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Investigating Lesbian Pulp Fiction Through the Lens of a Lesbian Textual Community

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Investigating Lesbian Pulp Fiction Through the Lens of a Lesbian Textual Community UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM More Than Throw-Away Fiction Investigating Lesbian Pulp Fiction through the Lens of a Lesbian Textual Community Author: S Lou Stratton Student ID: 1074734 Supervisor: Dr Danielle Fuller Submitted: 12 January 2018 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. S t r a t t o n | 1 Contents Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................... 2 Abstract................................................................................................................................... 3 Introduction: Locating a Pre-Stonewall Lesbian Textual Community in a Culture of Conformity ........………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 4 Chapter One: Establishing a Lens for Reading Lesbian Pulp Fiction and The Ladder’s 3 Textual Community ..................................................................... 42 Chapter Two: ‘No Legitimacy’: Spring Fire and subversive commentary............................ 121 Chapter Three: Female (Homo)sexuality in Odd Girl Out ................................................... 173 Chapter Four: Butch Identity in the Beebo Brinker Chronicles ............................................ 224 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 272 Bibliography........................................................................................................................ 276 S t r a t t o n | 2 Acknowledgements This thesis is dedicated to my family and friends who have supported me through everything. To my departed grandmothers, Louise Bolitho and Norma Stratton -- each of whom pushed me to succeed despite my learning difficulties and provided me with spiritual and emotional guidance. I would like to thank my uncle, Brian Bolitho, for supporting me even when I wasn’t aware of it. To my grandmother, Norma Stratton who provided me with spiritual and emotional guidance. To my father, Gary Stratton; to my second family, the Richmond’s; to my long-time partner, Sam Wilkinson; to my dear friends, Diane and Sophie – all of whom have supported me throughout my education and through the toughest times. And to all my friends who have aided me in various ways through this project. To Dr Jan Campbell, who supervised me through my Masters and aided me in finding a research topic for this doctoral project. Finally, I would like to thank my supervisor Dr Danielle Fuller for her invaluable guidance, academic support, and patience. S t r a t t o n | 3 Abstract This thesis argues for and conducts close reading on lesbian pulp fiction published in the United States between 1950 and 1965. Though a thorough investigation of a lesbian textual community centred on the lesbian periodical, The Ladder (1956-1952), this thesis forms a lens through which to closely read lesbian pulp fiction novels. This thesis maintains that members of this textual community were invested in literary discussions, as evinced through the publication of book reviews. Moreover, the lesbian textual community of The Ladder actively participated in literary discussions through the ‘Readers Respond’ column. Spring Fire (1952) by Vin Packer and The Beebo Brinker Chronicles (1957 to 1962) by Ann Bannon are investigated for implicit and explicit criticisms of 1950s sexual politics and the politics surrounding lesbian representation in popular media. For the members of The Ladder’s lesbian textual community, pulp novels belonging to the ‘Golden Age of Paperbacks’ were more than cheaply produced reading materials. S t r a t t o n | 4 Introduction Locating a Pre-Stonewall Lesbian Textual Community in a Culture of Conformity Lesbian writing plays a tremendous survival role and culture communication role for the lesbian reader […] I think, because so many of us lived secret lives in small towns across the country, that The Book – The Lesbian in The Book – was the open field […] It was the place where the doors and windows opened. Joan Nestle, 19911 Of course, some of the readers were men, hoping for a pornographic buzz, but the fan mail came from women all over the United States […] Lesbian readers were able to look past the cover: to find themselves between the pages. We always find ourselves. Vin Packer, 20042 In the above quotations, Joan Nestle and Vin Packer highlight a strong connection between lesbian women in the United States and the written word. ‘The Lesbian in The Book,’ to borrow Nestle’s phrasing, acted as a conduit through which isolated lesbians could ‘find themselves’ and access some form of lesbian community. For some, this may have been an imagined community,3 confined between the pages of lesbian-themed books, but for others, 1 This quotation is from a 1991 interview between Joan Nestle and Kate Brandt. It appears in Brandt’s book, Happy Endings: Lesbian Writers Talk About Their Lives and Work (1993). 