An roots per shoot. Thereafter, rooted plants were hardened and nearly 73% of rooted shoots Endemic and Endangered Medicinal Plant. PLoS were successfully acclimatized and established in the field. Start codon targeted (SCoT), ONE 11(7): e0159050. doi:10.1371/journal. inter simple sequence repeats (ISSR) and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) pone.0159050 markers were used to validate the genetic homogeneity amongst nine in vitro raised plant- Editor: Randall P. Niedz, United States Department lets with mother plant. DNA fingerprints of in vitro regenerated plantlets displayed monomor- of Agriculture, UNITED STATES phic bands similar to mother plant, indicating homogeneity among the micropropagated Received: December 26, 2015 plants with donor mother plant. The similarity values were calculated based on SCoT, ISSR Accepted: June 27, 2016 and RAPD profiles which ranged from 0.89 to 1.00, 0.91 to 1.00 and 0.95 to 1.00 respec- Published: July 19, 2016 tively. The dendrograms generated through Unweighted Pair Group Method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) analysis revealed 97% similarity amongst micropropagated plants with Copyright: © 2016 Thakur et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the donor mother plant, thus confirming genetic homogeneity of micropropagated clones. This Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits is the first report on micropropagation and genetic homogeneity assessment of P. eriocar- unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any pum. The protocol would be useful for the conservation and large scale production of P. medium, provided the original author and source are eriocarpum to meet the demand for medicinal formulations and also for the re-introduction credited. of in vitro grown plants in the suitable natural habitats to restore the populations. Data Availability Statement: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files. Funding: Grant support from Department of Biotechnology (# BT/Env/BC/01/2010/23.3.2012), Government of India, was provided to AKP. Introduction Competing Interests: The authors have declared Pittosporum eriocarpum (Pittosporaceae), commonly known as Agni [1], is an endangered [2] that no competing interests exist. and endemic medicinal tree species of Uttarakhand region occurring at an altitudinal range of PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0159050 July 19, 2016 1/17 Genetic Homogeneity Assessment of Pittosporum eriocarpum 1000-2200m [3]. It is represented by a few populations in lesser Himalayan range, including Mussoorie hills, Doon valley, Dehradun, Dhanlagiri, Chamba, Nagli in Tehri, Kurakhad, Jeulli- kot and Nainital [4,5]. It is reported to occur mostly on the calcium rich rocky slopes in exposed sites [6]. It is a small evergreen tree up to 5m height with alternate or whorled leaves. Flowers are pale yellow, which remain in many umbellate corymbs. Fruit is a globose capsule (10-12mm) with 8–10 blackish-red seeds. The bark is aromatic and used in bronchitis, and as expectorant and febrifuge. Application of root paste provides relief in rheumatic swelling [3]. It is also used as fodder. The tree is suitable for soil conservation and reclamation of degraded sites [4]. Micropropagation is an efficient and alternative method for large scale production of endangered plants in a short period of time. Effect of IBA on rooting in P. tobira var. variega- tum is reported to be insignificant [7]. Plant regeneration from nodal region of P. napaulensis (DC.) Reader & Wilson has been reported [8]. In vitro seed germination followed by hypocotyl sectioning to raise plants has been documented in P. tobira [9] P. eriocarpum can be regenerated asexually by layering or sowing [4], but such regenerates require periodic moist and dry conditions in moderate cool temperature. The seed coat is sur- rounded by thick gummy substance which delays seed germination. There is an urgent need to produce more plants through micropropagation which has advantage over conventional meth- ods [10]. Micropropagation is assumed to cause a change in genetic makeup of plant tissue and can lead to DNA sequence variation and generation of somaclonal variation [11]. Thus, it is a major issue of concern in micropropagation, where the regenerates are expected to be homoge- nous to donor mother plant (MP). To overcome this, it is a prerequisite to validate the genetic homogeneity to authenticate the quality of micropropagated plants for commercial use. The genetic homogeneity amongst the micropropagated plants with mother plant has