Medieval Church History

The Context of Medieval Church History 12

2013. 1st Semester.

Lee Sun Ho

1 Course Syllabus

Medieval Church History

2 Course Syllabus

Medieval Church History

3 Course Syllabus

Medieval Church History

4 Course Syllabus

Medieval Church History

5 References, Reports

Medieval Church History

6 Finshed Text Books A history of the Christian Church

The Middle Ages to the Close of the

 4-3. The Franks and the Papacy  4-4.  4-5. Ecclesiastical Institutions  4-6. Collapsing Empire and Rising Papacy  4-7. Papal Decline and Renewal by the Revived Empire Medieval Church History

7 Finshed Text Books A history of the Christian Church

The Middle Ages to the Close of the Investiture Controversy

 4-8. Reform Movements

 4-9. The Reform Party Secures the Papacy

 4-10. The Papacy Breaks with the Empire Medieval Church History

8 Finshed Text Books A history of the Christian Church

The Middle Ages to the Close of the Investiture Controversy  4-11. Hildebrand and Henry IV  4-12. The Struggle Ends in Compromise  4-13. The Greek Church after the Picture Controversy  4-14. The Spread of the Church

Medieval Church History

9 Process Text Books A history of the Christian Church

The

 5-1. The  5-2. New Religious Movement  5-3. Antichurchly Sects. Cathari and Waldeneses. The  5-4. The Dominicans and  5-5. Early Medieval Church History

10 Process Text Books A history of the Christian Church

The Late Middle Ages

 5-6. The Universities  5-7. High Scholasticism and Its  5-8. The Mystics  5-9. Mission and Defeats  5-10. The Papacy at Its Height and Its Decline Medieval Church History 11 Process Text Books A history of the Christian Church

The Late Middle Ages

 5-11. The Papacy in , Criticism. The  5-12. Wyclif and Huss  5-13. The Reforming Councils  5-14. The Italian Renaissance and Its Medieval Church History 12 Process Text Books A history of the Christian Church

The Late Middle Ages

 5-15. The New National Powers

 5-16. Renaissance and Other Influences North of Alps

Medieval Church History

13 Finshed Text Books The Medieval Church 1. Christianity after the Fall of

2. The Expansion of Christianity

3. The Church in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries

4. Recovery in the West

5. The Church and the Nation State Medieval Church History

14 Process Text Books The Medieval Church 6. Renaissance in Theology and Learning

7. Organization, Worship, Piety, and Society

8. Decline and Vitality

9. A Conflict of Authorities

10. A Tome of Ferment Medieval Church History

15 FinshedReferences, Reports Dominicans  , Summa Theologic a, vol. 12(la. 84-89).

Medieval Church History

16 FinshedReferences, Reports Franciscans  Bonaventura, The Minds Road to God.

Medieval Church History

17 FinshedReferences, Reports

 E. Gilson, Reason and Revelation in Middle Ages.

Medieval Church History

18 ProcessReferences, Reports

 Tauler, Johannes, The Sermons and Conferences of John Tauler.

Medieval Church History

19 FinshedReferences, Movies

Medieval Church History

20 Thomas Aquinas(1225-1274)

Medieval Church History

21 Thomas Aquinas(1225-1274)

 Thomas Aquinas, also Thomas of Aquin or A quino, was an Italian Dominican priest, and an i mmensely influential philosopher and theologian i n the tradition of scholasticism, within which he is also known as the "Dumb Ox", "Angelic Doctor", " Doctor Communis", and "Doctor Universalis".

 "Aquinas" is the demonym of Aquino: Thomas ca me from one of the noblest families of the Kingdo m of Naples; his parents held the titles "Count of A quino" and "Countess of Teano." Medieval Church History

22

Thomas Aquinas(1225-1274)

 He was the foremost classical proponent of n atural theology, and the father of .

