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Spawning Ground Surveys in the Nushagak and Togiak Districts of Bristol Bay, 1976

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Spawning Ground Surveys in the Nushagak and Togiak Districts of Bristol Bay, 1976 BRISTOL BAY DATA REPORT NO. 59 Spawning Ground Surveys in the Nushagak and Togiak Districts of Bristol Bay, 1976 by Michael L. Nelson Fishery Biologist STATE OF ALASKA ·· .. DEPARTMENT OF FISH ANp G:~~ed tv,'~:J UBRARY LN :til\LIS P.O. BOX 3-2000 ' CHoj;"GE, ALASKA JUNEAU AI A., ·"· 1997 ' • ......._KA 99802-2000 Alaska Department of Fish and Game Division of Commercial Fisheries Dillingham, Alaska A.Jf.tLIS AlaskaResol!rccs Libr<lry & lr1formation Services Library BuiJdin!!. Suite 111 3211 Providc;;cc Drive March 16, 1978 Anchorage, AK 99508-t614 I TABLE OF CONTENTS Page{s) Introduction and Background------------------------------------------~------ 1 Data Analysis Methods------------------------------------------------------- 2 Results--------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 Sockeye Salmon------··-------------------------------------------------- 2 Wood River Lakes----------------~--------------------------------- 2 Tikchik Lakes----------------------------------------------------- 5 Lake Nunavaugaluk------------------------------------------------- 6 Togiak District-----------~--------------------------------------- 6 King Salmon------------------------------------------------------------ 6 Chum Salmon----------------------------~------------------------------- 7 Pink Salmon------------------------------------------------------------ 8 Figures 1 - 6---------------------------------------------------------- 9-14 Appendix----------------------------------------------------~---------- 15 Tables 1 - 3 Wood River Sockeye Salmon------~----------------­ 16-20 Tab 1es 4 - 5 Tikchik Sockeye Salmon--------------------------­ 21-22 Tab 1es 6 - 7 Snake River/Togiak Sockeye Salmon---------------­ 23 Table 8 Wood ~iver Sockeye Spawner Distribution---------­ 24 Tables 9 - 10 Nushagak King Salmon----------------------------­ 25-27 Table 11 Togiak King Salmon------------------------------­ 28 Tab 1es 12 - 13 Togiak Chum Salmon------------------------------­ 29-30 Table 14 Nushagak/Togiak Pink Salmon---------------------- 31 SPAWNING GROUND SURVEYS IN THE NUSHAGAK AND TOGIAK DISTRICTS OF BRISTOL BAY, 1976 'by Michael L. Nelson, Fishery Biologist Alaska Department of Fish and Game Division of Commercial Fisheries Dillingham, Alaska INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND Spawning ground aerial surveys were again conducted in Nushagak and Togiak district drainages in 1976 for the twenty-first consecutive year. The present survey program has evolved from earlier years when all river systems in these two districts were examined for sockeye salmon distribution and abundance. As accurate sockeye escapement programs were developed, (via stationary land-based counting towers) survey emphasis was shifted to those systems where escapement estimates were not available, and to other salmon species in areas where distribution and abundance were not available. In 1976, aerial surveys directed toward sockeye distribution and abundance were conducted in the Hood River Lakes, Lake Nunavaugaluk (Snake River Lake}, Kulukak system and tributaries of the Togiak River system. For the second consecutive year Tikchik Lake system received a large sockeye escapement, and survey efforts were again expanded to monitor distribution in this multi-lake basin. King, chum and pink salmon distribution and abundance studies in both Nushagak and Togiak areas have assumed more importance as these species become more economically valuable. King, chum and pink surveys were continued and expanded in 1976 to cover "most areas" utilized by these three species. Aerial survey methods employed in 1976 were comparable to those in the past · (see Appendix A of the 1972 Spawning Ground Report, Bristol Bay Data Report No. 34}. The author flew all surveys, and 1976 is the fifteenth consecutive year the author has conducted these surveys. Weather conditions in 1976 were good to excellent, and all surveys were completed on schedule. 