been assessed by PCR based molecular markers, i.e., AFLP (Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism), ISSR (Inter Simple Sequence Repeats), RAPD (Random amplified polymorphic DNA), SCoT (Start codon targeted) and SSR (Simple Sequence Repeats) [12–14]. The goal of this research was to provide an efficient and reproducible method for in vitro propagation of P. eriocarpum via nodal explants for large scale production and assessment of genetic homogeneity of micropropagated plantlets through SCoT, ISSR and RAPD markers. This objective was achieved by healthy material collection, in vitro nodal culture, greenhouse acclimatization and genetic homogeneity assessment using molecular markers. Materials and Methods Plant material and culture preparation Healthy shoots were collected from three different wild populations from sexually mature plants growing in Dehradun (300 35.05’N, 780 01.97’E), Nainital (290 22.627’N, 790 28.163’E) and Jeullikot (290 27.144’N, 790 24.795’E) in Uttarakhand region during March-May. The field studies did not involve specific permission for these locations. Nodal regions (2cm long) were used as explants after removing all the leaves and explants were washed with 2% (v/v) tween- 20 for 30 min under running tap water and then surface sterilized with 60% (v/v) ethyl alcohol for 10 minutes (Fig 1A). These explants were then soaked in 0.1% (w/v) mercuric chloride for 5 min followed by washing with autoclaved double distilled water under sterile conditions. Mur- ashige and Skoog medium [15] supplemented with different growth hormones and 2% (w/v) sucrose 20gm/l and one set without growth regulators as a control were prepared. The medium was solidified with 0.8% (w/v) agar and pH was adjusted to 5.8 with 1N NaOH or 1N HCl before autoclaving at 121°C and 108 K Pa for 20 minutes. Cultures were incubated at 25±2°C, PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0159050 July 19, 2016 2/17 Genetic Homogeneity Assessment of Pittosporum eriocarpum Fig 1. Pittosporum eriocarpum. (A) Nodal explant. (B) Shoot induction in MS medium supplemented with BA (mg/l). (C) Root induction in MS medium supplemented with IBA (mg/l). (D) In vitro grown plantlets. (E) In vitro grown plantlets in soil rite. (F) In vitro raised plantlets in natural conditions. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0159050.g001 55–60% RH, under 16 hour photoperiod with light intensity of 2000 lux provided by cool white fluorescent lights. Shoot induction and multiplication To determine the role of various combinations of growth hormones on shooting, freshly excised stem explants were cultured vertically in full strength MS medium. We used different levels ofBAP and levels of IBA as factors. We assessed three effects i.e. BAP, IBA and the inter- action between these two factors (BAPxIBA) on shoot length. There were 20 treatments to determine these three effects. Thus, the effect on shoot length were determined using 4x5 facto- rial design with BA varied at four levels (0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 mg/l) and IBA at five levels (0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 mg/l), for a total of 20 treatments. Factorials were designed in a completely ran- domized manner. Each treatment combination, including the control had 25 replicates and the PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0159050 July 19, 2016 3/17 Genetic Homogeneity Assessment of Pittosporum eriocarpum experiment was repeated twice. The average data from both experiments were combined for further statistical analysis. The data was analyzed by two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparison test. Shoot length and number of shoots were recorded periodically. All cultures were maintained under the same growth conditions stated above and regenerated shoots were subcultured at least three times. After five months, regenerated shoots were sepa- rated and cut end of each was dipped for an hour in IBA and then subcultured in best suited combinations and change in the numbers of shoots, numbers of leaves per branch and callus diameter were recorded. One-way ANOVA was used to determine the effects of PGR combina- tions used for shoot multiplication on number of shoots, number of leaves per branch and cal- lus diameter Rooting, acclimatization and field transfer To determine the influence of various root hormones on root induction, multiple shoots pro- duced in the shoot multiplication stage were separated carefully under sterile condition and subcultured in MS medium.
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