Webbia Journal of Plant Taxonomy and Geography

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Scirpus L. and related genera (Cyperaceae) in Italy

Lia Pignotti

To cite this article: Lia Pignotti (2003) Scirpus L. and related genera (Cyperaceae) in Italy, Webbia, 58:2, 281-400, DOI: 10.1080/00837792.2003.10670754

To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00837792.2003.10670754

Published online: 14 Apr 2013.

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Download by: [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] Date: 19 February 2016, At: 01:17 Webbia 58(2): 281-400.2003

Scirpus L. and related genera (Cyperaceae) in Italy

LIA PIGNOTTI

Dipartimento di Biologia Vegetale dell'Universita Via G. La Pira 4, 1·50121 Firenze

Ricevuto i/5 Luglio 2003 Accettato I'll Novembre 2003

Scirpus L. e i generi affini (Cyperaceae) in Italia.- Nella presente revisione viene compiuta una valutazione a livello generico, infragenerico e specifico delle entita italiane dd gruppo Scirpus s.l., sulla base di un'analisi morfologica comparata svolta su popolazioni naturali e sugli exsiccata conservati nei principali erbari italiani non­ che alla luce delle pili recenti acquisizioni sulla sistematica di questo complesso gruppo, diffuso su scala mondiale e ricchissimo di specie. Le 22 specie qui ricono­ sciute per il territorio italiano vengono attribuite a 7 generi: Blysmus Panz., Bolbo­ schoenus (Rchb.) Palla, Scirpoides Seg., Scirpus L., Schoenoplectus (Rchb.) Palla, Iso­ lepis R Br., Trichophorum Pers. Le specie italiane di Schoenoplectus vengono attri­ buite ai sottogeneri Schoenoplectus e Actaeogeton (Rchb.) Oteng-Y eb. Le specie ita­ liane di Isolepis vengono attribuite al solo sottogenere Isolepis e aile sezioni Isolepis ed Eleogiton (Link) Pax. Key words: Cyperaceae, Italy, nomenclature, Scirpus s.l., taxonomy.

The genus Scirpus L. has been interpreted differently by various authors, ei­ ther in a wide sense as a single, heterogeneous genus (KoYAMA, 1958; ScHULTZE-MoTEL, 1967, 1971; DE FILIPPS, 1980), or in a strict sense, as a small genus segregated from related genera, viz. Bolboschoenus (Rchb.) Palla} Scir­ poides Seg.J Schoenoplectus (Rchb.) Palla, Isolepis R.Br.J Trichophorum Pers. (see e.g., RAYNAL, 1973; WILSON, 1981; HAINES & LYE, 1983; KUKKoNEN, 1996, 1998; GoETGHEBEUR, 1998). Blysmus (L.) Panz. was also included in Scirpus by KoYAMA (1958) and ScHULTZE-MoTEL (1967). KoYAMA (1958) included even Eriophorum L. and Fuirena Rottb. in Scirpus, but his interpretation has never been widely ac­

Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016 cepted. Eleocharid species, originally included in Scirpus by Linnaeus and seg­ regated under Eleocharis R.Br. (BRoWN, 1810), have been since then appraised as a separate genus by every author. The present work deals with the segregates of Scirpus sensu ScHULTZE-Mo­ TEL (1967), viz. Scirpus s.str., Bolboschoenus, Scirpoides, Schoenoplectus, Iso­ lepis} Trichophorum and Blysmus 1• A segregation of genus-level groups within Scirpus s.l. is here accepted, in accordance with most recent authors' interpretation.

1 This group is referred to as Scirpus sensu lato (s.l.) in the paper. 282 L. PIGNOTTI Such interpretation relies on a large amount of studies which, since nine­ teenth century, have been bringing more and more evidence that Scirpus s.l. is an unnatural genus (WILSON, 1981), "un genre residu" after RAYNAL (1973). Heterogeneity was at first pointed out on a morphological ground, e.g. by BROWN (1810) who segregated Isolepis from Scirpus on the basis of the absence of perianth bristles. Most of Scirpus segregates, born either as genera or as in­ frageneric taxa, date back to the first half of the nineteenth century or little later and are morphologically founded. At the end of the nineteenth century, anatomical studies on culms of Scirpus s.l. were carried out, which confirmed its heterogeneity and exhibited good ac­ cordance with the previous, morphologically settled groups (PALLA, 1888, 1889, 1907). In 1965, VAN DER VEKEN made embryological studies in Cyperoideae. He distinguished six embryo-types, all of which were represented in Scirpus s.l. The occurrence of the embryo-types and relative variants in the segregates of Scirpus s.l. for Italian species is recorded in table 1. A close correspondence be­ tween embryo-types on one hand, and morphological segregates of Scirpus s.l. was pointed out by Vander Veken's studies. An important result was the con­ firmation of the correct positioning of the critical species T richophorum alpi­ num (L.) Pers. in Trichophorum Pers. (sensu SALMENKALLIO & KuKKONEN, 1989) rather than in Eriophorum L. Also embryological differences within Sch­ oenoplectus [between species of sect. Actaeogeton Rchb. and species of sect. Schoenoplectus] and within Isolepis [between sect. Isolepis and sect. Eleogiton (Link) Rchb.] were pointed out by Van der Veken. The author did not make any nomenclatural change, but he gave his opinion on the opportunity that each genus should be represented by not more than one embryo-type, even though different genera could share the same embryo-type. The aim was achievable by simply reappraising several ancient genera, wrongly included in Scirpus L. (VANDER VEKEN, 1965). SEM (scanning electron microscope) studies conducted by ScHUYLER (1971) on the micromorphology of fruit (in particular on inner periclinal walls

Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016 of epidermal cells) also pointed out the heterogeneity of Scirpus s.l. The writer and M. Mariotti Lippi (PIGNOTTI & MARIOTTI LIPPI, 2004 in press) carried out SEM studies on glumes, fruit surface, perianth bristles and pollen morphology of species of Scirpus s.l. from Southwestern Europe. The comparative analysis of these characters, besides giving value to major segregates, pointed out a sharp distinction between Schoenoplectus s.str. and Actaeogeton within Sch­ oenoplectus. Meaningful information came from studies performed by SA VILE (1979) on fungal parasites of Cyperaceae. Some species of rusts of Puccinia and Uromyces SCIRPUS L. AND RELATED GENERA IN ITALY 283 exhibited a genus-specificity within Scirpus, Bolboschoenus, Schoenoplectus and Trichophorum. The occurrence of fungal parasites is to be considered as a pseudocharacter (see e.g., BRUHL, 1995) and thus not more than an aid in plant classification (SAVILE, 1979). Furthermore, Savile's survey was not complete on Scirpus s.l. Nevertheless, a general accordance between these data and the current taxonomy of the group is apparent (WILSON, 1981). Later, classifications of Cyperaceae relying on a large dataset of characters from morphology, anatomy, embryology, phytochemistry, physiology, geo­ graphical distribution and ecology were proposed by BRUHL (1995) and GoET­ GHEBEUR (1998). These studies evidenced heterogeneity even at tribal level within the genera in question. BRUHL (1995) subdivided Cyperaceae in 2 sub­ families and 12 tribes. After his classification, all of the genera in question be­ long to the tribe Scirpeae (subfamily Cyperoideae), but the tribe is defined by the author as polyphyletic and the one "in greatest need of taxonomic effort in Cyperaceae". GoETGHEBEUR (1998) singled out 4 subfamilies and 17 tribes, giv­ ing a narrow circumscription to the tribe Scirpeae. After his classification, the genera at issue belong to 4 different tribes of subfamily Cyperoideae: Scirpeae (Scirpus, Trichophorum), Fuireneae (Bolboschoenus, Schoenoplectus), Cypereae (Isolepis, Scirpoides), Dulichieae (Blysmus). Recently, phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequence data in Cyperaceae was carried out at suprageneric level (MuAsYA et al., 1998), as well as within Scirpus s.l. (MuASYA et al., 2000b), Isolepis (MuAsYA et al., 2001) and Schoenoplectus (YouNG et al., 2002). Nor the tribe Scirpeae, neither Scirpus s.l. are supported as monophyletic groups, and DNA data are in close accordance with embryologi­ cal data. The splitting of Scirpus s.l. in several genera is thus supported by em­ bryological and DNA data. Even Isolepis turned out as not monophyletic, al­ though just minor difference was pointed out between Isolepis and Eleogiton, as it had happened (see table 1) as regarded embryo-types (VAN DER VEKEN, 1965). Isolepis and Scirpoides resulted closer to Cypereae than to Scirpeae (MuASYA et al., 2001), as it had resulted from their Cyperus-type embryo and in accordance with GoETGHEBEUR (1998). Schoenoplectus turned out to be

Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016 polyphyletic too, represented by "two well supported monophiletic clades", one including representatives of section Schoenoplectus, the other one includ­ ing representatives of sections Actaeogeton (Rchb.) Raynal and Supini (Cherm.) Raynal (YOUNG et al., 2002). A combined DNA and morphological analysis performed in Cyperaceae by MuASYA et al. (2000a), which resolved the heterogeneous tribe Scirpeae s.l. in five clades differing from both the current tribal classifications of BRUHL's (1995) and GoETGHEBEuR's (1998), confirmed the extant uncertainty of tribal limits in Scirpeae s.l. 284 L. PIGNOTTI

TABLE 1- Embryo-types in Italian species of Scirpus and related genera (after VANDER VEKEN, (1965).

Embryo-types Variants of Scirpus s.l. segregates Italian species Embryo-types (after VAN DER VEKEN, 1965) (after tbe nomenclature here adopted) Carex Variant 1 Baeothryon sensu KoYAMA Trichophorum alpinurn, T. cespitosurn, T. (1958) purnilurn Variant 2 Blysmus Blysmus compressus Fimbrisrylis Scirpus s.str. Scirpus sylvaticus, S. radicans, S. atrovirens Cyperus Variant! Eleogiton Isolepis fluitans Variant 2 Isolepis Isolepis setacea Variant 3 Holoschoenus Scirpoides holoschoenus Scirpus Variant 1 Actaeogeton Schoenoplectus mucronatus, S. supinus Variant 2 Pterolepis sensu KoYAMA Schoenoplectus lacustris, S. pungens, S.lito- (1963) ralls Variant 3 Bolboschoenus Bolboschoenus maritimus

The aim of the present paper is a revision of the taxonomical arrangement ofltalian species of Scirpus s.l. sensu ScHULTZE-MoTEL (1967) at specific, infra­ generic and generic level. This arrangement has traditionally felt the effects of the above-mentioned uncertainty at world-wide level (see table 2). PlGNATTI (1982) recognizes the generic level of Scirpus segregates, whereas TuTIN et al. ( 1980) retain the wide acception of Scirpus L., including most segregates as sec­ tions of Scirpus s.l. with the exception of Blysmus, recognized as genus.

TABLE 2 - Synaptical table of Scirpus L. and related genera as treated in the latest Floras dealing with the Italian territory.

Species FIORI, Nuova Fl. Anal. Ital. DE FILIPPS, in Fl. Eur. 1980 l'IGNArn, Fl. Ital.1982 1923 1.1 Blysmus compressus (L.) Scirpus compressus (1.) Pers. Blysmus compressus (L.) Blysmus compressus (L.) Panz. Panz. [Sect. Blysmus (Panz.) Fiori] Panz. 2.1 Scirpoides holoschoenus Scirpus holoschoenus L. Scirpus holoschoenus L. Holoschoenus vulgaris Link (L.J Seg. [Sect. Holoschoenus (Link) [Sect. Holoschoenus (Link) H. romanus (1.) Frirsch W.D.J.Kochl W.D.].Kochl H. australis (L.) Rchb. H. globiferus (L.f.) Rchb. 3.1 Scirpus sylvaticus L. Scirpus sylvaticus L. var. Scirpus sylvaticus L. Scirpus sylvaticus L. typicus Fiori (Sect. Scirpus) (Sect. Euscirpus Griseb.) Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016 3.2 Scirpus radicans Schkuhr Scirpus sylvaticus L. var. Scirpus radicans Schkuhr Scirpus radicans Schkuhr radicans (Schkuhr) Fiori (Sect. Scirpus) (Sect. Euscirpus Griseb.) 3.3 Scirpus atrovirens Willd. Scirpus atrovirens Willd. Scirpus atrovirens Willd. (Sect. Scirpus) 4.1 Bolboschoenus maritimus Scirpus maritimus L. var. Scirpus maritimus L. ssp. Bolboschoenus maritimus (L.) (L.)Palla typicus Fiori maritimus Palla S. maritimus L. var. [Sect. Bolboschoenus (Asch.) macrostachys (Willd.) Fiori Beede] S. maritimus L. var. compactus (Hoffm.) Fiori (Sect. Euscirpus Griseb.) (next page) SCIRPUS L. AND RELATED GENERA IN ITALY 285

(continued)

Species FIORI (1923) DE FnJPPs (1980) PIGNArn (1982) 5.1 Schoenoplectus lacustris Scirpus lacustris L. var. Scirpus lacustris L. ssp. Schoenoplectus lacustris (1.) (L.)Palla typicus Fiori lacustris Palla (Sect. Schoenoplectus Rchb.) [Sect. Pterolepis (Rchb.) Benth. & Hook.] 5.2 Schoenoplectus Scirpus lacustris L. var. Scirpus lacustris L. var. Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani tabernaemontani (Gmel.) tabernaemontani (Gmel.) tabernaemontani (C.C.Gmel.) (C.C.Gmel.) Palla Fiori Syme Palla (Sect. Schoenoplectus Rchb.) [Sect. Pterolepis (Rchb.) Benth. & Hook.] 5.3 Schoenoplectus triqueter Scirpus triqueter L. Scirpus triqueter L. Schoenoplectus triqueter (L.) (L.) Palla (Sect. Schoenoplectus Rchb.) [Sect. Pterolepis (Rchb.) Palla Benth. & Hook.] 5.4 Schoenoplectus carinatus Scirpus x carinatus Sm. Schoenoplectus carinatus (Sm.) (Sm.) Palla [Sect. Pterolepis (Rchb.) Palla Benth. & Hook.] 5.5 Schoenoplectus pungens Scirpus americanus Pers. Scirpus pungens Vahl Schoenoplectus americanus (Vahl) Palla (Sect. Schoenoplectus Rchb.) [Sect. Pterolepis (Rchb.) (Pers.) Volkart Benth. & Hook.] 5.6 Schoenoplectus litoralis Scirpus litoralis Schrad. Scirpus litoralis Schrad. Schoenoplectus litoralis (Schrad.) Palla (Sect. Schoenoplectus Rchb.) [Sect. Pterolepis (Rchb.) (Schrad.) Palla Benth. & Hook.] 5.7 Schoenoplectus Scirpus mucronatus L. Scirpus mucronatus L. Schoenoplectus mucronatus mucronatus (L.) Palla (Sect. Schoenoplectus Rchb.) [Sect. Pterolepis (Rchb.) (L.)Palla Benth. & Hook.] 5.8 Schoenoplectus juncoides Scirpus juncoides Roxb. (Roxb.) Palla [Sect. Pterolepis (Rchb.) Benth. & Hook.] 5.9 Schoenoplectus supinus Scirpus supinus L. Scirpus supinus L. Schoenoplectus supinus (L.) (L.) Palla [Sect. Isolepis (R.Br.) [Sect. Pterolepis (Rchb.) Palla Griseb.] Benth. & Hook.] 6.1 Isolepis cernua (Vahl) R.Br. Scirpus cernuus Vahl Scirpus cernuus Vahl Isolepis cernua (V ahl) R.Br. [Sect. Isolepis (R.Br.) [Sect. Isolepis (R.Br.) Griseb.] Griseb.] 6.2 Isolepis pseudosetacea Scirpus pseudosetaceus (Daveau) Lalnz Daveau 6.3 Isolepis setacea (L.) R.Br. Scirpus setaceus L. Scirpus setaceus L. Isolepis setacea (L.) R.Br. [Sect. Isolepis (R.Br.) [Sect. Isolepis (R.Br.) Griseb.] Griseb.] 6.4 Isolepis fluitans (L.) R.Br. Scirpus fluitans L. Scirpus fluitans L. Isolepis fluitans (L.) R.Br.

Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016 [Sect. Baeothryon (Ehrh. ex [Sect. Isolepis (R.Br.) Dietr.) Benth. & Hook.] Griseb.] 7.1 Trichophorum cespitosum Scirpus cespitosum L. Scirpus cespitosum L. Trichophorum cespitosum (L.) (L.) Hartman [Sect. Baeothryon (Ehrh. ex [Sect. Baeothryon (Ehrh. ex Hartman Dietr.) Benth. & Hook.] Dietr.) Benth. & Hook.] 7.2 Trichophorum pumilum Scirpus pumilus Vahl Scirpus pumilus Vahl Trichophorum pumilum (V ahl) (V ahl) Schinz & Theil. [Sect. Baeothryon (Ehrh. ex [Sect. Baeothryon (Ehrh. ex Schinz & Theil. Dietr.) Benth. & Hook.] Dietr.) Benth. & Hook.] 7.3 Trichophorum alpin urn Eriophorum alpinum L. Scirpus hudsonianus (Michx.) Trichophorum alpinum (L.) (L.) Pers. Fernald Pers. [Sect. Baeothryon (Ehrh. ex Dietr.) Benth. & Hook.] 286 L. PIGNOTTI Species recorded dubitatively (PIGNATTI, 1982) for Italian flora have been investigated, in order to assess their taxonomic value as well as to ascertain their presence on the Italian territory. A second aim is to provide an aid for conservation tasks. Several species of Scirpus s.l. are quite rare to possibly extinct in Italy (see e.g., CoNTI & MANZI, 1997; PoLDINI, 1991). As characteristic components of wetland plant commu­ nities (they need at least seasonal flooding to complete their life cycle), their critical conservation status is often due to the severe decrease and!or deterio­ ration of natural wet zones, directly or indirectly induced by anthropic activity. In the light of the evidence deriving from macro- and micromorphological characters, and taking into account the wide range of anatomical, embryologi­ cal and molecular data available in recent and less recent literature, Scirpus is treated here sensu stricto by separating the genera Blysmus, Bolboschoenus, Schoenoplectus, Isolepis, Scirpoides and Trichophorum. Within the genus Schoenoplectus, Schoenoplectus s. str. and Actaeogeton are segregated as sub­ genera. No further segregation has been here formally adopted within Schoeno­ plectus s.str. and Actaeogeton, as no difference has been found on embryologi­ cal and so far on molecular ground, although several authors separate section Pterolepis [including the only European species S. litoralis (Schrad.) Palla] from Schoenoplectus s.str. on the basis of plumose bristles (RAYNAL, 1976a, 197 6b) and section Supini from Actaeogeton on the basis of rudimental bristles and potential occurrence of amphycarpy (RAYNAL, 1976b; SMITH & HAYA­ SAKA, 2002). As regards Isolepis, although it has shown polyphyly on the basis of molecular data, Italian species do fall into a large monophyletic clade and are here assigned to the only subgen. Isolepis. Within this monophyletic clade, two well supported clusters have been singled out: the Isolepis /luitans group and the Isolepis setacea group (MuASYA et al., 2001). As these groups are sup­ ported by only minor embryological difference (VANDER VEKEN, 1965), just a sectional segregation is here recognised within subgen. Isolepis between Iso­ lepis setacea group (sect. Isolepis) and Isolepis /luitans group (sect. Eleogiton). Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The present revision relies on the study of living populations [with the exception of Scirpus radicans Schkuhr, Schoenoplectus triqueter (L.) Palla, Isolepis /luitans (L.) R.Br., which could not be found in the wild] and dried collections, included type material. Wild populations from the following localities have been investigated: Friuli Venezia Giulia, Passo dd Pura; Piedmont, Val Fredda, Vallone dd Brocan, La Mandria-Venaria Reale; Emilia Romagna, Bosco della Mesola, Crevalcore; T oscana, Prati di Logarghena, Lamarossa, Padule di Fucecchio, Macchia Lucchese, Santa Brigida, il Saltino, Lago di Chiusi, Monte Leoni, Lago di San Floriano; Sicilia, Foce dell'Imera Settentrionale, San Martino aile Scale, Paceco, Foce dell' Arena, Foce dd Simeto. SCIRPUS L. AND RELATED GENERA IN ITALY 287

The Herbaria consulted are: BM, Fl, FI-WEBB, G-DOR, GE, LINN, NAP, PAD, PAL, PI, RO, TO, VER. B, BASSA, BP, G, G-DC, LE, LZ, MW, P, PR, PRC, W, have been asked forma­ terial on loan and/or photographs. The distribution maps of each taxon are based on personally examined herbarium specimens and wild populations (dots), listed in Appendix 1. For the rarest species, recent or otherwise meaningful bibliographic reports are also represented (asterisks). The results obtained from a comparative micromorphological SEM analysis conducted by the writer on glumes, fruits and pollen of Italian species of Scirpus s.l. (PIGNOTII & MARioTTI LIPPI, 2004 in press) are here taken into account. The macro- and micromorphological analyses, together with the field investigation on natural intra- and inter-populational variability, provided the basic criteria for intraspecific and specific circumscription, and a key for supraspecific assessment. As previously stated, the supraspecific taxonomical arrangement is furtherly supported by a comparative review of characters from literature, such as anatomy, embryology and molecular data, which are assumed as being good discriminants from above the specific level. Only synomyms quoted in Floras concerning the Italian territory have been evaluated and are here reported. Original drawings have been prepared by A. Maury and A. Mazzanti (Florence). Author ab­ breviations are according to BRUMMITT & PowELL (1992).

RESULTS Habit and vegetative morphology

Members of Scirpus s.l. in Italy are mostly perennial (Scirpus, Bolboschoenus, Scirpoides, Schoenoplectus subgen. Schoenoplectus, Isolepis p.p., Trichophorum) more rarely annual herbs (Schoenoplectus subgen. Actaeogeton, Isolepis p.p.) of various size (few centimeters to 3 metres tall), terrestrial to helophytic; one spe­ cies (Isolepis /luitans) is aquatic rhizophytic, although it may behave as terre­ strial. The perennial species are rhizomatous, rarely caespitous or stolonifer­ ous. Culms are mostly scapose or subscapose, except in Scirpus s.str. and Bol­ boschoenus where they are many noded; trigonous to terete in cross-section, smooth or scabrid, glabrous. Leaves are basal or subbasal in scapous and sub­ scapose forms respectively, cauline in forms with many noded stems, spirally arranged; lower leaves are reduced to sheaths; sheaths mostly remain closed till maturity; ligules are present (entire, obtuse, generally not more than 1 mm in

Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016 length) or absent; blades are linear, V to crescentiform in cross-section, few millimetres up to several decimetres in length, sometimes reduced to a mucro, even in upper leaves.

Vegetative anatomy

A treatment of all aspects of vegetative anatomy at family level is in MET­ CALFE (1971), where the epidermal and anatomical characters ofleaf, stem, rhi­ zome and root of several representatives from Scirpus s.l. are closely described. 288 L. PIGNOTTI It is chiefly stem anatomy, that has proved to be of high taxonomic signifi­ cance at generic level within Scirpus s.l., since PALLA (1888, 1889) showed a no­ table accordance between anatomical and morphological characters (especially the habit of the plant). He found out several patterns in the stem anatomy of Scirpus s.l., which gave support to the splitting of it in as many genera, previ­ ously relying on the plant habit and morphology (namely Scirpus, Trichopho­ rum, Scirpoides, Blysmus, Schoenoplectus, Isolepis). In particular, stem anatomy proved to be an useful additional character for correct interpretation of species appearing morphologically intermediate between different genera, e.g. Tricho­ phorum alpinum versus Eriophorum L. (PALLA, 1889). Later, MoNOYER (1934) carried out further investigation on stem anatomy of Scirpus s. 1., using it as a key for the evolutive interpretation of the different habits present in the group. In particular, he found out that some vascular bundles would end their course below the top of the stem. The presence and number of these "faisceaux aero­ lyses" (atrophied bundles) proved to be in a close relation with the reduction of the inflorescence and leaf-blades, characteristic of some groups in Scirpus s.l. MoNOYER (1934) hypothesized that this trend started from a primitive type with richly branched inflorescence and bladed leaves (similar to S. sylvaticus), devoid of atrophied bundles, through intermediate, folious forms with a lower number of inflorescence branches [(that is the case with Bolboschoenus mariti­ mus (L.) Palla and Blysmus compressus (L.) Panz. respect to S. sylvaticus L.)] and a medium number of atrophied bundles. This process led on one hand to forms with reduced inflorescence and leaf-blades, a hypertrophic culm and nu­ merous atrophied bundles (Schoenoplectus spp.); on the other hand, a further reduction of inflorescence and leaf-blades led to forms with much reduced stems, which conserved their photosynthetic capacity by multipling themselves (Isolepis and Trichophorum spp.), with no atrophied bundles left. The characters and spacial distribution of vascular bundles, ground tissue and air cavities is fundamental in defining the anatomical structure of the culms in Scirpus s.l. In this view, three main patterns of organization can be outlined in the culm of Scirpus s.l., with several subpatterns, as briefly summerized in table

Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016 3 (data from PALLA, 1888-1889; MoNOYER, 1934; METCALFE, 1971).

Inflorescence morphology

Inflorescence shows very diverse morphology in Scirpus s.l. A basic struc­ ture is however recognisable in that inflorescence is always terminal and inflo­ rescence axes always terminate in spikelets ('Group I' including the tribe Scirpeae, after EITEN, 1976): a terminal spikelet on the main axis of the inflo- SCIRPUS L. AND RELATED GENERA IN ITALY 289 TABLE 3 - Anatomical structure of the culm in Italian species of Scirpus and related genera (after PALLA, 1888, 1889; MoNOYER, 1934; METCALFE, 1971).

Vascular bundles Ground tissue Species Attophied vascular bundles and air cavities (strictly after MoNoYER, 1934) vascular bundles in central ground tissue spongy, several rings locally breaking down to become hollow or to form irregular air cavities; peripheral air cavities several tens, Scirpus sylvaticus Atrophied vb's absent about20, Bolboschoenus maritimus Atrophied vb's 11 small, down to absent; Blysmus compressus Atrophied vb's 3 Scirpoides holoschoenus Atrophied vb's 23 vascular bundles ground tissue reduced to Schoenoplectus lacustris Atrophied vb's several tens reaching the very network of parenchymatous Schoenoplectus triqueter Atrophied vb's about 80 centre of the culm. strands and abundant Schoenoplectus pungens Atrophied vb's less than 10 air-cavities; Schoenoplectus mucronatus Atrophied vb's 3 Schoenoplectus supinus Atrophied vb' s absent vascular bundles in central ground tissue solid; one ring at the air-cavities absent, rudimental Isolepis cemua Atrophied vb's 1 periphery of the or 5· 7 apparent at the Isolepis setacea culm periphery;

central ground tissue with thin, Isolepis fluitans Atrophied vb's 4 sphaerical cells, tending to become hollow; peripheral air cavities small between vb's,

peripheral air cavities Trichophorum cespitosum Atrophied vb's 6 subepidermal, with thick inner Trichophorum pumilum Atrophied vb's 3 walls Trichophorum alpinum

rescence (main florescence, after WEBERLING, 1981) and the lateral ones, on the lateral axes of the inflorescence (coflorescences, after WEBERLING, 1981). There has been a great argument whether these spikelets are monopodia! true spikelets, or sympodial pseudospikelets (see in particular EITEN, 1976; KuKKO­ NEN, 1984). The developement of flowers in this kind of terminal units is acro­ petal, with all flowers being lateral and the tip of the axis bearing a bud, appar­ ently able to produce, in suitable external or internal conditions, the same Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016 structures found lower down on the axis (KuKKONEN, 1984). As these are the morphological requirements for monopodiality, and no definite evidence of a sympodiality is so far available, it seems simpler and more correct to assume that these terminal units are monopodia! (EITEN, 1976) and the inflorescences open and polithelic as in nearly all monocotyledons (TROLL, 1964; WEBERLING, 1981). Further elements in favour of the latter interpretation are the absence of intraspicular prophylls and changes in the cross section of stems at inflores­ cence nodes, in particular a reduction in the cross section of the main axis 290 L. PIGNOTTI which is proportional and comparable respectively to the size and shape of the lateral branch, whereas sympodial successive axes would keep constant in cross section (RAYNAL, 1971). The spikelets can be arranged in the following manners (terminology after KuKKONEN, 1994):

1. Anthelodium, i.e. an open crateriform inflorescence (opposed to anthela, which refers to closed, determinate inflorescences of similar shape) with shortened main axis and elongated lateral axes, so that the central partial in­ florescence is sessile or subsessile, while the lateral partial inflorescences are peduncled. The ultimate partial inflorescences may be spikelets or clusters of sessile spikelets. The clusters may contain few to several tens of spikelets (see e.g., dense, capitate clusters of Scirpoides). This kind of inflorescence is present in Scirpus s.s., Bolboschoenus, Schoenoplectus p.p., Scirpoides. Most of the following patterns, with the possible exception of the distichous spike of Blysmus, could be considered as diverse and progressive simplifications of the anthelodium, which in its full developement may contain fourth to fifth order branches (Scirpus s.str.).

2. Capitate inflorescence, i.e. just one dense cluster of sessile spikelets (gen­ erally more than 3 ), congested on a contracted axis. This kind of inflores­ cence is present in Schoenoplectus subg. Actaeogeton and in Schoenoplectus pungens, but also species which do have the potentiality to produce a fully developed anthelodium frequently lack lateral, peduncled partial inflores­ cences. That is not the case with Scirpus s.s., where the anthelodium is al­ ways fully developed, while it is at most frequent in Bolboschoenus, and can be easily observed in Schoenoplectus s.s. and in Scirpoides. 2 The number of spikelets in this kind of inflorescence may fall down to 3-1 in some cases: this is possible in Bolboschoenus, Schoenoplectus subgen. Act­ aeogeton, less frequent in Schoenoplectus s.s., rare in Scirpoides 3 , where the

2 In this regard, the paper by RAYNAL (1971) about the seeming polymorphism of anthelae (anthelodia, af­ Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016 ter the terminology here adopted) is at most interesting. The author, referring to TROLL (1964), makes the hypothesis that the complexity of anthelodia is in function of the vigour of the plant, i.e. each partial inflorescen­ ce of n order should be able to bear a partial inflorescence of n+ 1 order in suitable conditions of nutrition. This apparent morphological variability has been widely used as a taxonomic character, uselessly burdening nomen­ clature with intraspecific taxa, such as "simplex" or "supradecompositus". Raynal goes further, similarly accoun­ ting for aberrant forms of anthelodia with exuberant, sessile spikelets: the initiation of n order branches does distincdy precede anthesis, but nourishment conditions (essentially water availability) may well change in the meantime. From early bad nourishment conditions (at branching time) followed by late amelioration (at spike­ lets developement and anthesis time) anthelodia may develope just bearing sessile, very long, flower-rich spike­ lets. The appearence of such plants is so peculiar that new species have often been described (see the epithet "macrostachys" used at various taxonomic ranks in Bolboschoenus). The simple shifting of the vegetative period may actually lead to such results, as observed by Raynal in some Cyperus species in tropical climate. 3 PARLATORE (1845) described his Isolepis panormitana just on the basis of its lonely spikelet. SCIRPUS L. AND RELATED GENERA IN !TALY 291 capitate, partial inflorescences are hardly so scanty, even in the most slen­ der individuals4.

3. Cluster of 1-3 (rarely more) sessile spikelets; this kind of inflorescence is here taken apart from the latter as it never bears peduncled spikelets and it just bears 1-2(3, rarely few more) spikelets. It is present in Isolepis p.p.

4. Single spikelet; this kind of inflorescence is here taken apart from the latter as it never bears more than 1 spikelet. It is present in Trichophorum and in Isolepis /luitans.

5. Compound spike, present in Blysmus compressus, where the spikelets are distichously arranged.

A spikelet can be defined terminal if it is the terminal spikelet of the main florescence, subterminal if it is the terminal spikelet of one of the partial inflo­ rescences, or lateral. Each lateral branch of the inflorescence is subtended by an abaxial bract and by an adaxial prophyll (for the meaning of these terms, see e.g. HAINES, 1967; EITEN, 1976; KuKKONEN, 1994). As each branch ends in a spikelet, bract and prophyll are next to the spikelet it if is sessile and at the base of the pedun­ cle if the spikelet is peduncled, so that the peduncle stands between bract-pro­ phyll and spikelet. If one branch is branched itself and bears a partial inflores­ cence, all of its branches stand between the bract-prophyll whole and the sub­ tended spikelet (subterminal spikelet). The entire inflorescence stands be­ tween the most proximal inflorescence bract and prophyll, and the terminal spikelet, so that the latter is apparently devoid of its own bract-prophyll whole. Bracts show a gradual, acropetal transition in shape and size along the inflo­ rescence. Basal inflorescence bracts and intermediate bracts subtending partial inflorescences, can be leaflike, decreasing in size acropetally, and gradually ap­ proaching the size and shape of glumes (Scirpus s.s., Bolboschoenus and Blys­ mus). Basal inflorescence bracts can also be culmlike, i.e. erect and simulating Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016 the prosecution of the culm (Schoenoplectus) Scirpoides) Isolepis), giving the in­ florescence a pseudolateral appearence. Bracts subtending lateral, sessile spikelets are nearly glumelike. That is also the case with the bract subtending the lonely spikelet of Trichophorum. Prophylls are of the kind of cladoprophylls (KuKKONEN, 1994) when sub­ tending peduncled spikelets and partial inflorescences, whereas glumelike, scarcely axis-embracing prophylls do subtend sessile, lateral spikelets.

4 Only fertile, fully developed individuals are here referred to. 292 L. PIGNOTTI Typical prophyll double keel is however more or less apparent in all of these cases. Prohylls are sterile, with the exception of Blysmus compressus, bearing fertile prophylls (KUKKONEN, 1984, 1986).

Flower morphology

Flowers (each subtended by a glume) are invariably spirally arranged on the axis (rachilla) of each spikelet, so that spikelets are mostly rounded, more or less distinctly 4-5 edged, in cross section. Glumes are generally fertile, often except for the uppermost few glumes. The sterility of the upper glumes of the spikelets appears connected with the incomplete development of the distal flowers, as it is normal in monopodia! spikelets. Flowers are mostly bisexual. The unsolved argument is however to be men­ tioned whether hermaphrodite flowers in Cyperaceae are either really perfect flowers or pseudanthia (see for example KuKKONEN, 1984). As definitive evi­ dence of the second hypothesis is so far lacking (except for Mapanioideae, EI­ TEN, 1976), the simpler morphological interpretation is here adopted, with EI­ TEN (1976), of considering them real flowers. Functionally female flowers have been observed in Blysmus compressus, oc­ curring distally along the spikelets and bearing undeveloped stamens (short filaments devoid of anthers). It is not clear if it is due to the connection of pro­ togyny and incomplete development of the distal flowers (KUKKONEN, 1986). As in the rest of the Cyperaceae, perianth is much reduced in Scirpus s.l, where it contains at most 6 appendages ("two trimerous whorls of scale-like ap­ pendages", PAYER, 1857). The most frequent kind of appendages consists of retrorsely barbed, needlelike bristles, and occurs in Scirpus p.p., Bolboschoe­ nus, Schoenoplectus p.p., Blysmus. The other patterns are less frequent, with some of them occurring in only one species in Italy. Long, convolute bristles, keeping hidden beneath the subtending glumes, distinguish Scirpus radicans; adaxially plumose bristles mark Schoenoplectus litoralis; smooth, needlelike

Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016 bristles mark T richophorum cespitosum; long, woolly bristles, sticking well out of the subtending glumes are peculiar to Trichophorum alpinum. Trichophorum pumilum and Schoenoplectus supinus just bear 1-2(3), rudimental bristles, sometimes thoroughly lacking. Isolepis and Scirpoides do not bear any remains of a perianth. Androecium is currently composed by 3 stamens (1 medio-anterior, 2 lat­ eral), eventually reduced to 2 or even 1 (see Isolepis). Anthers are linear to el­ liptic in outline and have a large length range (0,5 to 3 mm). Nevertheless, dis­ tinct groups can be pointed out relying on anthers length, as showed in fig. 1: SCIRPUS L. AND RELATED GENERA IN ITALY 293

~ Blysmus compressus c: X 10 10 Q) c: :::!: :::!: ~ ---&- I Trichophorum alpinum

- '- Trichophorum pumilum

- '- Trichophorum cespitosum

---&- lsolepis fluitans

.L. lsolepis setacea - - lsolepis pseudosetacea - - lsolepis cernua

~ Schoenoplectus juncoides

~ Schoenoplectus supinus

~ Schoenoplectus mucronatus

- - Schoenoplectus carinatus Schoenoplectus pungens

___,___ Schoenoplectus litoralis

___,____ Schoenoplectus triqueter

~ Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani

~ Schoenoplectus lacustris

Bolboschoenus maritimus

____,___ Scirpoides holoschoenus

Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016 - - Scirpus sylvaticus ...... _ Scirpus radicans

~ Scirpus atrovirens

10 (') 10 N ~ 10 0 C"i C\i c::i CD:; E .S :? E ~..9:!~

Fig. 1 -Anther length in Italian species of Scirpus and related genera (lowest, mean and highest value). 294 L. PIGNOTI'I Connective tissue projects into a smooth or barbed, more or less pro­ nounced apiculus. The pistil is unilocular, usually 3-carpellate and more or less trigonous, sometimes 2-carpellate and dorsiventrally compressed. The style is linear since its base, where it is scarcely distinguishable from the ovary. It can be well developed in length (Scirpus, Bolboschoenus, Blysmus, Schoenoplectus, Trichophorum), or very short, the stigma appearing nearly sessile (Isolepis, Scir­ poides). The stigma is more commonly 3-fid, sometimes 2-fid, often papillate to a various extent (Scirpus s.s., Isolepis, Trichophorum). An abortion of the third carpel may occur in some three-carpellate species (e.g. Bolboschoenus mariti­ mus, Schoenoplectus lacustris), followed by a parallel lack of the third stigmatic branch (BLASER, 1941). The ovule is single, basal, anatropous (GoETGHEBEUR, 1998).

Fruits

The fruit is a nutlet, obovoid to ellipsoidal in outline, trigonous to dorsiven­ trally lenticular or plano-convex in cross-section. Blysmus compressus differs in having a distinctly stipitate nutlet. Fruit surface is smooth in Schoenoplectus s.s., Bolboschoenus, Trichophorum pumilum and T. cespitosum, smooth to more or less distinctly reticulate in Scirpoides and Isolepis /luitans, papillate in Iso­ lepis cernua, I. pseudosetacea and Trichophorum alpinum, transversely rugose in Schoenoplectus subgen. Actaeogeton, longitudinally costate in Isolepis setacea. Thus, fruit surface appears to be a transversal character at generic level within Scirpus s.l. group, as several genera show a similar surface pattern, whereas dif­ ferent patterns occur in otherwise closely similar species (namely Isolepis seta­ cea versus I. cernua and I. pseudosetacea). In one instance, this character is transversal also outwardly respect to Scirpus s.l.: in Trichophorum alpinum, the fruit surface has a close resemblance to species of Eriophorum (ScHUYLER, 1971). For fruit surface pattern as well as for perianth bristles, Trichophorum alpinum lays at a critical distance between Eriophorum and Trichophorum.

Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016 Amphicarpy, i.e. the production of ground level, larger fruits in addition to above ground fruits, is documented in Schoenoplectus supinus from South M­ rica (HAINES, 1971).

Karyology

The chromosomes in Scirpus s.l. generally exhibit a small and rather uni­ form size (0,5-1,5 !J.m), with the exception of Schoenoplectus lacustris s.l., where SCIRPUS L. AND RELATED GENERA IN ITALY 295 1 or 2 large chromosomes (ca. 2 f.tm long) distinguish the caryotype ("com­ pound chromosomes" after TANAKA, 1940). Larger size chromosomes(> than 2 f.tm) observed in Isolepis cernua and Scirpoides holoschoenus by the author (PIGNOTTI & FIORINI, 1998) would need further confirmation. Primary con­ strictions are generally absent at all, but slight constrictions seem sometimes visible (e.g., in Isolepis setacea, see in this regard fig. 12 in PIGNOTTI & FIORINI, 1998; 0TZEN, 1961). A synopsis of literature reports of chromosome numbers in the examined taxa is in table 4 (for literature references see specific taxonomic treatment):

TABLE 4 - Synopsis of chromosome counts from literature in Italian species of Scirpus and related genera.