 His influence on Western thought is consider able, and much of modern philosophy was co nceived in development or refutation of his id eas, particularly in the areas of ethics, , metaphysics, and political theory. Medieval Church History 23

Thomas Aquinas(1225-1274)

 Thomas is held in the Roman Church to b e the model teacher for those studying for the pries thood, and indeed the highest expression of both n atural reason and speculative theology.

 The study of his works, according to papal and ma gisterial documents, is a core of the required progr am of study for those seeking ordination as priests or , as well as for those in religious formati on and for other students of the sacred disciplines (Catholic philosophy, theology, history, liturgy, an d canon law). Medieval

Church History

24 Thomas Aquinas(1225-1274)

 The works for which he is best-known are the Sum ma theologiae and the Summa Contra Gentiles.

 One of the 35 Doctors of the Church, he is consider ed the Church's greatest theologian and philosoph er.

Benedict XV declared: "This (Dominican) Or der ... acquired new luster when the Church declar ed the teaching of Thomas to be her own and that Doctor, honored with the special praises of the Pon tiffs, the master and patron of CatholicMedieval schools." Church History

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Thomas Aquinas(1225-1274)

Medieval Church History

26 Thomas Aquinas(1225-1274) Five Proofs For The Existence of God

Medieval Church History

27 Summa Theologica

Medieval Church History

28 Summa Theologica

 The Summa Theologiæ (written 1265–127 4 and also known as the Summa Theologic a or simply the Summa) is the best-known work of Thomas Aquinas (c.1225–1274).

 Although unfinished, the Summa is "one of th e classics of the history of philosophy and one of the most influential works of Western liter ature." Medieval Church History

29 Summa Theologica

 It is intended as an instructional guide for mo derate theologians, and a compendium of all of the main theological teachings of the Catho lic Church.

 It presents the reasoning for almost all points of Christian theology in the West.

 The Summa's topics follow a cycle: the existe nce of God; Creation, Man; Man's purpose; C hrist; the Sacraments; and backMedieval to God. Church History

30 Summa Theologica

 Among non-scholars the Summa is perhaps most famo us for its five arguments for the existence of God know n as the "five ways" (: quinque viae). The five way s occupy one and a half pages of the Summa's approxi mately three thousand five hundred pages.

 Throughout the Summa Aquinas cites Christian, Musli m, Hebrew, and Pagan sources including but not limite d to Christian Sacred Scripture, Aristotle, Augustine of Hippo, Avicenna, Averroes, Al-Ghazali, Boethius, John of Damascus, , Dionysius the Areopagi te, Maimonides, Anselm, Plato, Cicero, and Eriugena. Medieval Church History

31 Summa Theologica

 The Summa is a more structured and expanded versio n of Aquinas's earlier Summa contra Gentiles, though these works were written for different purposes,

 the Summa Theologiæ to explain the Christian faith to beginning theology students, and the Summa contra G entiles to explain the Christian faith and defend it in h ostile situations,

 with arguments adapted to the intended circumstance s of its use, each article refuting a certain belief of a spe cific heresy. Medieval Church History

32 Summa Theologica

 Aquinas conceived the Summa specifically as a wo rk suited to beginning students:

 "Because a doctor of catholic truth ought not only t o teach the proficient, but to him pertains also to i nstruct beginners. as the Apostle says in 1 Corinthi ans 3: 1-2, as to infants in Christ, I gave you milk t o drink, not meat, our proposed intention in this w ork is to convey those things that pertain to the Ch ristian religion, in a way that is fitting to the instru ction of beginners." Medieval Church History

33 Summa Theologica

 It was while teaching at the Santa Sabina studium provinciale, the forerunner of the Santa Maria sop ra Minerva studium generale and College of Thomas which in the 20th century would become t he Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum, that Aquinas began to compose the Su mma.

 He completed the Prima Pars in its entirety and ci rculated it in Italy before departing to take up his s econd regency as professor at the University of Par is (1269–1272). Medieval

Church History

34 Summa Theologica

 The Summa is composed of three major parts, each of which deals w ith a major subsection of Christian theology.

