As Letras Musicais Do Olodum Nos Anos 1980 Africa

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As Letras Musicais Do Olodum Nos Anos 1980 Africa África: outras representações - as letras musicais do Olodum nos anos 1980 Africa: other representations - musical lyrics of the Olodum in the 1980s Edvaldo Lopes Santos Filho1 RESUMO Olodum surge em 1979 como bloco afro alternativo no carnaval soteropolitano, pautado em performances e discursos que exaltavam uma estética “dita” negra, a partir da afirmação de uma África positivada. O grupo se insurge em lógicas discursivas contra hegemônicas e estabelece outra narrativa para o entendimento tanto do continente africano como das práticas culturais ora em curso no carnaval soteropolitano. Este trabalho, ainda em andamento, objetiva mostrar as representações do continente africano nas letras das músicas do Olodum, ressaltando como estas produziram novo entendimento e ressignificações entre os jovens e a militância dos movimentos sociais negros soteropolitanos. Para este trabalho serão feitas análises das letras das músicas do grupo aludido, além de documentos deste, com o intuito de indicar outras lógicas discursivas na fabricação de narrativas voltadas para o entendimento do carnaval e dos espaços culturais como locais possíveis de se disputar hegemonia de sentidos e representações. Além disto, também foi realizada revisão bibliográfica específica sobre o tema, entrevistas com membros da organização, foliões e artistas que possibilitaram a inclusão da história oral. Ao longo dos anos 1980, com a crescente popularização do samba reggae, o Olodum granjeou em torno de si a simpatia de significativo número de homens negros e mulheres negras, afirmando discursos de luta contra o racismo, e exaltando a beleza negra, a partir da evocação de diferentes aspectos do continente africano. O Olodum, durante sua fase áurea de grupo militante, constituiu-se em opção política para diferentes setores dos movimentos sociais, sobretudo os grupos negros, que viam na atuação cultural uma das possibilidades de luta política. A questão central deste projeto, nesse sentido, objetiva mostrar as ressonâncias do movimento pan-africanista nas letras e textos do grupo, bem como as representações do continente africanos presentes nas performances deste. Palavras chaves: Olodum, representação, África, letras músicas. ABSTRACT Olodum emerged in 1979 as an alternative African block in the soteropolitan carnival, based on performances and speeches that exalted a "black" aesthetic, from the affirmation 1 Mestrando em Estudos Africanos, Povos Indígenas e Culturas Negras (PPGEAFIN) , linha de pesquisa 1 Representações e Estudos sobre raça e relações éticas: África e africanos, povos indigenas e negros no Brasil na Universidade Estadual da Bahia (UNEB). of a positive Africa. The group insurgents in discursive logics against hegemonic and establishes another narrative for the understanding of both the African continent and the cultural practices now underway in the Soteropolitan carnival. This work, still in progress, aims to show the representations of the African continent in the lyrics of the Olodum songs, highlighting how they produced new understanding and resignification among young people and the militancy of black social movements in Soteropolitan. For this work will be made analyzes of the lyrics of the group mentioned, as well as documents from this, with the intention of indicating other discursive logics in the production of narratives aimed at understanding the carnival and cultural spaces as possible places to dispute hegemony of senses and representations. In addition, a specific bibliographical review on the topic was also carried out, interviews with members of the organization, revelers and artists that allowed the inclusion of oral history. Throughout the 1980s, with the increasing popularization of samba reggae, the Olodum won around sympathy for a significant number of black men and black women, affirming discourses to fight against racism, and exalting black beauty from the evocation of different aspects of the African continent. The Olodum, during its golden phase as a militant group, constituted a political option for different sectors of social movements, especially the black groups, who saw in cultural performance one of the possibilities of political struggle. The central question of this project, in this sense, aims to show the resonances of the pan-African movement in the letters and texts of the group, as well as representations of the African continent present in the performances of this. Keywords: Olodum, representation, Africa, lyrics. Na década dos anos 1980 o Olodum levou o Brasil e o resto do Mundo, a partir da cidade de Salvador a repensar África e suas influências, principalmente quando se tratava dos seres humanos na sua totalidade. Mostrou através das suas letras