Species Gametophyte chromosome Sporophyte chromosome number number Scirpus sylvaticus 31,32 60,62 Scirpus atrovirens 28 50,56, 62 Scirpus radicans 56 Bolboschoenus maritimus 43,48,49,52,55,58, 40, 50, 55-60, 64, 76-77, 80, 104,112 Blysmus compressus 22 44. 79 Scirpoides holoschoenus 26,42,ca.80,84, 128,164 Schoenoplectus lacustris 19,20,21 42,80 Schoenoplectus tabemaemontani 21 42, 76, 77 Schoenoplectus triqueter 21 40,42 Schoenoplectus pungens 39 Schoenoplectus litoralis 39,40,42 36,78 Schoenoplectus mucronatus 21,22 44 Schoenoplectus supinus 14 Isolepis cemua 27 30,31,37,54,60 lsolepis setacea 13, 14 26,28,56 Isolepis fluitans 60 Trichophorum cespitosum 52 104 Trichophorum pumilum 78 Trichophorum alpinum 58

Irregular variation and uncertainty in counts is apparent, especially in some

Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016 species, such as Bolboschoenus maritimus, Scirpoides holoschoenus, Isolepis cer­ nua. That is partly due to the small size and irregular shape of chromosomes, which make it difficult to obtain reliable countings and caryotypes. On the other hand, this irregular variation has been related to a real instability of caryotypes, and is assumed to be indirectly due to the presence of diffuse cen­ tromeres (HAKANSSON, 1954, 1958), which allow chromosome fragmentation and fragment stabilization. This phemomenon is known as agmatoploidy and may explain the disploid series (non multiploid polyploidy) observed in the family. Existence of diffuse centromeres (holocentric chromosomes) is mor- 296 L. PIGNOTTI phologically denoted by the absence of primary constrictions and by behaviour during meiosis (OTZEN, 1961). It was previously suggested in Eleocharis (HAKANSSON, 1954), where localized centromeres coexist with holocentric ones (BIR et al., 1993), but it is thought to occur in other genera, such as Sch­ oenoplectus (OTZEN, 1961), Carex, Cyperus, Bulbostylis (GoETGHEBEUR, 1998), Rhynchospora (LucENO et al., 1998), Isolepis (DoPcmz & PoGGIO, 1999).

A graphic synopsis (fig. 2) of the counts may be of some usefulness in visu­ alizing the distribution of somatic numbers in the species examined, even if caution has to be taken in interpreting taxonomically these data. A homogene­ ous group can be clearly distinguished in Scirpus s.s. (50-62). Blysmus (44-79), Bolboschoenus (40-112) and Scirpoides (26-164) constitute as many groups, with a high variability characterizing Bolboschoenus maritimus and Scirpoides holoschoenus. Trichophorum is heterogeneous (58-104). Isolepis exhibits some­ what distinguishable ranges for species of sect. Isolepis (28-60) and Eleogiton (60). Schoenoplectus shows two range barycentres, one around 40 (S. mucrona­ tus, S. triqueter, most counts for S. lacustris s.l.) and one around 80 (S. litoralis and S. pun gens), with the exception of Schoenoplectus supinus (28).

Pollination and dispersion

Pollination in Scirpus s.l. is essentially anemophilous as in the rest of the Cy­ peraceae. Nevertheless, as scattered instances of possible entomophily are at­ tested in the family, some species being visited by pollen-gathering insects, e.g. in the genus Bolboschoenus (GoETGHEBEUR, 1998), a certain incidence of this mode of pollination is not to be excluded within the group. In this regard, the observation made by the writer may be noteworthy, of a population of Scir­ poides holoschoenus, intensely frequented by members of Oedemeridae (Cole­ optera) during anthesis.

Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016 As regards dispersal, local colonization by vegetative growth and propaga­ tion is widespread in the Cyperaceae and in Scirpus s.l. as well, by means of rhi­ zomes and tubers (KERN, 1974). Within Scirpus s.l., tubers capable of even several years dormancy (ZA­ KAAVSKY & HRounovA, 1994) distinguish the rhizome of Bolboschoenus mar­ itimus. Aquatic seed dispersal is important at most by means of running water, as most species of Scirpus s.l. bear sinking fruits: only Bolboschoenus maritimus bears buoyant fruits, thus capable of floating in still water. In this regard, frag- SCIRPUS L. AND RELATED GENERA IN ITALY 297

. Trichophorum alpinum 1~ ~ ~1 . Trichophorum pumilum . Trichophorum cespitosum

lsolepis fluitans

lsolepis setacea

lsolepis cernua

. Schoenoplectus supinus

. Schoenoplectus mucronatus

. Schoenoplectus litoralis

. Schoenoplectus pungens

Schoenoplectus triqueter

Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani

Schoenoplectus lacustris

Scirpoides holoschoenus

Blysmus compressus

Bolboschoenus maritimus Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016

. Scirpus radicans

~ Scirpus atrovirens

Scirpus sylvaticus

0 0 CD

Fig. 2- Graphic representation of chromosome somatic numbers (2n) in Italian species of Scirpus and related genera. 298 L. PIGNOTTI mentation of rhizome and tubers by floods may also be important for local dis­ persal. Indeed, a major mode of dispersal in Scirpus s.l., probably accounting for the cosmopolitan or subcosmopolitan distribution of most species, must be birds, chiefly as epizoic accidental dispersal, favoured by perianth bristles per­ sistent on the fruits. Endozoic accidental dispersal does occur, but the reten­ tion of germination power in excreted seeds is unknown (KERN, 1974). KERN (197 4) also quotes cattle, man and wind (for species with diaspores made up by fruit and subtending glume, the latter acting as a wing) as dispersal agents in Scirpus s.l.

TAXONOMIC TREATMENT

Key to genera

1. Spikelets distichously arranged into a spike ...... 1. Blysmus 1. Spikelets not distichously arranged ...... 2 2. Culms many noded; involucra! bracts leafy, usually several ...... 3 2. Culms nodeless; involucra! bracts culm-like, usually 1{-2), or glume-like ...... 4 3. Spikelets less than 1 em long ...... 2. Scirpus 3. Spikelets 1-4 em long ...... 3. Bolboschoenus 4. Spikelets congested into spherical heads ...... 4. Scirpoides 4. Spikelets not congested into spherical heads ...... 5 5. Culms filiform, less than 1 mm thick ...... 6 5. Culms more than 1 mm thick ...... 5. Schoenoplectus 6. Perianth bristles absent; fruit either punctate, costate or dull ...... 6. lsolepis 6. Perianth bristles usually present; fruit dull; if perianth bristles absent, then fruit smooth and shiny ...... 7. Trichophorum

1. Blysmus Panz. ex Schult. in Schult. & Schult. f., Mant. 2: 41. 1824

TYPUs: Schoenus compressus L., Sp. Pl.: 43. 1753. Selected by BoRNER (1913). Obs.: As the genus is represented in Italy by the only species B. compressus, the generic descrip­

Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016 tion is here omitted.

1.1 Blysmus compressus (L.) Panz. ex Link, Hort. Berol. 1:278. 1827

Bas.: Schoenus compressus L., Sp. Pl.: 43. 1753 TYPus: Unknown. See KuKKONEN (1998) for considerations on type material.

(=) Sdrpus compressus (L.) Pers., Syn. Pl., 1: 66. 1805 (=) Sdrpus caricis Retz., Fl. Scand. Prodr.: 11. 1779, nom. illeg. (=) Scirpus caricinus Schrad., Fl. Germ., 1: 132. 1806, nom. illeg. IcoNOGRAPHIA SELECT A- SowERBY & SMITH (1800.10, tab. 791, whole plant)- REicHENBACH (1846, tab. 293, fig. 693, whole plant)- fig. 3. SCIRPUS L. AND RELATED GENERA IN ITALY 299 Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016

Fig. 3 - Blysmus compressus (L.) Panz. Whole plant (x 0,6); glume, anther, fruit with perianth bristles and filaments (x 13). 300 L. PIGNOTTI DESCRIPTION- Perennial, rhizomatous herb. Rhizome 3-4 mm diam., with up to 20 mm long internodes. Stems 6-40 em, 1-2 mm diam., terete-compressed to bluntly trigonous apically, leafy, with 5-15 shortened internodes in the proximal half, up to 8 em each in length; the uppermost internode up to 20 em long. Leaves 5-15, the 3-4lower ones brown, scale like, bladeless, the following with developed blade, generally shorter, up to equalling the culm; sheaths ven­ trally scarious, with entire, straight to hardly oblique ~outh margin; ligules 0,3- 0,4 mm, arched, 3-4 mm wide, 1,5-2 mm high, slightly emarginate; blades lin­ ear, V-shaped in cross section, keeled, attenuate, 2-40 em x 1,5-5 mm, distally scabrid on keel and margins. Inflorescence a distichous, dense, composed spike, sometimes rather loose, with internodes up to 5(-8) mm. Bracts, the low­ ermost up to 20 em in length, leaf blade-like, the second one ovate-lanceolate, 4-5 x 2,5-3,5 mm, with green midnerve extending into a mucro of 3-5 mm, the following ones progressively decreasing to glume size and shape toward the apex of the inflorescence, all of them sterile. Spikelets 4-15 within a spike, lan­ ceolate, 7-10 x 1-2 mm. Prophylls lanceolate, distinctly binerved, 4-5 x 1,5-2 mm, fertile. Glumes lanceolate 5-7 x 2-2,5 mm, more or less distinctly mucro­ nulate, reddish-brown, with variously wide hyalin margin. Perianth bristles 5-6, ca. twice as long as the nutlet, retrorsely barbed. Stamens 3; anthers 2,3-2,5 mm, with acuminate, shortly barbed apex of 0,4-0,5 mm. Style 3-3,5 mm; stigma bifid 2,8-3,2 mm, papillate. Nutlet obovoid, lenticular to slightly plano­ convex, 1,5-2 x 1 mm pale brown, dull born on a distinct stipe of 0,6-0,7 mm, with tapering, mucronulate apex merging into the persistent style.

FLOWERING PERIOD- June-August. CHROMOSOME NUMBER- n=22 (HAKANSSON, 1928: material from Sweden; MEHRA & SACHDEVA, 1975: material from Himalaya). - 2n=44 (TiscHLER, 1934; RoHWEDER, 193 7: material from Schleswig-Holstein, Germany; PaGAN et al., 1983: material from Poland; STOEVA, 1992: material from Bulgaria). - 2n=78-79 (SoKOLOVSKAYA & STRELKOVA, 1962: material from Pamir). - 2n=79 (STOEVA, 1992: material from Bulgaria). EcoLOGY - Sporadic, but forming rich populations on marshy meadows Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016 and lanes, on lake and river banks, in small marshes near springs; on alkaline up to weakly acid soils; between 500 and 2300 m, rarely on the plain (SCHULTZE-MOTEL, 1967). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION- Throughout Europe except in the North; Mo­ rocco, Western and Central Asia (MEUSEL et al., 1965; SCHULTZE-MOTEL, 1967). LocAL DISTRIBUTION (fig. 4)- Frequent on the Alps, sporadic on the Apen­ nines, southwards to Monte Pollino; in nineteenth century it was collected on the Tuscan coast near Orbetello. SCIRPUS L. AND RELATED GENERA IN ITALY 301

Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016 Fig. 4 -Distribution of Blysmus compressus (L.) Panz.

2. Scirpus L., Sp. Pl.: 47. 1753

TYPus: Scirpus sylvaticus L., Sp. Pl.: 47. 1753. Selected by WILSON (1989).

DESCRIPTION- Perennial rhizomatous and stoloniferous herbs. Stem 5 - 12 dm, 3 - 6 mm diam., bluntly trigonous, smooth to somewhat scabrid on the edges beneath the inflorescence, leafy, with 6 - 7 elongated internodes at least 5 em each. Leaves with developed sheath and blade; sheaths to 6 em, covering 302 L. PIGNOTTI the lower 3/4 of the stem, green, with a ventral, distal scarious portion of 1 - 3 em decreasing in length in the upper leaves, with entire, horizontal, loose mouth margin; ligules 0,3 - 1,5 mm, entire, more or less deeply arched, the length/width ratio increasing in the upper leaves, blades green, V - shaped, few em long in the basal leaves, up to 70 em x 4 - 16 mm in the median ones, with distally scabrid keel and margins, with attenuate apex. Inflorescence a com­ posed anthelodium 7 - 20 em diam., bearing 2rd - 4th order parthial anthelodia. Bracts, the lowest 3 - 5 ones, leafy, up to 20 em long; the following ones pro­ gressively decreasing distally in the inflorescence, down to glume size in the sessile spikelets, sterile. Prophylls, those at the base of the inflorescence branches tubular, up to 15 -17 mm, pale to partially blackish; those at the base of the sessile spikelets hardly embracing the axis with their base, 1 x 1 mm or less, obtuse, faintly binerved, blackish; always sterile. Spikelets ovoid to lanceo­ late, 2 - 6 x 1,5 mm, at least 100 per inflorescence, single or clustered in crowded fascicles, green- blackish. Glumes ovate, 1,3-2 x 0,6- 1,5 mm, black­ ish, with green midnerve, more or less wide hyalin margin, mucronulate or mu­ ticous. Perianth bristles 5 - 6, shorter, as long as or up to five times as long the nutlet, stiff with numerous to few distal retrorse barbs or voluble and mostly to quite smooth. Stamens 3; anthers 0,6 - 1 mm, with obtuse, glabrous apex of ca. 0,1 mm. Style ribbon-shaped, 0,3 - 0,7 mm; stigma trifid, 0,7 - 0,9 mm, thickly papillate. Nutletobovoid, trigonous, 0,9-1,1 x 0,5 mm, dull whitish, mucronu­ late (mucro ca. 0,1 mm in length), with a persistent, linear, darker style base of ca. 0,1 mm.

Key to the species

1. Clusters of sessile spikelets present. Perianth bristles shorter up to as long as the nutlet ...... 2 1. All spikelets stalked (except the terminal spikelet of the anthelodium and the terminal spike­ lets of the partial anthelodia) and solitary. Perianth bristles ca. 5 times as long as the nutlet ...... 2.2 Scirpus radicans 2. yd order anthelodia expanded, 4th order anthelodia mostly present. Perianth bristles 5 - 6 erect, stiff, diffusely retrorsely barbed, as long as the nutlet ...... 2.1 Scirpus sylvaticus 2. yd order anthelodia contracted in globose heads, 4'h order anthelodia mostly absent. Perianth bristles 3 - 6, tenuous, shorter than the nutlet ...... 2.3 Scirpus atrovirens Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016

2.1 Scirpus sylvaticus L., Sp. Pl.: 51. 1753 TYPUS: LINN 71.47 (microfiche!) lectotypus designed by KIT TAN (1985). IcoNOGRAPHIA SELECTA- SCHULTZE-MOTEL (1967, Tafel42: whole plant, details of spikelet and flower) -fig. 5.

DESCRIPTION - Rhizomatous herb. Stem erect. Ligules less than 0.4 mm long; Lea/ blades 7 - 40 em x (4-) 8- 16 mm. Inflorescence 9- 15 em diam.; primary branches up to 10 em long; secondary anthelodia generally composed by more SCIRPUS L. AND RELATED GENERA IN ITALY 303 Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016

Fig. 5-Scirpus sylvaticus L. Whole plant (x 0,6); glume, fruit with perianth bristles, flower (x 17). 304 L. PIGNOTTI than 100 spikelets each; lateral spikelets either stalked or sessile, clustered in fascicles of 2-7. Glume-like bracts present. Tubular prophylls 2- 17 mm long; glume-like prophylls present, subtending the sessile spikelets. Spikelets ca. 3 - 4 x 1,3- 1,7 mm, ovoid, 15-20 flowered. Glumes ovate, hardly mucronulate, 1,4 - 2 x 0,9- 1,1 mm, distally fringed, blackish with green midvein. Perianth bris­ tles 6, erect, stiff, with numerous retrorse barbs, on the average as long as the nutlet, white. Anthers ca. 1 mm. Style 0,3-0,6 mm. Nutlet 0,9- 1 x 0,6- 0,7 mm, white-yellowish.

FLOWERING PERIOD- May-July. CHROMOSOME NUMBER- n=31 (HAKANSSON, 1928: material from Sweden). - 2n=62 (MuRIN, 1976: material from Slovakia). - 2n=ca. 60 (PARFENOV & DMITRIEVA, 1987: material from Western Russia).- 2n=62 (JANKUN, 1990: ma­ terial from Poland; AL-BERMANI et al., 1993: material from the British Isles; STOEVA, 1992b: material from Bulgaria). EcoLOGY - Damp places, either in woods, especially in clearings, or on meadows. On banks of rivers or bogs. From full sunlight to partial shade. On nutrient-rich, clayey-sandy soils (SCHULTZE-MOTEL 1967). Between 0 and 1800 m a. s.l. GENERAL DISTRIBUTION- Most of Europe, except at the extreme Northern and Southern boundaries; Caucasus, Asia Minor, Siberia, Central Asia, Mon­ golia. Scarcely distinguished taxa occur in North America and Far East (SCHULTZE-MOTEL 1967). LocAL DISTRIBUTION (fig. 6)- Northern Italy, Tuscany and Calabria (Sila). The bibliographic report on the map (Lima valley, Tuscany) is from ARRIGONI & PAPINI (2003 ).

2.2 Scirpus radicans Schkuhr, Ann. Bot. 4:49. T. 1. 1793

TYPUS: illustration enclosed in SCHKUHR ( 1793), lectotypus here designated. Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016 IcoNOGRAPHIA SELECTA- ScHKUHR (1793, enclosed illustration)- fig. 7.

DESCRIPTION- Rhizomatous and stoloniferous herb. Stem erect or bent, oc­ casionally rooting and shooting at nodes. Ligules 0.5 - 1.5 mm; leaf blades up to 70 em long, 4 - 13 mm wide. Inflorescence 15 - 20 em diam.; primary branches up to 12 em long; secondary anthelodia composed by 50 - 60 spike­ lets. Clusters of sessile spikelets absent, lateral spikelets always solitary and stalked. Glume-like bracts absent. Prophylls all tubular, to 12 mm, green, with reddish - brown mouth margin. Glume-like prophylls absent. Spikelets 5 - 6 SCIRPUS L. AND RELATED GENERA IN ITALY 305 Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016 Fig. 6 - Distribution of Scirpus sylvaticus L.

mm x 1.5 mm, lanceolate, with 20 - 30 flowers. Glumes ovate, 2 - 2.5 x 0,8 - 1,2 mm, muticous, proximally whitish, distally blackish, with green midnerve, distally fringed. Perianth bristles 6, ca. 5 mm, filiform, irregularly volute be­ neath the glume, smooth or with scattered, distal, retrorse barbs; sometimes one bristle ribbon-shaped, distally bifid. Anthers 0.8 - 1 mm. Style 0.6 - 0.7 mm; stigma 0.7- 0.8 mm. Nutlet ellipsoid- obovate, 1.1 mm x 0.5 on average, whitish. 306 L. PIGNOTII Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016

Fig. 7-Scirpus radicans Schkuhr. Whole plant (x 0,5); glume, fruit with perianth bristles, flower (x 16). SCffiPUS L. AND RELATED GENERA IN ITALY 307 FLOWERING PERIOD- May-July. CHROMOSOME NUMBER- 2n=56 (POGAN et al., 1990: material from south­ western Poland; HAKANSSON, 1928: material from Sweden; TISCHLER, 1934: material from Germany).- 2n=58 (HEILBORN, 1939: material from Sweden). EcoLOGY - On banks of rivers and lakes as well as in damp meadows. On nutrient-rich, muddy soils (SCHULTZE-MOTEL, 1967). Between 0 and 600 m a. s.l. GENERAL DISTRIBUTION - Scandinavia, Central and Eastern Europe, North­ ern Balkan region, Russia, Siberia, eastwards till Japan (SCHULTZE-MOTEL 1967). LocAL DISTRIBUTION (fig. 8)- Northern Italy in Piedmont at Vercelli along river Sesia and near Turin. All reports from this locality date back to the nine­ teenth century. The species is possibly extinct on the Italian territory.

2.3 Scirpus atrovirens Willd., Hort. Berol. 1: 9. T. 99. 1806

TYPus: Pl. 99 in WILL~ENOW (1806), lectotypus here designated.

lcONOGRAPHIA SELECTA • WILLDENOW (1806, tab. 99)- fig. 9.

DESCRIPTION- Rhizomatous herb. Rhizome short, woody, bearing tubers of ca. 1 x 0,5 em. Stem erect, 3-5 mm diam., smooth. Leaf sheaths up to 5 em long; ligule 0.3 mm; lea/ blades up to 60 em x 8 mm. Inflorescence up to 12 em diam.; primary branches to 10 em long; secondary anthelodia 4-5 on an average, each composed by 5- 15 clusters of spikelets; terminal clusters composed by 10-25 sessile spikelets, globose. Glume-like bracts present. Prophylls, those subtend­ ing the rays tubular, to 15 mm, green to yellowish, with brown mouth; those subtending the spikelets less than 1 mm, glume like, obtuse, hyalin. Spikelets 2 - 3 x 1,5 mm, ovoid. Glumes 1.3 - 1.4 x 0.6 - 0.8 mm, ovate, mucronulate (mucro 0.1 - 0.2 mm, distinctly barbed) whitish proximally, blackish distally, with green midnerve, entire. Perianth bristles 3 - 6, tenuous, mostly shorter Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016 than nutlet, white, smooth but for few retrorse subapical barbs. Anthers 0,6 - 0,7 mm. Style ca. 0.3 mm; stigma ca. 0.8 mm. Nutlet 0.9 x 0.5 mm, mucronulate (mucro 0.1 mm), whitish.

FLOWERING PERIOD- June-August. CHROMOSOME NUMBER- 2n=ca. 28 (SCHUYLER, 1976: material from North America).- 2n=50, 56, 62 (HARRIMAN, 1981: material from North America).- 2n=56 (LovE & LovE, 1981: material from Canada). EcoLOGY- In swamps or in seasonally wet soils. Between 100 and 1200 m a. s.l. 308 L. PIGNOTTI

Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016 Fig. 8-Distribution of Scirpus radicans Schkuhr.

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION - North America (BRITTON & BROWN, 1970). Scat­ tered, often naturalized in Europe (Germany, Switzerland, North-Eastern France, Northern Italy) (SCHULTZE-MOTEL, 1967) and Japan (KoYAMA, 1958). LocAL DISTRIBUTION (fig. 10) - Collected recently in several localities in Piedmont. In the nineteenth century a specimen referable to S. atrovirens was collected in the Northern Apennine at San Pellegrino in Alpe (1842, P. Savi, conserved in TO), at 1500 m a. s.l.. but this presence has not been confirmed later. SCIRPUS L. AND RELATED GENERA IN ITALY 309 Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016

Fig. 9 - Scirpus atrovirens Willd. Whole plant (x 0,6); glume, fruit with perianth brisdes, flower (x 17). 310 L. PIGNOTTI

Fig. 10-Distribution of Scirpus atrovirens Willd. Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016

3. Bolboschoenus (Asch.) Palla in E. Hallier & A. Brand, Koch's Syn. Deut. Schweiz. Fl. ed. 3, 3:2531. 1907

Bas.: Scirpus L. subdiv. Bolboschoenus Asch., Fl. Brandenb. 1: 753. 1864 TYPUS: Scirpus maritimus L., Sp. Pl.: 51. 1753

Obs.: As the genus is represented in Italy by the only species B. maritimus, the generic description is here omitted. SCIRPUS L. AND RELATED GENERA IN ITALY 311 3.1 Bolboschoenus maritimus (L.) Palla in W.D.J. Koch, Syn. Deut. Schweiz. Fl.ed.3,3:2532. 1907

Bas.: Scirpus maritimus L., Sp. Pl.: 51. 1753 TYPUS: Herb. Celsius 2:212 (UPS), lectotypus designated by GALEN SMITH & KUKKONEN (1999). - Epitypus (designated by GALEN SMITH & KUKKONEN, 1999): [Sweden] "E. Roslagen, par. Borstil~ 2 km W. Kalla, near Husbacka, 14 Oct 1995, Nillsson 9515" (UPS; iso-epitypi: BM, H, MO,NU,NY). (=) Scirpus tuberosus Desf., Fl. Atlant. 1: 50. 1798 (=) Scirpus maritimus L. var. tuberosus (Desf.) Guss., Fl. Sic. Syn. 1:51. 1842 (=) Scirpus maritimus L. var. tuberosus Lojac., Fl. Sicul. 3: 213, nom. illeg. (=) Scirpus compactus Hoffm., Deutsch!. Fl. 1: 25. 1804 (=) Scirpus maritimus L. var. compactus (Hoffm.) Fiori, Fl. Anal. d'It. 1: 118. 1896 (=) Scirpus macrostachys Willd., Enum. Pl. 1: 78. 1809. TYPUS: Herb. Willd. nr. 1236, (B) (photo!) lectotypus here designated. (=) Scirpus maritimus L. var. macrostachys (Willd.) Pari., Fl. Panorm.: 69. 1839 (=) Scirpus cyperoides Lam., Fl. Franc. 3:553. 1778, nom. illeg. (=) Scirpus maritimus L. var. monostachyus Meyer, Chlor. Han.: 604. 1836 IcoNOGRAPHIA SELECTA- 0EDER (1787, 4. tab. 937)- SoWERBY & SMITH (1799.8, tab. 542)­ STURM (1804, tab. 195)- REICHENBACH (1846, tabb. 310 e311)- SCHULTZE-MOTEL (1967, fig. 10) -fig. 11.

DESCRIPTION- Perennial, rhizomatous herb. Rhizome elongated, with inter­ nodes 1,5-4 em long, 2,5-4 mm diam. Tubers often present, 10-15 (-20) mm diam. Stem usually erect, sometimes somewhat bent, 30-120 (-150) em, 4 - 10 mm diam., triquetrous, with sometimes scabrid edges towards the top, leafy, with 7- 10 elongated internodes, progressively longer upwards. Leaf sheaths up to 17 em long, with straight to slightly convex (lingulate) mouth margin, scari­ ous; ligule absent; leaf blades linear, 20 - 70 x 0,3 - 0,8 em, V - shaped, attenu­ ate, rarely longer than the inflorescence, margins and midnerve scabrid distally. Inflorescence a contracted or expanded, simple or compound anthelodium of 1 up to ca. 80 spikelets. Bracts, the lower 2-5leafblade-shaped, up to 35 em long, green, the lower 1 - 3 generally longer than the inflorescence; progressively de­ creasing in size and becoming scarious towards the apical part of anthelodia; those subtending the sessile spikelets, of glume shape and size. Prophylls, those

Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016 subtending the inflorescence branches tubular, to 10 mm, yellowish, scarious; those subtending the sessil spikelets to 5 mm, binerved, with deeply incised apex and 2lateral secondary notches, embracing the axis with their base. Spike­ lets ovoid to fusiform, 9-20 (-40) x 4-6 mm. Glumes ovate to oblong-ovate, 6- 8 x 2 - 4 mm, tawny-brown, puberulent, ciliolate, mucronate (mucro to 3 mm, barbed), deeply incised at the apex, the two lateral lobes acute, fringed. Peri­ anth bristles 5-6, tawny, retrorsely barbed, as long as the nutlet or so. Stamens 3(2); anthers 2- 3 mm, with acute, barbed apex of 0,2- 0,3 mm. Style ca. 3 mm; stigma trifid, ca. 3 mm, smooth. Nutlet 2,5-3 mm x 1,5-2 mm, plano-convex 312 L. PIGNOTTI Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016

Fig. 11-Bolboschoenus maritimus (L.) Palla. Whole plant (x 0,5); stem cross-section, glume, fruit with perianth bristles (x 5,4), style-stigma, stamen (x 2,6). SCIRPUS L. AND RELATED GENERA IN ITALY 313 to bluntly trigonous, brown, shiny, hardly mucronulate (mucro obtuse, 0,1 mm), with persistent style base of 0,1 mm.

fLOWERING PERIOD - May-July. CHROMOSOME NUMBER- n=49 (BIR & SINGH, 1983: BIR et al., 1988a: mate­ rial from the Indian region).- n=43, 48,52 (BIR et al., 1988b: material from the Indian region). - n=5 5 (MEHRA & SACHDEVA, 1975: material from the Himalayan region; TANAKA, 1937: material from Japan).- n=58 (BIR et al., 1985: material from the Indian region).- 2n=40 (LABADIE, 1976: material from the mediterra­ nean coast of France).- 2n=55-60 (PoGAN et al., 1985: material from Poland).- 2n=64-ll2 (STOEVA, 1992: material from Bulgaria). - 2n=76-77 (TARNAVSCHI, 1948: material from Rumania). -2n= 104 (HAKANSSON, 1928: material from Swe­ den).- 2n=ca. 104 (MuRIN in MAJOVSKY et al., 1976: material from Slovakia). EcoLOGY - Salt tolerant helophyte, widely distributed in brackish and freshwater marshes (PoDLEJSKI, 1982). Between 0 and 1200 m a. s.l. GENERAL DISTRIBUTION - Cosmopolitan, present in subtropical and tem­ perate regions and absent only in the Arctic region. The group of B. maritimus actually exhibits a very complex variation worldwide, with geographical vari­ ants which have been assigned varietal to specifical rank by different authors. As it is interpreted here, B. maritimus occurs throughout the Mediterranean re­ gion and Europe, Central Asia and Siberia, India, Mrica (incl. deserts and Madagascar), Australia, Tasmania and New Zealand. Eastwards, B. maritimus merges into B. affinis (Roth) Drab., B. glaucus (Lam.) S.G. Smith (KuKKONEN, 1998), till to B. yagara (Ohwi) A.E. Kozhevnikov in the Far East (HuLTEN, 1964). It is interpreted as an introduced species in America, where it is re­ placed by B. paludosus (A. Nelson) Sao, B. robustus (Pursh) Sojak: and B. fluvia­ tilis (Torr.) Sojak (BRITTON & BROWN, 1970). LocAL DISTRIBUTION (fig. 12)- Widespread on the Italian territory, chiefly on the plain, but till1200 min Sicily (P.lla Mandarini, Madonie, pers. obs.).

Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016 Observations

High variability of inflorescence characters (diameter of anthelodium, number of spikelets, length of branches and spikelets) is well known in B. mar­ itimus and it has been widely debated on (see e.g., NoRLINDH, 1972; ZAKRAVSKY & HRouDovA, 1994; KRAHULEC et al., 1996). On a taxonomic ground, a vari­ etal rank could possibly suit this variability. Yet, as inflorescences have proved to vary to a certain extent within populations and continuously (only artificial limits being possible among morphological intermediates) on the Italian terri­ tory, it has not been given any formal recognition here. 314 L. PIGNOTTI

Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016 Fig. 12 - Distribution of Bolboschoenus maritimus (L.) Palla.

4. Scirpoides Seg., Pl. Veron. Suppl.: 73. 1754

TYPus: Scirpus holoschoenus L., Sp. Pl.: 49. 1753, designated by BoRNER (1913).

(=) Holoschoenus Link, Hort. Berol. 1:293. 1827 (=) Scz'rpus sect. L. Holoschoenus (Link) W.D.J. Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. Helvet. ed. 2: 857. 1844

Obs.: As the genus is represented in Italy by the only species S. holoschoenus, the generic descrip­ tion is here omitted. SCIRPUS L. AND RELATED GENERA IN ITALY 315 4.1 Scirpoides holoschoenus (L.) Sojak, Cas. Narodn. Muzea 140: 127. 1972

Bas.: Scirpus holoschoenus L., Sp. Pl.: 49. 1753 TYPus: LINN 71.17 (!), lectotypus here designated.

(=) Isolepz"s holoschoenus (L.) Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 115. 1817 (=) Isolepis paniculata Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 79. 1821, nom. illeg. (=) Scirpus holoschoenus L. var. vulgaris (Link) W.D.J. Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. Helv., ed. 2, 2: 857. 1844, nom. illeg. (=) Scirpus holoschoenus subsp. eu-holoschoenus Briq., Prodr. Fl. Corse 1:231. 1910, nom. inval. (=) Scirpus australis L., Syst. Veg., ed. 13: 85. 1774 - TYPUS: LINN 71.20 (!), lectotypus desig­ nated by KUKKONEN (1998) (=) Holoschoenus australis (L.) Rchb., Fl. Germ. Excurs. 1: 76. 1830 (=) Scirpus holoschoenus L. var. australis (L.) W.D.J. Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. Helv., ed. 2, 2: 857. 1844 (=) Holoschoenus vulgaris Link var. australis Hahksy, Consp. Fl. Graec. 3(1): 310. 1904 (=) Holoschoenus albovittatus Rchb., Flora Germanica Exsiccata, n. 1211. 1846, nom. illeg. (=) Holoschoenus exserens Rchb., Fl. Germ. Excurs. 1: 76. 1830 (=) Holoschoenus fili/ormis Rchb., Fl. Germ. Excurs.1: 76. 1830 (=) Scirpus romanus L., Sp.pl. 49. 1753- TYPus: LINN 71.19 (!), lectotypus here designated. (=) Holoschoenus vulgaris Link, Hort. Berol. 1:293. 1827, nom. illeg. (=) Holoschoenus linnaei Rchb., Fl. Germ. Excurs 1: 76. 1830, nom. illeg. (=) Scirpus holoschoenus L. prol. linnaei (Rchb.) Asch. et Graebn., Syn., 2(2): 322. 1903, nom. illeg. (=) Holoschoenus vulgaris Link var. typicus Halacsy, Consp. Fl. Graec. 3(1): 309. 1904, nom. illeg. (=) Holoschoenus vulgaris Link var. romanus (L.) Vis., Fl. Dalmat., 1: 111. 1842 (=) Scirpus holoschoenus L. var. romanus (L.) Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. Helv., ed. 2, 2: 857. 1844 (=) Holoschoenus romanus (L.) Fritsch, Excursions£1. Oesterreich: 80. 1897 (=) Scirpus intermedius Poiret, Enc. meth. 6:767. 1805, non Thuill. (1799). (=) Scirpus parlatoris Biv., Nuove Piante: 3. 1838 (=) Scirpus holoschoenus L. subsp. globi/erus (L. f.) Husn. var. macrostachyus Husn., Cypera­ cees: 67. 1906, nom. illeg. (=) Isolepis panormitana Parl., Fl. Palerm. 1: 308. 1845 (=) Scirpus panormitanus (Parl.) Parl., Fl. Ital. 2: 99. 1852 (=) Holoschoenus vulgaris Link subsp. panormitanus (Parl.) Nyman, Consp. Fl. Eur. 4: 765. 1882 (=) Scirpus globi/erus L. f., Suppl. pl.: 104. 1781- TYPus: LINN-SMITH 105.28 (photocopy!), lectotypus here designated. (=) Holoschoenus globi/erus (L. f.) A. Dietr. in Willd., Sp. Pl. ed. 6, 2: 164. 1833 (=) Scirpus holoschoenus L. var. globi/erus (L. f.) Parl., Fl. it. 2: 96. 1852

Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016 (=) Isolepis globi/era (L. f.) Nym., Syll. Fl. Eur.: 391. 1855 (=) Scirpus holoschoenus L. subsp. globi/erus (L. f.) Husn., Cyperacees: 67. 1906 lcoNOGRAPHIA SELECTA- PLUKENETT (1696, t. XL, f. 5). REicHENBACH [1846, t. 316, n. 736., t. 317, n. 737 and 738 sub H. australis (L.) Rchb., t. 318 n. 739-741 sub H. linnaeiRchb., except for perianth bristles, which represent a mistake of Reichenbach's, as this plant is devoid of peri­ anth bristles]; ScHEUCHZER (1719, t. 8, figs. 2 and 6)- fig. 13.

DESCRIPTION - Perennial, rhizomatous herb. Rhizome with shortened inter­ nodes, up to 1 em diam., straight, bearing closely ranked aerial shoots. Stem 2-15 dm tall, 1,5- 8 mm diam., cylindrical and smooth or semicylindrical with scabrid edges below the inflorescence, unbranched, with 5 - 7 shortened basal 316 L. PIGNOTTI Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016

Fig. 13-Scirpoides holoschoenus (L.) Sojak. Whole plant (x 0,6); glume, fruit, flower (x 18). SCIRPUS L. AND RELATED GENERA IN ITALY 317 internodes and one upper elongated internode. Lea/ sheaths to 15 em, scarious opposite the blade, with nearly horizontal to oblique mouth margin of ca. 3 mm in heigth, opening at maturity along a ventral suture remaining as a fibre connected by veins to the sheath in a pennate frame; ligules nearly absent, arched to a variable extent; lea/ blades from nearly absent, hardly emerging over the sheath as a mucro, up to as long as the stem, green, thickly crescenti­ form to semicylindrical, acuminate, with adaxial white groove (1/3-2/3 as wide as the leaf) and scabrid edges. Inflorescence, a simple to composed anthelo­ dium of 1 to several tens globose heads of congested spikelets, with branches up to 8 em long; heads 3-15 mm diam. Bracts, the lowermost one 1 to 40 em long, leaf blade-like, semicylindrical, mostly erect and simulating the prosecu­ tion of the stem, less frequently leant to reflexed, the second one patent to re­ flexed, the following ones scarious, progressively decreasing in size, down to glume-sized and -shaped. Prophylls, those subtending the inflorescence branches tubular, to 3 mm long, those subtending the sessile heads and spike­ lets hardly embracing the head base or the spikelet, on an average 1,5 x 1,5 mm, truncate, glume like. Spikelets ovoid, 4- 6 x 2,5-3,5 mm. Glumes 1,5-2 mm x 1 - 1,5 mm, obovate-truncate, cymbiform, keeled, mucronulate (length of the mucro 0,1- 0,2 mm), brown reddish, with mucro and distal part of the keel barbed, with narrow hyalin, distally dentate-ciliate margin. Perianth bris­ tles absent. Stamens 3; anthers 1,2 - 1,5 mm, acute apex of 0,2 - 0,3 mm, barbed. Style 0,7 - 0,8 mm; stigma trifid 1 - 1,5 mm, thickly papillate. Nutlet obovoid, 1,1 - 1,3 x 0,6- 0,7 mm, trigonous to triquetrous, dark grey, finely reticulate, mucronulate (mucro 0,1- 0,15 mm long), with persistent style base of 0,05 mm.

FLOWERING PERIOD- May-July. CHROMOSOME NUMBER- 2n=26, 128 (STOEVA, 1992: material from Bul­ garia).- 2n=ca. 42 (BHATTACHARYA et al., 1971: material from Libia; UHRIKOVA et al., 1986: material from Slovakia). - 2n=ca. 80 (PIGNOTTI & FIORINI, 1998: material from Tuscany).- 2n=ca. 84 (FERAKOVA & MuRIN, 1978: material from

Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016 Slovakia).- 2n=168 (LovE & LovE, 1982: material from Italy). EcoLOGY - On clayey or sandy soils of variable wetness, from the coast to the mountain. Between 0 and 1200 m a. s. 1. GENERAL DISTRIBUTION- Europe, except in the North; Canary Islands, Bal­ kan peninsula, Baltic countries, Central and Southern Russia, Ukraine, Cauca­ sus, Western Siberia, Western and Central Asia, Persia, Afghanistan and Pun­ jab; North Africa, southwards till Sahara (SCHULTZE-MOTEL, 1967). LocAL DISTRIBUTION (fig. 14)- Widespread throughout the mainland and the islands. 318 L. PIGNOTTI Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016 Fig. 14 -Distribution of Scirpoides holoschoenus (L.) Sojak.

Observations

This widespread and highly variable taxon has been historically subdivided into several infraspecific and specific taxa, most of which are based on meas­ urements of highly variable and largely overlapping characters (KIT TAN & 0TENG-YEBOAH, 1985). In Italy, five main morphotypes may be singled out, SCIRPUS L. AND RELATED GENERA IN ITALY 319 which can be informally traced up around the following epithets (referable to the main names here treated as synonyms of Scirpoides holoschoenus): 1. "vulgaris", with erect, cylindrical, dark green, often over 100 em tall stems; leaves bladed; lower bract erect and longer than the inflorescence; inflores­ cence 7-10 em diam. 2. "australis", with pale green, often arcuate, distally scabrous, semicylindri­ cal, up to 60 em tall stems; leaves bladed; lower bract arcuate, longer than the inflorescence; inflorescence less than 8 em diam. 3. "panormitanus", with slender, distally scabrous, semicylindrical, 15-30 em tall culms; leaves bladed; lower bract erect, longer than the inflorescence; inflorescence, a single, sessile, globous spikelet. 4. "roman us", with erect, cylindrical, dark green, generally 60-100 em tall stems; leaves bladed; lower bract reflexed, generally longer than the inflo­ rescence; inflorescence a solitary sessile head (eventually with 1-2 second­ ary, peduncled heads) of 10-15 mm diam. 5. "parlatoris", with erect, cylindrical, dark green, 15-120 em tall stems; leaves without blade; lower bract generally much shorter than the inflorescence; inflorescence 5-15 em diam., often composed by partial anthelodia.

