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BERKSHIRE PUBLISHING GROUP BERKSHIRE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLDWORLD SSPORTPORT Volume 4 David Levinson & Karen Christensen, Editors BERKSHIRE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF World Sport BERKSHIRE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF World Sport VOLUME 1 David Levinson and Karen Christensen Editors BERKSHIRE PUBLISHING GROUP Great Barrington, Massachusetts U.S.A. www.iWorldSport.com Copyright © 2005 by Berkshire Publishing Group LLC All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. For information: Berkshire Publishing Group LLC 314 Main Street Great Barrington, Massachusetts 01230 www.berkshirepublishing.com Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Berkshire encyclopedia of world sport / David Levinson and Karen Christensen, general editors. p. cm. Summary: “Covers the whole world of sport, from major professional sports and sporting events to community and youth sport, as well as the business of sports and key social issues”—Provided by publisher. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-9743091-1-7 1. Sports—Encyclopedias. I. Levinson, David, 1947- II. Christensen, Karen, 1957- GV567.B48 2005 796.03--dc22 2005013050 Editorial and Production Staff Project Director Designers David Levinson Joseph DiStefano and Linda Weidemann Editorial and Production Staff Printers Rachel Christensen, Tom Christensen, Elizabeth Eno, Thomson-Shore Jess LaPointe, Courtney Linehan, Marcy Ross, Gabby Templet Composition Artists Brad Walrod and Linda Weidemann Photo Coordinator Joseph DiStefano Production Coordinator Marcy Ross Copy Editors Eileen Clawson, Robin Gold, Mike Nichols, Proofreaders Carol Parikh, Mark Siemens, Daniel Spinella Mary Bagg, Eileen Clawson, and Elizabeth Larson Information Management and Programming Indexers Trevor Young Peggy Holloway and Barbara Lutkins Editorial Board Editors Editorial Board David Levinson Edward Beauchamp, University of Hawaii Karen Christensen Jay Coakley, University of Colorado, Colorado Berkshire Publishing Group Springs Allen Guttmann, Amherst College Leslie Heywood, State University of New York, Binghamton Gertrud Pfister, University of Copenhagen, Denmark Roland Renson, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium Allen L. Sack, University of New Haven Thierry Terret, University of Lyon, France Wayne Wilson, Amateur Athletic Foundation Contents List of Entries,ix Reader’s Guide, xiii Contributors, xix Introduction, xxxi Acknowledgments, xxxiv About the Editors, xxxv Entries volume i: Academies and Camps, Sport–Dance 2 volume ii: DanceSport–Kinesiology 443 volume iii: Kite Sports–Sexual Harassment 903 volume iv: Sexuality–Youth Sports 1357 Index 1751 vii List of Entries Academies and Camps, Sport Athletes as Celebrities Boomerang Throwing Adapted Physical Education Athletes as Heroes Boston Marathon Adventure Education Athletic Talent Migration Bowls and Bowling Aerobics Athletic Training Boxing Aesthetics Australia Brand Management African Games Australian Rules Football Brazil Agents Austria British Open AIDS and HIV Auto Racing Bulgaria Aikido Bullfighting All England Lawn Tennis and Badminton Burnout Croquet Club Ballooning Buzkashi Alternative Sports Baseball Amateur vs. Professional Debate Baseball Nicknames Cameroon American Sports Exceptionalism Baseball Stadium Life Camogie American Youth Soccer Baseball Wives Canada Organization (AYSO) Basketball Canoeing and Kayaking America’s Cup Baton Twirling Capoeira Anemia Beauty Carnegie Report Animal Rights Belgium Carriage Driving Anthropology Days Biathlon and Triathlon Central American and Anti-Jock Movement Billiards Caribbean Games Arab Games Biomechanics Cheerleading Archery Biotechnology Child Sport Stars Argentina Bislett Stadium China Arm Wrestling Boat Race (Cambridge vs. Oxford) Clubsport Systems Art Boating, Ice Coaching Ascot Bobsledding Coeducational Sport Ashes, The Body Image Coliseum (Rome) Asian Games Bodybuilding Collective Bargaining Astrodome Bondi Beach College Athletes ix x BERKSHIRE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD SPORT Commercialization of ESPN Globalization College Sports Euro 2004 Goalball Commodification and European Football Championship Golf Commercialization Eurosport Greece Commonwealth Games Exercise and Health Greece, Ancient Community Extreme Sports Growth and Development Competition Extreme Surfing Gymnastics, Apparatus Competitive Balance Gymnastics, Rhythmic Cooperation Facility Management Country Club Facility Naming Rights Handball, Team Cricket Falconry Hang Gliding Cricket World Cup Family Involvement Hazing Croquet Fan Loyalty Henley Regatta Cross-Country Running Fantasy Sports Heptathlon Cuba Fashion Highland Games Cultural Studies Theory