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Spawning Ground Surveys in the Nushagak and Togiak Districts of Bristol Bay, 1974

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Spawning Ground Surveys in the Nushagak and Togiak Districts of Bristol Bay, 1974 (Inter-Departmental Report) '} --; --.l !~--{/.:, ..-' _) >-a: ')) <( a: BRISTOL BAY DATA REPORT NO. 52 ID _J 1- ~ m~ <( :r: C) o1S LL 0 <( Spawning Ground Surveys in the Nushagak and Togiak Districts of Bristol Bay, 1974 by Michael L. Nelson Fishery Biologist Am:.Js Aias'kaResoutccs Libni!'v & lnlOt'm..'llton Se:;v:i.ces Library :B~dlJing. Suite 1U 3211 Providence Drive ilnchorage,AJ(99508-4514 Alaska Department of. Fish and Game Division of Commercial Fisheries Dillingham, Alaska · .:>;;:>~TATE OF ALASKA May 21 , 197 5 ( /'.~.·-~,·p.~~.-~T. M~NT OF FISH AND GAME , ·I~.CH!l:dGE, ALAS:·: A ) LIBRARY "··. " · 1"""' ;p.o. Box a-2000 . ~. · cJIJNEAU, ALASKA 99802-2000 i TABLE OF CONTENTS Page(s) Introduction and Background--------------------------------------- 1 Data Analysis Methods--------------------------------------------- 2 Results----------------------------------------------------------- 3 Sockeye Salmon----------------------------------------------- 3 Hood River Lakes---------------------------------------- 3 Igushik Lakes------------------------------------------- 5 Tikchik Lakes------------------------------------------- 5 Lake Nunavaugaluk - Togiak District--------------------- 5 King Salmon-------------------------------------------------- 7 Chum Salmon-------------------------------------------------- 8 Figures 1 - 5------------------------------------------------ 9-14 Appendix----------------------------------------------------- 14A Tables 1 - 2 l~ood River Sockeye Salmon----------------­ 15-18 Tables 3 - 4 Snake River - Togiak Sockeye Salmon------­ 19 Tables 5 - 6 Igushik Sockeye Salmon-------------------­ 20-22 .Tables 7 - 8 Tikchik Sockeye Salmon-------------------­ 23-25 Table 9 Sockeye Spawner Distribution by Area-----­ 25 !Tij.bles 10-11 Nushagak King Salmon---------------------­ 27-29 !Table 12 Togiak King Salmon-----------------------­ 30 Tables 13-14 Togiak Chum Salmon-------------c---------- 31-32 Appendix A (List of Bristol Bay Data Reports)------~--------- 33-35 ! i SPAHNING GROUND SURVEYS IN THE NUSHAGAK AND TOGIAK DISTRICTS OF BRISTOL BAY, 1974 by Michael L. Nelson, Fishery Biologist Alaska Department of Fish and Game Division of Commercial Fisheries Dillingham, Alaska INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND Spawning ground surveys have been conducted in the Nushagak district since 1946, while comprehensive surveys in the Togiak district commenced in 1959. Early survey efforts were aimed primarily at sockeye salmon and much of the early years data is not complete or comparable in scope with surveys of recent years. t4ost surveys in the early years were aimed at determining "index escapements" for sockeye salmon for all major systems in Bristol Bay.' As accurate sockeye salmon escapements became a.vailable in the late 1950's, many of the systems sur­ veyed were dropped from the survey program. The Wood River aerial program, as well as Snake River in the Nushagak district, and the Kulukak and Togiak tribut- ary surveys were retained. On most of the previously described systems, surveys were continued to determine escapements, as costs have precluded establishment of counting towers or weirs. Program emphasis has shifted gradually over the years, and now king and chum salmon surveys in both districts are a major portion of the project. The· survey program includes sockeye salmon distribution and abundance studies in the l4ood River Lakes, lake Nunavaugaluk (Snake River Lake}, Kulukak and tributaries of the Togiak system; king salmon studies in the entire Nushagak district drain- age; king and chum salmon studies in the entire Togiak district drainage. The Igushik and Tikchik Lake systems wereboth surveyed in 1974 to com­ plement an investigation into the rehabilitation ilond enhancement opportunities of these lake systems through special funding provided by the State Legislature. Aerial survey methods employed in·l974·were comparable to those in the past (see Appendix A of the 1972 Spawning Ground Report, Bristol Bay Data Report No. ., . 