The latter two morphotypes occur on coastal habitats, mostly on sandy soils, while the former three ones are ubiquitous. In all of these cases, high in­ trapopulational variability intervenes, often more than one morphotype, or in­ termediate individuals hardly referable to any of the morphotypes, being present in the same population. No formal recognition is thus here given to these morphotypes. As regards Scirpus globi/erus L.f., here treated as a synonym of Scirpoides ho­ loschoenus, some considerations have to be done. Scirpus globi/erus L. f. was described by LINNAEUS f. (1781) for Tenerife (Canary Islands). Original mate­ rial, apparently used by the author for description, is represented by the speci­ men "Teneriffa Masson. K.L. fil." (LINN-SMITH 105.28!). This specimen, as well as another one from Masson collection ("n. 3", BM, photocopy!) is refer­ Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016 able to Scirpoides holoschoenus as it has been treated here. In particular, it can be referred to the morphotype "parlatoris", present on Italian coasts (BE.Gur­ NOT, 1931). Therefore, the trueS. globi/erus L. f. does include plants referable to the cycle of S. holoschoenus and scattered in various coastal zones of the Western Mediterranean basin. Tall plants with up to 200 small (2-3 mm diam.!) heads in their inflorescence (the true S. globi/erus after BEGUINOT, 1931), actually present only in Canary Islands and (rare) in Morocco were pos­ sibly included by Linnaeus f. in hisS. globi/erus, as he did not specify the diam­ eter of the heads and their number. 320 L. PIGNOTTI In my opinion, plants of this kind, even though referable to the cycle of S. holoschoenus, are recognisable as an extreme term of the same cycle, taxonomi­ cally as a "subspecies" (see BEGUINOT, 1931). In this case, if the lectotype here designed is accepted for S. globi/erus L. f., a new name and a new type for this subspecies is needed.

5. Schoenoplectus (Rchb.) Palla, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 10: 298. 1888, nom. cons.

Bas.: Scirpus L. subg. Schoenoplectus Rchb., Icon. Fl. Germ. 8: 40. 1846 (=) Scirpus L. sect. Schoenoplectus (Rchb.) Benth. & Hook. f., Gen. Plant. 3: 1051. 1883 TYPUS: Scirpus lacustris L., Sp. Pl.: 48. 1753, typus cons. (KUKKONEN, 1996).

DESCRIPTION - Rhizomatous perennial, rarely caespitose or annual herbs. Rhizome shortened to elongated, stoloniform more or less lignified. Stems 1 - 30 dm tall, 1 - 20 mm diam., cylindrical to triquetrous, with 2 - 5 basal, more or less shortened internodes and 1 upper elongated internode, constituting most of the aerial stem. Leaf sheaths 1 - 30 em, ventrally scarious, with hori­ zontal to steeply oblique mouth margin, closed or ventrally opening at matu­ rity; ligule present, 0,1-1,5 mm long, generally entire; leaf blades absent to well developed (rarely up to 50 em) only in the upper 2 - 3 leaves, linear. Inflores­ cence, a contracted to expanded, simple or composed anthelodium of (1-)3 - 50(-100) spikelets. Bracts, the lowermost one 1 - 20 em long, erect; the follow­ ing ones decreasing down to those subtending the sessile, lateral spikelets, of glume size and shape. Prophylls, those subtending the inflorescence branches tubular, up to 15 mm in length; those subtending the sessile spikelets scarcely embracing the rachilla, slightly shorter than the glumes. Spikelets ovoid, 6 - 15 x 2 - 15 mm. Glumes ovate, mucronulate, with incised or tapering apex. Peri­ anth bristles generally well developed, up to as long as the nutlet; less fre­ quently scarcely developed to absent; generally retrorsely barbed, adaxially haired (plumose) inS. litoralis. Stamens 3; anthers 0,4-3 mm. Style 0,5-3 mm, ribbon-like; stigma 2 - 3fid, smooth or scarcely papillate, filiform to ribbon­

Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016 like. Nutlet obovoid, plano- convex to bluntly trigonous, 1,4- 3 x 1,5 - 2 mm.

Key to the subgenera

1. Stems generally solitary from each node of the rhizome. Inflorescence a more or less expanded anthelodium. Glumes with more or less deeply incised apex and mucro of 0,3 - 1 mm. Nutlet smooth ...... 5.A Schoenoplectus 1. Stems tufted. Inflorescence always a group of sessile spikelets. Glumes with tapering, not in­ cised apex and mucro of 0,1 - 0,2 mm. Nutlet with shallow and blunt to deeper and neat trans- versal, wavy furrows ...... 5.B Actaeogeton SCIRPUS L. AND RELATED GENERA IN ITALY 321 5.A Schoenoplectus (Rchb.) Palla subg. Schoenoplectus

DEsCRIPTION- Perennial, rhizomatous herbs. Rhizome up to 25 mm diam., with up to 5 em long internodes. Stems erect or somewhat bent in mature plants, (2-)3-15(-30) dm tall, (1-)3-10(-20) mm diam. Leaf sheaths closed or ventrally broken at maturity; ligule 0,3-1,5 mm long; leaf blades 0,1-50 em long. Inflorescence, a contracted to expanded, simple to composed antelodium, up to 10 em diam. Lowest bract 1-8 em long, erect. Cladoprophylls present in spe­ cies and!or individuals with branched anthelodia. Glumes ovate, incised at apex, with apical mucro and lateral, obtuse or acute lobes. Perianth bristles 2-6, retrorsely barbed or plumose. Anthers 1,8-3 mm. Nutlet obovoid, plano-con­ vex to bluntly trigonous, smooth.

Key to the species

1. Stems often tufted from the shortened portions of the rhizome. Perianth bristles distally plu- mose ...... 5.6 Schoenoplectus litoralis 1. Stems solitary from each node of the rhizome. Perianth bristles retrorsely barbed ...... 2 2. Stem cylindrical ...... 3 2. Stem fully or at least distally trigonous ...... 4 3. Stem deep green ...... 5.1 Schoenoplectus lacustris 3. Stem glaucous ...... 5.2 Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani 4. Stem quite trigonous ...... 5 4. Stem cylindrical at its base ...... 5.4 Schoenoplectus carinatus 5. Inflorescence, a group of 1 - 4, always sessile, spikelets. Glumes with acute apical lobes and mucro of 0,5 - 1 mm ...... 5.5 Schoenoplectus pungens 5. Inflorescence, a contracted to scarcely expanded anthelodium of 5 - 25 spikelets. Glumes with obtuse apical lobes and mucro of 0,3 - 0,7 mm ...... 5.3 Schoenoplectus triqueter

5.1 Schoenoplectus lacustris (L.) Palla, Vehr. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 38: 49. 1888

Bas.: Scirpus lacustris L., Sp. Pl.: 48. 1753 TYPUs: LINN 71.15 (!)designated by KIT TAN & OTENG-YEBOAH (1985).

Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016 lcONOGRAPHIA SELECTA- REICHENBACH (1846, tab. 306, fig. 722) -fig. 15.

DESCRIPTION - Rhizome with 0,5-1 em long internodes, 4-25 mm diam. Stems 5-30 (-40) dm tall, 3-20 mm diam., somewhat leaning at maturity, cylin­ drical, smooth, deep green, with 4 - 5 shortened basal internodes and one up­ per elongated internode. Leaves 5-6, basal; lea/ sheaths up to 30 em long, with oblique mouth margin, ventrally scarious, opening at maturity along a ventral suture remaining as a thin fibre connected to the sheath by lateral veins; ligule 1 - 1,5 mm, slightly arched, ca. as wide as high, obtuse; leaf blades from reduced to a mucro at the top of the sheath to well developed, linear, up to 50(-100) em 322 L. PIGNOTTI Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016

Fig. 15-Schoenoplectus lacustris (L.) Palla. Whole plant (x 0,6); glume, fruit with perianth bristles and filaments, flower (x 13). SCIRPUS L. AND RELATED GENERA IN ITALY 323 x 2 - 8 mm, thinly crescentiform, acuminate, scarcely scabrid at margin. Inflo­ rescence, a generally expanded anthelodium, up to 10 em diam., with (1-) 5-50 (-100) spikelets. Bracts, the lowermost erect, 1,5 - 11 em, mostly as long as the inflorescence or shorter, thickly crescentiform, semicylindrical upwarldy; branches of the anthelodium semicylindrical, scabrid, up to 7 (-10) em long. Spikelets ovoid to oblong-lanceolate, 6-15 x 2-5 mm. Prophylls, those subtend­ ing the branches tubular, up to 15 mm long, emarginate, fringed; those sub­ tending the sessile spikelets 2,5-3,5 x 1,5-2,5 mm, scarcely embracing the ra­ chilla, emarginate, fringed. Glumes ovate, mucronate, with incised apex and 2 lateral, rounded to acute lobes, 3,5 - 4,5 x 2,5 - 3,5 mm, brown to reddish - brown, with pale margin, fringed, with greenish midnerve, with reddish - brown, tapered to inflated barbs on the distal part of the midnerve and on the mucro. Perianth bristles 5 - 6, as long as the nutlet or shorter, tawny, retrorsely barbed. Anthers 1,8-2 mm, with obtuse and barbed apex. Style 1,5 mm long; stigma 3fid, 2 - 3 mm, smooth, filiform. Nutlet obovoid, bluntly trigonous, 2,6 - 2,7 x 1,8-2 mm, smooth, mucronulate (mucro 0,2 mm long), with persistent, linear style base of 0,2 mm.

FLOWERING PERIOD- May-August. CHROMOSOME NUMBER- n=19 (TANAKA, 1937: cultivated material from Japan). - n=21 (HAKANSSON, 1928: material from Sweden; MEHRA & SAcH­ DEVA, 1975: material from Himalaya). 2n=38 (TANAKA, 1938: cultivated mate­ rial from Japan) - 2n=38, 40 (PIGNOTTI & FIORINI, 1998: material from Tus­ cany). - 2n=42 (SKALINSKA et al., 1966: material from Poland; LovE & KJEL­ LQVIST, 1973: material from Spain; VAcHOVA, 1976: material from Slovakia; VALDEZ et al., 1987: material from Andalusia).- 2n=80 (SHARMA, 1970: mate­ rial from India). EcoLOGY- Fresh-water helophyte oflakes and rivers, down to 3 m of depth (SCHULTZE-MOTEL, 1967) or even 6 m (OBERDORFER, 1979). On submerged, sandy-gravelly and clayey, nutrient-rich soils. Also around alpine lakes; absent from coastal, brackish-water habitats. Between 0 and 1700 m a. s. 1.

Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016 GENERAL DISTRIBUTION - Almost throughout Europe, Siberia, Western Asia, Northern Mrica (HuLTEN, 1964; SCHULTZE-MOTEL, 1967). LocAL DISTRIBUTION (fig. 16)- Throughout the Italian territory, becoming rarefied southwards. Reported from Calabria by PIGNATTI (1982).

Observations

Leaf blades tend to get longer (40 em or more) in individuals growing in deep waters than in those of shallow waters or temporarily emersed habitats. Such 324 L. PIGNOTTI

Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016 Fig. 16-Distribution of Schoenoplectus lacustris (L.) Palla.

forms were recognized taxonomically as Scirpus lacustris L. f. /luitans Gluck and Scirpus lacustris L. f. terrestris Gluck (fig. 11 in ScHULTZE-MOTEL, 1967).

5.2 Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (C.C. Gmel.) Palla, Vehr. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 38: 49. 1888

Bas.: Scirpus tabernaemontaniC.C. Gmel., Fl. Bad. 1: 101. 1805 TYPus: Unknown. SCIRPUS L. AND RELATED GENERA IN ITALY 325

(=) Scirpus lacustris L. subsp. tabernaemontani (C. C. Gmel.) Syme in Sowerby, Engl. Bot., ed. 3, 10:64.1870 (=) Schoenoplectus lacustris (L.) Palla subsp. tabernaemontani (C. C. Gmel.) A. Love & D. Love, Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 10: 275. 1975 (=) Scirpus lacustris L. var. tabernaemontani (C. C. Gmel.) Fiori, Nuova Fl. Anal. d'It. 1: 119. 1923 (=) Scirpus glaucus Sm., Engl. Bot. 33, t. 2321. 1812 (=) Scirpus lacustris L. var. tuberculatus Guss., Fl. Sicul. Prodr.: 50. 1827 (=) Scirpus siculus Lojac., Fl. Sicul. 3: 214. 1908

lcONOGRAPIDA SELECTA- REICHENBACH (1846, tab. 307, fig. 723)- fig. 17.

DESCRIPTION - Rhizome with 0,5-1 em long internodes, 4-20 mm diam. Stems 5-15 (-27) dm tall, 3-15 mm diam., cylindrical, smooth, glaucous, with 4- 5 shortened basal internodes and one upper elongated internode. Leaves 5 - 6, basal; lea/ sheaths to 30 em, with oblique mouth margin, ventrally scarious, opening at maturity along a ventral suture remaining as a thin fibre connected to the sheath by lateral veins; ligule 1 - 1,5 mm, slightly arched, ca. as wide as high, obtuse; leaf blades from reduced to a mucro at the top of the sheath to linear, up to 10 em x 2 - 8 mm, thinly crescentiform, acuminate, scarcely scabrid at margin. Inflorescence, a contracted to expanded anthelodium (up to 6 em diam.) of (1-) 5 -50 spikelets. Bracts, the lowermost erect, 1,5 - 10 em, mostly as long as the inflorescence or shorter, thickly crescentiform, semicylin­ drical upwarldy; branches of the anthelodium semicylindrical, scabrid, up to 7 em long. Spikelets ovoid to oblong-lanceolate, 6-15 x 2-5 mm. Prophylls, those subtending the branches tubular, to 15 mm, with 2 fringed apices; those sub­ tending the sessile spikelets 2,5-3,5 x 1,5-2,5 mm, scarcely embracing the ra­ chilla, emarginate, fringed. Glumes ovate, mucronate, with incised apex and 2 lateral lobes rounded to acute, 3,5 - 4,5 x 2,5 - 3,5 mm, brown to reddish - brown, with pale margin, fringed, with greenish midnerve, with reddish - brown, basally inflated barbs, spread on the medio - proximal part of the dor­ sal surface. Perianth bristles 5 - 6, as long as the nutlet or shorter, tawny, ret­ rorsely barbed (barbs to 75 !J.m). Anthers 1,8- 2 mm, with acute, glabrous or scarcely barbed apex. Style 1,5 mm long; stigma 2-fid, 2 - 3 mm, smooth, fili­ form. Nutlet obovoid, plano- convex, 2,6- 2,7 x 1,8- 2 mm, smooth, mucro­ Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016 nulate (mucro 0,2 mm long), with persistent, linear style base of 0,2 mm.

FLOWERING PERIOD- May-August. CHROMOSOME NuMBER- n=21 (HAKANSSON, 1928: material from Swe­ den).- 2n=42 (OTZEN, 1962: material from Holland; VACHOVA, 1976: material from Slovakia; AROHONKA, 1982: material from Finland; KozHEVNIKOV et al., 1986: material from Eastern Russia; STOEVA, 1987: material from Bulgaria; PIGNOTTI & FIORINI, 1998: material from Tuscany). - 2n=76-77 (TARNAVSCHI, 1948: material from Rumania). 326 L. PIGNOTII Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016

Fig. 17 - Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (C. C. Gmel.) Palla. Whole plant (x 0,6); glume, fruit with pe­ rianth bristles, style-stigma, stamen (x 11). SCIRPUS L. AND RELATED GENERA IN ITALY 327 EcoLOGY- Salt-tolerant helophyte of fresh and brackish water, on marshy ground along streams and around lakes. Frequent in thermal springs (see e.g. SELVI, 1997). Between 0 and 900 m a. s.l. GENERAL DISTRIBUTION - Throughout Europe except Northern Scandina­ via; Siberia, Kamtchatka (in hot springs), Kazahstan, Southwestern and North­ eastern China, Mghanistan, Persia, Northwestern Himalaja, Northern Mrica, Sierra Leone and South Mrica (MEUSEL et al., 1965). LocAL DISTRIBUTION (fig. 18)- Throughout the Italian territory, somewhat southwards shifted respect to S.lacustris.

Observations

S. lacustris and S. tabernaemontani are treated as subspecies of S. lacustris s. 1. by several authors (see e.g., BAKKER, 1954; DE PHILIPPS, 1980; 0TENG­ YEBOAH, 1985; KuKKONEN, 1996), on account of the occurrence of intermedi­ ates of possible hybrid origin, particularly frequent in Turkey, Caucasus and Persia. As regards the Italian territory, herbarium specimens with intermediate characters between S. lacustris and S. tabernaemontani have been frequently found during this research. On the other hand, most populations studied in the field, exhibited a char­ acters-set clearly attributable to either of the two taxa. A certain distinction re­ sulted also from cytological analysis carried out on two populations of S. lacus­ tris and S. tabernaemontani from Tuscany, showing somewhat different, par­ tially overlapping caryotypes (PIGNOTTI & FIORINI, 1998). In particular, S. la­ custris showed metaphase plates with 2n=38 and metaphase plates with 2n=40, with 2 or 1large chromosome respectively. S. tabernaemontani exhibited met­ aphase plates with 2n=40 and metaphase plates with 2n=42, with 1 or no large chromosome respectively. Analogous results were obtained by TANAKA (1938) on the same taxa from Japan, while most authors found 2n=42 for both taxa Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016 from other localities. Only one of the examined wild populations (Lago di Chiusi) exhibits a criti­ cal characters-set, referable to S. lacustris as regards fertile parts (i.e. smooth glumes and 2-fid stigmata) and to S. tabernaemontani as regards its glaucous stem. Fruits appear scarcely developed. The caryotype is referable to S. taber­ naemontani (2n=42, no large chromosomes present). Morphological charac­ ters closely correspond to plants referred to as hybrids between S. lacustris and S. tabernaemontani [Scirpus x buchenaui Cif. & Giacom., nom. nud.; Schoeno­ plectus x buchenaui (Cif. et Giacom.) Rothm., nom. nud.; Scirpus lacustris x taber- 328 L. PIGNOTTI Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016 Fig. 18-Distribution of Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (C. C. Gmel.) Palla.

naemontaniBuchenau, Flor. Brem.: 234. 1877], reported from Central Europe e.g. in AscHERSON & GRAEBNER (1903), in ScHULTZE MoTEL (1967) and from France in KERGUELEN (1999). As further studies are needed to ascertain stabil­ ity, frequency and distribution of such intermediate populations or individuals on the Italian territory, no formal recognition is here given to these forms. A treatment of S. lacustris and S. tabernaemontani at specific level is here adopted, but the following observations are to be taken into account: SCIRPUS L. AND RELATED GENERA IN ITALY 329 - the two taxa are sympatric on most part of their distribution, but they have not ever been found close together on the Italian territory by the writer; - they exhibit partly overlapping ecological ranges. S. lacustris achieves higher altitudes (it occurs on alpine lakes), lives only in fresh water and is more frequent in standing waters than along streams. S. tabernaemontani is salt-tol­ erant to a certain extent and frequent in littoral, brackish water, and along streams, as well as in thermal springs. - most populations are clearly distinguishable, even though intermediate, critical populations do occur on the Italian territory, with so far unclear rela­ tions with the supposed parental taxa; - the two taxa exhibit in Italy some, although not absolute, caryologic dif­ ference. A subspecific treatment might possibly better represent the biological real­ ity, but in the opinion of the writer, it should also include Schoenoplectus tri­ queter (L.) Palla, which exhibits a similar behaviour respect to S. lacustris and S. tabernaemontani as regards intermediates (RicH & FITZGERALD, 2002).

5.3 Schoenoplectus triqueter (L.) Palla, Vehr. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien. 38: 49. 1888 Bas.: Scirpus triqueter L., Mant. Pl.: 29. 1767 TYPUS: LINN 71.30 (!), lectotypus designated by KIT TAN & 0TENG-YEBOAH (1985). (=) Heleogiton triquetrum (L.) Rchb., Fl. Germ. Exscurs. 1: 77. 1830 (=) Scirpus pollichii Godr. et Gren., Fl. France J: 374. 1855 lcoNOGRAPHIA SELECTA- SowERBY & SMITH (1807.24, tab. 1694)- REICHENBACH (1846, tab. 305, fig. 719)- fig. 19.

DESCRIPTION- Rhizome with up to 3 em long internodes, 2-5 mm diam., herbaceous to somewhat lignified. Stems 20 - 70 em tall, triquetrous, green, with generally 3 internodes, the 2 lower shortened, the uppermost elongated and constituting most of the stem. Leaf sheaths to 10 em, close to maturity, with straight mouth margin; ligule up to 1 mm, obtuse, scarcely arched, wider than high; leaf blades developed only in the uppermost leaf, up to 6 em x 3 mm, lin­ Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016 ear, V shaped. Inflorescence, a contracted to scarcely expanded anthelodium, with branches up to 2 em long, with up to 25 spikelets. Bracts, the lowermost green, erect, triquetrous, the second one scarious, to 1 em, the following ones decreasing till glume size and shape. Spikelets ovoid, 6 - 9 x 3 - 4 mm. Prophylls, those subtending the stalked secondary anthelodia or spikelets tubular, to 3 mm long, binerved and with bifid apex; those subtending the sessile spikelets 2,5 mm, hardly embracing the axis, binerved and with bifid apex. Glumes ovate, 3- 4 x 2- 3 mm, incised at the apex, mucronulate (length of mucro 0,3 - 0,7 mm), with obtuse lateral lobes, reddish- brown with green- greyish midn- 330 L. PIGNOTTI Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016

Fig. 19-Schoenoplectus triqueter (L.) Palla. Whole plant (x 0,6); glume, fruit with perianth bristles and filaments, flower (x 13 ). SCIRPUS L. AND RELATED GENERA IN ITALY 331 erve, smooth, with hyalin margins, distinctly fringed. Perianth bristles 4-6, somewhat shorter up to as long as the nutlet, retrorsely barbed (length of the barbs 150-200 ~m). Anthers 2 - 2,3 mm, with rounded-obtuse to rather acute apex, scarcely barbed. Style 0,5 mm; stigma 2fid, 3 - 4 mm, ribbon-like with ir­ regular margin. Nutlet obovoid plano - convex, 2,3 - 2,4 mm x 1,6 - 1,9 mm, dark brown, shiny, mucronulate (mucro 0,1 - 0,2 mm long), with persistent style base of 0,05 - 0,1 mm.

FLOWERING PERIOD -May-July. CHROMOSOME NUMBER- n=21 (BIR et al., 1986, 1988a, 1990, 1991, 1993: material from Western India). - 2n=40 (FANG, 1992: material from Japan). - 2n=42 (HosHINO et al., 1993: material from China). EcoLOGY- Rare, scattered in reed thickets with still or slowly flowing, shal­ low water, on banks of lakes and rivers. On clayey, nutrient-rich, basic, often saline soils. Thermophylous species, mostly on the plain (SCHULTZE-MOTEL, 1967; 0BERDORFER, 1979). Between 0 and 300m. GENERAL DISTRIBUTION- Western, Central and Southern Europe; Russia (lower courses of Volga and Don), Caucasus, Central Asia, Iraq, Mghanistan, Far East; Northern and Southern Mrica; not in North America (HuLTEN, 1958; SCHULTZE-MOTEL, 1967). LocAL DISTRIBUTION (fig. 20) - Northern Italy, Tuscany and Apulia. Re­ ported for Abruzzo and doubtfully for Sicily and Sardinia by PIGNATTI (1982). S. triqueter is nowadays quite rare in Italy, probably on the verge of extinc­ tion. It has not been found in the wild by the writer. All of the checked her­ barium specimens date back to the nineteenth century or to the beginning of the twentieth century, while a recent report is from Lakes Alimini in Puglia (Prof. Marchiori, pers. comm.). The species does not seem threatened world-wide, whereas hard local de­ cline has been pointed out for instance in Britain (RicH & FITZGERALD, 2002).

5.4 Schoenoplectus carinatus (Sm.) Palla, Vehr. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 38: 49. 1888 Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016

Bas.: Scirpus carinatus Sm. in Sm. & Sowerby, Engl. Bot. 28, pl. 1983. 1809 TYPus: Pl. 1983, vol. 28 in SoWERBY & SMITH (1809), lectotypus here designated. (=) Scirpus duvalii Hoppe in Sturm, Deutsch!. Fl. 9, t. 9. 1814 (=) Scirpus rosellinii Cesati, Passerini & Gibelli, Comp. fl. ital.: 99. 1869 lcoNOGRAPHIA SELECTA- SowERBY & SMITH (1809. 28, tab. 1983)- STURM (1814, 9, t. 36)­ fig. 21.

DESCRIPTION- Rhizome with 1,5-4 em long internodes, 2-5 mm diam. Stems erect, 4-9 dm tall, 1,5-4 mm diam., cylindrical at their base, trigonous in the up- 332 L. PIGNOTI'I

Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016 Fig. 20 - Distribution of Schoenoplectus triqueter (L.) Palla.

per part or at least under the inflorescence. Leaf sheaths up to 13 em long, hardly tearing at maturity; ligule obtuse, 1 mm; leaf blade 1-5 em, generally less than 1 em. Lowermost bract 1-5 em, erect, crescentiform to trigonous. Pro­ phylls as inS. triqueter. Inflorescence, an anthelodium 1-5 em diam., bearing (0-}1-2(-3) secondary anthelodia. Spikelets ovoid 4-11 em x 3-4 mm. Glumes ovate, 3 - 4 x 2 - 3 mm, smooth or with inflated barbs in the distal part of the midnerve, tawny with lighter margins, fringed. Anthers ca. 2 mm long, with short, glabrous to scarcely barbed apex. Perianth bristles 5-6, retrorsely SCIRPUS L. AND RELATED GENERA IN ITALY 333 Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016

Fig. 21-Schoenoplectus carinatus (Sm.) Palla. Whole plant (x 0,7); glume, fruit with perianth brisdes and filaments, flower (x 14). 334 L. PIGNOTTI barbed, 2-2,5 mm long. Style 2-2,5 mm; stigma 2fid, sometimes 3fid, also within the same individual. Nutlet plano-convex, 1,8-2 mm long, brown, shiny.

FLOWERING PERIOD- June-August. EcoLOGY - Marshes, ditches, rivers and lakes, mainly on the plain. Between 0 and570m. GENERAL DISTRIBUTION - Mainly Central and Northwestern Europe (DE FILIPPS, 1980). LocAL DISTRIBUTION (fig. 22)- Piedmont, Trentino Alto Adige and Venetia. Reported also from the neighbourhoods of Naples (PIGNATTI, 1982). All of the examined herbarium specimens date back to the nineteenth cen­ tury or to the first half of the twentieth century. S. carinatus may thus be at least on the verge of extinction in Italy.

Observations

Plants with partly cylindrical and partly trigonous culm occurring in Italy are mostly referable to as S. carinatus. This species was described from British Isles (SMITH, 1809) and exhibits intermediate characters between S. triqueter and S. lacustris. Scirpus rosellinii, described by CESATI, PASSERINI & GmELLI (1896) from Casale in Piedmont, is here treated as a synonym of S. carinatus. The only dis­ tinctive character respect to S. carinatus appears to be the 3fid stigma. The pro­ tologue of S. carinatus states: "stigmas two" (SMITH, 1809). The protologue of S. rosellinii states "tre stimmi" CESATI, PASSERINI & GmELLI (1896). On ex­ amination of the herbarium specimens exhibiting a character-set referable to these taxa, the number of stigmatic branches has proved to vary within the same individual (although 2fid stigmas prevail on 3fid stigmas) so that the char­ acter "stigmatic branch" does not seem taxonomically valuable in this group, and the mentioned synonymy is justified. Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016 A single herbarium specimen from Friuli [Ponte Moncello, Friuli occiden­ tale, 31.V.1927, S. Zenari s.n. (PAD)] exhibits glumes diffusely barbed and a glaucous stem, corresponding to plants referred to by some European authors as hybrids between S. tabernaemontani and S. triqueter [also described as Scir­ pus x kuekenthalianus Junge in Jahrb. Hamburg Wiss. Anst. 22, Beih. 3: 73 (1905); Schoenoplectus x kuekenthalianus (Junge) Kent in Stace, Watsonia 18(2): 213 (1990)] and reported from Central Europe in AscHERSON & GRAEB­ NER (1903) and SCHULTZE-MOTEL (1967), from France in KERGUELEN (1999) and from the British Isles (RicH & FITZGERALD, 2002). SCIRPUS L. AND RELATED GENERA IN ITALY 335 Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016 Fig. 22- Distribution of Schoenoplectus carinatus (Sm.) Palla.

For the uniqueness of the specimen and the lack of data about the fertility (the only specimen is at an early flowering stage), stability and origin of such plants (relation with supposed parents), S. x kuekenthalianus is not formally in­ cluded here, but simply recorded as an occurrence of uncertain biological meaning. Further investigations on the nature of such intermediate plants would be necessary, but appear diHicult in relation with their rarity or possible extinction on the Italian territory. 336 L. PIGNOTTI 55 Schoenoplectus pungens (Vahl) Palla, Vehr. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien 38:49 et Bot.Jahrb. 10:299. 1888 Bas.: Scirpus pungens Vahl, Enum. Pl. 2:255. 1805 TYPUS: "Erhart misit", Herb. Vahl, (C!) lectotypus designated by ScHUYLER (1964).

(=) Heleogiton pun gens (Vahl) Rchb., Fl. Germ. Excurs. 1:78. 1830 (=) Scirpus tenui/olius DC., Fl. Fran~. 4: 300. 1815 (=) Scirpus rothiiHoppe in Sturm, Deutsch!. Fl. 36:4. 1814 (-) Scirpus american us au ct., non Pers.

lcoNOGRAPHIA SELECTA- REicHENBACH (1846, tab. 304, figs. 717 and 718)- fig. 23.

DESCRIPTION -Rhizome with internodes up to 5 em long, 2-5 mm diam. Stems erect and stiff, triquetrous, 2-6 (-10) dm tall, ( 1-) 1,5-5 mm thick, smooth, green, with generally 4 internodes, the lower 3 shortened, the uppermost one elongated. Leaf sheaths to 10 em, scarious ventrally, with entire, slightly con­ cave mouth margin; ligule of 0,3 - 0,5 mm; leaf blades developed in the upper­ most 2 (-3) leaves, linear, sharply V- shaped, 3-20 em x 2-5 mm, whitish adaxi­ ally, green to slightly glaucescent abaxially, stiff, erect to somewhat bent, with acute apex, with smooth keel and smooth to scarcely scabrid margins. Inflores­ cence of 1 - 4 sessile spikelets. Bracts, the lowermost one erect, triquetrous, 4- 8 em x 1 - 3 mm; the 1 - 2 following bracts glume - shaped, 6 - 9 x 3 - 4 mm. Pro­ phylls 3 - 4 x 2 - 3 mm, distinctly binerved and bifid, distally fringed. Glumes 4 - 6 x 2 - 3 mm, ovate, reddish - brown, with pale margin, incised at the apex, mucronate (mucro 0,5- 1 mm long), smooth except for the barbed mucro, lat­ erallobes acute, fringed. Perianth bristles 3 (-2) or absent, less than half as the nutlet, with 5 - 8 distal retrorse barbs. Anthers ca. 3 mm, with acuminate, barbed apex 0,5 - 0,8 mm long. Style 3 mm; stigma bifid, 4 - 6 mm, smooth, fili­ form. Nutlet obovoid, planoconvex, 2,5 - 3 x 2 mm, smooth, brown.

FLOWERING PERIOD- May-July. CHROMOSOME NuMBER- n=ca. 39 (SCHUYLER, 1976: plants from Eastern North America).- 2n=74 (HARRIMAN, 1981: material from North America). Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016 EcoLOGY - Rare on banks of lakes and rivers, and near the seashore. On sandy, seasonally flooded, saline soils, rarely on muddy soils (SCHULTZE-MO­ TEL, 1967). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION - North America, Alaska (on hot springs), Mexico and South America. It exhibits the highest variability in America. The distribu­ tion in Europe is very scattered, suggesting possible introduction: sporadic on the Atlantic coast from Holland to Northern Portugal, Southeastern France, Switzerland, Northern Italy, Northern Germany, Poland, Hungary; Southern Russia, Pamir, Tien Shan and Japan (HuLTEN, 1858, 1964). SCIRPUS L. AND RELATED GENERA IN ITALY 337 Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016

Fig. 23- Schoenoplectus pungens (Vahl) Palla. Whole plant (x 0,6); glume, fruit with perianth bristles and filaments, flower (x 13). 338 L. PIGNOTTI LocAL DISTRIBUTION (fig. 24) - Adriatic coast from Friuli to Romagna. Western coast from Liguria to Versilia. Umbria at Lake Trasimeno. All of the herbarium specimens here examined date back to the nineteenth century and early twentieth century. More recent, bibliographic reports are from Lake Massaciuccoli (D' AMATO, 1957), San Rossore (CoRTI, 1955) and Tenuta di Tombolo near Pisa (CoARO, 1987). Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016

Fig. 24- Distribution of Schoenoplectus pun gens (Vahl) Palla. SCIRPUS L. AND RELATED GENERA IN ITALY 339 A living, rich population has been found in a recently exscavated basin at Bosco della Mesola ("recinto Elciola", see PICCOLI et al., 1983), South of the mouths of the River Po, by Prof. F. Piccoli (pers. comm.) and visited by the writer .

.5.6 Schoenoplectus litoralis (Schrad.) Palla in Vehr. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien 38: 49. 1888

Bas.: Scirpus litoralis Schrad., Fl. Germ.: 142. 1806 TYPUS: Unknown.

(=) Heleogiton litorale (Schrad.) Rchb., Fl. Germ. Excurs.: 78. 1830 (=) Malacochaete litoralis (Schrad.) Nees, Linnaea 9: 292. 1834-35 (=) Scirpus a/finis Bianca, Fl. dei Dint. di Avola, Mem. 2: 112. 1842 (=) Scirpus philippiiTineo, Pl. Rar. 3:36. 1846 (=) Schoenoplectus philippii (Tineo) Pignatti in Arch. Bot. (Forli) 34: 8. 1958

lcONOGRAPHIA SELECTA- REICHENBACH (1846, tab. 309, fig. 725) -fig. 25.

DESCRIPTION -Rhizome shortened, stiff and woody (often bearing several strictly gathered stems), bearing elongated, non lignified, stoloniform portions. Stems 3,5-16 dm tall, 1,5-10 mm diam., trigonous, green - yellowish to dark green, with 3 - 4 internodes, the lowest 3 shortened, the uppermost elongated, forming most of the stem. Leaf sheaths to 20 em, ventrally tearing at maturity; leaf blades to 3 em, linear attenuate; ligule obtuse, 0,5 - 0,7 mm, wider than high. Inflorescence a more or less expanded anthelodium, to 10 em diameter. Bracts, the lowermost one erect, green, trigonous, to 8 em; the following ones scarious, progressively decreasing to glume size and shape. Prophylls always tu­ bular, to 12 (-15) mm. Spikelets, ovoid to fusiform -lanceolate, the lateral ones stalked, the terminal one in each partial anthelodium sessile. Glumes ovate, 3 - 4 x 2 - 3 mm, mucronate (length of mucro 0,3 - 0,4 mm), with incise apex and 2 obtuse to rather acute apical lobes, reddish - brown, glabrous, with hyaline, en­ tire to ciliolate margins. Perianth bristles as long as the nutlet, with adaxial, congested multicellular hairs of 1-5 cells, up to 0,5 mm in length. Anthers 2,1 -2,4 mm, with obtuse barbed apex (length of barbs 0,1 mm). Style ribbon-like, Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016 1- 1,2 mm x 0,4 mm; stigma bifid, ribbon-like, 1,5-2 mm x 0,7- 0,95 mm, with irregular, fringed margins for multicellular, congested hairs, proximally fused each other, 50 - 100 ~-tm long. Nutlet obovoid, plano-convex, 1,9 x 1,6 mm, mucronulate (length of mucro 0,1 mm, with persistent style base of 0,1 mm), brown, dull.

FLOWERING PERIOD- May-June. CHROMOSOME NuMBER- n=39, 42 (BIR et al., 1991: material from India).­ n=40 (NIJALINGAPPA et al., 1978: material from India).- 2n=10 (SARKAR et al., 340 L. PIGNOTTI Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016

Fig. 25-Schoenoplectus litoralis (Schrad.) Palla. Whole plant (x 0,6); glume, fruit with perianth bristles and filaments, flower (x 13). SCIRPUS L. AND RELATED GENERA IN ITALY 341 1976: material from India).- 2n=36 (BAQUAR, 1969: material from Pakistan) - 2n=ca. 80 (PIGNOTTI & FIORINI, 1998: material from Sicily). EcoLOGY - Brackish or freshwater marshes and streams. More often near the coasts, but also occurring in inland stands. Between 0 (at the mouths of riv­ ers and in lagoons) and 680 m a. s.l. (Sicily at Lake Pergusa). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION- Widespread in paleo-tropical and -subtropical re­ gions: Southwestern Asia, Southeastern Asia, Northern Mrica, South Mrica, and Northern Australia (OTENG-YEBOAH, 1985). Widespread also in the Medi­ terranean region, getting scattered in Southern Europe (Balkan peninsula, Italy, Southern France) (SCHULTZE-MOTEL, 1967). LocAL DISTRIBUTION (fig. 26) - Scattered in coastal or pericoastal marshes: Venetia, Tuscany, Latium, Apulia. Widespread in Sicily, at the mouths of numerous rivers and in nineteenth century inland at Pergusa (now disappeared). Also reported from the coast of Friuli (PoLDINI, 1991), Campa­ nia (LA VALVA & AsTOLFI, 1988), Liguria, Romagna, Marche and Abruzzo (PIGNATTI, 1982).

Observations

Scirpus philippii Tineo is here interpreted as a synonym of S. litoralis (Schrad.) Palla. It was described by Tineo in 1846 from "fiume dell' Arena, tre miglia distante da Mazzara". TINEO (1846) stated that this plant differed from Scirpus litoralis Schrad. in having glumes with entire, wider hyalin margin and 3-fid stigmas. A population of typical S. litoralis is present nowadays in the locus classicus, which has been visited during this survey. No herbarium specimens with 3-fid stigmas from the locus classicus (nor from elsewhere!) have been found. The width of the hyalin margin and its ciliature are not valuable taxonomic charac­ ters, as highly variable between different individuals of the same population. Tineo' s plant was thus possibly an aberrant, tristigmatic form of S. litoralis and Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016 so it is considered here. As regards S. affi'nis Bianca, it was described in 1842, when S. litoralis was still unknown for Sicily. All of the examined herbarium specimens from Avola collected by Bianca are referable to S. litoralis. For these reasons, S. affi'nis Bianca is here interpreted as a synonym of S. litoralis. BRULLO et al. (1977) reported S. litoralis (Schrad.) Palla subsp. thermalis (Trab.) Brullo (= Scirpus thermalis Trab., in Battand. & Trab., Fl. Algerie 99. 1895) for Bagno dell' Acqua on the island of Pantelleria. This taxon was de- 342 L. PIGNOTTI Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016 Fig. 26-Distribution of Schoenoplectus litoralis (Schrad.) Palla.

scribed by Trabut (in BATTANDIER & TRABUT, 1895) in Algeria, and it is dis­ tributed in some localities of Algeria, Morocco and Central Sahara, in thermal waters (BRULLO et al., 1977). Specimens collected at Pantelleria during the present survey (Pasta et Troia, 1996) exhibit a smaller size respect to S. litoralis and inflorescences made up by 1-3 spik.elets, being referable to the latter species as regards quali­ tative, diagnostic characters. Ssp. thermalis is thus not included here. SCIRPUS L. AND RELATED GENERA IN ITALY 343 5.B Schoenoplectus (Rchb.) Palla subg. Actaeogeton (Rchb.) Oteng-Yeb., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinb. 33:315. 1974

Bas.: Scirpus L. sect. Actaeogeton Rchb., Ic. Fl. Germ. et Hdvet. 8: 40. 1846 (=) Scirpus L. subg. Actaeogeton (Rchb.) Borner, Abh. Naturw. Ver. Bremen 21(2): 261. 1913 TYPUS: Scirpus mucronatus L., designated by BoRNER (1913).

DESCRIPTION- Annual or perennial caespitose to shortly rhizomatous herbs. Stems cylindrical or triquetrous, smooth. Leaves generally 3; leaf sheaths close or opening at maturity; ligule absent or very short, 0,1-0,2 mm; lea/ blades ei­ ther rudimental, reduced to a mucro or well developed, linear, thickly crescen­ tiform, up to 10 em long. Inflorescence, a fascicle of (1-)3- 15(-20) ovoid, sessile spikelets. Lowermost bract erect and culm-like, the following ones decreasing in size till to as small as or smaller than the glumes. Prophylls, distinctly bin­ erved, emarginate, 2 - 2,5 x 1,5 - 2 mm. Glumes ovate, cymbiform, keeled, weakly longitudinally striate, with acute to obtuse, never emarginate apex, with smooth, short mucro (0,1-0,2 mm long) and hyalin, distally ciliolate margin. Perianth bristles 6 erect, retrorsely barbed and as long as the nutlet or 0-3 rudi­ mentary. Anthers 0,4 - 0,7 mm, with glabrous apex of 0,1 mm. Style 0,5-0,9 mm; stigma 3fid, ca. 1/3 as long as the style. Nutlet obovoid, plano- convex or trigonous, with transversal, wavy furrows, dark brown to black, shiny.