 First Part (in Latin, Prima Pars): God's existence and nature; the c reation of the world; angels; the nature of man

 Second Part:  First part of the Second Part (Prima Secundae, often abbreviated Pa rt I-II): general principles of morality (including a theory of law)  Second part of the Second Part (Secunda Secundae, or Part II-II): m orality in particular, including individual virtues and vices

 Third Part (Tertia Pars): the person and work of Christ, who is the way of man to God; the sacraments; the end of the world. Aquinas le ft this part unfinished. Medieval Church History

35 Summa Theologica

 Each part contains several questions, each of which revolves a round a more specific subtopic; one such question is "Of Chris t's Manner of Life."

 Each question contains several articles phrased as interrogativ e statements dealing with specific issues, such as "Whether Ch rist should have led a life of poverty in this world?" The Summ a has a standard format for each article.

 A series of objections to the (yet to be stated) conclusion are gi ven; one such objection, for example, is that "Christ should ha ve embraced the most eligible form of life...which is a mean be tween riches and poverty." Medieval Church History

36 Summa Theologica

 A short counter-statement, beginning with the phrase "sed contra" ("on the contrary"), is then given; this stat ement almost always references authoritative literatur e, such as the or Aristotle. In this instance, Aquin as begins, "It is written (in Matthew 8:20): 'The Son of Man hath not where to lay His head'".

 The actual argument is then made; this is generally a cl arification of the issue. For example, Aquinas states th at "it was fitting for Christ to lead a life of poverty in th is world" for four distinct reasons, each of which is exp ounded in some detail. Medieval Church History

37 Summa Theologica

 Individual replies to the preceding objections are then given, if necessary.

 These replies range from one sentence to seve ral paragraphs in length.

 Aquinas's reply to the above objection is that "those who wish to live virtuously need to avo id abundance of riches and beggary, ...but vol untary poverty is not open to this danger: and such was the poverty chosen byMedieval Christ." Church History 38 Summa Theologica

 This method of exposition is derived from Averroes, to whom Aquinas refers respectf ully as "the Commentator."

Medieval Church History

39 Avignon Papacy (Avignonese Captivity, 1309-1378)

Medieval Church History The Decline Process of Pope’s Power 40 Avignon Papacy (Avignonese Captivity, 1309-1378)

 The Avignon Papacy was the period fro m 1309 to 1378, during which seven succes sive popes resided in Avignon, in modern- day , rather than in Rome.

 This situation arose from the conflict betw een the Papacy and the French crown.

Medieval Church History The Decline Process of Pope’s Power 41 Avignon Papacy (Avignonese Captivity, 1309-1378)

 Following the strife between Boniface VIII and Philip I V of France, and the death of his successor Benedict XI after only eight months in office, a deadlocked conclav e finally elected Clement V, a Frenchman, as Pope in 1 305.

 Clement declined to move to Rome, remaining in Fran ce, and in 1309 moved his court to the papal enclave at Avignon, where it remained for the next 67 years.

 This absence from Rome is sometimes referred to as the "Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy". Medieval Church History The Decline Process of Pope’s Power 42 Avignon Papacy (Avignonese Captivity, 1309-1378)

 A total of seven popes reigned at Avignon; all were French, and they increasingly fell under the influence of the French Crown.

 Finally, on September 13, 1376, Gregory XI abandoned Avignon and moved his court t o Rome (arriving on January 17, 1377), offi cially ending the Avignon Papacy. Medieval Church History The Decline Process of Pope’s Power 43 Avignon Papacy (Avignonese Captivity, 1309-1378)

 Despite this return,

 in 1378 the breakdown in relations b etween the cardinals and Gregory's s uccessor, Urban VI, gave rise to the .

Medieval Church History The Decline Process of Pope’s Power 44 Avignon Papacy (Avignonese Captivity, 1309-1378)

 This started a second line of Avignon popes, n ow regarded as illegitimate. The last Avignon pope, Benedict XIII, lost most of his support i n 1398, including that of France; following fiv e years of siege by the French, he fled (March 11, 1403) to Perpignan.