2 Vin Packer, Spring Fire, (Cleis Press: San Francisco, 2004), p.ix. 3 As defined in Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections of the Origin and Spread of Nationalism, (London: Verso, 1991). According to Anderson, ‘members of even the smallest nation will never know most of S t r a t t o n | 5 the books fostered more tangible connections between lesbian readers and the authors of their cherished paperback novels through the exchange of letters. The appearance of lesbian pulp fiction novels in the early 1950s enabled lesbian women to be part of textual communities, even when there was no physical environment for them to access.4 As Vin Packer’s comment quoted above indicates, lesbian readers sought and found imagined and emotionally significant connections with each other in the pages of lesbian pulp fiction novels. Packer further discusses the circumstances that lead to the publication of her debut book: the first lesbian pulp fiction novel.5 Packer’s introduction helps to account for the birth of an unplanned cultural phenomenon. According to Packer, before the publication of Spring Fire in 1952, ‘there were no magazines or newspapers about us, no clubs for us to belong to. Books written about us [lesbians] were very few with small print orders, and not reviewed in major publications.’6 Yet, the publication of Packer’s first novel ‘alerted the publishing world to the fact that there was a very large audience for books about lesbians.’7 Academic scholarship has recognised the cultural significance of lesbian pulp fiction within the field of lesbian literary history.8 The sale and consumption of lesbian pulp fiction novels have their fellow-members, meet them, or even hear of them, yet in the minds of each lives the image of their communion,’ Anderson, p. 6. 4 According to Martin Meeker, ‘In 1950s United States, public establishments that catered to lesbians or even merely tolerated them were few and far between.’ Martin Meeker, Contacts Desired: Gay and Lesbian Communications and Community, 1940s-1970s. (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2006), p.77. 5 Packer’s novel is analysed in Chapter two of this thesis. 6 Packer, pp.vii-viii 7 Ibid.,p.ix. 8 Suzanna Danuta Walters, ‘As Her Hand Crept, Slowly Up her Thigh: Ann Bannon and the Politics of Pulp,’ Social Text, 23, (Fall/Winter 1989); 83-101; Kate Adams, ‘Making the World Safe for the Missionary Position: Images of the Lesbian in Post-World War II America,’ in Lesbian Texts and Contexts: Radical Revisions, ed. Karla Jay and Joanne Glasgow (London: New York University Press, 1990), 255-274; Lilian Faderman, Odd Girls and Twilight Lovers: A History of Lesbian Life in 20th Century America (New York: Columbia University Press, 1991); Yvonne S t r a t t o n | 6 previously been examined in terms of their role as cultural artefacts and their existence in a queer historical landscape.9 The scholarship of Melissa Sky and Stephanie Foote have been invaluable to highlighting the cultural significance of lesbian pulp novels from this time period. Their work investigating of the novels as artefacts invite further investigation into their impact on a lesbian readership. Lillian Faderman, Yvonne Keller, and Erin A Smith, have further aided in the historical contextualisation of lesbian pulp, providing a basis for an New Historicist reading of lesbian pulp novels. Beyond their existence as cultural artefacts, however, lesbian pulp fiction books also played a role in the formation of lesbian textual communities in the United States. Some of these ‘trashy’ throw-away novels held social, cultural, and emotional value for lesbian readers in the 1950s and 1960s and exceeded their intended purpose as ‘titillating’ material for an assumed audience of voyeuristic heterosexual males. These pulps played a ‘survival’ role, according to Nestle, and enabled cold war lesbian Keller, ‘Pulp Politics: Strategies of Vision in Pro-Lesbian Pulp Novels 1955-1965’ in The Queer Sixties, ed. Patricia Juliana Smith (London: Routledge, 1991), 1-25; Angela Weir and Elizabeth Wilson, ‘The
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