Key to the species

1. Perianth bristles 6, needle like, 2/3 up to as long as the nutlet ...... 2 1. Perianth bristles 0-3, rudimental, smooth, up to 2 mm long ...... 5.9 Schoenoplectus supinus 2. Stems triquetrous ...... 5.7 Schoenoplectus mucronatus 2. Stems cylindrical ...... 5.8 Schoenoplectus juncoides

5.7 Schoenoplectus mucronatus (L.) Palla, Vehr. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 38:49. 1888

Bas.: Scirpus mucronatus L., Sp. Pl.: 50. 1753 TYPUS: LINN 71.31 (!), lectotypus designated by 0TENG-YEBOAH (1985).

Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016 (=) Isolepis mucronata (L.) Fourr., Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon N. S. 17: 173. 1869 (=) Scirpus glomeratus Scopoli, Fl. Carniol. ed. 2, 1: 47. 1772 lcoNOGRAPHIA SELECTA- REICHENBACH (1846, tab. 303, fig. 716)- SCHULTZE-MOTEL (1967, II, 1, fig. 15) -fig. 27.

DESCRIPTION- Annual or perennial caespitose to shortly rhizomatous herb. Stems stiffly erect, triquetrous, with concave surfaces, 3 - 10 dm tall, 2 - 6 mm diam., pale to rather deep green, with generally 3 shortened basal internodes and 1 upper elongated internode. Lower leaves brown, uppermost leaf green. Leaf sheaths up to 10 em long, ventrally scarious, not opening at maturity, with 344 L. PIGNOTTI Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016

Fig. 27- Schoenoplectus mucronatus (L.) Palla. Whole plant (x 0,7); glume, fruit with perianth bristles and filaments, flower(x 13). SCIRPUS L. AND RELATED GENERA IN ITALY 345 steeply oblique mouth margin; ligule absent, the mouth margin interrupting dorsally in correspondence of the blade insertion; leaf blades reduced to the sheath mucro (length of the mucro 1-2 mm). Inflorescence, a fascicle of (1-)3- 15 sessile spikelets. Bracts, the lowermost one erect to bent at maturity, green, to 4(-5) em; the following ones glume-sized and shaped. Spikelets ovoid, 5- 10 x 2-5 mm. Glumes 3-3,2 x 2,3-2,5 mm, reddish- brown to whitish, with green midnerve. Perianth bristles 6, as long as the nutlet, retrorsely barbed (length of the barbs 50 - 90 ~-tm). Anthers 0,5 - 0,7 mm long. Style 0,7 - 0,9 mm. Nutlet plano- convex to bluntly trigonous, 1,9-2,1 x 1,5-1,6 mm, with faint furrows, dark brown.

FLOWERING PERIOD- May-July. CHROMOSOME NUMBER- n=21 (MEHRA & SACHDEVA, 1975: material from Himalaya).- n=22 (BIR et al., 1988, 1990, 1991, 1993: material from North In­ dia). 2n=44 (PoGAN et al., 1985: material from Poland). EcoLOGY - Rare and inconstant, at margins of ponds, in flooded hollows, ditches, bogs; on muddy, nutrient-rich soils, with unsteady water level, subject to temporary drying up. Thermophilous plant. Especially in the past, present as a weed in rice-fields (SCHULTZE-MOTEL, 1967; 0BERDORFER, 1979). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION- Western Europe, introduced in Holland, South­ ern Europe, Hungary, Caucasus; Western part of Central Mrica and islands of Eastern Mrica; Western, Central, Southern and Eastern Asia, Malay, Australia, Polynesia; introduced in California (HuLTEN, 1958; SCHULTZE-MOTEL, 1967). Between 0 and 1526 m a.s.l. (at Lago di Carezza, Alto Adige). LocAL DISTRIBUTION (fig. 28) - Northern Italy, Tuscany, Campania and Sicily.

5.8 Schoenoplectus juncoides (Roxb.) Palla, Bot. Jahrb. 10: 299. 1889

Bas.: Scirpusjuncoides Roxb., Fl. Ind. 1: 218. 1820 TYPus: see KUKKONEN (1998).

(=) Scirpus erectus C.B. Clarke in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 656. 1893, non Poir. Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016 lcONOGRAPlllA SELECTA- KOYAMA (1979, pl. 1321)- KUKKONEN (1998, tab. 4, fig. 1)- fig. 29.

DESCRIPTION -Annual, caespitose herb. Stem erect, 1,5 dm tall, 1-1,5 mm thick, light green, cylindrical, striate at least in dried samples. Leaves generally 3, bladeless; leaf sheath up to 10 em long, with an apical mucro ca. 1 mm long. Inflorescence, a fascicole of 1(2)-4 spikelets. Lowest inflorescence bract erect, up to 15 mm long; the following bracts glume-lik.e, 3-4 x 3 mm, down to smaller than the glumes. Spikelets ovoid, 5-15 x 3-5 mm. Glumes ovate, 3,5-4 x 2,5-3 mm, smooth, yellowish-brown, with greenish midnerve, distally 346 L. PIGNOTTI Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016 Fig. 28 - Distribution of Schoenoplectus mucronatus (L.) Palla.

ciliolate, with mucro 0,25-0,3 mm long. Perianth bristles 6, somewhat shorter (2/3) up to as long as the nutlet. Anthers 0,7-1 mm. Style 1-2 mm, stigma 0,8- 1,5 mm, 3fid. Nutlet plano-convex, 0,8-2 mm x 0,8-2 mm, with faint furrows, dark brown.

FLOWERING PERIOD- August-September. EcoLOGY - Rice fields. SCIRPUS L. AND RELATED GENERA IN ITALY 347 Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016

Fig. 29-Schoenoplectus juncoides (Roxb.) Palla. Whole plant (x 0,7); glume, fruit with perianth brisdes and filaments, flower ( x 14). 348 L. PIGNOTTI

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION- Native to Madagascar; Caucasus, Persia, temper­ ate Asia (India to Japan), Malaysia, Hawaii, North America, Australia, South Mrica. Reported as an adventive from rice fields in Iberian peninsula (DEs­ FAYES, 1991). LocAL DISTRIBUTION (fig. 30)- Reported as an adventive from Piedmont (DESFAYES, 1991). Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016

Fig. 30-Distribution of Schoenoplectus juncoides (Roxb.) Palla. SCIRPUS L. AND RELATED GENERA IN ITALY 349 5.9 Schoenoplectus supinus (L.) Palla, Vehr. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 38: 49. 1888

Bas.: Scirpus supinus L., Sp. Pl.: 49. 1753 TYPUS: "herb. Tourne/ort 5117"(P), lectotypus designated by RAYNAL (1976).

(=) Isolepis supina (L.) R. Br., Prodr.: 221. 1810

IcoNOGRAPHIA SELECTA- REICHENBACH (1846, t. 302, fig. 715)- STURM (1843, vol.19, t. 85.3) -fig. 31.

DESCRIPTION- Annual caespitose herb. Stems cylindrical, 1- 4 dm tall, 1 -3 mm diam., with generally 3 internodes, the 2lower shortened, the uppermost elongated. Lower leaves scale like, uppermost leaf usually bladed; leaf sheaths to 5 em, ventrally scarious, with slightly oblique mouth margin, opening regu­ larly along a ventral line; ligule obtuse, 0,1 - 0,2 mm, somewhat arched, ca. as wide as high; leaf blades up to 10 em x 2 mm, linear, thickly crescentiform, acute. Inflorescence, a fascicole of (1-)3 - 15(-20) sessile spikelets. Bracts, the lowermost erect, green, 8-20 em x 1-2,5 mm, thickly crescentiform, acute; the second one lanceolate, scarious, 4 - 12 x 1 - 2 mm, patent; the following ones glume sized and shaped. Spikelets ovoid, 5- 15 x 2- 3 mm. Glumes 2,3-2,5 x 1,4-1,6 mm, whitish - reddish with greenish midnerve. Perianth bristles 0- 3, rudimental, up to 2 mm long. Anthers 0,4 mm long. Style 0,5 - 0,8 mm. Nutlet trigonous, 1,4-1,5 x 1,1-1,2 mm, mucronulate (mucro 0,05 mm long), with per­ sistent style base of 0,05 mm, with sharp furrows, dark brown to black.

FLOWERING PERIOD- June-October. CHROMOSOME NUMBER- n=14 (RATH & PATHNAIK, 1972, 1974, BIR et al. 1988a, 1990: material from India). EcoLOGY - Very rare and inconstant species, on banks of ponds, on wet, temporary flooded, disturbed ground. In nutrient rich and basic, humic or muddy-sandy soils (SCHULTZE-MOTEL, 1967). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION- Europe, North Mrica, Southern Russia, Cauca­ Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016 sus, West and Central Asia (SCHULTZE-MOTEL, 1967). LocAL DISTRIBUTION (fig. 32)- Northern Italy (Piedmont, Lombardy and Venetia). It was present in the eighteenth century in Tuscany (Mount Amiata) and in the nineteenth century in Latium, but it has not been recently reported from these regions. No reports from Lombardy and Venetia are available since late nineteenth- early twentieth century. The only recent report in Italy is in Piedmont ( 1979, G. Abba; confirmed in 1997!), from a disturbed habitat (mar­ gins of a catchment basin next to herbaceous cultivations). S. supinus is possi­ bly on the verge of extinction in Italy. 350 L. PIGNOTTI Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016

Fig. 31-Schoenoplectus supinus (L.) Palla. Whole plant (x 0,7); flower, glume, fruit (x 14). SCIRPUS L. AND RELATED GENERA IN ITALY 351

Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016 Fig. 32-Distribution of Schoenoplectus supinus (L.) Palla. Whole plant (x 0,7); glume, fruit with perian­ tb bristles and filaments, flower (x 14).

6. lsolepis R. Br., Prodr.: 221. 1810

TYPUS: Scirpus setaceus L., Sp. Pl.: 49. 1753, designated by BoRNER (1913).

6.A Isolepis R. Br. subg. Isolepis

DESCRIPTION - Helophylous-terrestrial or aquatic, annual or perennial, caespitose or stoloniferous, slender herbs. Stems branched, in helophylous-ter- 3.52 L. PIGNOTI'I restrial plants with shortened basal, ascending, partly subterranean branched portion, in aquatic plants with elongated, stoloniform, leafy, branched, sub­ merged portion; aerial stems erect, simple, 2- 15 (-30) em x 0,5- 1 mm, cylin­ drical, bright green, with 2-1 basal shortened internodes and 1 uppermost elongated internode. Leaf sheaths 0,5 - 3 em, close at maturity or regularly opening along a ventral line, with horizontal mouth margin; ligule absent; leaf blade linear, thickly to thinly crescentiform or grooved, to 4 em x 0,5 - 1,5 mm, with acute to obtuse apex. Inflorescence of 1 - 3 (-4) sessile spikelets or always represented by a solitary, stalked (stalk 3 - 5 em long) spikelet. Spikelets ovoid, 3-5 x 1-2 mm. Bracts 1-2(-3), 1-20 mm long, or absent. Prophylls, those sub­ tending the stem branches conspicuous, 7- 10 mm, distinctly binerved, brown­ ish; those subtending the sessile spikelets 0,9 - 1 mm, obtuse to deeply incised at the apex, faintly binerved; both kinds embracing the stem or the rachilla more or less distinctly at their base. Glumes ovate, cymbiform to conplicate, keeled, with apical or dorsal mucro, acute to obtuse apex, reddish, blackish or whitish, hyalin at margin, often with greenish midnerve. Perianth bristles ab­ sent. Stamens 1 - 3; anthers 0,4 - 1,4 mm, with glabrous apex. Stigma 2 - 3fid, more or less thickly papillate. Nutlet obovoid, 0,7 - 1,5 x 0,6- 0,9 mm.

Key to the sections

1. Helophylous, caespitose, rarely briefly stoloniferous herbs ...... 6.a Isolepis 1. Hydrophylous, stoloniferous, leafy herbs ...... 6.b Eleogiton

6.a lsolepis R Br. sect. Isolepis

(=) Scirpus L. sect. Isolepis (R Br.) Griseb., Spicil. Fl. Rumel. Bith. 2:417. 1845

DESCRIPTION - Helophylous-terrestrial, annual to perennial, caespitose, oc­ casionally stoloniferous, slender herbs. Stems of perennials with shortened, ba­ sal branched portion; aerial stems 2- 15 (-30) em tall, 0,5- 1 mm diam., with 2 basal shortened internodes and 1 uppermost elongated internode. Leaves gen­ erally 3, the lowermost one bladeless, scarious, ventrally opened, the upper 2

Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016 green, with sheath close till to maturity, at least the uppermost bladed; leaf blades linear, 2-40 x 0,5- 1 mm, thickly crescentiform or grooved, with acute to obtuse, not sharply pointed apex. Inflorescence, a fascicle of 1-3 (-4) sessile, ovoid spikelets of 2 - 6 x 1 - 2 mm. Bracts 1 - 3, depending on the number of spikelets, the lowermost one erect, 2-30 mm, with expanded, ovate to lanceo­ late base of 1,5 x 1 mm, half embracing the axis, with prolonged, linear, semi­ terete, green, leaf blade-like obtuse mucro of 1 - 20 x 0,4 - 0,6 mm. Prophylls of 2 kinds: those subtending the stem branches conspicuous, scarious, obtuse, distinctly binerved, 7- 10 mm, tubular at their base; those subtending theses- SCIRPUS L. AND RELATED GENERA IN ITALY 353 sile spikelets 0,9 - 1 mm, obtuse to deeply incised at the apex, faintly binerved, hardily embracing the rachilla at their base. Glumes ovate, cymbiform to con­ plicate, keeled, faintly striate, with apical or sometimes dorsal mucro, acute to obtuse apex, reddish to blackish, otherwise whitish in the middle, hyalin at margin. Stamens 1- 3; anthers 0,3 - 0,5 mm, with glabrous apex of 0,1 mm. Style 0,1 - 0,5 mm; stigma trifid 0,6- 0,8 mm, papillate. Nutlet obovoid to ellipsoid, bluntly trigonous to sharply triquetrous, 0,7 - 1 x 0,6 - 0,7 mm.

Key to the species

1. Spikelets mostly 1 -2(-3), lowermost bract generally not much longer than the spikelet, often as long as the spikelet. Nutlet bluntly trigonous to swollen, with minute, distinctly spaced out pa- pillae, brown to grey when ripe ...... 6.1 Isolepis cemua 1. Spikelets mostly 2 - 3(-4), lowermost bract generally several times longer than the spikelets. Nutlet never at the. same time swollen and papillate ...... 2 2. Glumes cymbiform. Stamens 3. Nutlet distinctly longitudinally costate, minutely transversely ribbed, purplish - brown ...... 6.3 Isolepis setacea 2. Glumes conplicate, deeply sigmoidal in outline. Stamens 1 - 2. Nutlet ellipsoid, sharply trigo­ nous, densely papillate, black when ripe ...... 6.2 lsolepis pseudosetacea

6.1 Isolepis cernua (Vahl) Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 106. 1817

Bas.: Scirpus cernuus Vahl, Enum. Pl. 2:245. 1805 TYPus: "Portuga~ Rathke", Herb. Vahl (C!), holotypus (BLAKE, 1969).

(=) Schoenoplectus cernuus (Vahl) Hayek in Fedde Repert. Beih. 30(3): 153. 1932 (=) Scirpus cernuus Vahl f. macrostachyus Maire & Weiller, Fl. de l'Mrique du Nord 4 (Mono­ cot.): 58. 1957 (=) Isolepis sicula Presl, Cyper. Gramin. Sicul.: 13. 1820 (=) Scirpus nervosus (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Boeck. var siculus (Presl) A. Terrace., Malpighia 2: 422. 1888-1889 (=) Scirpus /ili/ormis Savi, Fl. Pis. 1: 46. 1798, nom. illeg. (=) Scirpus savii Sebast. & Mauri, Fl. Roman. Prodr.: 22. 1818 (=) Scirpus setaceus L. var. savii (Sebast. & Mauri) Fiori in Fiori & Paoletti, Fl. Anal. Ital. 1: 120. 1896 (=) Isolepis saviana Roem. & Schult., Mant. 2: 63, nom. illeg. (=) Scirpus savii Sebast. & Mauri var. major Guss., Prodr. Fl. Sic. 1: 1827 (=) Scirpus minaaeTod., Rar. Pl. Sicil. Prov., in Atti dell'Accad. di Scienze di Palermo, n. s., 1: 15.

Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016 1845 (=) Isolepis minaae (Tod.) Pari., Fl. Palerm.: 308. 1845 (=) Scirpus savii Sebast. & Mauri subsp. minaae (Tod.) Arcang., Comp. Fl. Ital., ed. 2: 80. 1894 (=) Scirpus setaceus L. var. minaae (Tod.) Fiori in Fiori & Paoletti, Fl. Anal. Ital. 1: 120. 1896 (=) Scirpus nervosus (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Boeck. var campanus A. Terrace., Malpighia 2: 422. 1888-1889 (=) Scirpus savii Sebast. & Mauri subsp. nervosus (Boeck.) Arcang., Comp. Fl. Ital., ed. 2: 80. 1894 lcONOGRAPHIA SELECT A- REICHENBACH, 1846, tab. 201, fig. 712- fig. 33. 354 L. PIGNOTTI Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016

Fig. 33-Isolepis cernua (Vahl) RBr. Whole plant (x 2); glume, fruit with style-stigma (x 30). SCIRPUS L. AND RELATED GENERA IN ITALY 355 DESCRIPTION - Perennial (rarely behaving as annual) caespitose herb. Ba­ sal, branched portion of the stem with up to 7 mm long internodes, rarely longer and stoloniferous. Aerial stems 2 - 15(-30) em tall, 0,4 - 0,6 mm diam. Leaf blades linear, up to 9 em x 0,4 - 0,6 mm, thickly crescentiform, obtuse. Inflorescence, a fascicle of 1 - 2 (-3) sessile spikelets. Lowermost bract gener­ ally not much longer than the spikelets, often as long as the spikelets. The fol­ lowing 1(-2) shorter than the spikelets. Spikelets ovoid, 2 - 6 x 1,5 - 2 mm. Glumes ovate, cymbiform, keeled, the evident green midnerve prolonging in an apical or sometimes dorsal mucro of 0,2 - 0,3 mm. Style ca. 0,3 - 0,4 mm; stigma trifid of 0,6- 0,8 mm. Stamens 3; anthers 0,45 - 0,6 mm, with acute, glabrous apex of 0,1 mm. Nutlet obovoid-orbicular, bluntly trigonous, minutely but distinctly punctulate, 0,7 - 0,8 x 0,6 - 0,7 mm, mucronulate (mucro 0,1 mm long).

FLOWERING PERIOD - May-October. CHROMOSOME NUMBER- n=27 (DOPCHIZ & PoGGIO, 1999: material from Argentina).- 2n=30 (TAYLOR & MuLLIGAN, 1968; POJAR, 1973: material from British Columbia; SANYAL & SHARMA, 1972: material from India). - 2n=48 (TANAKA, 1942, 1948: material from Japan). - 2n=54 (DoPCHIZ & POGGIO, 1990: material from Argentina). EcoLOGY - Springs, streams, small bogs. Mostly on sandy or sandy-muddy soils. Between 0 and 1300 m. GENERAL DISTRIBUTION- Southern and Western Europe, northwards till British Isles. Cyprus, Western Syria, North and South Africa, North and South America, Australia and New Zealand (KIT TAN, 1985). LocAL DISTRIBUTION (fig. 34)- Species with a prevailing peninsular and in­ sular distribution, even though present, sporadic, in Piedmont, Lombardy and Trentino.

Observations Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016

Scirpus nervosus (Hochst. ex A.Rich.) Boeckl. var. campanus A.Terracc., here included in I. cernua, was described from litoral marshes of Latium and Campania by TERRACCIANO (1889), who distinguished it from Scirpus nervosus (Hochst. ex A.Rich.) Boeckl. var. siculus (Presl) A.Terracc. [= Isolepis cernua (Vahl) R.Br.] on the basis of the different number of stigmatic branches (2 vs. 3 ), nutlet shape (oblong-flattened vs. orbicular-obovoid-trigonous) and peri­ carp surface pattern (very finely punctulate vs. finely punctulate). Some of the specimens quoted by A. Terracciano in the protologue of var. campanus could 356 L. PIGNOTI'I

Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016 Fig. 34 -Distribution of Isolepis cernua (Vahl) R.Br.

be examined by the writer [TYPUS: Spiaggia di Mondragone, V.1873, N. Ter­ racciano FI (!), syntypus; Ostia, VI.1832, E. MauriRO (!), syntypus] and spike­ lets were found to contain both flowers with two and three stigmatic branches. The nutlet is not oblong-compressed, but obovoid-orbicular, less clearly trigo­ nous in bistigmatic than in tristigmatic flowers. Since other diagnostic charac­ ters, including pericarp surface, are quite referable to the typical I. cernua, no formal recognition is here given to S. nervosus var. campanus. SCIRPUS L. AND RELATED GENERA IN ITALY 357 The interpretation given in the same paper by TERRACCIANO (1889) of I. cer­ nua as a variety or of S. nervosus is not acceptable since Scirpus nervosus (Hochst ex A.Rich.) Boeckl., described from Northern Ethiopia [Bas.: Isolepis nervosa Hochst ex A.Rich., Tent. fl. abyss., 2: 499. 1850; TYPUS: Entchedk.ab, Schimper, 551, P, holotypus; PI-WEBB(!), syntypus], belongs to the group of Isolepis/luitans (L.) R.Br. (see e.g., EDWARDS et al., 1997).

6.2 Isolepis pseudosetacea (Daveau) Lainz, Broteria, Ser. Trimestr. 27: 93. 1958 Bas.: Scirpus pseudo-setaceus Daveau, Boll. Soc. Brot. 9, t. 1: 85. 1890 TYPus: "Herbarium lusitanicum/]. Daveau/Scirpus (lsolepis) sp. nova! I Achaenio tenuiter punctu­ lato! I non striatal Bellas Juin 1881/ forma longebracteatal I Scirpus .. ./Dense caespitosus [... ; a description of the plant follows, exactly alike to that in the protologue] ]. Daveau! Mart. 1892" [the words in italics are handwritten by Daveau; the words in roman type are part of a preprinted label ofDaveau's] (P6827 LISU!), holotypus. "Herbarium lusitanicum N°/ (Centre littoral)!]. Daveau! Scirpus pseudosetaceus Dav./ Ecaille/ Akene/ Coupe [with 1 corresponding draft beside each of the 3 terms] Bellas/ I Scirpus pseu­ dosetaceus/ Dav./ Bellas ]uin 18811]. Daveau" [the words in italics are handwritten by Dave­ au; the words in roman type are part of a preprinted label of Daveau's] (COl, photocopy!), syntypus. lcONOGRAPHIA SELECTA- DAVEAU (1890, pl. 1)- PlGNOTTI (1998, fig. 1).

DESCRIPTION- Annual herb. Aerial stems 1,5-16 em tall, 0,5 mm diam. Leaf blades 0,1-40 x 0,5 mm, crescentiform or grooved, obtuse. Bracts 1-2(-3), the lower one up to 2 em long, the following one(s) patent to reflexed, scarcely longer than the glumes. Inflorescence a fascicle of 1 - 2 (-3) sessile spik.elets, 2-4 mm long, unevenly ovoid-compressed. Glumes 1,3-1,6 mm long, ovate, often con plicate, with prominent, markedly sigmoidal keel, with apical mucro, tawny to whitish. Stamens 1 ( -2); anthers 0,5 mm long. Style 0,3 mm long. Stigma 3fid, 0,3-0,45 mm long. Nutlet ellipsoidal, triquetrous with concave sides, densely papillose, mucronulate, 0,9 x 0,75-0,8 mm, grey to black.

FLOWERING PERIOD- April-May. EcoLOGY- On sandy, acid, wet soils (VALDEZ et al., 1987; DAVEAU, 1890). Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016 Ecologic requirements are very close to those of I. cernua. The two species of­ ten share the same sites. GENERAL DISTRIBUTION - Iberian peninsula (reported mostly from South­ western coast), Northwestern Mrica, Tyrrhenian coast. LocAL DISTRIBUTION (fig. 35) -Only two old reports from Southern Tus­ cany (neighbourhoods of Capalbio, 1892, 1905) and one old report from Lat­ ium (Nettuno, 1886) are available. No recent reports are known from Italy (PIGNOTTI, 1998). Attempts to find it again in Southern Tuscany have been so far unsuccessful. 358 L. PIGNOTTI

Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016 Fig. 35 -Distribution of Isolepis pseudosetacea (Daveau) Lainz.

6.3 Isolepis setacea (L.) R. Br., Prodr. 1: 78. 1810

Bas.: Scirpus setaceus L., Sp. Pl.: 49. 1753 TYPUS: See KIT TAN (1985) for considerations about problems in typification of S. setaceus.

(=) Scirpus setaceus L. var. clathratus Rchb., Icon. Fl. Germ. Hdv. 8: 39. 1846

lcONOGRAPlllA SELECTA- REICHENBACH ( 1846, tab. 201, figg. 711-713) (except for the fruit in fig. 711)- fig. 36. SCIRPUS L. AND RELATED GENERA IN ITALY 359 Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016

Fig. 36 -Isolepis setacea (L.) RBr. Whole plant (x 0,7); glume, fruit, flower (x 23). 360 L. PIGNOTTI DESCRIPTION - Annual or perennial, caespitose to briefly stoloniferous herb. Basal, branched portion of the stem with up to 3 mm long internodes. Aerial stems 2 - 20 em x 0,45 - 0,5 mm. Lea/ blades up to 9 em x ca. 0,8 mm, more or less acute. Inflorescence of (1-)2 - 3 - (4) sessile spikelets. Bracts, the lowermost one up to 3 em long, the second one 2 - 3 mm long. Spikelets ovoid, 3 - 6 x 1 - 2 mm. Glumes ovate, cymbiform, 1,5 - 1,6 x 0,8- 0,9 mm, keeled with evident, green midnerve, prolonging in an apical, rarely dorsal mucro (mucro 0,1 mm long). Stamens 2; anthers 0,4 - 0,5 mm. Style 0,1 - 0,5 mm; stigma trifid of 0,7 - 0,8 mm. Nutlet obovoid, planoconvex to bluntly trigo­ nous, 0,9 - 1 x 0,6 - 0,7 mm, mucronulate (mucro 0,05 mm long), with persist­ ent, linear syle base of 0,05 mm, purplish - brown, longitudinally ribbed, transversely minutely striate.

FLOWERING PERIOD- June-August. EcoLOGY - Sporadic as a pioneer species on wet lanes in woods, at margins of bogs, in rocky springs. Also occurring at margins of weakly brackish, litoral ponds (CoRRIAS DIANA & VALSECCHI, 1976). On moderately nutrient-rich, ba­ sic to somewhat acid, cleyey, sandy or peaty soils. Between 0 and 1800 m. CHROMOSOME NUMBER- n=14 (MEHRA & SACHDEVA, 1975: material from Himalaya; GALLAND, 1988: material from Morocco). - 2n=26 (HAKANSSON, 1928: material from Scandinavia). - 2n=28 (MICIETA, 1986: material from Slo­ vakia; GALLAND, 1988: material from Morocco; PIGNOTTI & FIORINI, 1998: ma­ terial from Tuscany).- 2n=ca. 56 (HEDBERG & HEDBERG, 1977: material from North Mrica). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION - Widespread in Europe, except in the North; Azores, Madeira, Northern, Central and South Mrica, Siberia, Western and Central Asia, North India, China; Australia. Adventive in North America (MEUSEL et al., 1965; SCHULTZE-MOTEL, 1967). LocAL DISTRIBUTION (fig. 37)- Mainly distributed in Northern and Central Italy. Present in Calabria at least in the early nineteenth century (Forti & Trot­ ter, 1909). Reports from Sicily (PIGNATTI, 1982), Marche (BALLELLI, 1987) and Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016 Sardinia (e.g., CoRRIAS DIANA & VALSECCHI, 1976) are not here confirmed.

6.b Isolepis R. Br. sect. Eleogiton (Link) Pax, in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflzfam. 2(2): 111. 1887

Bas.: Eleogiton Link, Hort. Berol. 1:284. 1827 TYPUS: Scirpus fluitans L. (see KERN, 1974).

Obs.: As sect. Eleogiton is represented by the only species Isolepis fluitans in Italy, the description of the section is here omitted. SCIRPUS L. AND RELATED GENERA IN ITALY 361

Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016 Fig. 37-Distribution of Isolepis setacea (L.) RBr.

6.4 Isolepis fluitans (L.) R. Br., Prodr. 1: 221. 1810 Bas.: Scirpus /luitans L., Sp. Pl.: 48. 1753 TYPus: Unknown. (=) Eleogiton fluitans (L.) Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 285. 1827 (=) Dichostylis /luitans (L.) P. Beauv. in Rchb., Fl. Germ. Excurs. 1: 75. 1830 (=) Eleocharis /luitans (L.) Hook., Brit. Fl., ed. 1: 24. 1838 IcoNOGRAPHIA SELECTA - REICHENBACH (1846, tab. 298, fig. 705) - SoWERBY & SMITH (1794.3, tab. 216)- fig. 38. 362 L. PIGNOTTI Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016

Fig. 38-Isolepis /luitans (L.) R.Br. Whole plant (x 0,7); glume, fruit, flower (x 22). SCIRPUS L. AND RELATED GENERA IN ITALY 363 DESCRIPTION- Perennial, stoloniferous, aquatic herb. Stem slender, up to 40 em long, 0,5 - 0,7 mm diam., regularly rooting and branching at nodes, with 5 - 30 mm long internodes, leafy, generally submerged except the uppermost, erect internode (aerial, floral stem, 3-6 em tall). Leaves with developed sheath and blade; sheaths, ventrally scarious, those subtending the stem branches gen­ erally opening at maturity along a neat ventral line; those subtending the floral stalks close at maturity, with entire, horizontal to slightly concave mouth mar­ gin; leaf blade green, 1 - 8 em x 0,6 - 1 mm, thinly crescentiform, abruptly nar­ rowing into the acute to obtuse apex. Inflorescence bracts absent: all leaves un­ modified, bladed. Prophylls conspicuous, embracing the axis in their proximal third, scarious, distinctly binerved, 7 - 10 mm, acute to hardly bifid. Spikelets all stalked, their stalks provided with unmodified leaf and prophyll. Glumes ovate, with green, wide midnerve, bluntly cymbiform, 2 - 3 x 1 - 1,5 mm, hyalin margin, with obtuse, rounded apex, mucro dorsal, not overtaking the apex. Stamens 3; anthers 1,2- 1,4 mm, with acute, glabrous apex. Style 0,5-0,7 mm; stigma bifid 1 - 1,5 mm, innerly papillate. Nutlet obovoid, plano - biconvex, nearly attenuate towards the base, white to pale brown, dull, 1,3 - 1,5 x 0,7- 0,9 mm, mucronulate (mucro ca. 0,03 - 0,04 mm long), with persistent, linear style base of 0,06 - 0,07 mm.

fLOWERING PERIOD -June-August. EcoLOGY - Very rare species, in moor ponds and marshes with oligo­ trophic, slowly flowing water till to 120 em deep (OBERDORFER, 1979; SCHULTZE-MOTEL, 1967). CHROMOSOME NUMBER- 2n=60 (POJAR, 1973: material from British Co­ lumbia; SCHEERER, 1940: material from Schleswig-Holstein, Germany). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION - Atlantic Europe northwards up to Southern Swe­ den, Northern Germany, Northern and Central Italy, Azores; Eastern and Southern Mrica, Angola and Madagascar; India, Malaysia, Indonesia, up to New Guinea; Australia, New Zealand (MEUSEL et al, 1965; SCHULTZE-MOTEL, Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016 1967). LoCAL DISTRIBUTION (fig. 39)- Almost surely extinct in Italy. It was present in Piedmont, Tuscany (CARUEL, 1864) and Friuli (PoLDINI, 1991). The old Tus­ can specimen here examined is most probably from the ancient lake of Bien­ tina.

7. Trichophorum Pers., Syn. Pl. 1: 69. 1805

TYPUS: Eriophorum alpinum L., Sp. Pl.: 53. 1753, designated by BoRNER (1913). 364 L. PIGNOTTI Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016 Fig. 39 - Distribution of Isolepis fluitans (L.) RBr.

DESCRIPTION - Perennial caespitose or rhizomatous, slender herbs. Stems 5-40(-60) mm tall, 0,5-0,8 mm diam., stiff, erect. Leaves 4-7, basal, the lower ones blade-less, the upper ones with linear, crescentform blade up to 10 em long, with obtuse apex; leaf sheaths closed in the upper leaves, with oblique to horizontal mouth margin. Ligule 0,15-0,2 mm. Inflorescence a single terminal spikelet, 3-6 x 1,5-2 mm. Bracts 1-2, shorter up to as long as the spikelet, with midnerve prolonging into a short, obtuse mucro. Glumes ovate, mucronulate, SCIRPUS L. AND RELATED GENERA IN ITALY 365 getting muticous towards the top of the spikdet, smooth, pale-reddish, with greenish midnerve. Perianth bristles present or not. Stamens 3; anthers 1,3-1,5 mm. Style 1-2 mm; stigma 3fid, papillate. Nutlet obovoid, bluntly to sharply trigonous, with bright to dull surface.

Observations

As regards Trichophorum, flower terminology is used here in a strictly mor­ phological acception. The lowermost scale is referred to as a bract. It is obtusdy mucronate and sterile in T. pumilum and T. alpinum, but it is fertile in T. cespito­ sum. The second scale, often mucronate and longer than the following scales, is referred to as a glume in T. cespitosum, in which it is fertile, whereas it is referred to as a bract in T. pumilum and T. alpinum, in which it is sterile. No prophylls are recognisable. A different origin of the mentioned flower parts in the three spe­ cies is not excluded here, confirming the criticality suggested by other reproduc­ tive characters in this genus (namdy perianth bristles and fruit surface).

Key to the species

1. Stoloniferous herb. Perianth bristles absent or rudimental ...... 7.2 Trichophorum pumilum 1. Ca~spitose or .rhizomatous h~rb. Pe~anth bristles present ...... 2 2. Thickly caespltose herb. Penanth bnstles needle-like, scarcely longer than the nutlet ...... 7.1 Trichophorum cespitosum 2. Rhizomatous (rhizome bearing rows of aerial stems) herb. Perianth bristles ribbon-like ...... 7.3 Trichophorum alpinum

7.1 Trichophorum cespitosum (L.) Hartman, Handb. Skand. Fl., ed. 5: 259. 1849 Bas.: Scirpus cespitosus L., Sp. Pl.: 48. 1753, "caespitosus". TYPus: Unknown. (=) Baeothryon cespitosus (L.) A. Dietr., Sp. Pl., ed. 6, 2: 89. 1833 (=) Trichophorum austriacum Palla, Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 15: 467. 1897 (=) Trichophorum cespitosum (L.) Hartman subsp. austriacum (Palla) Hegi, ill. Fl. Mitteleur. 2:25. Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016 1908 lcONOGRAPHIA SELECTA- REICHENBACH (1846, t. 300, fig. 710)- SCHULTZE-MOTEL (1967, Taf. 43, fig. 6)- fig. 40.

DESCRIPTION - Caespitose herb. Basal, semisubterranean portion of stems ascending-subvertical, richly branched, with shortened, ca. 1 mm thick inter­ nodes. Aerial stems erect, 5- 40 (-60) em long, 0,6- 0,8 mm thick, cylindrical, smooth or slightly striate, bright to dark green, with 3 - 4 shortened basal inter­ nodes and one upper, elongated internode. Leaves generally 4 - 5, the lower ones whitish, with opened or partially opened sheath; the uppermost leaf 366 L. PIGNOTI'I Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016

Fig. 40- Trichophorum cerpitosum (L.) Hartman. Whole plant (x 0,7); bract, fruit with perianth bristles, flower (x 14). SCIRPUS L. AND RELATED GENERA IN ITALY 367 green, with closed, up to 5 em long sheath, with oblique, suborbicular, up to 1 nun long sheath margin; ligule rounded, wider than high. Basal leaves bladeless or with a markedly reduced lamina. The uppermost leaf with crescentiform, obtuse, 5-10 times as long as the sheath margin (3 -10 mm), 0,4-0,8 mm wide blade. Spikelet rougly obovoid- clubshaped, 4 -5 x 1,5 - 2 mm, 3-10 flowered. Bract 1 fertile, embracing the spikelet, ovate, nearly as long as the spikelet, 3 -4 x ca. 2 mm, with ca. 1 mm long, obtuse mucro. Glumes ovate - elliptical, 2 - 3 x 1 - 1,5 mm, uninerved, the basal one mosdy bract-like, the following ones mu­ ticous, pale reddish with hyalin, entire margin. Perianth bristles 6, highly vari­ able in length, even within a single flower, from 2/3 to 3/2 as long as the nudet, needle-like, thin, mosdy erect, white to reddish, smooth or rarely with short an­ trorse, distal barbs. Anthers 1,5 mm, with glabrous apiculus. Style ca. 2 mm; stigma trifid, 2 - 2,7 mm. Nutlet obovoid-trigonous, 2,5 - 2,7 mm x 0,9 - 1,1 mm, mucronulate (mucro 0,1 mm long) brown, dull, with persistent, dark brown style base of 0,1 mm.

FLOWERING PERIOD -June-August. CHROMOSOME NUMBER- n=ca. 52 (POJAR, 1973: material from British Co­ lumbia).- 2n=104 (LOVE & RrrcHIE, 1966: material from Canada; ZHUKOVA & PETROVSKY, 1975: material from Western Chukotka, Northeastern Siberia; KROGULEVICH, 1976: material from Putorana Mountains, Central Siberia; ZHUKOVA, 1980: material from Southern Chukotka; YURTSEV & ZHUKOVA, 1982: material from Yakutia, Central-eastern Siberia). EcoLOGY - In mountain bogs, particularly in regressive bogs. In wet, oligo­ trophic, acid (siliceous), peaty soils, in acid to basic spring bogs (Scmrr.TZE­ MoTEL, 1967). Between 600 and 2800 m a. s.l. GENERAL DISTRIBUTION- Northern, Western and Central Europe, rare in Southern Europe (Iberian peninsula, Corsica, Bulgaria); Northwestern Africa; very scattered in Western and Central Asia: Northern Ural Mountains, Siberia, Himalaya, Kamchatka, Sahalin, Japan; New Guinea; Greenland; North America; Jamaica (SCHULTZE-MOTEL, 1967). LocAL DISTRIBUTION (fig. 41)- Northern Italy on the Alps, included the Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016 Maritime Alps. Also reported from few localities on the Northern Apennine (Eastern Ligurian and Parmese Apennines) by ArrA et al. (1977), MoNTANARI et al. (1981) and TOMASELLI & GERDOL (1983).

Observations

PALLA (1897) divided T. cespitosum into two species, T. austnacum and T. germanicum (Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 15:467. 1897), which were made subspe- 368 L. PIGNOTTI Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016 Fig. 41- Distribution of Trichophorum cespitosum (L.) Hartman.

cies by HEGI (1908). On account of the original elements indicated by LIN­ NAEUS (1753) in the protologue of Scirpus cespitosus, T. austriacum appears most likely to be the plant Linnaeus had in mind. On the contrary, some au­ thors (BEETLE, 1947; KoYAMA, 1958) identify the basyonym of S. cespitosus with T. germanicum. The former interpretation is here chosen (as it is by Euro­ pean authors), T. austriacum being identifyed with S. cespitosum L. (=T. cespi­ tosum), which is the plant present on the Italian territory. T. germanicum Palla SCIRPUS L. AND RELATED GENERA IN ITALY 369 is distributed in Atlantic and Southatlantic Europe (SCHULTZE-MOTEL, 1967) and differs from the typical T. cespitosum in having an oblong, up to 3 mm long, red-dotted sheath opening, loosely surrounding the stem, a leaf blade up to 2 times as long as the opening, thicker spikelets, 8-20 flowered, and perianth bristles usually papillose towards the tip. T. germanicum is currently segregated as a subspecies of T. cespitosum by most European authors. Italian populations are thus referable toasT. cespitosum subsp. cespz'tosum.

7.2 Trichophorum pumilum (Vahl) Schinz & Theil., Vierteljahrsschr. Nat. Ges. Zurich 66:265. 1921

Bas.: Sdrpus pumilus Vahl, Enum. Pl. 2: 243. 1805 TYPUS: "Habitat in Helvetia. Colsmann", Herb. Vahl, holotypus (C, microfiche!).

(=) Sdrpus alpinus Schleich. ex Gaud., Fl. Helv. 1: 108. 1828 (=) Isolepis oligantha C.A. Mey. in Mem. Sav. Etr. Petersb. 1: 197. 1831 (=) Trichophorum oliganthum (C.A. Mey.) Fritsch, Exkursionsfl.: 709. 1922 (=) Trichophorum atrichum Palla, Bot. Jahrb. 10: 296. 1889, nom. illeg. (=) Sdrpus atrichus (Palla) Dalla Torre & Sarnth., Fl. Tirol. 6(1): 389. 1906

lcONOGRAPHIA SELECTA- KUKKONEN (1998, tab. 6, fig. 2)- REICHENBACH (1846, t. 300, fig. 709)- SCHULTZE-MOTEL (1967, fig. 26)- fig. 42.