2 DATA ANALYSIS METHODS The proportional factor method was again used to determine sockeye salmon spawning populattons by major spawning area in the Hood River Lakes system. Total spawning population estimates of king and chum salmon in Togiak district, and sockeye salmon in Togiak tributaries and Kulukak River systems were based on peak aerial surveys and a variation of the factor method. King and chum salmon total population escapement estimates in Nushagak district were based on aerial survey data and represent the best estimated escapement for these species. Until total population counts are available in these areas, the present method of estimating escapements will be utilized. The author believes that the "estimated escapements" are a good approximation of total escapement size. Pink salmon total escapement estimates in both districts were derived from aerial survey data as 11e 11 as actua 1 enumeration at se 1ected counting towers. Bristol Bay Data Report No. 52 details data analysis methods and fully explains the "proportional factor" and other met.hods used to derive escapement estimates. RESULTS SOCKEYE SALMON Sockeye salmon aerial surveys were conducted in the Hood River Lakes, Nunavaugaluk Lake system (Snake River Lake) and Tikchik Lakes to determine spawner distribution and abundance by major spawning area, and in Togiak River: and tributaries and Kulukak system of Togiak district to determine spawning escapement (Figures 1 to 5). Wood River Lakes Peak aerial escapement estimates of sockeye salmon by spawning colony for the Wood River Lakes in 1974-76 are shown on Table 1; final population estimates adjusted to the to11er count for 1974-76 are shown on Table 2; while Table 3 compares 1976 population estimates with the 31-year summary of escapements by area. The 1976 escapement of 817,000 sockeye salmon to Wood River was within 2 percent of the escapement goal of 800,000, and was only 8 percent lower than the 20-year (1956-75) average escapement of 889,300. The 1976 sockeye escapement to Wood River ~ontributed 55.0 percent of the total district-wide escapement, compared with the average contribution of 68 percent since 1959. (See below). Percent Tota 1 Nushagak District River System Sockeye Escapement Escapement Wood River 817,000 55.0 Igushik River 186 '1 00 12.5 Nuyakuk River (Tikchik Lakes) 425,200 28.6 Nushagak/Nul cha tna 45,200 3.0 Snake River 12 '700 0.9 Tota 1 s 1,486,200 100.0 Ocean age of sockeye salmon in Wood River heavily influences spawning distribution. Two-ocean (.2) fish distribute themselves throughout the lake system, primarily on lake beaches, while three-ocean (.3) fish utilize major rivers and some creeks. This year, 67 percent of the sockeye escapement returned as .2 ocean fish, with the result that a good distribution of spawners was realized on lake beaches. Agulowak and Agulukpak Rivers also received good escapements which were about double the long-term average (Table 3). Sockeye spawners in Wood River below the counting tower totaled 47,000, the largest ever recorded and four times the long-term average (Table 3). Percent of sockeye spawners utilizing creeks and lake beaches was down from past averages, while river spawning was significantly higher than the overall long-term average (Table 8). Heavy spawning populations in Hood, Agulowak and Agulukpak Rivers accounted for the high percentage distribution (53.8 percent) in the river area spawning category (Table 8). Ground surveys by personnel of the Fisheries Research Institute of the University of Washington confirmed that "the total number of spawners in the creeks--was slightly below the median", that ... "the heaviest concentrations of spawners appeared to be in the ... Agulowak and Agulukpak Rivers", and that "the abundance of fish on beach spawning areas was generally lower than average''. Percent fish accounted for by peak aerial estimates for Wood River is derived by dividing the sum of all peak survey counts by the total escapement as obtained from the tower counting program at the system outlet. Percent fish accounted for is useful in helping·to point out where errors in aerial estimates may have occurred. The overall 17-year (1960-76) average percent fish accounted for by peak aerial survey has averaged 51 . 3 percent. In 1976, 64.7 percent of the tota 1 escapement was accounted for by peak aerial survey counts. High percent fish accounted for estimates will always occur when river spawning populations are large, as the wide, clear and unobstructed major rivers offer a better probability for accurate population estimates. In addition, major river sockeye spawning populations (Agulowak and Agulukpak) exhibit a much shorter "stream life" than beach spawners, and therefore "more" of the total river population is available to be enumerated during aerial surveys. In several years where a high proportion of the total Wood River escapement were found in rivers, percent fish accounte for was also high: 1961 - 56.3% river soawners and 63.6% fish accounted for; 1965 - 48.3 --·· ' -- and 64.6%; 1973 - 64.6% and 58.7%, respectively; compared with 1976 - 53.8% river spawners and 64.7% fish accounted for by aerial survey. Several other notes in regards to the 1976 aerial survey program in Wood River are worth mentioning: 1. F.R.I. conducted daily escapement counts into Little Togiak Lake to augment their on-going lake fertilization study. F.R.I. 's final escapement estimate of 18,000 was not significantly larger than the aerial survey derived population estimate of .17,300 (Table 2). In 1975, the daily ground counting program indicated a 30,000 sockeye
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