34). The author flew all surveys, and · .1974 is the thi.rteenth consecutive 2 year the author has conducted all or part of the surveys. Weather during the , survey program was good to excellent in 1974. Appendix A of the 1972 Spawning Ground Report (Bristol Bay Data Report No. 34) reports in detail instructions and procedures for the implementation of the survey program in a comparable manner from year to year .. DATA ANALYSIS METHODS Since 1970 the proportional factor method has been used to determine sockeye salmon spawning population estimates by major spawning area in the Wood River Lakes system. Using this method, the first step is to estimate the total population of the major rivers (i.e. Wood, Agulowak, Little Togiak, Agulukpak, Peace, Wind and Grant Rivers) based on information gathered by_aerial surveys of each river during the season. The peak survey estimates for the major river areas between lakes were assumed to approximate the total spawning population more closely than those for creek and beach spawning areas. The assumption was made because (1) duration of . river spawning is relatively short, which allows viewing of nearly the total pop­ ulation at peak of spawning; and (2) the broad rivers, with clear banks and limited depth, provide conditions for viewing a higher proportion of the fish present than most creek and many beach areas do. The sum of peak survey estimates of creek and beach spawning for each major lake area was assumed to be a constant fraction of the total spawners in these areas. Since it was estimated that 376,000 sockeye _salmon had spawned in the rivers, 1,332,800 of the 1,708,800 counted past the ~load River tower were estimated to have spawned in the creeks arid beaches adjacent to the major lakes (Table 1). The sum of the peak survey estimates. for these areas (creeks and beaches) was 484,830; 1,332,800/484,830 produced a factor of 2.75, which .was multiplied by the peak survey estimate of each 'lake to obtain the total population by lake area (Table 2). The sum of the final estimqtes was made to equal the total population of the Wood River system as obtained frop1 the tower counts. 3 Total population estimates of chum salmon in the Togiak district and sockeye salmon in the Togiak tributaries and Kulukak River systems was based on peak aerial surveys and a variation of the factor method described above. Until total popul- ation counts are.available from chum and sockeye salmon stocks in these areas, the proportional factor method will be utilized. The writer believes the values ob- tained are a very good approximation of the total spawning population. RESULTS SOCKEYE SALMON Sockeye salmon aerial surveys were conducted in the \~ood River Lakes, Igushik Lakes and Nunavaugaluk Lake systems (Snake River Lake) to determine spawner dis- tribution and abundance by major spawning area, and in the Togiak tributaries (Gechiak, Ongivinuck and Pungokepuk), and the Kulukak River system of the Togiak district to determine spawning escapement (Figures 1-6). Wood River Lakes Peak aerial estimates of sockeye salmon for the Wood River Lakes in 1972-74 are shown on Table 1, while final population estimates adjusted to the tower count are shown on Table 2. The 1974 escapement of 1,708,800 sockeye salmon to the Hood River system was the largest escapement since 1959 (2,209,300) and contributed 75.7 percent o.f. the total Nushagak district escapement, (see below) and was 91 percent higher than the 20-year (1955-74) average escapement of 894,900. The vlood River Lakes systef, i ' which has a surface area of 164 square miles is first in importance in Nusha'gak. i district and has contributed over 68 percent of the district escapement since 1959. Percent Total Nushkgak System Escapement District Escapement Hood River 1,708,800 75.7 Igushik River 358,800 15.9 Nushagak/~·1ul chatna 15,300 0.7 Nuyakuk River 154,600 6.9 Totals 2,256,500 100.0 4 Sockeye spawning ground distribution by major type of spawning area is shown on Table 9 and Figure 1. Beach spawners (.2 ocean age) represented a higher proportion of the total population than in previous years, while .3 ocean river spawners were lower. The exceptionally large sockeye escapement of 1,708,800 in 1974 was evenly distributed throughout the entire lake system. Spawning distri­ bution studies by the Fisheries Research Institute of the University of Washington confirmed that the 1974 sockeye distribution did not over-crowd available spawning grounds. Beachspawners were evenly distributed throughout the upper Hood RiYer Lakes (Lakes Beverley, l~ikchall< and Kulik). From 1946 through 1973 these three lakes have averaged 192,000, 13,000 and 72,000 spawners respectively, while the 1974 total population estimates were 400,000 for Lake Beverley, 48,000 for l~ikchalk and 302,000 for Kulik (Table 2). Even with these large populations, over-crowding on the spawning grounds in these three lakes was minimal. Creek and river spawning was on par with long-term averages and/or were in the upper range of sockeye escapements for these areas. Percent fish accounted for by peak aerial estimates for the Wood River system is derived by dividing the sum of all peak survey estimates by the total escape­ ment as obtained from the tower count at the system outlet. Percent fish accounted for by peak aerial estimates in 1974 was 45.1 percent, which is somewhat lower than the mean average from 1960 through 1973 of 51.2 percent. The decrease in the per­ cent offish accounted for is explained by the increase of beach spawners. Peak survey
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