DESCRIPTION- Rhizomatous herb. Rhizome slender, longly creeping, with internodes 6-5 mm long, ca. 0,5 mm diam. Stem stiff, erect, cylindrical, smooth, 5-15 em, up to 0.5 mm thick, with 5- 7leaves, with 4- 6lower shortened inter­ nodes and 1 uppermost elongated internode. The lowermost 3 - 5 leaves blade­ less, yellow to dark brown, dull; sheath of the uppermost 3 - 2 leaves close to maturity; mouth margin entire, horizontal, quite orbicular; ligule 0,1 - 0,15 mm, almost straight, hardly arched, wider than high; leaf blade to 15 mm, 0.5 mm wide, grooved, obtuse. Spikelet ovoid, obovoid when ripe, 3 x 2 mm (get­ ting wider than long when ripe), 2 - 3 (-4) flowered, somewhat laterally bent. Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016 Bracts 2, sterile, ovate, mucronulate (mucro of the lower bract obtuse, thick­ ened), 2 - 3 x 1 - 1,5 mm, often about equalling the spikelet, reddish-brown with paler margin and greenish midvein. Glumes similar to the bracts, except for the smaller or lacking mucro towards the top of the spikelets. Perianth brzs­ tles 2 - 3, less than 1/2 as long as the nutlet, sometimes quite absent. Anthers ca. 1,5 mm, with acute, glabrous apex of 0,1 - 0,15 mm. Style 1,1 - 1,3 mm; stigma trifid, 1,2- 1,5 mm. Nutlet oblong obovoid to ellipsoid, bluntly trigonous, 1.6- 1,8 x 0,9 - 1 mm, prolonged in the acuminate, often persistent style base of 0,15 - 0,2 mm, dark brown, shiny. 370 L. PIGNOTTI Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016

Fig. 42- Trichophorum pumilum (Vahl) Schinz & Theil. Whole plant (x 1,4); bract, fruit, flower (x 22). SCIRPUS L. AND RELATED GENERA IN ITALY 371 FLOWERING PERIOD- June-August. CHROMOSOME NuMBER - 2n=78 (KNABEN, 1969: material from Scandi­ navia). EcoLOGY - Rare species, although occurring in rich populations. On sandy floods of ice-melting streams, at spring margins, on scanty, wet pastures. On more or less calcareous, sandy soils. Between 1900 and 2800 m. Often associ­ ated with Eleocharis quinque/lora (F.X. Hartmann) 0. Schwarz (SCHULTZE­ MOTEL, 1967). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION- Northern Norway, Alps, Carpathians, Urals, Cau­ casus, high mountains of Persia, Mghanistan, Himalaja, Central Asia, Siberia, Mongolia, China, North America (SCHULTZE-MOTEL, 1967). LocAL DISTRIBUTION (fig. 43) -Alps: Val d'Aosta, Piedmont, Lombardy. An old specimen from an unspecified locality of Venetia (Vicenza province) has been here examined (see Appendix 1).

7.3 Trichophorum alpinum (L.) Pers., Syn. Pl. 1: 69. 1805

Bas.: Eriophorum alpinum L., Sp. Pl.: 53. 1753 TYPus: Unknown.

(=) Eriophorum hudsonianum Michx., Flor. Bor. Am. 1:34. 1803 (=) Scirpus hudsonianus (Michx.) Fernald, Rhodora 8:161. 1906.

lcONOGRAPHIA SELECTA- REICHENBACH (1846, t. 288, fig. 633)- fig. 44.

DESCRIPTION - Rhizomatous herb. Rhizome short, straight, horizontally branching, regularly bearing aerial shoots at each node, ascending near the apex, 0,5 mm thick. Stem stiff, erect, 15-30 (-40) em long, 0,6- 0,7 mm thick, triquetrous, with scabrid edges, with 3 - 4 shortened basal internodes and one uppermost elongated internode. Leaves 4 - 5, basal; the lower ones scale like, with more or less deeply opened sheath, grey- brown to yellowish; the upper­ most green, with closed sheath up to 4 em long; mouth margin hyalin, entire, slightly oblique; ligule 0,15 - 0,2 mm, slightly arched, wider than high; leaf blades to 15 mm, linear, crescentiform, with scabrid margins, obtuse. Inflores­ Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016 cence a single, terminal spikelet of 5 - 6 mm, lanceolate, with bract and first glume sterile. Bracts 2, sterile; basal bract ovate, scarious, pale reddish, 3,5 - 5 mm, with green, leaf blade - shaped, evident midnerve prolonging into a 0,5 - 1 mm long mucro; second bract ovate, sometimes mucronulate (mucro 0,1 mm), 2,5-3,5 x 1,5-2 mm. Glumes ovate to lanceolate towards the top of the spike­ let, muticous, 3,5 - 4 mm x 1,5 - 2 mm, pale reddish, proximally more or less whitish- hyalin, with greenish midnerve. Perianth bristles 6, 20-30 mm, white, ribbon shaped (width of the ribbon 0,1 - 0,2 mm), soft. Anthers 3, 1,3 - 1,5 mm, white, with linear, obtuse apex 0,15 mm long. Style 2 mm; stigma trifid, 1,5 372 L. PIGNOTTI Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016 Fig. 43- Distribution of Trichophorum pumilum (Vahl) Schinz & Theil.

mm. Nutlet obovoid, trigonous, 1,2 - 1,3 x 0,5 - 0,6 mm, reddish - brown, mucronulate (mucro 0,15 mm long, mostly constituted by the persistent, dark brown style base).

FLOWERING PERIOD- June-August. CHROMosoME NuMBER- 2n=58 (LovE & RrTcmE, 1966; LOvE & LOvE, 1981: material from Canada). SCIRPUS L. AND RELATED GENERA IN ITALY 373 Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016

Fig. 44- Trichophorum alpinum (L.) Pers. Whole plant (x 0,7); bract, fruit with perianth bristles, flower (x 14). 374 L. PIGNOTTI EcoLOGY- In marginal associations of high- and middle peat-bogs. On wet, nutrient-poor, acid soils. Nearly always associated with Sphagnum species. Be­ tween 500 and 2800 m a.s.l. (SCHULTZE-MOTEL, 1967; HuLri:N, 1964). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION- Scandinavia, Scotland, Central France, Central Europe, Alps, Pyrenees, Spain, Apennine, Tatra, Hungary, Rumania, Northern and Central Russia, Siberia, Sahalin, Kamtchatka, Korea, Japan, North America (SCHULTZE-MOTEL, 1967; HuLTEN, 1964). LocAL DISTRIBUTION (fig. 45)- A second Tuscan locality has been recently reported by MINIATI & RoMAGNOLI (2001).

Observations

This morphologically isolated and very slightly variable species (see HuLTEN, 1964) was judged worthy of the description of the new monotypical genus Eriophorella by HoLUB (1984). The present treatment is supported by the embryological and anatomical af­ finity of T. alpinum with T. pumilum and T. cespitosus (see above in this paper).

Doubtful names

Scirpus drepanensis Lojac., Fl. Sicul.: 214. 1908 This species was described by LoJACONO (1908) on the basis of specimens collected by To­ daro in marshes near Trap ani (Sicily). Lojacono defmed S. drepanensis as a "facies S. philippii, sed squamarum structura diversissimus". The stem was also different (cylindrical, nearly compressed­ bilateral upward) from that of S. philippii (trigonous). Neither the perianth bristles, nor the nutlet were described by the author. The character-set given by Lojacono is too vague to be referred to any of the examined taxa, as well as to be appraised as a separate taxon. No herbarium specimens collected by Todaro in the area of the locus classicus ("in aquosis Trapani") were found by the writer. Herbarium specimens from the neighbourhood of Trapani, not collected by Todaro but possibly "liable to suspicion", are anyhow referable to the group Schoenoplectus lacustris - S. tabernaemontani.

Appendix 1 Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016 Specimina visa sdecta

Blysmus compressus Vaile d'Aosta: In un pascolo lungo un ruscello Aosta, 26.VII.1879, s.coll. s.n. (TO) - In vallem Cogne, s.d., s.coll. s.n. (TO)- Courmayeur colle Checrouit, Entreves, VII.l883, s.coll. s.n. (TO)- Courmayeur presso i ba­ gni di La Saxe, 5.VIII.1899, Ferrari s.n. (RO), sp.pl. Piedmont: Velum in Briaglia in humidis secus Tanarum, 16. VI.1866, G.B. Romano s. n. (TO) - Otro presso Alagna Valsesia (Vc), 19.VIII.1872,A. Piccone s.n. (PAD)- Alpi Marittime Col di Tenda, 17.VII.1873, U. Ster­ nberg s.n. (TO)- San Bernardino prati irrigui prima del villaggio, 15.VIII.l873, De Notariis s.n. (RO)- Torino nei luoghi umidi sopra il convento diS. Francesco presso Ia Sacra diS. Michele, 16.VI.1887, Ferrari s.n. (TO) - Crissolo Piano del Re alia sorgente del Po (Alpi Cozie), 18.VII.1898, Ferrari s.n. (TO) - Piemonte nei pascoli tral'Alpe Pissa e l'Alpe Strada (Oropa), 28.VII.1905, L. Micheletti s.n. (TO)- Elva siti umidi presso Valle Ma- SCIRPUS L. AND RELATED GENERA IN ITALY 375

Fig. 45-Distribution of Trichophorum alpinum (L.) Pers. Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016

era (Val Maira) 1572 m, 2.Vll.1910, Fe"ari et G. Gola s.n. (TO)- Bussoleno luoghi umidi presso l'Alpe Orsie­ ra, 1l.IX.1911, P. Fontana s.n. (PAD)- Valle di Formazza terreno paludoso alia fomace di calce di Valdo m 1270, 7.Vlll.1912, 0. Boggiani s.n. (GE)- Giaveno prati sopra Sorvino Val Langonetto, 2.VI.1922, P. Fontana s.n. (TO)- Pragelato lungo la destra del Chisone di fronte a Puy, 27.Vll.1937, P. Fontana s.n. (TO) - Sauze d'Oulx pascoli sopra la stazione sperimentale Bonafons, 19.Vll.1938, P. Fontana s.n. (TO)- Val Pesio Vallone S. Bruno presso Certosa 900 m, VII.1946, Piovano et Fontani s.n. (TO)- Alpe Veglia Piano Rio Mortiscia rive ciottolose senza humus umide, 15.VI.1966, G. Montelucci 10194 (RO) - Garessio versante di Valcasotto nella valle del rio Perabruna,2.Vll.1981, G. Abba s.n. (TO)- Valle di Susa Gran bosco di Salbertrand ristagno poco oltre le grange di Montagne Seu m 1780, 21.Vll.1983, Montacchini et Forneris s.n. (TO)- Lac Falin (Val di Viu) 1691 m bordi estemi della zona paludosa, 29.Vll.1991, L. Miserere s.n. (TO). Lombardy: Luoghi paludosi del milanese, s.d., s.coll. s.n. (PAD)- Val Furva in Valtellina, prati alia fonte diS. Caterina, 2l.Vll.1876, De Notariis s.n. (RO) -Alta Valle di Calden (Lecco), 1l.VI.1893, s.coll. s.n. (PI) - 376 L. PIGNOTTI

AI Ponticello eli Pece m 1470, l.Vlll.1903, Lanza s.n. (RO) ·Val Lagone per Forcola eli Livigno alt. m 2000, 14.Vlll.1905, G. Bevilacqua s.n. (G-DOR). Trentino AltoAdige: V alsugana, s.d., s.coll. s.n. (PAD) - Monte Marzola presso Trento, s.d., K. V. Pichler s.n. (G-DOR)- Valle eli Non Tirol. !tal. in palustribus circum Tondo, VIII.1872, A. Goiran s.n. (TO)- Bozen Salten bei Genesien, Unterlage Porphyr. Meereshohe 1245 m, 27.VI.1887, W. Pfaff s.n. (PAD) - Acquitrini nella destra dell'Adige tra i laghi eli Resia e eli Muta m 1477 ca. Curon Venosta Alto Aelige, 11.Vlll.1929, S. Lourig s.n. (PAD) - Val Ridanna Bosco Piazza sorgenti sotto ai ghiaioni calcarei q. 1670 Alto Aelige, 5.Vlll.1935, S. Zenari s.n. (PAD)- Val Martello, Merano, 24-25.VIII.1937, Cola et Tonzig s.n. (PAD)- S. Leo­ nardo in Passiria speroni boscosi fra l'Alpe eli Slatago e Ravina micascisti q. 1600-1700 Alto Aelige, 26.VII.1949, S. Zenari s.n. (PAD) - Palude a Terme del Brennero alluvioni miste Alto Aelige q. 1300, 18.VII.1951, S. Zenari s.n. (PAD)- Val eli Vizze presso Sasso acquitrini e ruscello del Bosco eli Beren morena rnista Alto Aelige q. 1650-1750, 25.VII.1952, S. Zenari s.n. (PAD) - Lago eli Anterselva (Alpi Pusteresi), l.VIII.1952, s.coll. s.n. (RO) -Valle Aurina acquitrini eli Malga della Svolta e eli Malga Lana Alto Aelige, q. 1875-1979, 12.Vlll.1953, S. Zenari s.n. (PAD)- Soraga, Moena e aeliacenze (Val eli Fassa), Vlll.1975,Anzalo­ ne s. n. (RO) - Presso ruscello ai pascoli alpini delle viotte, vicino all'Orto Botanico, bivio per Garniga, Monte Bondone m 1550, 9.VIII.1980, F. Bianchini s.n. (VER) - Tra Predazzo e Passo Rolle, VIII.l986, Anzalone s.n. (RO). Venetia: Verona secus Athesim, VIII.1876, A. Goiran s.n. (TO) -Valle del Boite, M. Pelmo, Bosco Pecol m 1500-1700, 15.VIII.1923, R. Pampanini s.n. (PAD)- Misurina Cadore q. 1800-1900 dolomia e marne Cas­ siane, 30.VII.1930, S. Zenari s.n. (PAD) -Valle Frison, Forcella Lavardet arenarie variegate bosco acquitrinoso q.1542, 15.VIII.1934, S. Zenari s.n. (PAD)- Valle del Piave: Presenaio alt. 1000-1200 m, 19.VII.1936, R. Pam­ panini s.n. (PAD)- Danta, Cadore prati bagnati a 1500 m, 18.VII.1948, s.coll. s.n. (RO)- Tra Pocol e il passo Falzarego 1800 m, 25.VII.1979, F. Bianchini s.n. (VER)- Lago eli Calalzo 700 m, 31.VII.1981, F. Bianchini s.n. (VER)- Stabie, prati 1500-1600, VII.1938, V. Marchesani s.n. (PAD)- Acque Negre (Monte Baldo) 1400 m, 5.VII.1966, F. Bianchini s.n. (VER). Friuli Venezia Giulia: In un ruscello aS. Difendente M. Calvario, 26.VII.1889, D. Fosell~ Rossi et Malla­ dra s.n. (TO) -Valle del Frison fra S. Campo e S. Razzo alt. 1500-1700 m, 15.VII.1937, R. Pampanini s.n. (PAD)- Cimolais in una pozza stagnante m 700, VI.1922, S. Zenari s.n. (PAD)- Passo del Pura m 1425, Am­ pezzo prato allagato, 27 .IX.1996, L. Pignotti s.n. (Fl). Liguria: Acquitrini tra la Fontana e il Faiallo (Voltri), VI-VII, s.coll. s.n. (G-DOR)- In montibus supra Genuam, VII.l841, De Notariis s.n. (FI) - Lig. or. Prato Mollo salendo al Monte Penna 1400 m s.l.m., 2.Vlll.1894, G. Doria s.n. (G-DOR)- Liguria occidentale salendo da Cogoleto al Monte Beigua da 800 a 1000 malt., 24.Vlll.1895, G. Doria et S. Sommier s.n. (G-DOR)- Monte Leco luogo acquitrinoso alt. 600-700 m, 9.VII.1905, G. Bevilacqua s.n. (G-DOR) - Busalla per Camarza suiletto della Scrivia ghiaia alt. 350 ca., 6.VI.1909, G. Bevilacqua s.n. (G-DOR), sp.pl. - S. Lazzaro Reale nel flume Impero, 1924, Corradi s.n. (FI) - Monti eli Creto, s.d., s.coll. s.n. (RO) - S. Stefano d'Aveto sui Monte Martincano alt. m 1600 circa, 14.Vlll.1940, R. Cucini s.n. (G-DOR) -Montes eli Porcile, 30.V.1841, De Notaris s.n. (G-DOR). Emilia Romagna: In paludosis montium circa Bobbio in via a Corbesassi, 20.VII.1835, Cesati s.n. (RO)­ In Apennino pistoiensi alia Madonna dell' Acero, 5.VII.1842, Pari. s.n. (FI)- Luoghi umieli della regione del faggio a Macerino vicino a Boscolungo, 4.VII.1863, Parlatore s.n. (FI)- Paludetta lungo la salita del M. te Libro Aperto (Alto Appennino Modenese), 18.VII.1877, E.Ferrari s.n. (TO) - Luoghi umieli aile falde del Cimone (Alto Appennino Modenese), 23.VI.1878, E. Ferrari s.n. (TO). Tuscany: Appennino Lucchese a Casoli eli Val eli Lima al pian dellago, s.d., Bicchi s.n. (PI) - Sestajone, 24.VII.1839, s.coll. s.n. (PI) - Prati d'Orbetello, 4.V.1844, Ricasoli s.n. (TO, FI), sp. pl.- Nei pascoli della cima sui Monte Giovarello sull'Appennino eli Garfagnana, 22.VII.1878, Bottini s.n. (PI)- Appennino pistoiese Pia­ no degli Ontani, 1880-1899, Ricci s.n. (FI)- Valle delle Pozze Boscolungo, 16.VII.1885, Levier s.n. (FI)- Co­ Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016 vigliaio aM. Beni lato sud, 30.VI.1935, Fiori s.n. (FI) - Fra San Pellegrino e il P.so delle Raelici, VI.1999, L. Pignotti etA. Arcara s.n. (FI)- Lamarossa, VI.1999, L. Pignotti etA. Arcara s.n. (FI). Marche: Montedinove Piceno, s.d., Orsini s.n. (RO). Umbria: Piano del Castelluccio eli Norcia, IX.1830, Sanguinetti s.n. (RO). Latium: Fosso eli Selvagrande (Amatrice) sorgente m 1400 s.l.m. sui sentiero perM. Doro, 15.Vlll.1989, G. Tondi LG 140 (RO). Abruzzo: Prope Aquila, Vlll.1823, Gussone s.n. (NAP)- Prov. eli Aquila Civitella Alfedena, Balzo della Chiesa calcare 1200-2000 m, 23.Vlll.1925, A. Fiori s.n. (PI)- Acquitrini Pietracamela aile Fonticelle 1100 m, 10.VI.1956, Zodda s.n. (RO) -Parco Naz. d'Abr. Camosciara torbiera eli base, Vlll.1958, B. Anzalone s.n. (RO). Molise: Monte Como, s.d., Tenore s.n. (NAP) -Monte Como, s.d., Orsini s.n. (NAP). Basilicata: Chiaromonte e Piano eli Pollino, VII.l885, N. Terracciano s.n. (RO) -Piano eli Pollino 1800 m circa in argillosis siliceis umieliusculis, 25.Vlll.1908, Cavara et Grande s.n. (NAP). Calabria: Gruppo del Pollino in humentibus, 1750 m, 27.VII.1935, Gavioli s.n. (RO). SCIRPUS L. AND RELATED GENERA IN ITALY 377

Scirpus sylvaticus Val d'Aosta: Gressoney a Champsi! presso il torrente Loo, s. d.,( ... ) s. n. (FI)- Palude tra Aosta e Quart, 12.V.1899, L. Vaccari s. n. (FI) - Prati palustri presso Ia Dora sotto Pont St. Martin, l.VI.1911, P. Bolzon s. n. (FI)- Aosta fossi tra Soaz e Fenis, 11.VI.1914, P. Bolzon s. n. (FI). Piedmont: In udis prope Augustam Taurinorum, s. d., s. coli. s. n. (FI)- In Pedemontio prope Albam, s. d., F. Parlatore s. n. (RO) -Nelle fosse di Pinerolo, s. d., s. colt. s. n. (PAD)- Prato spongioso Alpe sopra S. Antonino (Valle di Susa), 25.VI, s. coli. s. n. (TO)- Ossola inferiore fossi e acquitrini lungo la strada Mergozzo­ Gravellona Toce di fronte a La Lanca m 210 frequente IX, 0. Boggiani 410 b (FI)- Nei prati umidi della Valle Anzasca, VI1.1842, s. coli. s. n. (TO) - Presso Casale, V.1862, Rosellini s. n. (RO)- Ceva in aquaticis secus Ta­ narum, 22.VIII.1862, G.B. Romano s. n. (TO)- Valle Intrasca, 27.VI.1873, De Notart's s. n. (RO) Valle Perosa presso S. Germano Chisone, 1880, E. Rostan s. n. (FI)- Torino nei monti sopra Giaveno, 8.VI.1887, E. Ferrari s. n. (TO), sp. pl. - Envie, fascia precollinare salendo al Monte Bracco luoghi umidi con falda freatica affiorante q. m 300, 16.V.1889, F. Testa s. n. (TO) -Novara paludi, 6.V.1893, G. Gola 250 (TO)- Lungo l'Ellero a Cap­ pado in Borgatte (Mondovi) 15.VI.1894, E. Ferrari s.n. (FI, PAD), sp. pl. - Dintorni dellago di Candia Cana­ vese, 14.V.1898, E. Ferraris. n. (RO)- Crescentino nei fossi di risaia, 17.V.1901, T. Ferraris s. n. (FI)- Presso Carcoforo nei luoghi paludosi Val Sermenza (Val Sesia), VIII.1901, G. Golas. n. (TO)- Gassino lungo il Rio della Vallassa, 22.V.1901, E. Ferraris. n. (TO)- Boschi di Stupinigi, 21.V.1903, E. Crosetti s. n. (PAD)- Fossi paludosi a Leyni verso la Benna, 1909, s. coli. s. n. (TO)- Val Pesio (Alpi Marittime) m 1700, 5.VII.1947, R. Berluti s.n. (FI), sp. pl.- Vallone inferiore del torrente Oropa, 18.VI.1949, G. Negri s. n. (FI)- Valli di M.te Co­ lombo presso S. Giacomo di Entracque Val Gesso, 25.VI1.1961, P.G. Bonos. n. (FI)- Lago di Viverone sponde dello stagno di Gia Moregna, 9.VII.1991, L. Guglielmetto s. n. (TO). Lombardy: Raccolto dietro il Lambro, s. d., s. colt. s. n. (PAD)- Lungo le risaie S. Giacomo Po, s. d., s. colt. s. n. (PAD)- In paludosis di Confienza e di Robio vulgaris, adS. Petrum Mosezzi etiam inveni, s. d., s. coli. s. n. (TO)- Fossi sopra Incudine in Val Camonica, 30.VI, L. Ricca s. n. (FI)- Luoghi boscosi umidi e paludosi della regione dellarice a 1320 m a Ponte di legno, 18.VII.1820, F. Parlatore s. n. (FI)- Prealpi insubriche strada La­ veno-Calde (Varese) prati e limiti stradali, 30.VI.1852, G. Negri et R. Bavazzano s. n. (FI) - Presso S. Sofia di­ stretto di Pavia, 27.VI.1856, s. colt. s. n. (FI)- In paludosis sylvaticis apud Cernusco Lombardore, 18.VI.1882, s. coil. s. n. (TO) - Abbiategrasso (Milano) Val Ticino bosco umido, 2.VI.1895, C. Camperio s. n. (FI)- Valtel­ lina prati falciabili di fondovalle fra Morbegno e Sondrio m 230-310, 12.VI.1971, F. Bartoli Buresti s. n. (FI). Trentino Alto Adige: Bozen, in der Rodleraue Unterlage: Alluvium 250m Meereshiihe, 14.V.1885, W Pfaff s. n. (PAD)- Curon Venosta acquitrini sulla destra dell'Adige fra i laghi di Resia e di Mezzo m 1480 ca., 11.VIII.1929, s. coli. s. n. (PAD)- Val Ridanna Piano d'Acla acquitrini alluvioni miste q. 1725, 9.VIII.1935, S. Zenari s. n. (PAD)- Val di Racines Costa (strada del Giovo) acquitrino micascisti q. 1250, 20.VII.l935, S. Ze­ nari s. n. (PAD)- Cevedalev. Saent Coller e V. Cercena 1300- 1600 m, 5.VII.1938, V Marchesani s. n. (PAD) -San Leonardo in Passiria sopra Casa Oria acquitrino micascisti q. 750, 23.VII.1949, S. Zenari s. n. (FI, PAD), sp. pl.- Valle dell'Isarco Campo Trens greto del torrente zone paludose alluvioni miste q. 934, 14.VIII.1950, S. Zenari s. n. (FI, PAD), sp. pl.- Val del Brennero, Brennero palude presso il paese q. 1370, 18.VII.1951, S. Ze­ nari s. n. (FI, PAD), sp. pl. - Vipiteno a valle di Castel di Pietra conche acquitrinose nel greto del torrente allu­ vioni miste q. 945, 27.VII.1951, S. Zenari s. n. (FI, PAD), sp. pl.- Valle Aurina Lutago siepi lungo il torrente, 16.VII.1955, S. Zenari 9950 (FI)- Sella di Valsugana luoghi umidi, 28.VIII.1955, R. Agostini s. n. (FI). Venetia: Prati umidi diS. Michele di Angarano, s. d., Montini s. n. (FI)- Lungo i canali ad Abbazia Pisani nel Padovano, 23.V.1838,A. Fiori s. n. (PAD)- Feltre nei tosi, V.1844, s. coil. s. n. (PAD)- Vanzi, 13.VI.1855, Cesati s. n. (RO)- AI Forame del Montello, VIII.1890, F. Saccardo s. n. (PAD)- Lungo il Baccbiglione presso Ia via Euganea, 9.VI.1901, A. Beguinot s. n. (PAD) -Provincia di Padova alveo del Brenta presso Fontaniva, 12.V.1909,A. Beguinot s. n. (PAD)- Presso Resana, 29.VI.1909, A. Beguinot s. n. (PAD)- Prov. di Padova nei fossati presso Fratte di Camposanpiero, 25.V.1910, A. Beguinot s. n. (PAD)- Secca del Piave macchia pioppi

Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016 punto paludoso, 27 .VII.1912, M. Minio s. n. (FI) - Vaile del Piave Presenaio alt. 1000 - 1200 m, 19 .VI1.1936, R. Pampanini s. n. (PAD)- Valle del Piave S. Stefano Monte Col vers. sett. alt. 1200- 1400 m, 30.VII.1936, R. Pampanini s. n. (PAD) - Vaile Zoldana Joe. Palafavera m 1500 circa acquitrini del Rio Canedo, 15 .VIII.1939, A. Marcello s. n. (PAD)- Valle del Boite Cortina d'Ampezzo verso Poco! marne Cassiane e detriti dolomitici q. 1300- 1500 Cadore, 20.VII.1940, S. Zenari s. n. (PAD)- Fontanelle di Oderzo (Treviso) Joe. Bosco, fossati, 4.VI.1943,A. Marcello s. n. (PAD). Friuli Venezia Giulia: Bacino medio del Natisone, s. d., M. Minio s. n. (FI)- Dal bosco di Panovitz presso Gorizia, s. d., M. Tommasini s. n. (FI)- Rive del basso Alberone, 21.V.1899, M. Minio s. n. (FI)- Cormons pa­ lude di Castelletto, VI.1906, C. Marchesetti s. n. (FI)- Polcenigo Val diPiazza, 26.V.1927, S. Zenari s. n. (PAD) - Dolegnano, 28.VII.1897, C. Marchesetti s. n. (FI), sp. pl. Liguria: In Liguria, s. d., Delseri s. n. (RO)- Dal torrente (... ) dietro il forte di Govi a Settentrione della citta, s. d., s. coli. s. n. (FI)- M. Bocchetta Appennino Ligustico Settentr., V.1841, Carrega s.n. (FI). Emilia Romagna: Luoghi paludosi nei contorni di Pavullo prov. di Modena, 15.VI.1879, E. Ferrari 717/7 (TO) -Fosse intorno a Castelfranco Emilia, 2l.V.1885, A. Moris. n. (TO, NAP), sp. pl. - Fossi aS. Cesario 378 L. PIGNOTTI

presso Modena, 25.V.1885, A. Fiori s. n. (TO) - Monte Mario presso Bologna, 29.V.1904, s. col/. s. n. (FI) - Monte Fiorino in palustribus "Lago Verde" alt. m 1200, 24.VI.1933, V. Mori 19053 (FI)- Lago Verde presso il monte Modino, VI.1935, V. Moris. n. (FI) - Piandelagotti luoghi palustri (m 1260) frequente, 6.Vll.1954, A. Lunardi s. n. (FI)- Porretta nel bolognese, 30.VI.1864, 0. Beccari s. n. (FI). Tuscany: In editioribus Apennini Mutinensis prope ospitium Divi Pellegrini, Vll.1841, P. Savi s. n. (FI, TO), sp. pl.- Nei luoghi umidi e selvatici dell'Alpi di Mommio nella regione del faggio, Vll.1851, Calandrini s. n. (FI) - Apenninis Aetruriae Abetone (Pt) in pascuis inter fagos, in declivibus montis Majoris ad septentrio­ nem vergentibus alt. m 1561, 5.IX.1958, A. Contardo s. n. (FI) - Appennino pistoiese a Pian degli Ontani nella valle del Sestaione (Pt), 24.VII.1861, 0. Beccari s. n. (FI) - Covigliaio a! Sasso di Castro, Collina di Riomaggio suolo serpentinoso, 5.VII.1932, A. Fiori s. n. (FI)- Prati di Logarghena, Pontremoli, in popolazione monofitica a sinistra della muiattiera 300m dopo l'abbeveratoio, 8.VII.1999, L. Pignotti et S. Turrini s. n. (FI). Calabria: Luoghi umidi a Colle d' Ascione nella Sila Piccola, VII.1909, A. Fortis. n. (PAD) - Sila Fossiata (Longobucco) suolo granitico m 1300, 29.VIII.1918, A. Fiori s. n. (FI) -La Sila pista aN di Serra Castagna lun­ go il fiume m 1200, 16.VI.1950, G. Sar/atti et R. Co"adi s. n. (FI) -La Sila Camigliatello Silano, nei boschi sa­ lendo verso M. Curcio m 1300- 1600, 10, 12, 15, 16.VII.1951, G. Sar/atti etA. Contardo s. n. (FI)- Sila lungo il fiume Ampollino, 15.VI.1899, A. Fiori s. n. (FI, PAD), sp. pl. - Sila Piccola sorgenti del Tacina, m 1500 circa, 31.V.1955, A. Chiarug~ R. Bava:aano etA. Contardo s. n. (FI).

Scirpus radicans Piedmont: Vercelli in un paduie oltre il Sesia, ignorato dai floristi italiani sui nostro suolo, gli stoloni pro­ liferi escono dopo Ia fioritura, V.1849, Cesati s. n. (FI) - Vercelli oltre Sesia, Vl.1868, Cesati s. n. (TO) -Alia sinistra della Sesia a Vercelli, VI.1871, Negri s. n. (TO)- La Loggia a! Po Morto, 4.Vlll.1912, E. Fe"ari et E. Muggia s. n. (TO).

Scirpus atrovirens Piedmont: Torino Lombardore bosco misto di latifoglie a! margine di un rio a circa 2 km a monte della strada che collega Lombardore a Rivarossa, l.Vll.1973, G. Abbas. n. (FI)- Fra Lombardore e Rossano in un bosco misto una piccola rna vigorosa colonia lungo un ruscello (rio), Vl.1973, G. Abbas. n. (TO)- Parco La Mandria, Venaria Reale diffuso ovunque, 23.VII.1999, L. Pignotti et M. Tardelli s. n. (FI). Tuscany: In editioribus apennini Mutinensis prope ospitium Divi Pellegrini, VII.1842, P. Savi s. n. (TO).

Bolboschoenus maritimus Piedmont: Nell'alveo della Scrivia, VI.1840, Rose/lim" s.n. (PI) - Acqui: abunde ad fl. Bormida, VIII.1867, s.coll. s.n. (RO)- Balzola, 14.Vll.1871, s.coll. s.n. (TO)- Boschi paludosi sabbiosi a! Po morto alia Loggia di Carignano, 1895, s.coll. s.n. (TO), sp. pl. - Alessandria terreni sabbiosi lungo il Tanaro dopo il nuovo ponte, 24.VIII.1906, L. Micheletti s.n. (TO), sp. pl. -Alba lungo il Tanaro a monte del Ponte, 2.IX.1914, E. F~ar~ Vignolo Lutati s.n. (TO)- Monchiero (Alba) lungo il torrente Rea, 4.VII.1931, F. Vignolo-Lutati s.n. (TO), sp­ .pl. -Torino lungo il vecchio alveo della Dora a Venchiglietta m 200, 13.VII.1933, Fontana s.n. (TO), sp. pl. - Sabbie di Agliano, 26.IX.1950, Sappz; Bertolan~ Aiello s.n. (TO)- Vercelli Lamporo nelle risaie camere trattate con diserbanti q.m 150, 27.Vll.1970, B. Peyronel et V. Dal Vesco s.n. (TO)- Asti San Marzanotto nelle acque stagnanti delle pozze del Tanaro, q. m ca. 100, 21.VII.1981, Montacchini, Forneris s.n. (TO)- Casale Monfer­ rato risaia, 15.VII.1993, P. Prigione s.n. (TO). Lombardy: Melegnano risaie infesta i seminati a riso, Vl.1838, s.coll. s.n. (TO)- Valle di Lertnide prov. di Mantova, Vl.1853, s.coll. s.n. (PI). Trentino Alto Adige: Talferbett bei Bozen, 28.VIII.1909, W. Pfaff s.n. (PAD) -Sui fondo asciutto dellago

Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016 di Andalo, 2.VIII.1938, S. Tonzig s.n. (PAD)- Lago di Caldonazzo veget.litorale, IX.1947, V. Marchesani s.n. (PAD). Venetia: Rive del canal Bianco presso Ariano nel Polesine, s.d., s.coll. s.n. (RO)- Sarmego in una risaia, s.d., s.coll. s.n. (PAD)- Paludi d'Albettone, s.d., s.coll. s.n. (PAD)- Presso allago di Fimon, 1817, s.coll. s.n. (PAD)- Circum Ceraino in Valle dell'Adige in locis hyeme inundatis, 27.VIII.1870, A. Goiran s.n. (TO)- Ad thermas collium Euganeorum circa Abano prov. patavinae, 5.VI.1873, G. Rigo s.n. (NAP)- Verona in palustri­ bus circa Peschiera sol. arg. calc. m 70, VII.1893, G. Rigo s.n. (NAP)- Nei fossi tra Masera di Padova e Car­ panedo, 4.V1.1905, A. Beguinot s.n. (PAD) - Prov. di Rovigo arene umide e inondate presso Porto Levante, 18.VII.1908,A. Beguinot s.n. (PAD)- TraPonte di Piave e Zenson di Piave, l.VI.1909,A. Beguinot s.n. (PAD) - Tra S. Pietro in Gu e Carmignano di Brenta, 20.VI.1909, A. Beguinot s.n. (PAD) - Prov. di Padova paludi presso Arre, 9. Vl.1910, A. Beguinot s.n. (PAD) - Prov. di Padova presso Abbazia Pisani, 26. Vl.1910, A. Begui­ not s.n. (PAD), sp.pl.- Cavallino litorale veneziano, 12.VI.1954, A. Marcello s.n. (PAD). Friuli Venezia Giulia: In provincia Tarvisina, s.d., s.coll. s.n. (PAD)- Litorale Bosco Sacile, Carlino, Porto Mogorso, 6.V.1936, Benacchio s.n. (PAD), sp.pl.- Lignano Pineta terreno sabbioso, 24.V.1935, Benacchio s.n. SCIRPUS L. AND RELATED GENERA IN ITALY 379