 The schism ended in 1417 at the after only two popes had reigned in opposition to the Papacy inMedieval Rome. Church History The Decline Process of Pope’s Power 45 Avignon Papacy (Avignonese Captivity, 1309-1378)

Medieval Church History The Decline Process of Pope’s Power 46 Avignon Papacy (Avignonese Captivity, 1309-1378)

Medieval Church History The Decline Process of Pope’s Power 47 Western Schism(1378-1417)

Medieval Church History The Decline Process of Pope’s Power 48 Western Schism(1378-1417)

 The Western Schism or Papal Schism wa s a split within the from 1378 to 1417.

 Two men simultaneously claimed to be the tr ue pope.

 Driven by politics rather than any theological disagreement, the schism was ended by the Council of Constance (1414–1418). Medieval Church History The Decline Process of Pope’s Power 49 Western Schism(1378-1417)

 The simultaneous claims to the papal chair of two different men hurt the reputation of the office.

 The Western Schism is sometimes called t he Great Schism, although this term is al so applied to the East–West Schism of 105 4. Medieval Church History The Decline Process of Pope’s Power 50 Western Schism(1378-1417) Nationalism

Medieval Church History The Decline Process of Pope’s Power 51 Western Schism(1378-1417)

 The Schism in the Western Roman Church re sulted from the return of the papacy to Rome under Gregory XI on January 17, 1377, ending the Avignon Papacy, which had developed a r eputation of corruption that estranged major parts of Western Christendom.

 This reputation can be attributed to perceptio ns of predominant French influence and to th e papal curia's efforts to extend its powers of patronage and increase its revenues.Medieval Church History The Decline Process of Pope’s Power 52 Western Schism(1378-1417)

 After Pope Gregory XI died (in 1378), the Romans rioted to ensure the election of a Roman for pope. In 1378 the cardinals elec ted a Neapolitan when no viable Roman ca ndidates presented themselves.

Medieval Church History The Decline Process of Pope’s Power 53 Western Schism(1378-1417)

 Pope Urban VI, born Bartolomeo Prignano , the of Bari, was elected. Urba n had been a respected administrator in th e papal chancery at Avignon, but as pope h e proved suspicious, reformist, and prone t o violent outbursts of temper.

Medieval Church History The Decline Process of Pope’s Power 54 Western Schism(1378-1417)

 Many of the cardinals who had elected him soon regretted their decision: the majority removed themselves from Rome to Anagni , where, even though Urban was still reigni ng, they elected Robert of Geneva as a rival pope on September 20 of the same year.

 Robert took the name Pope Clement VII a nd reestablished a papal court in Avignon. Medieval Church History The Decline Process of Pope’s Power 55 Western Schism(1378-1417)

 The second election threw the Church into turmoil.

 There had been antipopes—rival claimants to the papacy—before, but most of them ha d been appointed by various rival factions; in this case, a single group of leaders of the Church had created both the pope and the antipope. Medieval Church History The Decline Process of Pope’s Power 56 Western Schism(1378-1417)

Medieval Church History The Decline Process of Pope’s Power 57 Western Schism(1378-1417)

 Sustained by such national and factional ri valries throughout Catholic Christianity, th e schism continued after the deaths of bot h initial claimants;

 Boniface IX, crowned at Rome in 1389, an d Benedict XIII, who reigned in Avignon fr om 1394, maintained their rival courts. Medieval Church History The Decline Process of Pope’s Power 58 Western Schism(1378-1417)

 When Boniface died in 1404, the eight car dinals of the Roman conclave offered to ref rain from electing a new pope if Benedict would resign;

 but when his legates refused on his behalf, the Roman party then proceeded to elect P ope Innocent VII. Medieval Church History The Decline Process of Pope’s Power 59 Western Schism(1378-1417)

 In the intense partisanship characteristic of the Mi ddle Ages, the schism engendered a fanatical hatre d noted by Johan Huizinga:

 when the town of Bruges went over to the "obedien ce" of Avignon, a great number of people left to foll ow their trade in a city of Urbanist allegiance;

 "in 1382, the oriflamme, which might only be unfu rled in a holy cause, was taken up against the Flem ings, because they were Urbanists, that is, infidels" . Medieval Church History The Decline Process of Pope’s Power 60 Western Schism(1378-1417)

Medieval Church History The Decline Process of Pope’s Power 61 Western Schism(1378-1417)

 Efforts were made to end the Schism throu gh force or diplomacy.