Feminist Perspective Hockey, Field Curling Fencing Hockey, Ice Cycling Fenway Park Hockey, In-line Czech Republic Finland Holmenkollen Ski Jump Fishing Holmenkollen Sunday Dance Fitness Home Field Advantage DanceSport Fitness Industry Homophobia Darts Floorball Honduras Davis Cup Flying Horse Racing Deaflympics Folk Sports Horseback Riding Denmark Footbag Human Movement Studies Diet and Weight Loss Football Hungary Disability Sport Football, Canadian Hunting Disordered Eating Football, Flag Hurling Diving Football, Gaelic Drake Group Foro Italico Iditarod Duathlon Foxhunting India France Indianapolis 500 East Germany Franchise Relocation Injuries, Youth Economics and Public Policy Free Agency Injury Egypt Injury Risk in Women’s Sport Eiger North Face Games of the New Emerging Innebandy Elfstedentocht Forces (GANEFO) Interallied Games Elite Sports Parents Gay Games Intercollegiate Athletics Endorsements Gender Equity International Olympic Academy Endurance Gender Verification International Politics Environment Germany Internet LIST OF ENTRIES xi Interpretive Sociology Marathon and Distance Running Pain Iran Marketing Pan American Games Ireland Mascots Parachuting Ironman Triathlon Masculinity Paralympics Islamic Countries’ Women’s Masters Pebble Beach Sports Solidarity Games Media-Sports Complex Pelota Israel Memorabilia Industry Pentathlon, Modern Italy Mental Conditioning Performance Mesoamerican Ball Court Games Performance Enhancement Jamaica Mexico Personality Japan Mixed Martial Arts Physical Education Japanese Martial Arts, Traditional Motivation Pilates Jogging Motorboat Racing Play vs. Organized Sport Jousting Motorcycle Racing Play-by-Play Announcing Judo Mount Everest Poland Jujutsu Mountain Biking Polo Mountaineering Polo, Bicycle Karate Movies Polo, Water Karting Multiculturalism Portugal Kendo Postmodernism Kenya Naginata Powerlifting Kinesiology Narrative Theory Prayer Kite Sports Native American Games and Professionalism Koreas Sports Psychology Korfball Netball Psychology of Gender Differences Netherlands Lacrosse New Zealand Race Walking Lake Placid Newspapers Racism Law Nextel (Winston) Cup Racquetball Le Mans Nigeria Radio Lesbianism Norway Religion Lifeguarding Nutrition Reproduction Literature Revenue Sharing Lord’s Cricket Ground Officiating Ringette Luge Olympia Rituals Olympic Stadium (Berlin), 1936 Rodeo Maccabiah Games Olympics, 2004 Romania Madison Square Garden Olympics, Summer Rome, Ancient Magazines Olympics, Winter Rope Jumping Management Orienteering Rounders and Stoolball Maple Leaf Gardens Osteoporosis Rowing Maracana Stadium Ownership Rugby xii BERKSHIRE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD SPORT Russia and USSR Spain Track and Field—Jumping and Ryder Cup Special Olympics Throwing Spectator Consumption Track and Field—Running and Sail Sports Behavior Hurdling Sailing Spectators Tug of War Salary Caps Speedball Turkey Scholar-Baller Sponsorship Turner Festivals School Performance Sport and National Identity Scotland Sport as Religion Ultimate Senegal Sport as Spectacle Underwater Sports Senior Sport Sport Politics Unionism Sepak Takraw Sport Science United Kingdom Sex and Performance Sport Tourism Sexual Harassment Sporting Goods Industry Values and Ethics Sexuality Sports Medicine Venice Beach Shinty Sportsmanship Violence Shooting Sportswriting and Reporting Volleyball Silat Squash Volleyball, Beach Singapore St. Andrews Skateboarding St. Moritz Wakeboarding Skating, Ice Figure Stanley Cup Weightlifting Skating, Ice Speed Strength Wembley Stadium Skating, In-line Stress Wimbledon Skating, Roller Sumo Windsurfing Ski Jumping Sumo Grand Tournament Women’s Sports, Skiing, Alpine Series Media Coverage of Skiing, Cross-Country Super Bowl Women’s World Cup Skiing, Freestyle Surf Lifesaving Worker Sports Skiing, Water Surfing World Cup Sled Dog Racing Sweden World Series Sledding—Skeleton Swimming World University Games Snowboarding Swimming, Synchronized Wrestling Snowshoe Racing Switzerland Wrigley Field Soaring Wushu Soccer Table Tennis Social Class Taekwando X Games Social Constructivism Tai Chi Social Identity Technology Yankee Stadium Softball Tennis Yoga South Africa Title IX Youth Culture and Sport South East Asian Games Tour de France Youth Sports Reader’s Guide College Sports Officiating European Football Championship Amateur vs. Professional Debate Performance Enhancement Games of the New Emerging Carnegie Report Personality Forces (GANEFO) College Athletes Professionalism Gay Games Drake Group Rituals Henley Regatta Intercollegiate Athletics Sex and Performance Highland Games Racism Spectators Holmenkollen Sunday Title IX Sport as Religion Iditarod Sport as Spectacle Indianapolis 500 Culture of Sport Sport Politics Interallied Games
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