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Zabriskie Point Corso di Laurea magistrale (ordinamento ex D.M. 270/2004) In Musicologia e Scienze dello Spettacolo Università Ca’ Foscari Tesi di Laurea Venezia Il ritratto americano di Ca’ Foscari Dorsoduro 3246 30123 Venezia Michelangelo Antonioni: la colonna sonora di Zabriskie Point. Relatore Ch. Prof. Paolo Pinamonti Correlatore Ch. Prof. Fabrizio Borin Laureanda Giorgia Trotter Matricola 834409 Anno Accademico 2011/ 2012 Corso di Laurea magistrale (ordinamento ex D.M. 270/2004) In Musicologia e Scienze dello Spettacolo Tesi di Laurea Il ritratto americano di Michelangelo Antonioni: la colonna sonora di Zabriskie Point. Relatore Ch. Prof. Paolo Pinamonti Correlatore Ch. Prof. Fabrizio Borin Laureanda Giorgia Trotter Matricola 834409 Anno Accademico 2011/ 2012 SOMMARIO INTRODUZIONE ................................................................................................................ 7 1. GENESI E SCRITTURA DI ZABRISKIE POINT .................................................................. 11 1.1. Il ritorno al contemporaneo ........................................................................................................ 11 1.2. Dopo il sogno, la realtà: Antonioni scopre l’America .............................................................. 20 1.3. Dalla realtà al testo: scrittura di Zabriskie Point .......................................................................... 25 1.4. Attori veri, storie vere: la scelta del non professionismo ........................................................ 27 1.5. Il deserto occupa l’inquadratura .................................................................................................. 30 1.6. L’ottimismo del colore: Antonioni riscopre la luce .................................................................. 32 2. LA REALIZZAZIONE DELLA COLONNA SONORA DI ZABRISKIE POINT ........................... 37 2.1. La musica giusta............................................................................................................................. 37 2.2. Musica diegetica e musica extradiegetica ................................................................................... 41 2.3. La scoperta di Don Hall ............................................................................................................... 43 2.4. I Pink Floyd.................................................................................................................................... 46 2.5. Lo scontro con John Fahey ......................................................................................................... 50 2.6. I Kaleidoscope ............................................................................................................................... 53 2.7. Il contributo elettroacustico di Musica Elettronica Viva (MEV) ........................................... 55 2.8. Il lungo assolo di Jerry Garcia ..................................................................................................... 58 2.9. Le tracce non originali di Zabriskie Point .................................................................................... 61 3. MUSICA E IMMAGINE: ANALISI DELLA COLONNA SONORA DI ZABRISKIE POINT .......... 65 3.1. Suono, rumore e silenzio .............................................................................................................. 65 3.2. Road movie e didascalismo musicale: un confronto con Easy Rider ...................................... 67 3.3. Episodi musicali e “sequenze madri” ......................................................................................... 70 3.4. Caos e ribellione ............................................................................................................................ 73 3.5. Fuga nel deserto ............................................................................................................................ 78 3.6. Fermata a Ballister ......................................................................................................................... 81 3.7. Tutte le strade portano a Zabriskie Point ..................................................................................... 83 3.8. Separazione e morte ...................................................................................................................... 87 3.9. Boom! ................................................................................................................................................ 89 CONCLUSIONE ................................................................................................................. 95 APPENDICE I .................................................................................................................. 101 A proposito di Antonioni. Intervista a David Lindley .................................................................. 101 APPENDICE II ................................................................................................................ 105 A proposito di Antonioni. Intervista a Alvin Curran .................................................................... 105 APPENDICE III ............................................................................................................... 107 A proposito dell’America. Excursus illustrato sul contesto simbolico, storico e immaginario americano contemporaneo a Zabriskie Point ......................................................... 107 Fonti delle illustrazioni ...................................................................................................................... 123 INDICE DEI TESTI MUSICALI ........................................................................................... 125 NOTA BIBLIOGRAFICA ................................................................................................... 127 I. Testi .................................................................................................................................................. 127 II. Articoli e interventi dell’autore .................................................................................................... 128 III. Interviste a Michelangelo Antonioni ........................................................................................ 128 IV. Siti consultati ................................................................................................................................ 129 INTRODUZIONE Guardando Zabriskie Point per la prima volta, la domanda che sorse spontanea fu: «Per quale motivo un film di così alta godibilità estetica e musicale non è annoverato tra le maggiori opere di Michelangelo Antonioni?». La lettura dei saggi e della critica venne presto in aiuto per scogliere il dubbio: stroncato dalla critica americana, che vedeva nel film di Antonioni un maldestro affronto alla cultura e alla società degli States, Zabriskie Point finì per subire la medesima infelice sorte in Europa e, in particolar modo, in Italia, dove gli osservatori adottarono senza indugi la rabbia e lo scontento della censura d’oltreoceano. Certamente le scene di nudo integrale e di sesso di gruppo non contribuirono, nel nostro Paese, a far sì che il nuovo film del regista di Blow up e Il deserto rosso venisse accolto a braccia aperte (motivo per il quale la pellicola è tuttora vietata ai minori). Tuttavia, è da considerare anche il fatto che quando Zabriskie Point uscì, nel febbraio del 1970, il ricordo della strage di Piazza Fontana era ancora molto forte, come era diffuso il timore che si verificassero altri attentati di matrice terrorista. È plausibile ipotizzare che i temi della rivoluzione e dello scontro armato introdotti nel film dal meeting studentesco e, soprattutto, l’esplosione finale provocata dall’immaginazione della protagonista che da pacifista si trasformava in bombarola, siano stati tra le cause del passaggio silenzioso di Zabriskie Point nel territorio italiano. Considerando il soggetto del secondo film di Antonioni prodotto per Carlo Ponti dalla MGM, è facile intuire i motivi che portarono alla sua stigmatizzazione in America: road movie anticonformista e impegnato, Zabriskie Point si inseriva nel solco di una tradizione di “film americani antiamericani” per uscirne poi in modo del tutto inaspettato. Gangster Story (Bonnie and Clyde, Arthur Penn, 1967) e Easy Rider (Easy Rider – Libertà e paura, Dennis Hopper, 1969), solo per citare due esempi cronologicamente vicini, portavano sullo schermo le rocambolesche avventure di delinquenti e ribelli in cerca di libertà. I protagonisti di questi film diventavano sì dei miti, ma solo temporaneamente, in quanto loro la ribellione si concludeva sempre nella morte, ovvero nella vittoria della Legge. Antonioni, non essendo un regista americano, osò cambiare le regole e mantenere in vita un personaggio per concentrare su di lui la rabbia, la disillusione e il dolore di una generazione che, fuori dei cinema, si rivoltava ai propri padri e non si dava per vinta: la deflagrazione finale, l’annientamento di tutto ciò che l’Occidente rappresentava, non mitizzò Daria ma negò con una forza mai vista prima l’esistenza e la plausibilità di un intero sistema. 7 Ciononostante, al di là del soggetto narrato, Zabriskie Point rimane una pellicola molto piacevole dal punto di vista e visivo e musicale. L’utilizzo del Panavision, l’ambientazione nel suggestivo deserto californiano e l’inserimento di una colonna sonora ricca di esempi musicali tipici del contesto americano contemporaneo hanno fatto di quest’opera un ritratto fedele, ampio
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