musicais outra África e que esta, apesar dos discursos em contrário, é pautada por significativa diversidade. A questão central deste projeto, nesse sentido, objetiva mostrar as ressignificações apresentadas nas letras musicais do grupo, relacionadas ao continente africanos presentes nas letras das músicas, performances dos seus membros e memórias dos integrantes/moradores das comunidades do entorno. África: outras representações - as letras musicais do Olodum nos anos 1980, é o título do artigo onde serão abordadas as ressignificações de vários países do continente africano, através de pesquisas realizadas pelo Olodum, contando principalmente com a compreensão do propósito exposto aos compositores que, com suas criatividades poéticas fizeram surgir várias letras musicais, que versavam a cada ano, para cada tema escolhido pelo bloco carnavalesco no período correspondente a década de 1980. Assim também colheremos as mais diversas opiniões, com históricos de possíveis mudanças de comportamentos ocorridas entre os participantes da pesquisa. O Olodum pode ser definido como uma entidade que agregava diferentes atividades socioculturais, a exemplo de dança, música, percussão e teatro. Surgiu na capital baiana nos fins dos anos 1970, no processo de retomada dos movimentos sociais negros no Brasil, ou terceira fase conforme periodização feita por Domingues (2007). Ao longo dos anos 1980, com a crescente popularização do samba reggae, o Olodum granjeou em torno de si a simpatia de significativo número de homens negros e mulheres negras, afirmando discursos de luta contra o racismo, e exaltando a beleza negra, a partir da evocação de diferentes aspectos do continente africano. 2 O Olodum, durante sua fase áurea de grupo militante, constituiu-se em opção política para diferentes setores dos movimentos sociais, sobretudo os grupos negros, que viam na atuação cultural uma das possibilidades de luta política. Conforme Hanchard (2001), a “saída pelo cultural” predominou entre os militantes negros baianos. Diferente dos movimentos negros paulistas optaram por uma “saída pelo cultural”, ou, em outras palavras, utilizaram-se dos espaços da dança, teatro e música como espaço privilegiado para suas reivindicações e estratégias de luta. Lima (2010), ao discorrer sobre os movimentos negros pernambucanos, mostra que há semelhanças entre as escolhas destes com os baianos em geral. O Olodum rapidamente, ao longo dos anos 1980, ganhou o Brasil. Teve algumas de suas músicas cantadas por Daniela Mercury, foi tema de diversos carnavais espalhados Brasil afora e se afirmou como referência cultural militante para muitos negros e negras no Brasil, conforme Lima (2010), que mostra as ressonâncias provocadas pelo grupo entre militantes pernambucanos. Vendeu milhões de discos e shows. Para alguns dos seus críticos, sofreu o processo de espetacularização na medida em que atingiu o sucesso. Tanto nos aspectos relacionados com a cultura, bem como a política, o Olodum mostrou-se como referência pautada na exaltação da beleza negra. Sua estratégia primordial baseou-se no caminho aberto pelos pan-africanistas do século XIX, que viam 2 Sobre o Olodum, ver: lista de teses e dissertações ao final do projeto. na África o lugar dos negros, de modo que toda e qualquer diferença existente neste continente fosse colocada a serviço da valorização dos negros e negras. Suas músicas mostravam o continente africano como o princípio, a raiz da cultura e de todas as práticas e costumes feitos pelos negros e negras. Nesse sentido, importa para esta discussão identificar as questões que norteiam a construção de representações do continente africano a partir das letras das músicas, bem como dos temas de carnaval do Olodum ao longo dos anos 1980. Como o continente africano foi representado nestas músicas e quais sentidos ele produzia entre os militantes negros baianos? Quais os significados presentes nas letras destas composições e como estes foram apreendidos por diferentes gerações que ouviram músicas retratando o Egito, Madagascar, Senegal, dentre outros? Em suma, pode-se afirmar que se alguns setores dos movimentos negros brasileiros se intitulavam descendentes do continente africano, outros rejeitavam esta pecha e se mostravam críticos a ideia de origem e pertencimento dos negros ao continente africano, afirmando a brasilidade em alguns momentos, ou “afro- brasilidade” em outros. Para este projeto é fundamental discutir as representações do continente africanos construídas nas diversas performances do Olodum ao longo dos anos 1980, cotejando esta trajetória com as ressonâncias do movimento pan-africanista presentes nos movimentos negros em geral. Conforme já afirmado, o Olodum reuniu em torno de si significativas parcelas da sociedade baiana, especialmente aqueles que se identificavam com a luta antirracista na Bahia.
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