(PAD) -In Valle Reka (Timavo) 400 m s.l.m. solo schistoso, VII, Justin s.n. (PI) - Fossi presso lungo la strada che conduce a Miramare (Trieste), 30.VIII.1919, M. Maccagno s.n. (TO)- Foce del Timavo dune, 14.V.1951, Sassi s.n. (RO). Liguria: Arene di Ventimiglia, s.d., Panizzi s.n. (TO)- Bordighera, s.d., Panizzi s.n. (G-DOR)- Liguria oc­ cid. Aihenga luoghi paludosi sulle sponde del mare, 19.V.1903, G. Doria e R. Gestro 5177 (G-DOR). Emilia Romagna: Tahiano in collib. Parmense, VII.1863, s.coll. s.n. (RO) - Colli di Faenza, VIII.l872, L. Caldesi s.n. (G-DOR)- Nei piccoli pantani intomo a Modena presso la ferrovia, V.1875, Gibelli s.n. (TO, RO), sp.pl.- Sponde dell'acquedotto sopra Faenza, 17.X.1876, De Notariis s.n. (RO)- Luoghi palustri lungo la Sec­ chia presso Modena, VI.1877, G. Gibelli s.n. (TO)- A Castenaso nella prov. modenese, VII.1880, G. Pizzini s.n. (RO)- Casalecchio in luogo urnido prov. bolognese, VI.1882, G. Pizzini s.n. (RO)- A Parma sahbie del Po a Gramignazzo, 2.VIII.1918, M. Minio s.n. (Fl)- Nel Parma a Baganzola, 15.VIII.1919, M. Minio s.n. (Fl). Tuscany: In humentihus a Diecimo, s.d., Giannini s.n. (PI) - Nell'agro Iucchese luogo detto a Colle, V.1838, s.coll. s.n. (BM) - Risaie di Massaciuccoli, VIII.1864, s.coll. s.n. (TO) - Palazzetto, 25.V.1865, G. Ar­ cangeli s.n. (PI)- AI Castagnolo nell'Agro Pisano, VI.1862, A. Caldesi s.n. (TO)- Au bord des fosses dans le Padule entre S. Mauro et Poggio a Cajano, Florence, T. Caruel s.n. (PI)- Nell'alveo del flume Cecina, s.d., L. Amidei s.n. (PI)- Presso il Molino sulla Pesa Panzano, VII.1886, A. Batelli s.n. (TO)- Livomo Calamhrone, 28.VIII.1886, C. Costa Reghini s.n. (TO, RO), sp.pl. - Cerreto Guidi sponde dell'Amo al Ponte alia Motta, 29.VI.1892, G. Doria 1558 (G-DOR)- Elba lungo la strada tra Porto Longone e Porto Ferraio, 12.V.1898, G. Doria s.n. (G-DOR) - Giglio al Campese, 22.V.1899, L. Doria s.n. (G-DOR) - Cala Galera nel fosso, 28.VI.1901, S. Sommier s.n. (PI)- Presso Vada alia foce del Fiumicello, IX.1904, Arcangeli s.n. (PI) - Capraia, 1l.IX.1905, s.coll. s.n. (PI)- TorredelLago, 4.IX.1909, s.coll. s.n. (PI), sp.pl.- PisaaBocca d'Amo, VI.1912, P. Pellegrini s.n. (PI) - Padule di Bientina Orentano, 25.V.1920, s.coll. s.n. (PI) - Padule di Fucecchio, 26.V.1920, s.coll. s.n. (PI), sp.pl. - Paduletto Livomo, 4.VI.1920, s.coll. s.n. (PI), sp.pl. -Alia fossa dell' Abate (Viareggio), V.1921, P. Pellegrini s.n. (PI)- Marina di Massa alia foce del Brugiano, VII.1923, P. Pellegrini s.n. (PI)- Casci­ ne di Firenze lungo l'Amo, 2.VI.1927, Corradi s.n. (PI)- Padule di Agnano Pisa, 12.VI.1924, s.coll. s.n. (PI). Marche: AI porto di Civitanova in locis paludosis Lungo il fiume Ariento, s.d., s.coll. s.n. (RO) - Paludi del Porto d'Ascoli, 14.vii.1886, A. Orsini s.n. (PI) - Rive del Tronto, presso l'Ist. Teen. Agr. Ascoli Piceno, VII.1955, B. Anzalone s.n. (RO) - Umbria: Spoleto Prati di S.Giovanni, 27.IV.1888, Corazza s.n. (RO) -Isola Minore allago Trasimeno, 12.IX.1886, G. Frizzi s.n. (RO)- Presso la Villa del Colle del Cardinale (cont. di Perugia), 17.VII.1898, s.coll. s.n. (PI)- Lago Trasimeno rive a Passignano e Isola Polvese, 16.VI.1976, B. Anzalone s.n. (RO)- Castiglione del Lago rive lago Trasimeno, 26.VI.1982, B. Anzalone s.n. (RO). Latium: Civitavecchia, V.1821, E. Mauri 49844 (RO) -Piccoli stagni d'acqua di Castel Fusano lungo lo stradone, 25.V.1855, Rolli 49842 (RO)- Acque Aihule, 30.IV.1887, A. Vilosi 49860 (RO)- Fra Terracina e il lago di Fondi sulla strada di Gaeta (Lt), 23.V.1893, G. Doria et S. Sommier 2156 (G-DOR) -Monti Simhruini Pantano di Roiate, 7.IX.1895, L. Doria s.n. (G-DOR), sp.pl. - Lago di Fogliano, 13.VI.1898, A. Pappi 49837 (RO) - Lungo il flume Marta presso Cometo Tarquinia, 19.V.1990, A. Pappi 49867 (RO) - Castel Ghezzi, 22.V.1900, A. Pappi 49866 (RO) -Piano Romano, 5.VII.1900, A. Pappi 49865 (RO) -Nelle sabbie submaritti­ me pr. Nettuno, 17.VII.1922, G. Lusina 49846 (RO) -Rive argilloso (poco) sabbiose del Tevere presso P.te Milvio (Roma), 8.VIII.1928, G. Lusina 49827 (RO), sp.pl. -Campo Saline pr. Maccarese, 12.VII.l929, A.Tra­ balza 49834 (RO) -Ostia lungo i canali dell'Idroscalo, VII.l950, A. Cacciato s.n. (RO) -Tenuta di Castel Por­ ziano (Roma), 10.VI.1956, B. Anzalone s.n. (RO)- Sperlonga rupi e acquitrini presso la spiaggia, 22.VII.1967, B. Anzalone s.n. (RO)- Ladispoli Cere Nova loc. Campo di Mare, IX.1985, B. Anzalone s.n. (RO) - Focene (Roma), VI.1979, B. Anzalone s.n. (RO)- Parco Naz. Circeo laghi e duna, V.1993, B. Anzalone s.n. (RO). Abruzzo: Rosburgo di Montepagano (Teramo), V.1906, P. Pellegrini s.n. (PI)- Notaresco luoghi umidi lungo il Tordino (prov. Teramo), V.1907, P. Pellegrini s.n. (PI)- Littoralelungo corsi d'acqua: Silvi al torrente Cerrano, 26.VI.1956, Zodda s.n. (RO)- Tortoreto lido foce del torrente Salinello 10m, 5.VIII.1982, DiCarlo Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016 s.n. (VER). Molise: Torrente Quirino Guardiaregia 400 m, 24.VIII.1981, Bianchini et DiCarlo s.n. (VER). Campania: In lacubus, fossis prope Veliam Cilento, Giordano s.n. (NAP)- Napoli spiaggia marittima di Bagnoli, 15.VIII.1897, A. Mazza s.n. (TO) - Cuma a Gavitiello, IV.1911, N. Terracciano s.n. (NAP) - Lago d'Avemo, VI.1912, N. Terracciano s.n. (NAP)- Napoli ad Agnano, V.1913, Gussone s.n. (NAP), sp.pl.- Fusa­ ro, V.1913, M. Guadagno s.n. (PI), sp. pl.- Colmata di Licola, VII.1914, N. Terracciano s.n. (NAP)- Pantano di S. Gregorio Magno, 1921, Barbazita s.n. (NAP). Basilicata: Pantano diS. Gregorio, s.d., Barbazita s.n. (NAP)- Lago di Pignola, Vl.1911, Gavioli s.n. (BM) - Le Menaciole trail flume Lato e Ginosa (terra d'Otranto), 17.V.1920, Lacaita 255120 (BM). Apulia: Otranto, 1847, Rabenhorst s.n. (BM) - Mola, l.VI.1876, s.coll. s.n. (RO) - Nel Pantano Leucaspi­ de, IV.1877, Profeti s.n. (BM)- Torrammare,16.IV.1879, F. Pasquale s.n. (RO)- Taranto nel Pantano in fossis, 16.V.1912, Lacaita 196/2 (BM), sp.pl. Calabria: Dalla stazione a Castrovillari, VII.l880, N. Terracciano s.n. (RO)- Lungo un fosso che immette nell' Alli, Catanzaro, 12.VI.1896, Micheletti s.n. (TO) - Girifalco alia Civitella, 1921, Migliaccio s.n. (NAP) - Gi- 380 L. PIGNOTTI

rifalco, 1921, Migliaccio 35 (NAP) -In humentibus prope flumen Angitola in Calabria, 6.V.1877, Arcangeli s.n. (PI). Sicily: In uliginosis Mineo, s.d., s.coll. s.n. (PAL)- Alcamo, s.d., G. Reina s.n. (PAL)- Mondello in Sicilia, s.d., G.A. Pasquale s.n. (NAP) - Prope Milazzo, s.d., L. Zodda s.n. (PI) -Termini in Sicilia, s.d., Gussone s.n. (RO) -Campofranco, s.d., Todaros.n. (RO) -M. Gallo (Pa),IX.1825,s.col/. s.n. (PAL)- Termini (Pa), IX.1827, s.coll. s.n. (PAL)- Lentini, VI.1829, s.coll. s.n. (PAL)- Ustica all'Agliastredda, 6.VIII.1853, s.coll. s.n. (PAL)­ Carini, V.1869, s.coll. s.n. (PAL)- Caccamo rive dd flumeS. Leonardo, VII.1890, Guzzini s.n. (GE)- Nisdrna inhumentibus, VIII.1898, I. DiGiovanni s.n. (RO)- Palermo, V.1929,A. Cacciatos.n. (RO)- Near Baglio c. 14 km East of Trapani in pool of damned water reservoir, clay bottom, anaerobic, 12.VI.1983, A. Clive Jermy 16298-1 (BM)- Canale di Baiata, Paceco aile saline, 6.VII.1995, E. Nardi, S. Pasta et L. Pignotti s.n. (Fl)- Ai Gorghi Tondi vidno a Mazara dd Vallo pozze limitrofe essiccate, 7.VII.1995, E. Nardi, S. Pasta et L. Pignotti s.n. (FI)- Lungo il torrente Mendola alia Stazione di Favarotta vidno a Campobello di Licata, 9.VII.l995, E. Nardi et L. Pignotti s.n. (FI)- Foce dd flume Simeto, 10.VII.1995, E. Nardi et L. Pignotti s.n. (FI). Sardinia: Golfo di Oristano 0 m, 12.V.1984, Bianchini et De Carlo s.n. (VER).

Scirpoides holoschoenus Piedmont: lnveni secus Duriam Taurinensem in uliginosis et passim secus Duriam Baltheam ad Crescen­ tinum usque, s.d., Bellardi s.n. (TO)- Luoghi umidi presso il ponte sui Ticino a Trecate, s.d., s.coll. s.n. (TO)­ Alba, 1825, s.coll. s.n. (TO)- Carema (Ivrea) pascoli bassi lungo Ia Dora, 3l.VII.1866, Carestia s.n. (TO)­ Quinto Vercellese ghiaie dd Cervo, 8.V.1870, A. Malinverni s.n. (RO) - Attorno ai Laghi di Casdette, 16.VI.1883, De Filippi s.n. (TO)- Da Carrosio al monte Luccaro, 24.VIII.1895, G. Doria, R. Gestro etA. Fe­ rioli s.n. (G-DOR)- Dintorni dd lago di Avigliana, lago Piccolo Val di Susa, 2.VII.1897, Ferrara s.n. (RO) - Luoghi umidi presso Tornavento (Ticino), I.VII.1899, G. Go/a 1582 (TO)- Riva piemontese, 21.VII.l900, G. Go/a s.n. (TO)- Godiasco siti umidi, 2.X.1908, Ferrari et Go/a s.n. (TO)- Alveo dd Po presso Torino, alVa­ lentino, IX.1909, s.coll. s.n. (TO) - Stagni tra l'argine di Morone e il Po poco dopo il ponte a Casale, 3l.VIII.1915, s.coll. s.n. (TO) - San Marzanotto luoghi umidi presso le pozze dd Tanaro presso Asti, 17.VII.l974, Montacchini, Forneris et Aiello s.n. (TO)- Mergozzo parecchi cespi sulla sponda dd lago omoni­ mo, 9.X.1988, G. Abba s.n. (TO) - Bosio verso Monte Tobbio circa 2 km dal bivio Bosio-Mornese a circa 200 m sotto Ia strada conJuncus conglomeratus, 27.VII.1991, G. Abba s.n. (TO). Lombardy: In valli Ostigliesi, s.d., s.coll. s.n. (PAD) - Ad margines paludum in Vaile Tidni, IX.1831, s.coll. s.n. (TO)- Valle d'Inverigo (Brianza), VIII.1859, Gibelli s.n. (PI)- M. Barro, 20.VII.1884, s.coll. s.n. (TO). Trentino Alto Adige: Bacino dd lago di Caldonazzo sulle rive emerse, IX.1947, V. Marchesani s.n. (PAD) - Trento comune di Torbole N ofTorbole/Riva road below M. Brione 70 m alongside path amongst stones of drystone wall, 26.VI.1983, Hind Il55 (BM). Venetia: In prati paludosi di Fdtre, s.d., s.coll. s.n. (PAD) -In alveo Plavis in pratis uliginosis Nervesa, X.1862, P.A. Saccardo s.n. (PAD)- Verona secus rivulos et in pascuis humidis montis Baldo circa le Acque Ne­ gre, VII.l882, G. Rigo s.n. (NAP)- Vittorio veneto, IX.1890, D. Saccardo s.n. (PAD)- Luoghi umidi tra Citta­ della e Fontaniva, 12.V.1909, A. Beguinot s.n. (PAD)- Tra Ponte di Piave e Negrisia, 2.VI.1909, A. Beguinot s.n. (PAD)- Prov. di Rovigo presso Porto Levante, 18.VII.l909, A. Beguinot s.n. (PAD)- Prov. di Padova pa­ ludi torbose aS. Martino di Lupari, 8.V.1910,A. Beguinot s.n. (PAD)- Prov di Venezia paludi tra Mira Taglio e Valle Serraglia, 3.VII.1910, A. Beguinot s.n. (PAD) - Torri dd Benaco Verona, IX.1920, s.coll. s.n. (PAD) - Dintorni di Venezia litorale dd Cavallino bosco di Cassalto, I.VI.1978, B. Anzalone s.n. (RO). Friuli Venezia Giulia: Ad littus maris prope Montfalconium, s.d., Sieber s.n. (NAP) - Ronchi di Italia, 12.VII.l880, G. di Brazza s.n. (RO), sp.pl. -Trieste, VII.1905, Marchesetti s.n. (TO) - S. Quirino magredi cave di ghiaia abbandonate, 21.V .1927, S. Zenari s.n. (PAD) - Pordenone Friuli occidentale, 24. V.1927, S.Zenari s.n. (PAD)- Alcheda di Grizzo allo sbocco della galleria grande (m 300) lungo il ruscello, IX.1934, S. Zenari s.n.

Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016 (PAD)- Val Rosandra presso Trieste, 8.VI.1947, Sassi s.n. (RO)- Lignano dune, 4.Vl.1950, Sassi s.n. (RO). Liguria: S. Alberto sopra Sestri Ponente, 15.VI.1894, G. Doria etA. Ferioli s.n. (G-DOR) -Genova alveo del torrente Sturla, 17. VI.1897, R. Gestro etA. Ferioli s.n. (G-DOR) - Levanto siti umidi trail castello e Ia pun­ ta dd Mesco, 6.VI.1906, E. Ferrari et 0. Mattirolo s.n. (TO)- Vernazza siti umidi salendo alia Madonna di Rag­ gio, 9.VI.1906, 0. Mattirolo et E. Ferrari s.n. (TO)- Bolzaneto all'umido nei castagneti aile falde sud dd Colle di Brasile, 24.V.l907, Canneva s.n. (RO)- Varazze lnvrea, 3.VII.1915, Gres s.n. (FI)- Corniglia salendo aS. Bernardino, 4.VI.1923, 0. Mattirolo, P. Fontana et Maccagno s.n. (TO) -Monterosso al mare lungo il torrente sopra Fegina, 5.VI.1923, 0. Mattirolo et P. Fontana s.n. (TO)- Boschi di Dercogna, 28.V.1933, G.B. Lercara s.n. (GE)- S. Lazzaro Reale (prov. Imperia) Canale dd Rio Cesio presso Ia mia casa, 5.VIII.1937, Corradi s.n. (FI), sp.pl. -Tra Termo e Ia stazione di Arcola, 23.IX.1938, P. Pellegrini s.n. (PI)- Lig. occ. gruppo dd Monte Beigua parte inferiore della Valle del Rio Scorza, 16.VI.1961, F. Orsino s.n. (GE)- Spotorno (Savona) presso Ia sorgente e Ia cisterna della C. Fontani q. m 300, 7.VII.1985, G. Varalda s.n. (TO). Emilia Romagna: Tabiano in collibus, s.d., s.coll. s.n. (RO)- Parma, s.d., M. Minzo s.n. (FI), sp.pl. -Reggio d'Emilia, s.d., Turacchini s.n. (RO)- Dintorni di Faenza, VIII.1862, Caldesi s.n. (PI)- Palude nei contorni di SCIRPUS L. AND RELATED GENERA IN ITALY 381

Pavullo prov. di Modena, 16.VI.1879, E. Ferrari 717 (TO)- Valli diS. Anna provincia di Modena, l.I.X.1880, E. Ferrari s.n. (TO)- Argine del torrente Lavino pr. Gesso prov. bolognese, VII.1884, Pizzini s.n. (RO)- Cervia nella pineta suolo sabbioso 1m alt., 23.VIII.1931, A. Fiori s.n. (PI). Tuscany: Luoghi umidi della regione dell'ulivo e del castagno Riseccoli presso Levigliani Ruosina Val di Castello Rimagno, s.d., s.cotl. s.n. (FI). - Lungo la Lima ai Bagni di Lucca nella regione del castagno, 24.VII.1852, s.coll. s.n. (Fl) - Cerbaiola presso Empoli, l.VI.1871, s.coll. s.n. (Fl) - Bains du Casciana, 17.VII.1871, Sommier s.n. (FI)- Massaciuccoli fossis, 14.VIII.1872, Sommier s.n. (Fl)- Rapolano nel senese in locis humidis, VII.l873, Sommier s.n. (FI) - S. Maria Macerata prope S. Casciano (Val di Pesa), 16.I.X.1879, Ricci s.n. (FI)- Isola del Giglio al Campese, 19.V.1894, Sommier s.n. (FI)- Monte Senario, 7.VII.l897, s.coll. s.n. (FI) - Montecristo Cala Scirocco, 22.VIII.1898, G. Doria s.n. (G-DOR) -Val di Marina presso le Croci, 24.XII.1898, Sommier s.n. (FI) -Insula Gorgona Cala di Giunchi e verso Cala Maestra, l.IV et 21.V.1899, Som­ mier s.n. (FI)- Lungo la Fiora presso la Selva, 9.VI.1900, A. Pappi 49745 (RO)- Lungo il torrente Siele dalle sorgenti alia foce nel Paglia, 11. VI.1900, A. Pappi 497 39 (RO) - Insula Pianosa Golfo della Botte, luogo umido con Scirp. marit. e Tussilago, 27.VI.l901, Sommier s.n. (FI)- Tra Tosi e Paterno (Valdamo), 23.VII.l901, Fiori s.n. (FI)- Sarteano (Siena), 1907, Bargagli 57 (FI) - Montale Agliana, 8.VI.1907, s.cotl. s.n. (PI) - Arezzo nei luoghi umidi, 24.VI.1909, Savetlis.n. (FI)- Torrente Rigo presso Sticciano, 25.VI.1909, A. Pappi 49699 (RO)­ Arene alia foce dell' Amo nel fragmiteto, 12.IX.1916, Savelli 208 (FI) - Serra Pomarance serpentini, 24.V.1917, s.coll. s.n. (PI)- Lucca al Piaggione presso il Ponte della ferrovia, 29.VII.1920, E. Santarelli s.n. (PI)- Vallom­ brosa (Firenze), 5.Vll.1921, Chiarugi s.n. (FI)- Castiglioncello Borro del Quercetano presso la polveriera ro­ vinata, VIII.1921, Chiarugi s.n. (FI)- Sabbie marittime al Brugiano (Marina di Massa), VI.1925, P. Pellegrini s.n. (PI)- Donoratico foce del Tonfone, 7.IV.1933, Gabrielith, Messen; Negri et Corradi s.n. (FI) -Alta Valle Tiberina M. Rognosi presso Albiano ofiolite, 13.VIII.1933, PichiSermolli 1195 (FI)- Prato M. Ferraro terreno ofiolitico, 12.XII.1933, Pichi Sermolli 1194 (FI)- Serpentini dell'Impruneta, 23.VI.1939, Cei s.n. (FI)- Fonte de' Seppi (Sesto), 1945, Corradi s.n. (FI)- Firenze Ponte agli Scopeti, 7.VI.1946, Corradi s.n. (FI)- Maremma grossetana ten uta Acquisti Fossa Rigone, 20-25. VII.1946, Corradi s.n. (FI) - Promontorio di Piombino versan­ te occidentale di La Sedia nelle Carbonaie, 4.V.1951, Pichi Sermolli et Da Roit s.n. (FI) - Fiume Morto al ponte sulla Via Prini S. Rossore, 9.V.1951, Chiarugi et Corti s.n. (FI)- Nelle immediate vicinanze del Lago di Chiusi, nei terreni temporaneamente sommersi, 29.VII.1951, Pichi Sermolli et Corradi s.n. (FI)- Alta Valle del Tave­ rone (Alta Lunigiana) Prata, 13. VII.1952, Ferrarini s.n. (FI) - Serrazzano (Pisa) Soffioni m 350 ca., 29 .VI.1953, Chiarugi, Vergniano et Corradi s.n. (FI)- M. Gabbro sopra Bagni delle Galleraie (Pisa) m 558 ca., 29.VI.1953, Chiarugi, Vergniano et Corradi s.n. (FI)- M. Falterona Valle diS. Godenzo Castagno m 725 ca., 28.VII.1953, Forasassi s.n. (FI)- Torre del Lago (Lucca), V.1955, Chiarugi s.n. (FI)- Maiano (Firenze), 19.VI.1955, Parados­ si s.n. (FI)- Livomo spiaggia di Tirrenia, 24.V.1963, Bavazzano et Ricceri s.n. (FI)- Isola d'Elba Schiopparello spiaggia, 5.IX.1973, Fossi Innamorati s.n. (FI)- Prov. Siena ca. 30 km S of Siena, 4 km S ofBuonconvento on SS 2 to Rome 150m ca. wet bank by side of road with Phragmites australis, 5.VII.1983,Akeroyd, Jury, Rumsey et Simpson 3201 (BM) Monte Argentario Porto Ercole Cala Galera retroduna zona umida, 29.VII.1993, Aldo­ brandi et Baldini s.n. (FI). Marche: In M.te Pizzo (flora Apennini piceni), VI.1836, D. Marzialetti s.n. (TO)- Amandola lungo il Ten­ na sotto le Madonne, 1841, Marzialetti s.n. (TO) - Paludi del Porto d'Ascoli, 4.VI.1886, A. Mascarini etC. Ca­ stelli s.n. (RO)- Porto d'Ascoli, 6.VI.1886, A. Mascarini s.n. (TO)- Porto d'Ascoli/Monteprandone, Ascoli, 6.VI.1886, C. Castelli s.n. (PI)- Rive del Tronto presso l'Ist. Teen. Agr. Ascoli Piceno, VII.l985, B. Anzalone s.n. (RO). Umbria: Spoleto Bevagna, 1888, Corazza s.n. (RO)- Foligno, 21.l.X.1892, G.A. Pasquale s.n. (NAP)- Din­ torni di Terni nel greto di un torrente, 17.I.X.1895, s.cotl. s.n. (FI)- Torrente Paglia presso Monte Rubiaglio, 17.VI.1900, A. Pappi 49696 (RO) - Narni bivio Via per Orte margine strada verso la Nera e rupi vicine, 14.V.1966, B. Anzalone s.n. (RO)- Lago Trasimeno rive a Passignano e Isola Polvese, 16.VI.1976, B. Anzalone s.n. (RO). Latium: Cassino, VII.1863, N.A. Pedicino s.n. (RO) - Prov. Roma Monti Simbruini Filettino, Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016 22.VIII.1893, G. Dona s.n. (G-DOR)- Fra Terracina e illago di Fondi sulla strada di Gaeta, 23.VIII.1893, G. Doria et S. Sommier 2156 (G-DOR)- Da Poll a Castel S. Pietro, 29.IX.1894,A. Baldini 49691 (RO)- Canale di Stuzino S. Severa, 8.V.1895, A. Pappi 49692 (RO) - Lungo il fosso Marangone dalla Tolfa a Civitavecchia, 8.V.1900, A. Pappi 49735 (RO)- Lungo il fiume Marta presso Corneto Tarquinia, 19.V.1900, A. Pappi 49742 (RO)- Lungo la Fiora tra Montalto di Castro e il ponte dell' Abbadia, 28.V.1900, A. Pappi 49738 (RO)- Lungo il torrente Paglia presso Acquapendente, 12.VI.1900, A. Pappi 49737 (RO)- Lungo il Rio Torbido presso Ci­ vitella d'Agliano, 23.VI.1900,A. Pappi49708 (RO)- ColliLerici presso Poggio Mirteto, 17.VIII.1900,A. Pappi 49699 (RO)- Dirupi nella Selva di Malano presso Vitorchiano, 28.VI.1900, A. Pappi 49695 (RO)- Monte Na­ vegna m 506 versante Ovest presso Castel di Tora, 3.VI.1901, A. Pappi 49678 (RO)- Lungo il fiume Saito tra Vallececa e Poggio Vittiano, 7.VI.1901, A. Pappi 49731 (RO) - Lungo l'Aniene tra Mandela e Vicovaro, 13.VI.l901, A. Pappi 49679 (RO)- Rive argilloso sabbiose del Tevere pr. Monterotondo un po' umide a 50 m s.l.m., 6.I.X.1929, G. Lusina 49670 (RO)- Tra i sassi del selciato presso il collegio Mondragone (Frascati} in un punto ombroso superficialmente non umido 430 m s.l.m., 16.VI.1931, Lusina 49659 (RO) - Manziana, 382 L. PIGNOTTI

5.VI.1941, G. Lusina 49672 (RO)- Avvallamento un po' umido non lungi dal mare pr. Torre Foce Verde (La­ tina), 16.VI.1959, G. Lusina 49694 (RO) - Scauri negli stagni con acqua sulfurea, ll.VII.1965, A. Cacciato s.n. (RO) -Isola di Ponza (Arcipelago ponziano) zona diS. Maria, 28.V.1968, B. Anzalone s.n. (RO)- Bagni di Ti­ voli sui travertine asciutto in superficie, 19.VI.1968, G. Montelucci 11958 (RO)- Grotta Inferniglio (Subiaco­ Ienne) lunge Ia strada, boschi, rupi ecc., 4.VI.1980, B. Anzalone s.n. (RO) - Anzio-Nettuno (prov. Roma), 3.IV.1984, s.coll. 49726 (RO) - Lago di Vico pendici M. Venere e M. Fogliano pantanacce rive !ago, 13 .VI.1985, B. Anzalone s.n. (RO) -Tenuta di Castelporziano Roma Piscina Bassana, X.1986, B. Anzalone s.n. (RO) - Torrente, Formia, 27 .VI.1988, Mora/do s.n. (RO) -Parco Naz. Circeo Foresta Rovine di Circe, IX.1990, B. Anzalone s.n. (RO)- Riva destra del Tevere tra P.te Amedee e P.te Mazzini (Roma citta), 7.XI.1996, B. An­ zalone s.n. (RO). Abruzzo: Valle della Vibrata a Tortoreto, circondario di Giulianova, 8.V.1873, N.A. Pedicino s.n. (RO)­ Montepagano (Teramo), V.1906, P. Pellegrini s.n. (PI)- Luoghi arg. umidi prov. Teramo Elce di Cortino 850 m, 26.VII.1960, Zodda s.n. (RO)- Spiaggia di Castellammare Adriatica, 2l.VIII.1909, G. Rossetti s.n. (RO), sp­ .pl.- Isola del torrente Vezzola presso Teramo, V.1945, G. Persiani s.n. (RO)- Alveo del flume Vomano oltre i Piani diS. Giacomo (Montorio) prov. Teramo, 2.VIII.1960, Zodda s.n. (RO). Campania: Caserta, s.d., Gussone s.n. (NAP) - Napoli, s.d., Gussone s.n. (NAP) - Ischia a Jette salendo a Monte Vetta aile petrelle, 22.VIII.1851, Gussone s.n. (NAP)- Astroni, III-IV.1883, G.A. Pasquale s.n. (NAP)­ Tre Fontane in prati umidi, 15.1X.1895, F. Cortesi 49702 (RO)- Lago d'Averno, 25.VII.1897, M. Guadagno s.n. (PI) - Angri luoghi umidi acquitrinosi, IX.1905, M. Guadagno s.n. (PI) - Amalfi in calcaris montanis loco madidiosu versus Ia ferriera, 8.VII.l908, Lacaita 327/08 (BM), sp.pl. - Cuma a Gavitiello, VI.1912, N. Terrac­ ciano s.n. (NAP)- Vallone di Vietri, IX.1912, M. Guadagno s.n. (PI), sp.pl.- Cava dei Tirreni Vallone Traver­ tine, 9.V.1913, M. Guadagno s.n. (PI) - Canali del Sarno, VII.1913, M. Guadagno s.n. (PI) - Castel Baronia (Avellinese), 1921, s.cotl. s.n. (NAP) -Benevento, 1921, G.A. Pasquale s.n. (NAP) -Cusano Mutri, 1921, Pao­ lillo s.n. (NAP)- Monte Alburno lunge il flume Tanagro presso Pella, 10.VI.1948, De Philippis s.n. (FI) - Pae­ stum spiaggia, VI.1952, s.coll. s.n. (RO) - Fiume Bussento III (Sanza), 23.VI.1955, Agostini s.n. (FI) - Litorale Licola, 23.VII.1956, Agostini s.n. (FI). Calabria: Castrovillari, VIII.1888, N. Terracciano s.n. (RO) -Valle del Lao Laino Borge, 18.VIII.1892, B. Longo s.n. (RO) - Lungo un fosso nella valle dell'Alli, 12.VI.1896, Micheletti s.n. (TO) - Aspromonte c. 18 km W of Reggio di Calabria, W ofTerreti c. 600 m wet schistose gravel in stream valley, 8.VI.1979, Davis, D. et S. Sutton 64727 (BM)- Prov. Cosenza: Monte Pollino road to Col di Dragone from Mormanno 1520 m beside small stream in moist grazed grassland, 25. VII.1983, Akeroy~ Lury, Miles et Rumsey 4115 (BM) - Prov. Catan­ zaro on SS 109 just outside Sersale 800 m, growing by fountain overflow, 24.VII.1984, Brookes, Haddad et Jury 5649 (BM). Basilicata: Melfi, VI.1860, N. Terracciano s.n. (NAP)- San Severino Lucano 1100 m circa, 23.VIII.1908, Cavara et Grande s.n. (NAP). Apulia: Nelle arene della fiumara di Barletta, X.1840, Bruni s.n. (NAP) - Arene marittime sotto Leucaspi­ de, IV.1877, Groves s.n. (BM)- Pantano (Taranto) in arenosis humentibus, l.VII.1908, Lacaita 301/08 (BM)­ Golfo di Taranto (Salento) presso Porto Cesareo sulle dune di Torre Chianca, 3 .VI.1967, G. Montelucci 10813 (RO). Sicily: Alla piana di Catania ed all' arena, s.d., s.coll. s.n. (RO)- In humidis maritimis prope Avola, s.d., Bianca s.n. (RO) - Messina, s.d., s.cotl. s.n. (FI), sp.pl. - S. Martino aile Miniere, 1824, s.coll. s.n. (NAP) -Alta­ villa, VI.1828, s.coll. s.n. (NAP)- Palermo a Mondello, 28.1X.1868, s. coli. s.n. (FI)- Scoglitti vicino a! Lago, 15.V.1873, Sommier s.n. (FI) - In alveis torrentium di Malo Passe prope Polizzi, 13.VII.1891, M. Lojacono Pojero s.n. (GE) - Caltanissetta a! Pantano, VI.1934, A. Cacciato s.n. (RO) -AI margine di un sentiero a suolo argilloso a 600 m s.l.m. pr. Caccamo (Palermo), l.XI.1935, G. Lusina s.n. (RO)- Montemaggiore Belsito (M.ti Madonie), 2.XI.1935, G. Lusina s.n. (RO) - Spiaggia presso Mazara (Trapani), 27 .VII.1959, F. Catanzaro s.n. (RO) - Agrigento c. 10 km NE of Sciacca below Rocca Ficuzza streamside, 300m, 19.V.1979, Davis, D. et S.

Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016 Sutton 633 59 (BM) - Palermo c. 22 km S of Cefalu NE of Isnello c. 550 m damp area near lip of limestone gor­ ge,26.V.1979, Davis, D. etS. Sutton 63797 (BM)- 7 km NWFrancavilla480 m, linker Bach, 14.V.1981, H. Ma­ licky s.n. (BM) -Near Ponte Cinque Archi along river Imera Meridionale, 5.VI.1983, A. Clive Jeremy 16248 (BM). · Sardinia: Insulae Sardiniae lit. bos. or. in arenis maritimis ad Capo Figari, 2.VI.1885, s.cotl. s.n. (TO), sp­ .pl.- Tra Uta e Decimomanno (Cagliari Sardegna), 27.VI.1921, G. Gola s.n. (TO)- Costa Smeralda (Sardegna orientale), 29.V.1964, B. Anzalone s.n. (RO).

Schoenoplectus lacustris Piedmont: Oldenico, s.d., s.coll. s.n. (TO)- Sale prope Cevam in stagnis laculisque Belbi, VII.1864, Ro­ mano s.n. (TO) - Montalto (Ivrea) fossi a fiance delle stradale, 3l.VII.1866, Carestia s.n. (TO) - Alba, VIII.1877, s.coll. s.n. (TO)- Mandria Rechts Ufer d. Ceronda, 18.VI.1879, U. Sternberg s.n. (TO)- Lungo il Po, VIII.1884, s.coll. s.n. (TO)- Mergozzo presso Lago Maggiore, 5.VIII.1898, L. Pollini s.n. (GE)- Presso Ia SCIRPUS L. AND RELATED GENERA IN ITALY 383

spondaamezzogiorno dellago piccolo diAvigliana (Torino),17.V.1891, D. Berrinos.n. (TO)- Lago di Candia Canavese, 1905, s.coll. s.n. (TO) - Sponde del !ago di Viverone, 13.VII.1989, L. Guglielmetto s.n. (TO). Trentino Alto Adige: Presso illago di Lavarone, VIII.1840, Marchesani s.n. (PAD) - Etschtal bei Neura­ teis, 11.VII.1888, W. Pratt s.n. (PAD)- Tra Ponte di Piave e Negrisia, 2.VI.1909, A. Beguinot s.n. (PAD)- Pa­ lude di Coredo, Val di Non, 6.VIII.1927, s.coll. s.n. (PAD)- Alpi diLedro m 700, VII.1934, Folettos.n. (PAD) - Laghi di Caldonazzo e Levico, IX.1947, V. Marchesani s.n. (PAD) - Prov. Trento, 9.5 krn above Storo on SS240 road to Riva del Garda Lago di Ampola 750 min lake, 25.VII.1985, Jury, Webb, Watson et Wyse Jackson 6891 (BM). Venetia: Negli stagni presso Chioggia, s.d., s.coll. s.n. (PAD)- Cortellazzo, s.d., s.coll. s.n. (PAD)- Mestre laguna, s.d., s.coll. s.n. (PAD)- Abano (Pd), 1836, s.coll. s.n. (PAD)- Ad Silim Quinto, Vl.1863, P.A. Saccardo s.n. (PAD)- Venetia dit. Veron. in paludosis ad Buranum sol. cal. alt. m2-300, 20.VI.1867, Porta s.n. (BM)- E lacu Benaco, VII.1871, A. Goiran s.n. (TO)- Rive del Canal Bianco presso Ariano nel Polesine, estate 1884, Guglielmini s.n. (RO)- Sponde del Brenta nel Padovano, V.1891, Ugolini s.n. (PAD)- Colli Berici, fossi attor­ no allago Fimon, 6.VI_1904, A. Beguinot s.n. (PAD) - Padova lungo il fosso presso le mura tra ponte Corvo e S. Croce, 2.VII.1905,A. Beguinot s.n. (PAD)- PaludipressoArre,19.VI.1910,A. Beguinot s.n. (PAD)- Secca del Piave, l.VI.1913, M. Minio s.n. (FI)- Paludi della Secca (!ago S. Croce), VIII.1912, Pampanini s.n. (FI)- Bo­ volenta nei fossi, IX.1919, Tonzig s.n. (PAD)- S. Vito di Cadore laghetti di Potentaie, l.IX.1929, G. Gola s.n. (PAD)- Fontanelle di Oderzo fiume Cervaro, 27.VIII.1949, A. Marcello s.n. (PAD). Lombardy: Lago di Piano presso illago di Lugano, s.d., s.coll. s.n. (GE) -Pavia, s.d., s.coll. s.n. (TO) -In paludibus secus il Ticino, VII.l830, s.coll. s.n. (TO)- Lago Maggiore seno di Angera, 3.IX.1874, De Notariis s.n. (RO)- Lago di Varese presso Gavirate, 10.VIII.1875, De Notariis s.n. (RO)- Lago di Mergozzo Fondotoce: prati e paludi lungo le rive dellago di Mergozzo m 200, 21.V.1914, 0. Boggiani s.n. (BM, GE), sp.pl. -Ponte Molino (Ostiglia), 26.VI.1928, s.coll. s.n. (PAD). Friuli Venezia Giulia: Ex palud. ad aquis prope Tarvisii, 1837, s.coll. s.n. (PAD)- Trieste, 22.IX.1874, C. Marchesetti s.n. (Fl)- Sponde del Brenta nel pordenonese, V.1891, Ugolini s.n. (PAD)- Palude presso il Tima­ vo nell'acqua, 29.IV.1955, Sassi s.n. (RO). Liguria: Lungo il torrente dietro il forte di Govi al Nord di Genova, s.d., s.coll. s.n. (FI) - S. Lazzaro Reale nel fiume Impero, 1912, R. Corradi s.n. (PI). Emilia Romagna: Acque stagnanti presso Casalecchio prov. Bologna, V.1883, G. Piwni s.n. (RO)- Lago di Pratignano confme deli'Appennino modenese, 24.VII.1883, Farneti s.n. (RO). Tuscany: Nelle fosse presso Lucca, VI.1856, s.coll. s.n. (FI) - Padule d'Asciano, 18.V.1881, s.coll. 3836 (FI)- Marsiliana in Maremma nei boschi lungo I'Enza, 30.IV.1905, Sommier s.n. (FI)- Ardenza, ripa (Livor­ no), 3.VII.1921, s.coll. s.n. (PI) - Padule di Agnano Pisa, 12.VI.1924, s.coll. s.n. (PI) - Donoratico foce del Ton­ fone, 9.V.1933, Gabrielith, Messeri, Negri et Corradi s. n. (FI) - Versilia presso Motrone, VIII.1941, Pichi Ser­ molli 12367 (FI)- Cerbaie Molino Tatoni pr. Galleno, 21.VII.1950, Di Moise s.n. (FI) - Altopascio Lago di Si­ bolla aggallato, 27.V.1958, Moggi, Ricceri et Contardo s. n. (FI)- Padule di Fucecchio, Porto delle Morette, 25.V.1995, Fion'ni, Nardi, Pignotti et Turrini s.n. (FI)- Lago di Chiusi sponda occidentale dellago presso il ri­ storante "Gino", 27. VIII.1979,Arrigoni et Ricceri s. n. (FI). Marche: Legi al Porto di Civitanova, s.d., s.coll. s.n. (TO)- Camerino Piani di Colfiorito Collelungo (Mor­ ro), s.d., s.coll. s.n. (RO)- Rive Tronto sub ponte Ferrovia, 14.VI.1886, A. Orsini s.n. (PI)- Rive del Tronto presso I'Ist. Teen. Agr. Ascoli Piceno, VII.1955, B. Anzalone s.n. (RO). Umbria: Spiaggia d'Isoletta (Trasimeno), V.l886, A. Batelli s.n. (TO)- Lago Trasimeno, 6.VII.1886, Ci­ cioni s.n. (RO)- Isola Minore allago Trasimeno nell'acqua sulla riva di Tramontana, 12.IX.1886, G. Fn'v.i s.n. (RO)- Piani di Colfiorito (Foligno) prati inondati (Rorippo-Agrostetum albae agrostetum), 24.VI.1968, S. Fi­ lipello s.n. (TO). Latium: Lago di Castel Gandolfo fmo alia profondita di 4 m, 16.VIII.1861, H. Roll49763 (RO)- M.te Cir­ ceo da S. Felice a Torre del Fico, 21.V.1888, A. Terracciano 49801 (RO) - Lago di Giulianello, 12.X.1894, A.

Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016 Baldini 49804 (RO)- Lungo il Torrente La Lenta da Rota ai Bagni di Stigliano, 8.V.1895, A. Pappi 49803 (RO) -Monti Simbruini Pantano diRoiate, 4.IX.1895, L. Dona s.n. (G-DOR)- Lago di Mattignano, 22.IX.1897,A. Pappi 49809 (RO)- Lago di Mezzano, 31.V.1900, A. Pappi 49817 (RO)- Terracina Lago di Fondi, VI.1900, Honig 49787 (RO)- Fiume Marta pressoil paese omonimo,3.VI.1900,A. Pappi49818 (RO)- Lago diBolsena, 30.VI.1906, F. Cortesi49798 (RO)- Presso illago di Ninfa,23.VI.1922, E. Parascenzo 49795 (RO)- Prati umidi attorno allaghetto Lattanzi (Fiuggi) 540 m s.l.m., 30.VIII.1929, G. Lusina 49797 (RO) - Nell'acqua presso le rive settentrionali dellago di Albano, 9.IX.1953, G. Lusz'na 49762 (RO)- Rive del Tevere entro Roma P.te Fla­ minio-P.te Milvio, V.l976, B. Anzalone s.n. (RO)- Dintorni di Ceprano rive fiumi Sacco e Liri (prov. Frosino­ ne), 12.IX.1982, B. Anzalone s.n. (RO)- Selva del Lamone !ago di Mezzano (Viterbo), l.VI.1987, B. Anzalone s.n. (RO). Campania: Lago del Natere, 25.VIII.1891, Martelli s.n. (Fl)- Campania Napoli intorno allaghetto degli Astroni, 23.V.l897, Micheletti s.n. (TO)- Rigagnolo del Sarno presso Scopeti, X.1912,M. Guadagno s.n. (PI)­ Lago del Matese, 26.VII.1914, Grande s.n. (NAP) - Minturno rive presso Ia foce del Garigliano, 8.XI.l931, Grande s.n. (NAP). 384 L. PIGNOTTI

Apulia: Gargano, 1847, Rabenhorst s.n. (BM). Sicily: Fiume Grande, IX, Gussone s.n. (NAP) · Altavilla Milicia, VII, Gussone s.n. (NAP) ·Messina, s.d., s.coll. s.n. (FI) - Ponte della Milicia, V.1828, s.coll. s.n. (PAL) - Ad ripas fl. Orethi prope Panormum, 16.VII.1834, s.coll. s.n. (FI) - Lago eli Castronuovo, IX.1848, s.coll. s.n. (PAL) -Trapani, VI.1870, Reina s.n. (PAL) -Caccamo rive del flumeS. Leonardo, VII.1890, Gu:a.ino s.n. (GE). Sardinia: Vallata di Scala eli Giocca Sassari, 23.IV.1881, Marchietti s.n. (RO).

Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani Piedmont: In limo torrenti Scriviae prope Tortona in prov. eli Alessandria, V.1873, D.G. Gibelli s.n. (TO), sp.pl.- Torino Recht. Uf. der Stura nach d. Parco, 10.VI.l880, U. Sternberg s.n. (TO)- Po morto presso Ia Log­ gia, 3.VII.1895, s.cotl. s.n. (TO)- Crescentino paludi presso il Po, l.IX.1899, T. Ferraris s.n. (RO)- Castagnole d. Lanze aS. Martino nelle alluvioni del Tanaro, 9.V.1909, Ferrari et Go/a s.n. (TO)- Lungo il Po sopra Chi­ vasso, 8.VIII.1915, E. Ferrari et Santi s.n. (TO) - Stagni tra l'argine di Morano e il Po a Casale, 31.VIII.l915, s.coll. s.n. (TO)- Negli stagni eli Morano (Alessandria), 28.VIII.1978, G. Veralda s.n. (TO)- Asti San Marza­ notto nei ristagni delle acque del Tanaro in localita "Pozze del Tanaro" q.m. 100 ca., 21.VII.1981, Montacchini et Forneris s.n. (TO), sp. pl. - Tricerro Vercelli q.m. 140 fontanile trasformato in stagno per piscico!tura nei pressi della cascina Brusata, 21.VIII.1983, G. Veralda s.n. (TO). Lombardy: In palustribus secus il Ticino, VII.1830, s.coll. s.n. (TO). Trentino Alto Adige: In paludibus Tyrolis australis im Botzen, 1832, Hausmann s.n. (TO). Venetia: Falze eli Piave, VIII.1890, D. Saccardo s.n. (PAD) -Colli Euganei Abano tra le Terme, 1894, s.colt. s.n. (PAD) - Presso le sorgenti termali eli Montegrotto, 8.V.1902, A. Beguinot s.n. (PAD) - Presso Corte, 28.V.1905, A. Beguinot s.n. (PAD)- Lungo il flume Novissimo presso S. Margherita, 19.VI.1908,A. Beguinot s.n. (PAD)- Valle del Boite Serdes laghetti eli Polentaia 1190 m, 22.VII.1923, R. Pampanini s.n. (PAD)· Lito­ rale veneto, Cortellazzo, 23.V.1934,A. Marcello s.n. (PAD). Friuli Venezia Giulia: Daile foci del Timavo, s.d., Tommasini s.n. (FI). Liguria: Fiumara eli Andora, 17.V, s.coll. 108 (FI) -Alia Bocchetta (Ge), IX.1869, s.coll. s.n. (G-DOR) - Spezia strada eli Sarzana, 30.VI.1891, Salomonsohn 4456 (RO) -Foci flume Albenga, 13.IX.1906, s.coll. s.n. (FI)- Marinella di Luni, 22.IX.1937, P. Pellegrini s.n. (PI). Emilia Romagna: Castrocaro ad fossas, 25.VI.1877, Sommier s n. (FI)- Tabiano, VII.1883, s.coll. s.n. (G­ DOR) - Nel Parma a Baganzola, 15.VI.l919, M. Minio s.n. (FI) - Luoghi paludosi nei contorni di Modena, VI.1877, G. Gibetli s.n. (TO). Tuscany: Volterra nei fossati presso le Saline, s.d., s.coll. s.n. (PI) · Bocca eli Serchio, 6.VI, s.cotl. s.n. (PI)­ In palude d'Asciano, VII.l842, Tassi s.n. (FI)- Rapolano nel senese ad aquas stagn. vellente fluentibus, VII 1853, Sommier s.n. (Fl) - Agnano, X.1868, G. Arcangeli s.n. (PI) - Marais du Fucecchio bord du eaux, 24.VI.l871, Sommier s.n. (Fl) - Castelfalfi negli acquitrini, VI.1871, s.coll. s.n. (FI) · Massaciuccoli ad fossas, 14.VIII.1872, Sommier s.n. (Fl)- Casal Guidi sud eli Pistoia, VI.l885, s.cotl. s.n. (FI, PI), sp.pl. - Compiobbi sui greto dell'Arno, VIII.1891, Martetli, s.n. (FI)- Insula Elba Mola, 28.VI.1900, Sommier s.n. (Fl)- In promon­ torio Argentario lungo lo stagno eli faccia aile miniere eli ferro-manganese, 28.VI.1901, Sommier s.n. (FI)- Col­ mate Passerini presso Bettolle Comune di Sinalunga Siena, 1905, Sommier s.n. (Fl)- Tombolo Livorno, 1909, s.cotl. s.n. (PI)- Nei paduli Buiano Poppi, 20.VIII.1909, Savetli s.n. (Fl)- Castelnuovo V. Cecina presso i sof­ fioni alt. m 560 suolo boracifero, 9.VI.1916, Fiori, s.n. (FI) - Palustri alia foce dell'Arno, 2.IX.1916, Savetli 69 (Fl) - Cascine di Firenze greto dell'Arno, 24.V.1933, Pichi Sermotli 1198 (Fl)- Rignano sull'Arno Riscaggio ri­ va dell'Arno, 14.VIII.1934, G. Montelucci 4195 (RO)- Marina eli Massa alia foce del canal Magro, 1l.IX.1935, P. Pellegrini s.n. (PI)- Alta Valle Tiberina Poggio degli Scopeti I Pantani Eufotide, 29.VI.1937, Pichi Sermolti 7523 (Fl)- Bonistallo lungo il fiume Ombrone, V.1944, Corradi s.n. (Fl)- Borgo S. Lorenzo Poggio Montone m 361- Fagetum ceduo, 22.IX.1958, Chiarugi s.n. (FI)- Viareggio argine del Fosso dell' Abate, 22.V.1958, G. Montelucci 7694 (RO)- Macchia Lucchese Torre dellago, lame interdunali, 20.V.1995, G. Fiorini, E. Nardi, L. Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016 Pignotti et S. Turrini s.n. (Fl) - Tra Tirrenia e Marina di Pisa fosso a Jato del Vione della Bigattiera davanti alia zona militare, 26.V.1995, G. Fiorini, L. Pignotti et S. Turrini s.n. (Fl). Marche: Lago eli Colfiorito, VI.1887, A. Batelti s.n. (PI). Umbria: Lago Trasimeno, VI.l880, Ricca s.n. (RO)- Lungo il torrente Paglia presso Orvieto, 17.VI.1900, A. Pappi 49816 (RO). Latium: Paludi Pontine tenuta Ponte Bianco, s.d., s.cotl. 49780 (RO)- Fra Ia via di Civitavecchia e Ia Valle dell'Inferno, VI.1820, s.colt. 49814 (RO)- Liri, VIII.l872, Giordano et Pedicino 49812 (RO)- Fosso alia base del M. Soratte, 24.V.1894, F. Cortesi 49793 (RO) -Via Flaminia Due Ponti, 24.VII.1894, Salomonsohn 49794 (RO). Da Orvinio a Scandriglia, 5.VIII.1894,A. Pappi49784 (RO)- Lago di Vico, 23.IX.l897,A. Pappi 49810 (RO)- Tra Ia foce del Fiora e Montalto eli Castro, 27.V.1900, A. Pappi 49819 (RO) · Nettuno luoghi umidi, 12.VII.l922, G. Lusina 49767 (RO) ·In canali presso Terracina, 22.VII.l928, G. Lusina 49768 (RO)- MonteS. Biagio, 6.XII.l931, Grande s.n. (NAP)- Ostia, V.1943, Sanguinetti 49789 (RO)- Lungo le rive del fiume Farfa pr. il P.te Sfondato, 29.VI.l954, G. Lusina 49770 (RO)- Tenuta di Castelporziano (Roma), 10.VI.1956, B. An- SCIRPUS L. AND RELATED GENERA IN ITALY 385

zalone s.n. (RO)- Bagni di Tivoli canale della platea a vulcanelli, 16.VII.1963, G. Montelucci 8758 (RO) - S. Maria delle Mole (presso Ciampino Roma), presso sorg. acqua sulfurea, 21.V.1964, B. Anzalone s.n. (RO)- Ri­ ve del Tevere, Aniene e !oro affluenti entro Roma, P.te di Spinaceto, VII.1978, B. Anzalone s.n. (RO)- Parco Naz. Circeo laghi e duna, V.l993, B. Anzalone s.n. (RO)- Caldara di Manziana (Roma), 28.IX.1995, B. Anza­ lone s.n. (RO). Abruzzo: Sulla spiaggia dell' Adriatico a Giulianova, 6.V.1873, Blanc et D'Amato s.n. (RO) -Valle della Vi­ brata a Tortoreto circondario diGiulianova, 8.V.1873, N.A. Pedicinos.n. (RO) -Lungoil flume Liri presso Ci­ vitella Roveto, 5.X.1900, A. Pappi 49815 (RO)- Luoghi umidi dellitorale adriatico a Rosburgo (prov. di Tera­ mo), 12.VII.1905, P. Pellegrini s.n. (PI) - Isola del torrente Vezzola presso Teramo, V.1945, G. Persiani s.n. (RO). Campania: Caserta, s.d., Gussone s.n. (NAP)- In lacuhus prope Veliam Cilento, s.d., Giordano s.n. (NAP) -Napoli al Pascone, s.d., Gussone s.n. (NAP)- Astroni, 18.VI.1845, Gussone s.n. (NAP)- Telese nel Beneven­ tano, X.1858, Gussone s.n. (NAP)- Lago d'Agnano, 2.V.1886, s.coll. s.n. (RO)- Cuma a Gavitiello, VI.1912, N. Terracciano s.n. (NAP)- Fusaro (Napoli), V.l913, Guadagno s.n. (BM, PI), sp.pl.- Pianura del Sarno, IX.l913, M. Guadagno s.n. (PI)- Lago d'Avemo, 7.VII.1921, Grande s.n. (NAP)- Licola presso Ia cascina Demartino, V.1915, N. Terracciano s.n. (NAP)- Mintumo riva del Garigliano, 8.XI.1931, Grande s.n. (NAP)- MonteS. Biagio, 6.XII.1931, Grande s.n. (NAP)- Monte Alhumo lungo il fiume Tanagro presso Polla, 10.VI.1948, De Philippis, s.n. (FI)- Foce del Lago di Patria zone acquitrinose, 13.IX.1953, Agostini s.n. (FI). Apulia: Bari, 1843, Nicolo s.n. (NAP) -Taranto al Pantano in fossis aquosis, 16.V.1912, Lacaita 195112 (BM). Basilicata: Melfi (Pz), Vl.1860, Terracciano s.n. (NAP). Calabria: Valle del Lao corpi d'acqua al Petroso Laino Borgo, 28.IX.l893, B. Longo s.n. (RO)- Canali di scolo di Scalea, tenuta La Branca, IX.1924, Zodda s.n. (RO). Sicily: Cammarata, V, s:coll. s.n. (NAP)- Terranova in Sicilia, s.d., s.coll. s.n. (RO)- Fiume di Campobello, s.d., s.coll. s.n. (PAL) - Messina Pantani, VI.1832, s.coll. s.n. (PAL) -Catania, Vl.1832, s.coll. s.n. (PAL) -In paludosis S. Ciro prope Panormum, Vl.1835, s.coll. s.n. (FI)- In aquis stagnantihus Paterno, IV.1845, Torna­ bene, s.n. (FI)- Fiume dell' Arena presso Mazara, IX.1855, s.coll. s.n. (PAL), sp.pl. -In palustribus Avola, III­ IV, Bianca s.n. (FI). Sardinia: Santa Teresa Gallura par Tempio marais de Boucamino, 1881, E. Reverchon 169 (TO).

Schoenoplectus triqueter Piedmont: Nei terreni paludosi in riva al Po, presso Frassineto, IX, Rosellini s.n. (TO) - Stagni alia sinistra del Po presso il ponte Sospeso, 30.VI.1873, s.coll. s.n. (TO) - Risaie diS. Cristina, IX.1876, V. Mazzucchelli s.n. (FI)- Fossati presso Ia Dora, 12.IX.1904, L. Vaccari s.n. (FI) -Canale della Pastrona a levante, 3.IX.1915, s.coll. s.n. (TO) -A sin. del Po sotto Ia citta e presso Borgata Terranuova trovato nei residui di fieno essiccato e ca­ duto lungo la via, 8.IX.1915, Santi s.n. (TO)- Casale Monferrato stagni lungo il Po a destra e fossi sopra Ponte Ferro, 18.IX.1915, s.coll. s.n. (TO). Lombardy: Rive del Po Cremona, s.d., s.coll. s.n. (PAD)- In paludibus circa Pavia, V, s.coll. s.n. (PAD)­ In oryzetis di Liscate, s.d., Balsamo s.n. (TO)- Nelle sabbie lungo Ia sponda del Ticino a sud est di Pavia ove in pochi punti forma fitti tappeti, 8.X.1876, s.coll. s.n. (RO) - In oryzetis circa pagum Torre prov. Pavia, 9.IX.1892, E. Chiovenda s.n. (RO). Trentino Alto Adige: In fossis Tyrolis australis prope Botzen-Salurn, 1837, Hausmann 1843 (TO). Venetia: Comune nei luoghi palustri prope Verona, s.d., s.coll. s.n. (PAD)- Risaie S. Pietro in Gu, s.d., s.coll. s.n. (PAD) -Juxta Plavis margines communis legi circa Ia Campagnola di Nervesa, IX.1861, s.coll. s.n. (PAD) - ltalia Verona in fossis humidis provinciae prope pagum Bovolone, VIII.1882, G. Rigo s.n. (NAP) -lta­ lia Verona in fossis fere exsiccatis prope oppidum Legnago, VIII.1889, G. Rigo s.n. (NAP) -A Brondolo presso

Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016 Chioggia, 19.VII.1896, A. Fiori s.n. (PAD) - Confluenza del fiumicello di Montorio Veronese con l'Adige, 29.VII.1897, A. Forti s.n. (PAD)- Secca del Piave, l.VI.1913, M. Minio s.n. (FI). Friuli Venezia Giulia: Presso Cormons (Go), s.d., M. Tommasini s.n. (FI). Emilia Romagna: Sponde del canale di Faenza, VIII.1884, A. Baldacci s.n. (RO)- Acqua stagnante nell'al­ veo del Reno al Murazzo pr. Bologna, 2.VIII.1888, Pizzini s.n. (RO) - Aemilia prov. di Ferrara in oryzetis prope Argenta solo sedimentario, 20.VI.1908, A. Ferioli s.n. (PI). Toscana: In fossis agri Pisani, 1817, Savi s.n. (PI)- Unice inveni secus rivulum inter Lihurnum et Regium Castellum, s.d., Bellardi s.n. (TO). Puglia: Lago di S.Egidio (promontorio del Gargano), 1847, Rabenhorst s.n. (BM).

Schoenoplectus carinatus Piedmont: Siti umidi vicino alia Stura, s.d., s.coll. s.n. (TO)- Aile Molinette in udis, 8.VII.1843, s.coll. s.n. (TO)- Settimo siti urnidi, 15.IX.1869, De/ilippi s.n. (TO)- Casale umidi in vicinanza del Po, VI.1872, F. Negri 386 L. PIGNOTTI

s.n. (TO)- Ultra Po, 30.VII.1873, F. Negri s.n. (TO)- Casale fossa dell'Opera oltre il Po, VI.1874, s.coll. s.n. (TO)- Torino: link. Ufer d. Dora v. d. Mailander Eisebahn, 4.VII.1878, U. Sternberg s.n. (TO)- Canale della Pastrona a Levante, 3.IX.1915, F. Negri s.n. (TO), sp.pl. -Casale sinistra del Po a monte del Ponte in Ferro, 8.IX.1915, E. Fe"ari, Sant~ Vallino, Mussa, Nocelli s.n. (TO)- Casale Monferrato in uno stagno a sinistra del Po a monte del Ponte in Ferro lungo Ia strada di Morano, 8.IX.1915, Fe"ar~ Sant~ Vallino, Mussa s.n. (TO)­ Casale alia destra del Po a monte del Ponte in siti umidi passata Ia fabbrica dell'Eternit, 8.IX.1915, E. Fe"ari, Sant~ Vallino et Mussa s.n. (TO), sp.pl. Trentino Alto Adige: Moos (S. Giuseppe) am Etschgraben bei Unterrain, alluvium, 246m, 5.VII1.1910, W. Pfaff s.n. (PAD)- Mals im Vinschgau (MaJ.I.es Venosta) auf einer sumpflgen Ufer an der Etsch gegemiiler Staben, 570 m, auf Alluvionen, 20.IX.1929, W. Pfaff s.n. (PAD). Venetia: Secca del Piave lungo strada, 23.VII.1912, M. Minio s.n. (FI), sp. pl.

Schoenoplectus pungens Venetia: Lidi di Chioggia, s.d., s.coll. s.n. (RO)- Ad ripas Sills, Vl.1862, P.A. Saccardo s.n. (PAD)- Prov. di Venezia paludi arenose presso il Cavallino, 8.VII.1906,A. Beguinot s.n. (PAD)- Prov. di Venezia arene umide alia Marina di Cortellazzo, 8.VI.l907, A. Beguinot s.n. (PAD) - Prov. di Rovigo tra Porto Levante e Porto Ca­ leri, 20.VII.1908,A. Beguinot s.n. (PAD)- Tra Ponte di Piave e Negrisia, 2.VI.1909, A. Beguinot s.n. (PAD). Liguria: Sarzana, s.d., s.coll. s.n. (BM) - Genova, s.d., Parl. s.n. (FI) - In arenosis paludosis flumini Magra, VII.l875, H. Groves s.n. (BM)- In arenosis maritimis prope Bocca di Magra, VI.1880, H. Groves s.n. (BM) - Marinella di Luni (Sarzana), 20.VIII.1931, P. Pellegrini s.n. (PI). Emilia Romagna: Rimini, VII.1878, L. Caldesi s.n. (RO)- Bosco della Mesola recinto Elciola, pozza dire­ cente costituzione, IX.1997, L. Pignotti s.n. (FI). Tuscany: In paludosis maritimis prope Pietrasanta, VII.l843, P. Savi s.n. (RO) -AI Forte dei Marmi presso Seravezza in Versilia, VII1.1887, Rossetti s.n. (FI, PI, PAL), sp.pl. - A Porta presso Seravezza, IX.1887, Poggi et Rossetti s.n. (PI) -Marina di Massa S. Giuseppe Vecchio, 6.VIII.l888, P. Pellegrini s.n. (PI) - Lungo I'Arno alle Piagge (Pisa), 10.VIII.1897, P. Pellegrini s.n. (PI)- Marina di Massa depressioni umide tra Ia pineta e Ia spiag­ gia, 16.VI.1914, Sommier s.n. (FI)- Localita palustri al Bondano, 20.V.1922, P. Pellegrini s.n. (PI)- Luoghi pa­ ludosi alia bocca del Brugiano (Marina di Massa), VII.1924, P. Pellegrini s.n. (PI). Umbria: Castiglione del Lago Trasimeno, 1870, Groves s.n. (FI).

Schoenoplectus litoralis Venetia: Paludi e risaie presso Chioggia, s.d., s.coll. s.n. (PAD)- Prov. di Venezia margine dei canali sal­ mastri in Val Miana a sud di Mirataglia, 10.VII.1910, A. Beguinot s.n. (PAD). Tuscany: Botrona trail flume Bruna e il canale Collettore, 21.VIII.1997, S. Sforzi s.n. (FI)- Lago diS. Flo­ riano rive allagate, 31.VII.1996, L. Pignotti s.n. (FI)- Lahetto lungo il fosso dell'Acqua Bona, m 81 s.l.m., 18.1X.2003, D. Viciani s.n. (FI). Latium: Porto Trajano, VI.1873, Cherici 49825 (RO)- Luoghi umidi, canali delle piscine di Tiberio Sper­ longa Villa di Tiberio, 31.V.1987, Moraldo s.n. (RO). Apulia: Paludi di Barletta, 1837, s.coll. s.n. (NAP)- Golfo di Taranto (Salento) nella dolina di Castiglione ("sfunnulata") in stagno lungo Ia via da Torre Colimena a Porto Cesareo, 3.VI.1967, G. Montelucci 10812 (RO). Sicily: In lacubus aquisque stagnantibus maritimis Avola, s.d., Bianca s.n. (FI) - Fiume dell' Arena 3 miglia distante da Mazzara, IX.1831, s. colt. s.n. (PAL)- Messina, Pantani, 1845, Tineo s.n. (NAP)- Lago diPergusa, Castrogiovanni, VII.1845, s.coll. s.n. (PAL) - Avola, 1846, Bianca s.n. (PAL) - Fiume di Campobello, 4.1X.1855, La Mantia s.n. (PAL)- Pantelleria, 1959, F. Catanzaro s.n. (RO)- Foce del flume dell' Arena, a sud di Mazara del Vallo (TP), 7.VII.1995, E. Nardi, S. Pasta et L. Pignotti s.n. (FI) - Foce del flume Imera Sett., Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016 8.VII.1995, E. Nardi, S. Pasta et L. Pignotti s.n. (Fl)- Foce del flume Simeto, 11.VII.1995, E. Nardi et L. Pi­ gnotti s.n. (FI)- Pantelleria, Specchio di Venere, 18.1V.1996, S. Pasta etA. Troia s.n. (FI).

Schoenoplectus mucronatus Piedmont: Siti umidi a Carpice presso Ia stazione di Balzola nei fossi, IX, Rosellini s.n. (RO)- Paduli delle Fornaci presso Gozzano provincia di Novara, IX.1848, s.coll. s.n. (TO) - Settimo, 15.IX.1859, De/zlippi s.n. (TO) - Presso Trobaso Valle Intrasca (No), VIII.1862, s.coll. s.n. (G-DOR) - Casale, estate 1872, s.coll. s.n. (TO)- Miasino fossi, 19.VII.1893, G. Cola s.n. (TO) - Pantani alia Vanda dei Legni Torino, 19.1X.1896, U. Valbusa s.n. (TO)- Fontaneto Po: paludi, 9.VII.1905, s.coll. s.n. (TO)- Rifreddo tomba d'Angelo in luoghi ac­ quitrinosi sotto Ia Croce diS. Michele, 4.X.l917, E. Fe"ari et Trosetti s.n. (TO)- In uno stagnolungo Ia strada tra Candiolo e None, 4.XI.l917, E. Ferrari s.n. (TO)- Candia Canavese nei fossi lungo Ia strada per illago, 15 .VII.1931, Fontana Raineri s. n. (TO) - Cercenasco (Torino) nei fossi dei dintorni m 260, 10.IX.l936, P. Fon­ tana et F. Nicola s.n. (B, TO), sp.pl.- Torino nel greto del Po a valle del ponte Vittorio, 27.VIII.1945, G. Mon- SCIRPUS L. AND RELATED GENERA IN ITALY 387

telucci 6249 (RO)- Rovasenda, 15.VIII.1948, Sappa, Fontana et Aiello s.n. (TO)- Vercelli Lamporo nelle risaie camere trattate con diserbanti, 27.Vll.1970 q.m 150, B. Peyronel et V Dal Vesco s.n. (TO)- Cameri nei pressi di C.na Galdina nelle risaie, 12.VIII.1995, F. Picco s.n. (TO). Lombardy: Lago di Garda, s.d., M. de Sardagna s.n. (PAL) - Risaie di Lombardia, s.d., s.coll. s.n. (PI, PAL), sp.pl.- Presso Mantova, s.d., s.coll. s.n. (RO)- In agro mediolanensi, s.d., Schultz s.n. (BM)- Confienza (Laumellinae) in oryzetis, 1830, s.coll. s.n. (RO)- Risaie di Pavia, IX.1875, L. Caldesi s.n. (RO). Trentino Alto Adige: Presso Carezza, X.1839, Cesati s.n. (RO) - Luoghi paludosi circa !ago di Levico, IX.1947, V. Marchesani s.n. (PAD). Venetia: Abano, s.d., s.coll. s.n. (PAD)- Grumolo delle Badesse a Sarmego (nelle risaie e acque stagnanti), s.d., s.coll. s.n. (PAD)- Ad confines Tiroliae australis et Venetiae in oryzetis ad Vigasio solo calcareo 30-40 m s.m., G.Rigo 1885 (B)- Ad fossas aquosas Colfosco, X.1862, P.A. Saccardo s.n. (PAD)- In fossis fere exsiccatis circa Peschiera del Garda et Salianze prov. veronese sol. calc. sub 210-300, VIII.1871, G. Riga s.n. (NAP)- Ve­ ronae in Campo Marzo in locis inundatis, IX.1883, A. Goiran s.n. (PAL) - Venetia in fossis della Lugana prope Peschiera sol. argillos. calcar. 75-80 m s.m., 29.VIII.1886, G.Rigo s.n. (B)- Stagno in una collinetta presso S. Zenone, 31.III.1894, s.coll. s.n. (PAD)- A Cavanella d'Adige presso Chioggia (Ve), 19.VIII.1896, A. Fiori s.n. (PAD)- Venetia prov. Verona, in oryzetis circa Isola della Scala Bovolone sol. calc. 20-25 m s.l.m., 4.IX.1897, G.Rigo s.n. (B)- Fossi ad Orsago (32m) provincia di Treviso, 9.IX.1898, R. Pampanini s.n. (TO) -Nelle risaie tra S. Pietro in Gu e Carmignano di Brenta, 26.VI.1909, A. Beguinot s.n. (PAD) - Risaie presso Abbazia Pisani, 26.VI.1910, A. Beguinot s.n. (PAD). Friuli Venezia Giulia: Prope Aquileiam, 1826, s.coll s.n. (FI WEBB)- Fossis prope Tarvisio, IX.1837, Be­ renger s.n. (PAD)- Monfalcone, IX.1897, s.coll. s.n. (B). Liguria: Alveo della Polcevera presso Ia conceria Gherpi, Digio & C. a Fegina, 13.IX.1904, Canneva s.n. (FI)- Raccolto a Varazze nel torrente Teiro davanti al Mulino di Damele, 1905, C. Sbarbaro s.n. (GE)- Liguria S. Lazzaro Reale nel fiume Impero, 1912, R. Corradi s.n. (PI) - Raccolto in O.B.G. da pianta adulta spontanea nei vasi di altre piante acquatiche il14.IX.1931, G.B. Lercara s.n. (GE). Emilia Romagna: Lungo i fossati in Valle Albareto prov. di Modena, 5.IX.1878, E. Ferrari s.n. (TO)- Par­ ma greto, 2.Vlll.1918, M. Minio s.n. (FI) - Prov. di Ferrara in oryzetis prope Argenta solo sedimentario, 20.VI.1908, A. Ferioli 1424 (BM) - Bacini di Via Signata, Crevalcore (BO) margini di poco emersi del primo bacino arrivando dalla via, 6.VIII.1997, A. Morisi et L. Pignotti s.n. (Fl). Tuscany: Val di Chiana, s.d., s.coll. s.n. (FI WEBB) - Negli scoli al ramo di Montecchio, ale Capannacce sopra Castiglione et in fossis agri pisani, 1814, Savi s.n. (PI) -Nelle risaie a Montramito, Vll.1838, B. Puccinelli s.n. (BM) - Nei fossi della campagna di Pisa, s.d., s.coll. s.n. (FI) - Montecatini T., s.d., Puccinelli s.n. (FI) - In paludosis a Bientina, IX.1854, Calandrini s.n. (FI, PI), sp.pl. -Nelle fosse presso Lucca aS. Anna, VIII.1860, Mezzetti et Beccari s.n. (PI)- Nelle acque alle Venturine (Monte Oliveto), 9.IX.1860, L. Micheletti s.n. (TO)­ Paludosi presso il Monte Pisano, 1862, s.coll. s.n. (TO)- Padule di Fucecchio, 31.Vll.1888, s. call. 4360 (FI) - Luoghi paludosi a Porta, 16.IX.1930, P. Pellegrini s.n. (PI) - Nelle risaie di Massarosa presso Viareggio, 10.IX.1938, G. Montelucci 7693 (RO) -Nelle risaie presso illago di Massaciuccoli, 24.VII.1957, Bicchi s.n. (PI). Campania: Carditello, s.d., Tenore s.n. (NAP)- Castellammare (Na) nelle risaie, 28.IV.1832, G.A. Pasqua­ le s.n. (NAP)- Castellammare al Sarno, 27.VII.l835, G.A. Pasquale s.n. (NAP). Sicily: Fiume Grande sotto Scillato, s.d., Gussone s.n. (NAP) - Termini Buonfornello in oryzetis, s.d., s.coll. s.n. (PAL)- In inundatis Termini tra Fiume Grandee Fiume Torto, s.d., Todaro 1095 (BM, FI, PAL), sp.pl.- AI Fiume Grande, 1871, s.coll. s.n. (PAL).

Schoenoplectus juncoides

Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016 Piedmont: Vercelli, risaia di San Marco, 7 .IX.1991, M. Des/ayes s.n. (FI).

Shoenoplectus supinus Piedmont: Le long de Ia Doire pres Susa, s.d., s.coll. s.n. (TO) - Prope Segusinum ad Duriam, 1810, G.B. Balbis s.n. (TO)- Vercelli in un padule presso il ponte sulla Sesia, VIII.1856, Cesati s.n. (PI)- Oldenico (Ver­ cellese), 14.VIII.1864, A. Malinverni s.n. (RO)- Intra !ago Maggiore, 15.IX.1886, Armitage s.n. (RO)- Prov. di Torino Rivoli in humentibus arenosis loco Ia Piscina dicto secus veterem viam quae ad Reano pergit alt. m 450 ca., 25.VII.1915, E. Ferrari, F. Santi et E. Mussa 224 (BM, RO, PI), sp.pl. - Ceresole d'Aiba in localita Cappelli presso le due peschiere Colombaro, 27.IX.1997, G. Abba, A. Arcara et L. Pignotti s.n. (Fl). Lombardy: Mantovano, Sabbioneta, Oglio, s.d., T. Caruel s.n. (PI) - In luoghi paludosi presso Pavia, VII.1842, Rota s.n. (RO) - Dintorni di Pavia, estate 1846, Caneva s.n. (PI) - Valle del Sermide e Dragoncello prov. di Mantova, 19.IX.1865, Magnaguti s.n. (NAP)- Boschi del Ticino, VI-VII.l890, A. Farneti s.n. (GE, PI, RO),sp.pl. 388 L. PIGNOTTI

Venetia: Nei luoghi paludosi di Vigasio, VIII. 1839, Clementi s.n. (NAP)- Ceraino in locis hyeme inunda­ tis, 2.X.l879,A. Goiran s.n. (PAD)- Paludi di Battaglia, 2.VII.l901,A. Beguinot s.n. (PAD)- Venetia prov. di Verona: Torri del Benaco in pascuis humidis exsiccatis loco dicto ll Prato della Valle, alt. m 75 sol. cal., 7.IX.1904, G. Rigo224 (BM, TO, GE, PAD, PI, RO), sp.pl.- Verona in oryzetis exsiccatis circa Isola della Sca­ la sol. silic., 20.IX.l914, G. Rigo s.n. (PI). Tuscany: Sorg. diS. Fiora, s.d., s.coll. s.n. (PI)- In Montamiata, VIII.1789, G. Savi s.n. (PI). Latium: Fonte delle Bagnara, 20.V.l888, A. Terracciano 49882 (RO)- M.te Circeo Piscina di Campo di Croce, 25.V.1888, A. Terracciano 49883 (RO) - Lago di Fogliano, 13.VI.l898, A. Pappi 49884 (RO).

Isolepis cemua Piedmont: Alia Praglia di Pianezza, s.d., s.coll. s.n. (TO)- Vercelli, VIII.l858, s.coll. s.n. (Fl)- Capanne di Marcarolo sopra Pra della Culla in siti acquitrinosi, 23.VI.l908, E. Ferrari, Vallino et Gola s.n. (TO). Lombardy: In humidis Salice (Pavia), V.1887, s.coll. s.n. (TO). Trentino Alto Adige: Ad radices Montis Baldi, s.d., s.coll. s.n. (C). Liguria: Acque stagnanti presso Cervo, V, s.coll. s.n. (FI) - Sturla nei luoghi umidi, 1841, s.coll. s.n. (G­ DOR)- Varigotti, V.1869, A. Piccone s.n. (RO)- Luoghi umidi presso Dobbio, s.d., Rota s.n. (Fl)- Valle di Po­ lienera a Roccairone Liguria, IX.1841, Carrega s.n. (Fl)- In luoghi umidi nella valle di Oneglia, VII.l848, s.coll. s.n. (TO)- Promontorio di Portofino Liguria orientale, VI.l850, Caldesi s.n. (Fl)- Lungo i rigagnoli a! Capo ParaggipressoArenzano, Liguria occ., 4.VI.1874,A. Piccone s.n. (TO, FI, PI), sp.pl.- Pegli Vallone della Torre di Gambiase in luoghi umidi, 25.V.1892, Ferrari s.n. (Fl)- Luoghi acquitrinosi aile Cascinelle comune di Bor­ zoli, 8.V.1894, G. Doria etA. Ferioli s.n. (G-DOR) - Val Seborgina presso Bordighera a ca. 200 m s.l.m., 9.VI.1900, C. Bicknel/40 (BM)- Scolo di fonte Piani di Cantalupo sopra Celie, 14.XI.1905, s. colt. 135 (Fl)­ Sassello passo del Giovo in luoghi umidi, 22.VI.1905, E. Ferrari, Vallino et Gola s.n. (TO)- Sestri di Ponente Piano della Strega m 360, VII.1912, Gavioli, 7887 (Fl)- Corniglia salendo aS. Bernardo, 4.VI.l923, 0. Matti­ rolo, P. Fontana et Maccagnos.n. (TO)- Vado, nella Valle di Segno, 8.V.1925,Bolson 8557 (Fl)- Monterosso a! mare presso una sorgente nei boschi trail Mesco e Soviore, 9.VI.l927, 0. Mattirolo et P. Fontana s.n. (TO)­ Varazze in prativis hudis prope Invrea, 24.VIII.1927, Gresin (?) 12178 (FI). Tuscany: In uliginosis palustribus a Colle di Compito eta Massaciuccoli, s.d., Puccinelli s.n. (Fl) - Marem­ ma toscana prati paludosi in riva a! mare a Collelungo, l.V.1856, T. Caruel s.n. (PI)- Bains du Montecatini fos­ sis, 27 .VI.1871, Sommier s.n. (Fl) - S. Maria Macerata prope S. Casciano (V a! di Pesa) locis humidis in saltibus, Vl.1880, Ricci s.n. (Fl)- Valle delle Fonti Asciano, 15.V.1881, s. col!. s.n. (Fl)- In humentibus prope Lariloco dicto Valimola, 19.V.1883, s.coll. s.n. (PI), sp.pl.- Firenze tra Majano e Castel di Poggio, aile sorgenti del tor­ rente Mensola, estate 1883, L. Micheletti s.n. (G-DOR)- Alpi Apuane in luoghi umidi tra Ruosina e Levigliani, 6.VII.1886, E. Ferrari s.n. (TO) - In alveo sicco del Coverzo, s.d., s. col!. s.n. (Fl) - Empoli luoghi umidi, X.1889, Martelli s.n. (Fl) - Tombolo di Burano Maremma Orbetellana in arenosis maritimis herbosis, 16.IV.1892, Sommier s.n. (Fl)- Isola del Giglio a! Santo comune in tutta !'isola dove vie umidita, 5.VII.1895, Sommier s.n. (Fl)- Vallombrosa a! Paradisino, 22.VII.1904, Fiorz; s.n. (Fl)- In promontorio Argentario interS. Stefano et Calapiatti loci procul a S.Pietro, 18.IV.1908, Sommier s.n. (Fl)- Insula Capraria, 25.V.1910, s. colt. s.n. (Fl) - Luoghi arenosi lungo i torrenti Arezzo lungo il Castro, 2l.V.l911, Savelli s.n. (Fl) - Italia luoghi ac­ quitrinosi alia "Valle" presso Casale Marittimo (Pisa) 180m s.m., 3.VI.1912, L. Micheletti s.n. (TO)- Marina di Pisa nei luoghi umidi della selva Ouogo class. del Sc. filif. Savi), 7.VII.1915, Savelli s.n. (Fl)- Appennino areti­ no Badia Prataglia suolo siliceo macigno m 840, 30-31.VIII.1917, Fiori s.n. (FI)- Luoghi umidi a Montignoso, IV.1928, P. Pellegrini s.n. (PI)- M. Ferrato, 2.V.1933, Messeri et Corradi, s.n. (Fl)- Mugello tra Montecarelli e S. Lucia a Prunecchio suolo calcareo m 500, 17. VI.193 3, s. col!. s. n. (Fl) - Alta Vaile Tiberina Poggio degli Sco­ peti Versante Nord I Pantani Eufotide, 29.VI.1937, Pichi Sermolli 7525 (Fl)- Viareggio pineta di Ponente nel frassineto paludoso, 19.VIII.1941, G. Montelucci 7711 (RO) - Promontorio di Piombino Fosso dei Fornelli, 8. VI.1951, (Fl) - Ruscello in un bosco di pino Impruneta (Firenze), VI.l953, Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016 Pichi Sermolli et Da Roit, s. n. B. Peyronel s.n. (TO)- Isola d'Elba Lacona spiaggia, 2.V.1981, Fossi Innamorati s.n. (Fl)- Santa Brigida comin­ ciando a salire per Monte Rotondo, piccolo acquitrino a! margine del sentiero, suolo sabbioso-argilloso, 1l.IX.1995, L. Pignotti et N. Pignotti s.n. (Fl) - Monte Leoni, fossetto umido a! margine di strada forestale, 23.IX.1995, F. Selvi et L. Pignotti s.n. (Fl). Marche: Monti di Pesaro, s.d., Orsini s.n. (NAP)- In Monte Fortino, V.1847, Marzialetti s.n. (Fl)- Porto d'Ascoli, 1852, E. Mauri s.n. (RO) - Gruppo del Montigno (MC) pratelli umidi nel versante E del monte di Campalto suolo calcareo-marnoso 775 m, 14.VI.1978, Ballelli 7934 (Fl) -Rive del Tronto a! ponte della Fer­ rovia, 12.VI.1886, E. Mauri s.n. (TO, RO), sp.pl. Umbria: Castelluccio, s.d., A. Orsini s.n. (PI) - Monte Cezio luogo paludoso ed ombroso a Cologna, 8.VI.1899, Palomba s.n. (Fl)- Lungo Ia strada nei rigagnoli fra Perugia e Cenerente, 16.V.1902, E. Barsali s.n. (PI). Latium: Pratica di Mare presso il Palazzo Borghese, 10.VI.l858, A. Pappi 49628 (RO)- Fosso dell'Acqua Ferrata Tolfa, 3.VII.1877, Cherici 49642 (RO)- Arene marittime tra Nettuno ed Astura (Roma), 29.IV.1895, SCIRPUS L. AND RELATED GENERA IN ITALY 389

A. Beguinot 5077 (G-DOR)- Maccarese nel prato umido chiamato Piazza Navona, V.1897, F. Cortesi 49627 (RO)- Ardea lungo il fosso dellaMoletta, 11.VI.1898,A. Pappi 49631 (RO)- Lago diFogliano, 13.VI.1898,A. Pappi 49629 (RO)- Margini paludosi del canale a Porto Badino (Terracina) prov. romana, 28.1V.1900, F. Cor­ tesi 49625 (RO)- Lungo il flume Turano fra Posticciola e Castel di Tora, 10.VI.1901, A. Pappi 49630 (RO)­ Ostia lungo i canali, 17 .Vl.1952, A. Cacciato s.n. (RO) - Campo di Came (Anzio) nelle radure del bosco meso­ filo, sabbiose, insieme con Isoetes hystrix, 11.V.1956, Lusina s.n. (RO) - Agro Pontino Borgo Isonzo, 28.X.1958, Ricci 49633 (RO)- SantaMarinella, prati, incolti, margini di strade e simili, 18.V.1965, B. Anzalone s.n. (RO) - Grotta Inferniglio (Subiaco leone) lungo Ia strada, boschi, rupi etc., 4.VI.1980, B. Anzalone s.n. (RO)- Tenuta di Castelporziano Roma Santo Quercio, V.1986, B. Anzalone s.n. (RO)- Parco Naz. Circeo La­ ghi, VI.1992, B. Anzalone s.n. (RO) - Lago Trajano (camp. romana), 24.V.1993, D. Solla s.n. (RO). Abruzzo: Monte Marsicano, s.d., Orsini s.n. (PAL)- Giulianova, s.d., N.A. Pedicino s.n. (RO)- Terreno nell'alveo del Vezzola, VII.1945, Zodda s.n. (FI)- Pescara, X.1865, Kuntze 349 (FI, BM), sp.pl. Campania: Cilento, s.d., Giordano s.n. (NAP) - Caserta, s.d., Gussone s.n. (NAP) - Persano, l.VI.1826, Gussone s.n. (NAP) - Paestum (Sa), VI.1826, Gussone s.n. (NAP) - Castellammare sui Sarno, 27.VIII.1832, Gussone s.n. (NAP) -In inundatis Fusaro, 1837, Tenore s.n. (BM) - Pr. Castel Voltumo (Terra di Lavoro), V.1877, N. Terracciano s.n. (RO)- Sotto il ponte di Vietri, 3.V.1877, A. Pasquale s.n. (RO)- Spiaggia di Mon­ dragone (Terra di Lavoro), V.1883, N. Terracciano s.n. (RO) - Pisciotta a Palinuro (Lucania) in stagnis, 19.1V.1886, Lacaita 143/06 (BM)- Ponza in un ristagno d'acqua a Monte Frontone, l.V.1900,A. Beguinot s.n. (RO) - Cuma a Gavitiello, VI.1912, N. Terracciano s.n. (NAP). Calabria: Acquaniti in Calabria sullo Jonio, 2.VII.l827, Gussone s.n. (NAP)- Ad scaturigines et Joe. palu­ dosis in Lenza di Gerace sol. granit. 7-800 m, 19.V.1877, Huter, Porta et Rigo, 283 (FI)- S. Giorgio Morgeto, 8.IX.1880, G.A. Pasquale s.n. (BM)- Porto di Reggio Calabria, 12.VI.1882, S. Macchiati 717 61/2 (TO)- Co­ race prov. di Catanzaro, 29.IX.1883, A. Fiori s.n. (RO)- Calabria occ. foce del Lao, 7.VI.1899, Fiori s.n. (FI)­ Presso Nicastro, 14.VI.1899, Fiori, s.n. (FI)- Gioia, 23.1V.1900, F. Pasquale s.n. (NAP)- Prov. Reggio in palu­ stribus prope S. Vito sol. scistoso m 100, V.1907, G. Rigo s.n. (NAP) - Rosarno, 1921, G.A. Pasquale s.n. (NAP) - Aspromonte ca. 11 km NE of Gambarie, valley of the torrente Vasi ca. 1000 m, stream margins on sandy soil, 13.VI.1979, Davis, D. et S. Sutton 65045 (BM). Basilicata: In uliginosis, inundatis, pascuis humidis maritimis (Fugaro), s.d., Tenore 31 (FI)- In paludosis circa St. Cataldo, 26.V.1875, Porta et Rigo 355 (FI)- Muro Lucano, 13.VII.1827, A. Terracciano s.n. (RO)­ Melfi, 1837, Gasparrini s.n. (NAP) -Bosco del Magnano presso San Severino Lucano in luoghi umidi argilloso silicei a circa 750 m, 22.VIII.1908, Cavara et Grande s.n. (NAP)- Lucania in fossis loco dicto Serra di Rio Fred­ do, suolo siliceo, alt. c. 1200 m, 20.IX.1910, Gavioli 423 (FI). Apulia: In palustribus ac arenosis circa S. Cataldo prope Leece suo. sabbioso m 5-50, 20.V.1875, G. Rigo s.n. (NAP)- La Fontanella vicino agli Alimini sotto Ia Masseria della Muzza, Otranto, V.1883, Groves s.n. (FI) -In paludosis prope Galipoli, V.1886, Groves s.n. (FI)- Prov. di Leece Otranto dune marittime alia foce dei laghi Alimini, 29.VI.1919, Vaccari 32 (FI). Sicily: Alia fontana nelle montagne di Carcaci, s.d., s.coll. s.n. (NAP)- AS. Giuliano sopra Augusta, s.d., F. Cortesi s.n. (RO)- In humidis Pollina, V s.d., Mind 78 (FI)- In paludosis (Siracusa ai Pantani), Bianca s.n. (FI) - Levanzo, 1824, s.coll. s.n. (NAP)- Rocca Busambra, VIII.1825, s.coll. s.n. (PAL)- Altavilla, VI.1828, Gusso­ ne s.n. (NAP)- Spiaggia a! mareJonio prossima a Catania, 1835, Cosentini s.n. (NAP)- In locis humidis sub­ montosis Sicilia:: (fra Cefalu ed Isnello), 14.VI.1840, s.coll. s.n. (FI et FI WEBB), sp.pl. -In humidis prope Fi­ carazzi, 8.IV.1855, E. etA. Huet du Pavillon s.n. (TO, FI), sp.pl. -Monte Ia Pizzuta, 19.VI.1856, s.coll. s.n. (PAL)- Pantani di Spaccafomo, V.1865, Citarda s.n. (PAL)- In locis irriguis prope Castelbuono in loco dicto "Dula" 300m, 4.VIII.1874, Strobl s.n. (FI, BM), sp.pl.- Licata, V.1886, G. Reina s.n. (PAL)- Caccamo S. Ni­ cola, VIII.1888, Guzzino s.n. (TO, GE, RO), sp.pl. - Prov. di Siracusa in palustribus prope urbem, IV.1898, G. Riga s.n. (NAP)- Nei campi sabbiosi inondati presso illittorale di Trapani, V.1904, Ponzo s.n. (FI)- Rupi ad Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016 una cascata presso Petralia Sottana, 17 -24.VII.l906, U. Martelli et E. Barsali s.n. (PI) - Messina ca. 7 km S of Novara di Sicilia Rocca di Novara 1100-1200 m marshy ground in Pinus woodland, V-VI.1979, Davis, D. et S. Sutton 64575 (BM)- Palermo S. Martino aile Scale vallecola umida, VII.1995, E. Nardi, S. Pasta e L. Pignotti s.n. (FI). Sardinia: Torrentelli della Selva dei Sette Fratelli, Lugherras, s.d., Cavara s.n. (FI) - In aren. maritim. S. Antino (Sard.), 1835, G. Romano s.n. (TO)- In monti di Seneghe ad rivulos, 20.V.1835, De Notaris s.n. (TO)­ Capo S. Ella, IV.1860, s.coll. 146 (FI) - Locis scaturiginosis supra Flumini maggiore (presso Iglesias), 7 .VI.1863, Ascherson s.n. (FI) - Santa Teresa di Gallura par tempio, lieux humides et ombrayes, 24. VI.1881, E. Reverchon 717/6112 (TO)- Valle del Tacquisara, 27.V.1889, Biondi s.n. (FI)- In paludosis prope S. Gavino, 6.1V.1894, Martelli s.n. (FI) - Cagliari Porto S. Effisio prope Pula, 10.1V.1894, Martelli s.n. (FI) - Pressi della cantoniera diS. Gregorio, Cagliari, 10.IV.1894, Martelli 419 (FI)- Belvi in uliginosis, 21.V.1894, Martelli s.n. (FI) -Monte Forte, Nurra, 20.V.1895, Martelli s.n. (FI) - Sadali presso Ia Fontana, 25.VII.1898, Martelli s.n. (FI)- Orune, V.1899, Martelli 284 (FI)- Ala dei Sardi, valli lungo il flume, 15.VI.1899, Martelli s.n. (FI)- Lun­ go i ruscelli e nei luoghi umidi dell'Isola Maddalena, VI.1904, Vaccari s.n. (FI, PAL), sp.pl.- Bosa presso il se- 390 L. PIGNOTTI

maforo, suolo arenato alt. m 1, 29.III.1912, Fiori s.n. (FI) ·Costa Smeralda, 29.V.1964, B. Anzalone s.n. (RO) · Monte Limbara (da tempio Pausania a Vallicciola alt. m 1000), 30.V.1964, B. Anzalone s.n. (RO), sp.pl.