 The French crown even tried to coerce Ben edict XIII, whom it nominally supported, i nto resigning.

Medieval Church History The Decline Process of Pope’s Power 62 Western Schism(1378-1417)

 None of these remedies worked. The suggesti on that a church council should resolve the Sc hism, first made in 1378, was not adopted at f irst because canon law required that a pope c all a council.

 Eventually theologians like Pierre d'Ailly and Jean Gerson, as well as canon lawyers like Fr ancesco Zabarella, adopted arguments that eq uity permitted the Church to act for its own w elfare in defiance of the letter Medievalof the law. Church History The Decline Process of Pope’s Power 63 Western Schism(1378-1417)

 Eventually the cardinals of both factions se cured an agreement that Benedict and Pop e Gregory XII would meet at Savona.

 They balked at the last moment, and both colleges of cardinals abandoned their pope s.

Medieval Church History The Decline Process of Pope’s Power 64 Western Schism(1378-1417)

 A church council was held at Pisa in 1409 und er the auspices of the cardinals to try solving t he dispute, but it added to the problem by ele cting another incumbent, Alexander V.

 He reigned briefly from June 26, 1409, to his death in 1410, when he was succeeded by Joh n XXIII, who won some but not universal sup port. Medieval Church History The Decline Process of Pope’s Power 65 Western Schism(1378-1417)

Medieval Church History The Decline Process of Pope’s Power 66 Western Schism(1378-1417)

 Finally, a council was convened by Pisan pope Joh n XXIII in 1414 at Constance to resolve the issue.

 This was endorsed by Gregory XII, Innocent VII's successor in Rome, thus ensuring the legitimacy of any election.

 The council, advised by the theologian Jean Gerso n, secured the resignations of John XXIII and Gre gory XII, who resigned in 1415, while excommunic ating the claimant who refused to step down, Avig non Pope Benedict XIII. Medieval Church History The Decline Process of Pope’s Power 67 Western Schism(1378-1417)

 The Council then elected , essentially en ding the schism.

 Nonetheless, the Kingdom of Aragon did not recognize Martin V and continued to recognize Benedict XIII.

loyal to Benedict XIII subsequently electe d Antipope Benedict XIV (Bernard Garnier) and three followers simultaneously elected Antipope Clement VI II, but the Western Schism was by then practically ove r. (Clement VIII resigned in 1429 and apparently recog nized Martin V.) Medieval Church History The Decline Process of Pope’s Power 68 Western Schism(1378-1417)

 The line of Roman popes is now recognize d as the legitimate line, but confusion on t his point continued until the 19th century.

 Pope Pius II decreed that no appeal could be made from pope to council; this left no way to undo a papal election by anyone bu t the elected pope. Medieval Church History The Decline Process of Pope’s Power 69 Western Schism(1378-1417)

 No such crisis has arisen since the 15th cen tury, and so there has been no need to revi sit this decision.

 The alternate papal claimants have becom e known in history as antipopes.

Medieval Church History The Decline Process of Pope’s Power 70 Western Schism(1378-1417)

 Those of Avignon were dismissed by Rome early on, but the Pisan popes were include d in the as popes well into the 20th century.

 Thus the Borgia pope Alexander VI took hi s in sequence after the Pisan Alexander V. Medieval Church History The Decline Process of Pope’s Power 71 Western Schism(1378-1417)

Medieval Church History The Decline Process of Pope’s Power 72 Western Schism(1378-1417)

Medieval Church History The Decline Process of Pope’s Power 73 Q & A

Other questions will be accepted through YSCEC

Medieval Church History

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