Isolepis pseudosetacea Tuscany: Tra Capalbio e Lago Acquato Maremma Orbetellana locis hieme inundatis, 28. V.1892, Sommier s.n. (FI) ·La Marsiliana in Maremma, alia piscina dell' Aquila, l.V.1905, Sommier s.n. (FI). Latium: Nettuno boschi, 13.VI.1886, s.coll. 49645 (RO).

lsolepis setacea Piedmont: Crivelle, s.d., s.coll. s.n. (TO)· Oldenico stagni del Bondone, 30.VII.1864, A. Malinverni s.n. (RO) · Luoghi umidi Domodossola, l.VI.1892, Rossi et Malladra s.n. (TO)· Nelle sabbie umide lungo il tor· rente Sangone sopra Beinasco (Torino), 13.IX.1895, E. Fe"ari s.n. (TO) · Garessio Valle dell'Infemo in siti umidi e lungo un rigagnolo prima eli arrivare aile prime case (Alpi Marittime), 19.VIII.1899, E. Ferrari s.n. (TO)· Presso il nuovo canale metallico della Cartiera Italiana presso Quarona (Valsesia), IX.1899, G. Gola 1581 (TO)· Acquitrini al passo del Giovo, 22.VI.1905, E. Ferrari, Vallino et Gola s.n. (TO)· Mombarone tra Andrate e Cavanna 800-1600, 12.VIII.1907, Vaccari s.n. (FI) · S. Costanzo (Dronero) in luoghi umidi andando al monteS. Bernardo lungo il Rio Fossa Magna, 20.IX.1910, s.coll. s.n. (TO)· Valle Centovalli sabbie umide lungo la rotabile tra Intragna e Corcopolo m 450, 9.V.1913, Boggiani IX 420 (FI) · Busca in fondo al vallone salendo all'Eremo eli Busca, 21.VI.1913, E. Ferrari et G. Gola s.n. (TO)· Barge: M.te Bracco luoghi umidi so· prala C. Giussano alt.m 900, 17.VII.1913, E. Fe"ari et G. Negri s.n. (TO)- Valli d'Intra terreno sabbioso umi­ do lungo la rotabile da Fondotoce a Bieno m 275, 21.V.1914, Boggiani IX 420 (FI)- Ivrea sulla Serra in siti pa­ ludosi presso la borgata Moia m 800, 24.VII.1921, M. Maccagno s.n. (TO)· Giaveno fossi lungo la strada per Indiritto presso Sangonetto, 4.X.1928, P. Fontana s.n. (TO)- Biella: palustri a sinistra del torrente Oropa tra Cossello e Pralungo, 25.V.1940, Negri et Fontana s.n. (FI)- Val Chisone, Monte Rocciacotello (bosco a casta­ gno a monte eli C. Rastello) q.m 920 s.m.,7.XI.1961, G. Aiello, S. Filipello s.n. (TO) - Salendo da S.Anna eli Val­ died al Monte Merqua, su rocce umide (1300 m) Val Gesso, 16.VII.1962, Bono s.n. (FI)- Valle eli Susa zone paludose presso Salbeltrand q.m 1025 ca., VII-VIII.1965, F. Montacchini et G. Aiello s.n. (TO) · Nel greto del torrente Stura Appennino piemontese, 25.VII.1978, G. Abba s.n. (TO) - Borgata Soprana circa 1 km dopo la localita Fontane luoghi umidi a lato della strada, 11.VIII.1990, G. Abba s.n. (TO). Lombardy: Dal piano di Colico, s.d., Comolli s.n. (FI). Trentino Alto Adige: Ad zonam vallium in locis Bolzano, s.d., Fratres Perini s.n. (FI) -Ad ripas prope Bot­ zen in alveo fluvii Talfer, s.d., Hausmann 47 (BM, TO), sp.pl. - Sudtirol St. Leonhard in Passeir 700 m auf Schiefer, 10.VII.l921, A. Sadurner s.n. (PAD). Venetia: Litore veneto, 1846, Kellney s.n. (FI) -Ex agro Segusiano, s.d., Biroli s.n. (TO). Liguria: Palude dei Crosi (Voltri), VII, s.coll. s.n. (G-DOR)- Arenzano, VI.1843, s.coll. s.n. (G-DOR)- Li­ guria occid. S. Mauro Pineti per la strada diS. Romolo vicino ad una sorgente, s.d., s. col!. s.n. (FI) -Liguria or. monti Sopralacroce alt. m 1000 ca., 2.VIII.l894, G. Doria et R. Gestro s.n. (G-DOR) - Acquasanta (Voltri), 14.VII.1895, G. Doria etA. Ferioli s.n. (G-DOR) - Presso il passo del Turchino, 14.VII.1895, Doria et Ferioli s.n. (G-DOR)- Fossi lungo lo stradone a valle del Giovo in Sassello Val d'Erro Appennino Ligure, VI.1905, s.coll. s.n. (TO) - Borzoli all'umido al passo colla eli Murta, 16.VIII.1905, G.B. Canneva et Ridol/o s.n. (G. DOR)- Varazze, 12.VII.1923, s. colt. s.n. (FI). Emilia Romagna: Sabbie umide lungo il Panaro aS. Anna presso Modena, 22.V.1884, Fiori s.n. (FI), sp.pl. Tuscany: In uliginosis apenninis a S. Pellegrino, s.d., Puccinell~ s.n. (FI) - In humidis Montis Pisani, V.1842, P. Savi s.n. (PI)- Podere Olivieri presso la Parabola a Viareggio, VI.1860, s.coll. s.n. (PI)- Appennino

Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016 pistoiese al Teso, 4.VII.1862, 0. Beccari s.n. (PAL)· Florence dans le lit de l'Amo Porta S. Croce, VI.1865, Le­ vier s.n. (FI)- Lit du Serchio vers Ghivizzano, 26.IX.1872, Sommier s.n. (FI)- Como aile Scale, 29.VI.1873, Marchesetti s.n. (FI) - Padule eli Bientina, VII.1877, Danielli s.n. (PI) · Nei boschi tra la Vallombrosa e Reggello (regione del castagno) presso un ruscello, 15.VIII.1880, L. Micheletti s.n. (TO)- Lucca sui MonteS. Quirico, arene umide del Serchio, VII.1885, Cittadella s.n. (PI)- Livomo Calambrone, 25.VIII.1886, C. Costa Reghini s.n. (PI)· Massa via dei Tecchiani luoghi umidi, IX.1891, P. Pellegrini s.n. (PI)- Saline eli Volterra ai Pozzi, 4.VII.1892, U. Martelli s.n. (PI)- Ami luoghi umidi (Versilia), 25.VI.1923, P. Pellegrini s.n. (PI)- Alpe eli Ca­ tenaia versante Est, 16.VII.1935, Pichi Sermolli 2290 (FI)- Sotto al Saltino vicino al Vignale in un acquitrino al margine della strada, 23.VII.l996, A. Arcara et L. Pignotti s.n. (FI) - Cetica, Pratomagno ruscello in ceduo eli castagno, VI.1997,A. Arcara s.n. (FI). Umbria: Sponde del Lago Trasimeno, VI.1887, A. Batelli s.n. (PI) - Lungo il Trasimeno tra l'emissario e S. Feliciano, 6.VI.1912, E. Barsali s.n. (PI). Calabria: Prati umidi nemorali al valico tra S. Pili e Paola, VIII.1909, A. Forti e Trotter s.n. (VER). Sardinia: S.l., s.d., Badaro s.n. (G-DOR). SCIRPUS L. AND RELATED GENERA IN ITALY 391

Isolepis fluitans Piedmont: Prope La Mandria della Venaria Rle vicino all'acqua corrente, XI.1848, s.cotl. s.n. (TO)- In quodam rivulo agri Taurinensi loco dicto le Molinette, s.d., Agosti s.n. (VER). Tuscany: S.l., s. d., s. col!. s.n. (FI).

Trichophorum cespitosum Valle d'Aosta: Colle di Betta Forca, 9.VIII.1852, s. col!. s. n. (TO)- Val di Venis (Veny) 2450- 2900, 16.VIII.1894, L. Vaccari s. n. (FI)- Luoghi umidi paludosi al Vallone del Breuil presso il Piccolo San Bernardo, Vll.1897, L. Vaccari s. n. (FI) - Alpe Rossa sopra Gressoney, 17 .Vll.1900, L. Vaccari s. n. (FI) - Ollomont tra La Balme e Mont Gele 2200- 2800, 28.VII.1902, L. Vaccari s. n. (FI)- Rhemes Notre Dame sopra Cascina Lavas­ sey nei prati torbosi m 2400-2500, 17.Vll.1913, P. Bolzon s. n. (FI)- Aosta luoghi palustri presso Lavachey (Ferret), 29.Vl.1914, P. Bolzon s. n. (FI), sp. pl. - Comba della Thuilletta 2300 m, 22.VIII.1900, L. Vaccari s. n. (FI) - Cervinia Breuil a 2030 m rive torbose del rio sotto la funivia, 22. Vl.1963, G. Montelucci s. n. (RO) - Piano torboso di Pra Suppiaz a Valnontey m 1700 Valle di Cogne, 16.Vl.1970, B. Peyronel et G. Dal Vesco s. n. (TO). Piedmont: Prati paludosi dell'Alpe Campo sopra Antronapiana (Prov. Verbania), 18.VIII.1890, E. Cbio­ venda s. n. (RO)- Pascoli umidi Macugnaga (Valle Anzasca), Vli.1888,J. Rossi s. n. (FI) - Usseglio, VIII.1896, s. colt. s. n. (TO)- Valdossola pascoli umidi attomo allago di Codelago 1850 min Val di Devero, 29.Vl.1897, C. Camperio s. n. (FI) -Col d'Olen (Valsesia), 12.VIII.1899, G. Go/as. n. (TO) -Valle di Lanzo, VIII.1900, s. col!. s. n. (FI) - Oropa luogo palustre tra 1' Alpe Camino e la cima dello stesso monte, 30. Vll.1905, L. Micheletti s. n. (TO)- Chiomonte luoghi umidi al piano di Tuille a Nord dei quattro denti, 24.Vll.1911, P. Fontana s. n. (PAD)- Siti umidi a sinistra dellago del Mucrone, 23;VIII.1918, E. Fe"ari s. n. (TO)- Valle Formazza prati torbosi e torbe a NW dellago di Antillone m 1250, 9.1X.1921, 0. Boggiani 684 (FI)- Giaveno luoghi paludosi nell' altipiano sopra 1' Alpe Balma m 2000, 18.VIII.1923, P. Fontana s. n. (TO) - Alpe Veglia Alpi Lepontine nei prati acquitrinosi torbosi presso la Cairasca m 1750 presso il nevaio del Mottiscia (acqua corrente esemplari piccoli) sui 1900 m, 20- 25.VII.1932, G. Montelucci s. n. (RO)- Valle Soana Parco Nazionale del Gran Para­ diso, Forzo, ristagni nel pascolo nei pressi dellago della Valletta q. m 2380, 20.Vll.1977, Montaccbini, Forneris et Piervittori s. n. (TO) -Valle di Susa Col Bousson zone palustri nell'orizzonte dei pascoli alpini q. 2230, 21.VIII.1978, Montaccbini et LoBue s. n. (TO) -Vaile del Nivolet laghi sopra al casotto del Bastalon pascolo al lago q. 2700, 23.VIII.1993, F. Montacchini, G. Forneris et R. Caravello s. n. (TO)- Valle Orco (Ceresole Reale) Alpe Trucco, pianoro con vegetazione q. 2060, 11. Vll.1997, M. Scotta s. n. (TO) - Vallone del Brocan, 2100 m, prateria umida, 20/VII.1999, L. Pignotti et M. Tardelli s.n. (FI). Lombardy: Lieux marecageux de la valle dei Dossi (di Foscagno) terr. schistoso alt. 2065 m, 31.Vl.1865, s. colt. s. n. (FI)- Palude al Dosso della Freita in Livigno 1900 m, 20.Vll.1904, M. Longa s. n. (RO)- Prov. di Son­ drio Bormio in paludosis subalpinis loci dicti Paluaccio S. Catterina V allaccia 1700 - 2000 m solo siliceo, VII.1904, M. Longa s. n. (PAD), sp. pl. - Prov. Sondrio in paludosis reg. subalpinae, loco Piano di Vezola dicto (alt. 2000 m) solo siliceo, 15.VIII.1908, M. Longa 1423 (FI, PAD, RO, TO), sp. pl.. Trentino Alto Adige: - Montalon in Valsugana nei pascoli alpini, s. d., Montini s. n. (FI)In pratis humidis in alpes ad Siendeny Bozen Ritten, s. d., Hausmann 661 s. n. (TO) - Val di Senales Corteraso m 2000, 18.Vll.1926, A. Cbiarugi s. n. (FI)- Val Gardena Ortisei Sella Cuca, 30.Vl.1928, A. Cbiarugi s. n. (FI)- Val di Racines Cresta del Giovo passo del Cristo acquitrini micascisti q. 2000 - 2050, 28.Vll.1935, S. Zenari s. n. (PAD)- Val Ridanna Val di Lazzago acquitrini versola galleria micascisti q. 2300, 25.Vlll.l935, S. Zenari s. n. (PAD) - Val di Fleres salita al rif. Dante alia Stua pascolo filladi quarz. e paragneiss Casera q. 2117, 30.Vll.1936, S. Zenari s. n. (PAD) - Val Passiria Alpe di Slatago acquitrini e pascolo micascisti q. 2000, 2.VIII.1949, S. Zenari s. n. (PAD)- Vipiteno strada di Passo Pennes zone acquitrinose sotto Malga q. 2000- 2040 micascisti,27.Vli.1951,S. Zenari s. n. (FI, PAD), sp. pl.- Predoi di Valle Aurina Costa di Selva acquitrino gneiss q. 2150, 17 .VIII.1953, S. Zenari s. n. (FI, PAD), sp. pl. -Dolomiti del Brenta Monte Spinale (Madonna di

Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016 Campiglio) dalla seggiovia al rifugio G. Graffer m 2200-2300 ca., 10.VII.1956, A. Cbiarugi, R. Co"adi, R. Ba­ vazzano s. n. (FI) - Tre Cime di Lavaredo zona paludosa alia base su rocce del Raibl. m 2200 ca., 16.VII.1956, A. Marcello s. n. (PAD)- Passo del Tonale, 20.VI.1962, G. Montelucci s. n. (RO)- Val de La Mare torbier di Malga Mare m 1750 ca., 20.VI.1962, C. Ricceri s. n. (FI). Venetia: Pascoli della grappa presso Bassano, s. d., Montini s. n. (FI)- Litore Veneto, 1844, Kellner s. n. (FI)- Passo di M.te Croce acquitrini verso Palii Alta filladi quarzifere 1800 Comelico Cadore, 11.Vlll.l932, S. Zenari s. n. (PAD) - Valle di Zoldo (Belluno) palude alia Palafavera presso Rio Canedo m 1500 ca., 28.VIII.1939, A. Marcello s. n. (PAD) - Cortina d'Ampezzo (Belluno) sotto il Passo Giau zona palustre m 1900 ca., 15.Vl.1949, A. Marcello s. n. (PAD). Friuli Venezia Giulia: Camia paludi dietro il fosso Varmost m 1630, 16.Vl.1896, L. Gortani s. n. (FI). Liguria: Aggallato consolidato nell'invaso dellago Riondo (Riserva naturale integrale "Agoraie di sopra e Moggetto" Alta Val d'Aveto Appennino Ligure Orientale) 1330 m sui mare, s. d., L. Aita, E. Martini et F. Or­ sino s. n. (FI) - Appennino Ligure M.te Aiona prato paludoso a nord di Passo della Spingarda m 1525 ca., 22.VII.1967, E. Nardi, C. Ricceri s. n. (FI). 392 L. PIGNOTTI

Trichophorum pumilum Valle d'Aosta: Ollomont, Balme m 2300, 30.Vll.1970, F. Rosetti s. n. (FI)- Ollomont tra Ia Balme e Mont Gele 2200-2800 m, 28.VII.1902, L. Vaccari s. n. (FI). Piedmont: Valle di Susa pascolo dell'orizzonte alpino parzialmente inondato nel vallone dell'Argentera (della Ripa) nei pressi del rifugio delle milizie m 2200, 8.Vlll.1878, Montacchini et LoBue s. n. (TO)- Presso le sorgenti Alpe di Massa! val Germanasca, VII, E. Rostan s. n. (FI) - Acceglio alla sorgente della Macra (Cn), 25.VII.1909, L. Bellis. n. (TO)- Clavieres siti torbosi paludosi presso il paese, 1928, s. col!. s. n. (TO)- Sauze d'Oulx (Valle di Luna) rigagnoli sopra Ia capanna Kind, 9.IX.1930, P. Fontana et E. Crosetti s. n. (TO)- Pian della Mussa m 2000, 29.VI.1958, Rosenkrantz, A.M. Mosca et Aiello s. n. (TO) - Valfredda Alpi Cozie, m 2100 ca., presso una sorgente, 21.VII.1999, L. Pignotti et M. Tardelli s.n. (FI). Lombardy: V altellina in V a! Fraele 2000 m palude, 29 .Vlll.1903, C. Camperio s. n. (FI) - V alfurva, pascoli torbosi diS. Caterina, VII.1876, De Notaris s. n. (RO). Venetia: In Vicet., s. d., Spranzi s. n. (PAD).

Trichophorum alpinum Vaile d' Aosta: Monte Rosa, s. d., s. colt. s. n. (FI) -A Molina di Cogne, Vll, E. Rostan s. n. (FI) - Gressoney St. Jean Aosta Alpe Cialfarina acquitrini, 3.VIII.1893, Ab. Carestia s. n. (FI)- Valle di Nana (Challand) 2200, 19.Vll.1900, L. Vaccari s. n. (FI) - Valpelline fra Prarayer e il ghiacciaio di Tsa de Tsan 1900-2200 m, 7.VIII.1904, L. Vaccari s. n. (FI)- Champorcher a Monpey 1500-2000 serpentino, 23.Vlll.1904, L. Vaccari s. n. (FI) - Courmayeur presso il Purtud alla fonte, 14.VII.1912, E. Rostan s. n. (FI). Piedmont: Abbondante nella sommita della valle di Ellero nelluogo detto Ia val di Bellino nei prati palu­ dosi spongiosi, s. d., s. colt. s. n. (TO)- Alla sommita della Valle di Stura colle della Maddalena (Argentera), VII.l880, s. colt. s. n. (TO) - Limone Valle diS. Giovanni nei prati a! fondo della Vallalta (Alpi Marirtime), 11.VIII.1891, E. Ferraris. n. (TO)- A Riva in Valsesia, 14.VIII.1892, G. E. Rasetti s. n. (FI)- Pietraporzio Val­ lone del Piz (Alpi Marittime), 12.VII.l894, E. Ferraris. n. (TO), sp. pl. - Vinadio luoghi umidi nel Vallone di Riofreddo Alpi Marittime, 12.VII.1895, E. Ferraris. n. (TO) - Luoghi paludosi tra Colla di Casotto e il gias Ruccason (Garessio), 30.VI.1906, Ferrari et Vallino s. n. (TO)- Vallone della Marmora Grangia Loset sopra il laghetto Poisole m 2000, 26.VII.1912, E. Ferrari, G. Gola, Santi et Mussa s. n. (TO)- Barge M.te Bracco siti umidi paludosi verso M.na Pittavino 1000 m, 17.VII.1913, E. Ferrari et G. Negri s. n. (TO)- Valle Formazza !ago di Antillone, rive m 1250, 22.VI.1920, 0. Boggiani s. n. (FI) - Acquitrini sui monte Matto sopra illago Sot­ tano Sella (2150 m) Val Gesso, 2.VIII.1961, P.G. Bonos. n. (FI). Lombardy: In alpibus Comensibus et alla Spluga, s. d., Comolti s. n. (TO)- Pascoli delle prealpi bergama­ sche, s. d., Rota s. n. (FI)- Prati torbosi alpini del Tonalea 2000 m, 23.VII.l870, F. Parlatore s. n. (FI)- Prov. di Sondrio Bormio in paludosis subalpinis loci dicti Paluaccio, S. Caterina, Vallaccia alt. 1700 - 2000, solo siliceo, Vll.1904, M. Longa s. n. (FI, PAD, TO), sp. pl.. Trentino Alto Adige:. Ad lacum Nambini prope Spinalis juga, s. d., C. Perini s. n. (FI) - Tirolo italiano V alsugana nei prati turfosi di Pontarfo e di Setteselle cioe dalla regione del castagno superiore a tutta quella del larice suolo porfirico e granitoso, VI - VII, Ambrosi s. n. (FI) - In pratis paludosis alpinis et subalpinis Ritten Seiseralpe, VI, Hausmann 720 (TO)- Tirolia austro- orient. Pusteria Sexten locis turfosis (in Biirensee) M.te Crucis (Kreuzberg) 1700 m, 17.Vll.1878, Huter s. n. (TO)- Alpi Trentine S. Martino di Castrozza suolo dolo­ mitico m 1450, 4.VII.1922, A. Fiori s. n. (FI)- Val Gardena Ortisei !ago Santo m 2096, 22.VII.1931, A. Chia­ rugi s. n. (FI)- Plan de Corones (Kronplatz) 2273 m fillade, 29.VII.1939, s. colt. s. n. (PAD)- Val Passiria ac­ quitrini sotto Ia muta di Stulles micascisti m 1900- 1950, 3.VIII.1948, S. Zenari s. n. (FI, PAD), sp. pl. -Venezia Tridentina praterie inondate torbo -lacustri della conca diM. Bondone, 18.VI.1962, G. Moggi etC. Ricceri s. n. (FI). Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016 Venetia: Tolto nelle cime dell'Antellao (Monte Antelao), s. d., s. colt. s. n. (FI)- Lago di Misurina ramo NE q. 1760, 6.VIII.1930, 5. Zenari s. n. (PAD)- Val d'Ansiei Cadore q. 1100- 1150, 11.VIII.1930, 5. Zenari s. n. (PAD)- Costa di Dantalago Cestella q. 1406 Comelico Cadore, 16.Vll.1932,5. Zenari s. n. (PAD)- Passo di Monte Croce verso Palu Alta filladi quarzifere q. 1800, 11.VIII.1934, 5. Zenari s. n. (PAD)- Valle Agordina Porcella A urine sfagneti m 1250, 3. VIII.1948, A. Marcello s. n. (PAD). Friuli Venezia Giulia: In paludibus Camiae legi prope Monajo fract. Juvelli in palude Cordea, V.1860, Ab. LeonardoMorassis. n. (PAD)- Camia prati umidi epalude presso Cima Corso fraAmpezzo e Forni di Sot­ to (Udine) ca. m 700, 21.VI.1958, G. Moggi, R. Bavazzano etA. Contardo s. n. (FI, PAD), sp. pl. Emilia Romagna: Appennino parmense in un piano inondato torboso tra illago Scuro e illago Gemio am 1400, T. Provasi s. n. (FI) - Alta valle del Taro c/o Lago verde comune di Monchio delle Corti, q. 1510, 8.IX.1991, F. Bonafede s. n. (FI). Tuscany: Garfagnana sopra Ia Pania di Corfino in un acquitrino esp. sud assieme a Swertia, tra i faggi su macigno m 1300, 14.VIII.1966, E. Ferrarini s. n. (FI)- Lamarossa, 4.VI.2000, L. Pignotti s.n. (FI). SCIRPUS L. AND RELATED GENERA IN ITALY 393 Appendix2

List of the mentioned names

Accepted names are in bold type, other validly published names are in italics, not validly published names are in roman type. Baeothryon cespitosus (L.) A. Dietr...... 365 Blysmus compressus (L.) Panz ...... 298 Blysmus Panz. ex Schult...... 298 Bolboschoenus (Asch.) Palla ...... 310 Bolboschoenus maritimus (L.) Palla ...... 311 Dichostylis fluitans (L.) P. Beauv ...... 361 Eleocharis fluitans (L.) Hook...... 361 Eleogiton /luitans (L.) Link ...... 361 Eleogiton Link ...... 360 Eriophorella Holub ...... 374 Eriophorum alpinum L ...... 363 Eriophorum hudsonianum Michx ...... 371 Heleogiton litorale (Schrad.) Rchb ...... 339 Heleogiton pungens (Vahl) Rchb ...... 336 Heleogiton triquetrum (L.) Rchb ...... 329 Holoschoenus albovittatus Rchb...... 315 Holoschoenus australis (L.) Rchb ...... 315 Holoschoenus exserens Rchb...... 315 Holoschoenus fili/ormis Rchb...... 315 Holoschoenus globi/erus (L. f.) A. Dietr...... 315 Holoschoenus Link ...... 314 Holoschoenus linnaei Rchb ...... 315 Holoschoenus vulgaris Link subsp. panormitanus (Pari.) Nyman ...... 315 Holoschoenus romanus (L.) Fritsch ...... 315 Holoschoenus vulgaris Link ...... 315 Holoschoenus vulgaris Link var. australis Halacsy ...... 315 Holoschoenus vulgaris Link var. romanus (L.) Vis ...... 315 Holoschoenus vulgaris Link var. typicus Halacsy ...... 315 Isolepis cernua (Vahl) Roem. & Schult ...... 353 lsolepis fluitans (L.) R. Br...... 361 Isolepis globi/era (L. f.) Nym ...... 315 Isolepis holoschoenus (L.) Roem. & Schult ...... 315 Isolepis minaae (Tod.) Pari...... 353 Isolepis mucronata (L.) Fourr...... 343 Isolepis oligantha C.A. Mey ...... 369 Isolepis paniculata Gray ...... 315 Isolepis panormitana Pari...... 315 Isolepis pseudosetacea (Daveau) Lainz ...... 357 lsolepis R. Br...... 351

Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016 Isolepis R. Br. subg. Isolepis ...... 351 lsolepis R. Br. subg. lsolepis sect. Eleogiton (Link) Pax ...... 360 Isolepis R. Br. subg. Isolepis sect. Isolepis ...... 352 Isolepis saviana Roem. & Schult ...... 353 Isolepis setacea (L.) R. Br...... 358 Isolepis sicula Pres! ...... 353 Isolepis supina (L.) R. Br...... 349 Malacochaete litoralis (Schrad.) Nees ...... 339 Schoenoplectus (Rchb.) Palla ...... 320 Schoenoplectus (Rchb.) Palla subg. Actaeogeton (Rchb.) Oteng-Yeboah ...... 343 Schoenoplectus (Rchb.) Palla subg. Schoenoplectus ...... 321 Schoenoplectus carinatus (Sm.) Palla ...... 331 Schoenoplectus cernuus (Vahl) Hayek ...... 353 Schoenoplectus juncoides (Roxb.) Palla ...... 345 394 L. PIGNOTTI

Schoenoplectus lacustris (L.) Palla subsp. tabernaemontani (C. C. Gmel.) A Love & D. Love ...... 325 Schoenoplectus lacustris (L.) Palla ...... 321 Schoenoplectus litoralis (Schrad.) Palla ...... 339 Schoenoplectus mucronatus (L.) Palla ...... 343 Schoenoplectus philippii (Tineo) Pignatti ...... 339 Schoenoplectus pungens (Vahl) Palla ...... 336 Schoenoplectus supinus (L.) Palla ...... 349 Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (C. C. Gmel.) Palla ...... 324 Schoenoplectus triqueter (L.) Palla ...... 329 Schoenus compressus L...... 298 Scirpoides holoschoenus (L.) Sojak ...... 315 Scirpoides Seg...... 314 Scirpus alfinis Bianca ...... 339 Scirpus a/pinus Schleich. ex Gaud...... 369 Scirpus americanus auct...... 3 36 Scirpus atrichus (Palla) Dalla Torre & Sarnth...... 369 Scirpus atrovirens Will d...... 3 07 Scirpus australis L...... 315 Scirpus caricinus Schrad...... 298 Scirpus caricis Retz...... 298 Scirpus carinatus Sm...... 331 Scirpus cernuus Vahl ...... 353 Scirpus cernuus Vahl f. macrostachyus Maire & Weiller ...... 353 Scirpus cespitosus L...... 365 Scirpus compactus Hoffm...... 311 Scirpus compressus (L.) Pers ...... 298 Scirpus cyperoides Lam...... 311 Scirpus drepanensis Lojac ...... 374 Scirpus duvalii Hoppe ...... 331 Scirpus erectus C. B. Clarke ...... 345 Scirpus filiformis Savi ...... 353 Scirpus /luitans L...... 361 Scirpus glaucus Sm ...... 325 Scirpus globi/erus L. f...... 343 Scirpus glomeratus Scopoli ...... 315 Scirpus holoschoenus L...... 314 Scirpus holoschoenus L. prol.linnaei (Rchb.) Asch. & Graebn ...... 315 Scirpus holoschoenus L. subsp. globzferus (L. f.) Husn ...... 315 Scirpus holoschoenus L. subsp. globiferus (L. f.) Husn. var. macrostachyus Husn...... 315 Scirpus holoschoenus L. var. australis (L.) W.D.J. Koch ...... 315 Scirpus holoschoenus L. var. globi/erus (L. f.) Pari...... 315 Scirpus holoschoenus L. var. romanus (L.) Koch ...... 315 Scirpus holoschoenus L. var. vulgaris (Link) W.D.J. Koch ...... 315 Scirpus holoschoenus subsp. eu-holoschoenus Briq ...... 315 Scirpus hudsonianus (Michx.) Fernald ...... 371 Scirpus intermedius Poiret ...... 315

Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016 Scirpus juncoides Roxb...... 345 Scirpus L...... 3 01 Scirpus L. sect. Actaeogeton Rchb ...... 343 Scirpus L. sect. Isolepis (R. Br.) Griseb ...... 352 Scirpus L. sect. Schoenoplectus (Rchb.) Benth. & Hook...... 320 Scirpus L. subg. Actaeogeton (Rchb.) Borner ...... 343 Scirpus L. subg. Schoenoplectus Rchb ...... 320 Scirpus lacustris L...... 321 Scirpus lacustris L. subsp. tabernaemontani (C. C. Gmel.) Syme in Sowerby ...... 325 Scirpus lacustris L. var. tabernaemontani (C. C. Gmel.) Fiori ...... 325 Scirpus lacustris L. var. tuberculatus Guss ...... 325 Scirpus litoralis Schrad...... 3 3 9 Scirpus macrostachys Will d...... 311 Scirpus maritimus L...... 310 SCIRPUS L. AND RELATED GENERA IN ITALY 395

Scirpus maritimus L. var. compactus (Hoffm.) Fiori ...... 311 Scirpus maritimus L. var. macrostachys (Willd.) Pari...... 311 Scirpus maritimus L. var. monostachyus Meyer ...... 311 Scirpus maritimus L. var. tuberosus (Desf.) Guss ...... 311 Scirpus maritimus L. var. tuberosus Lojac ...... 311 Scirpus minaae Tod...... 353 Scirpus mucronatus L...... 343 Scirpus nervosus (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Boeck. var campanus A. Terrace ...... 353 Scirpus nervosus (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Boeck. var siculus (Pres!) A. Terrace ...... 353 Scirpus panormitanus (Pari.) Pari...... 315 Scirpus parlatoris Biv...... 315 Scz'rpus philippiiTineo ...... 339 Scirpus pollichii Godr. & Gren ...... 329 Scirpus pseudo-setaceus Daveau ...... 357 Scirpus pumilus Vahl ...... 369 Scirpus pungens Vahl ...... 336 Scirpus radicans Schkuhr ...... 304 Scirpus romanus L...... 315 Scirpus rosellinii Cesati, Passerini & Gibelli ...... 331 Scirpus rothii Hoppe ...... 3 36 Scirpus savii Sebast. & Mauri subsp. nervosus (Boeck.) Arcang ...... 353 Scirpus savii Sehast. & Mauri ...... 353 Scirpus savii Seb. & Mauri subsp. minaae (Tod.) Arcang ...... 353 Scirpus savii Sebast. & Mauri var. major Guss ...... 353 Scirpus L. sect. Holoschoenus (Link) W.D.J. Koch ...... 314 Scirpus setaceus L...... 358 Scirpus setaceus L. var. clathratus Rchb ...... 358 Scirpus setaceus L. var. savii (Sebast. & Mauri) Fiori ...... 353 Scirpus setaceus L. var. minaae (Tod.) Fiori ...... 353 Scirpus siculus Lojac ...... 325 Scirpus L. subdiv. Bolboschoenus Asch ...... 310 Scirpus supinus L...... 349 Scirpus sylvaticus L...... 3 02 Scirpus tabernae montani C. C. Gmel...... 324 Scirpus tenuz/olius DC...... 33 6 Scirpus triqueter L...... 329 Scirpus tuberosus Desf...... 311 Trichophorum alpinum (L.) Pers ...... 371 Trichophorum atrichum Palla ...... 369 Trichophorum austriacum Palla ...... 365 Trichophorum cespitosum (L.) Hartman ...... 365 Trichophorum cespitosum (L.) Hartman subsp. austriacum (Palla) Hegi ...... 365 Trichophorum oliganthum (C.A. Mey.) Fritsch ...... 369

Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016 Trichophorum Pers...... 363 Trichophorum pumilum (Vahl) Schinz & Theil ...... 369

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I am grateful to my tutor E. Nardi, to the Directors and Curators of the herbaria consulted, and to the following people, who helped me during the work: P.V. Arrigoni, M. Raffaelli, M. Ma­ riotti Lippi, R.M. Baldini, B. Foggi, G. Fiorini, L. Barbucci Dell'Olmo, M. Tardelli, S. Turrini, G. Abba, F. Piccoli, A. Arcara, S. Pasta, A. Troia, F. Selvi, Ch. Oberprieler, M. Marchesini, A. Mo­ risi, E. Zanotti, G. Caniglia, 0. Cecchi, L. Lombardi, E. Venturi. A special thank to my parents and to E. Menicagli, who edited respectively the early and the ultimate lay-out of the distribution maps. 396 L. PIGNOTTI

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Downloaded by [Università di Pisa], [L. Peruzzi] at 01:17 19 February 2016 Summary

In the revision here presented, an assessment of the Italian species of the group Scirpus s.l. at generic, infrageneric and specific level is performed, on the basis of a comparative morphological analysis carried out on wild populations and on exsiccata housed in the main Italian herbaria, as well as in the light of recent (and less recent) acquisitions in the systematics of such worldwide, most diverse and complex group. The 22 species here appraised for the Italian territory are attri­ buted to 7 genera: Blysmus Panz., Scirpus L., Bolboschoenus (Rchb.) Palla, Scirpoides Scheuchz. ex Seguier, Schoenoplectus (Rchb.) Palla, Isolepis R. Br., Trichophorum Pers. Schoenoplectus species are attributed to the subgenera Schoenoplectus and Actaeogeton (Rchb.) Oteng-Y eboah. Isolepis species are attributed to the only subgenus Isolepis and to the sections Isolepis and Eleogiton (Link) Pax.