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History and Management of the Nushagak Chinook Salmon Fishery

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History and Management of the Nushagak Chinook Salmon Fishery SH 222 .A4 017 no.87-01 ARLIS ii 51* Alaska Resources Library & lnfonnation Services Library Bui!Jing. Suilc 111 TABLE OF CONI'ENTS 321 I Provkkocc Drive '2-~l Anchorage, AK .99508--1614 PREFACE ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• v '1\ ~ ABS:rRAcr •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• vi ~Ii- 0 INirol){JcriON AND BAC:l<~· ••••••••••••••••.••••••••••••••••••••••••• l i\\\ ;61- \ NUSAAGAK BAY" AND WATmSHED........................................... 2 Physical Profile.................................................. 2 Morphometric and Climatological Parameters........................ 2 CHINOOK SALMON COMMERCIAL GILL NET FISHERY............................ 4 History of Fishery Development.................................... 4 Historical Review of Fishery Methods, Regulations and Managanent.. 6 Fishing Gear..................................................Methods ••••• ,• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 6 Fishing Vessels............................. • . • . • . • • • • • • • • 9 Fishing Area and Seasons...................................... 9 Effects of Past Management Actions •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 10 ~rcial Catch.................................................. 12 Inshore Catch and Effort Trends ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 12 '<t Inshore Seasonal Catch Distribution ••••••••••••••••• ~ ••••••••• 15 l.() C") Ocean Distribution and High Seas Catch •••••••••••••••••••••••• 19 ~ Fishery Econc:rnics ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 23 l.() 0" ICHINOOK SALMON SUBSISTENCE AND SPORT·FISHERY •••••••••••••••••••••••••• 24 0 I 0 l.() Subsistence. Fishery •••••••••••••••••.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 24 l.() C")" Regulations ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 24 C") Catch and Effort Trends ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 26 ~rt Fishery •••••••••••••••••••• ~................................ 27 Regulations. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 30 Catch and Effort Trends ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 31 CHINOOK SALMON ESCAPEMENT AND SPAWNING DISTRIBUTION ••••••••••••••••••• 33 Migration Tindng •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 34 Escapement Studies................................................. 34 Test.Fish Escapement Index •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 34 Hydroacoustic Sonar Escapement •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 37 T()W'er/Weir E'..scape~nent......... •.• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 39 Aerial Survey Escapement •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 40 Sp:lwning Ground Distribution. • • • • • •. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 41 Provisional and Optimum Escapement.Goals •••••••••••••••••••••••••• 42 iii T~E OF CONTENTS (continued) CEirt-roK._SA!.IDN BIQr..cx:;Y •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• · 43 Age.Class Gamposition.~........................................... 45 Sex Ratio Composition ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 47 Size Can!'C>si tion. • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • . • • • • • • • . • . • • • • . • • • • • • • • . 48 Fecundity. • . • . • • • . • . • . • . • • . • . • . • . • . 51 Gill Net Mesh Size Considerations ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 54 Effects on Size and Age Composition........................... 54 Effects on Sex Ratio •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 56 Effects on Reproductive Potential and Egg Deposition •••••••••• 57 CHINOO~ SALMON FISHERY STOCK STATUS •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ~...... 58 Catch and Escapement TrendS ••••.•••••••••••••••••.•.•.••...••••.• • 58 Exploitation Rates •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 60 Inshore Run Forecast.............................................. 60 DISC(JSSION. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 61 Nushagak l-lanagernent Progrant •••• • _.................................. 61 Recommendations for Future Program studies........................ 65 Habitat Protection •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 65 ()ptirnUin Esca{)ailent............................................ 66 Estimation of Escapement ••••••••••••••••••••.••••••••••••••••. 66 Achievenent of Escapement..................................... 67 A~....................................................... 68 REFERENCE sa.JRCES • •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• .: • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 69 LIS!' OF FIGURES: l. Map of Nushagak Bay Watershed••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 3 2. Map of Nushagak District Boundaries, 1926-86...................... 11 3. Commercial Catch of Chinook, 1893-1986 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••. 13 4. Gill Net Registration, 1932-86.................................... 16 5. Commercial Chinook Catch, Effort and CPUE, 1960-86................ 17 6. Daily and Accumulative Chinook Commercial Catch, 1958-86 ••••••••••. 18 7. Weekly Chinook Commercial Catch, 1973-86.......................... 20 8. Japanese High Seas Chinook Interceptions, 1964-86 ••••••••••••••••• 22 9. Subsistence Chinook Catch and Effort, 1963-86 ••••••••••••••••••••• 28 10. Subsistence Chinook Catch, Nushagak Bay and Ekwok, 1963-69........ 29 11. Daily Sport Fish Chinook Harvest, 1982 and 1984-85 •••••••••••••••• 32 12. Daily and Accumulative Sonar Chinook Escapement, 1979-86.......... 35 13. Map of Nushagak District Watershed................................ 36 14. Subsistence Chinook Catch, Kanakanak and Lewis Point, 1980-86. •• • • 38 15. Escapement-Return Relationship of Chinook, 1966-81 •••••••••••••••• 44 16. Age Ccmposition of Chinook Commercial Catch, 1956-86.............. 46 17. Length Frequency of Chinook by Age Class, 1966-67 ••••••••••••••••• 49 18. Length Frequency of Chinook Commercial Catch, 1956-67............. 50 19. Round Weight of Chinook Commercial Catch, 1964-86 ••••••••••••••••• 52 20. Length-Weight Chinook Relationship, 1967 •••••••••••••••••••••••••• 53 21. Length Frequency of Chinook by Mesh Size, 1956-59 ••••••••••••••••• 55 22. Inshore Total Chinook Return, 1966-86 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 59 23. Forecast vs. Return of Chinook, 1973-86........................... 62 iv TABLE OF CXJNI'ENI'S (continued) LIST OF TABLES: 1. Nushagak Morphometry and Climatological Records ••••••••••••••••••• 76 2. Western Alaska Chinook Commercial Catch, 1960-86.................. 77 3. Bristol Bay Chinook Commercial Catch, 1960-86..................... 78 4. Fishing Effort and Chinook CPUE, 1960-86.......................... 79 5. Japanese High Seas Chinook Catch, 1956-86......................... 80 6. Subsistence Chinook catch, 1963-86................................ 81 7. Sport Fishing Chinook Harvest, 1977-86............................ 82 8. Escapement of Chinook by River System, 1961-86 •••••••••••••••••••• 83 9. List of Chinook Spawning Streams.................................. 84 10. Aerial Survey Escapement Estimates of Chinook, 1956-86 •••••••••••• 85 11. Escapement of Chinook by Index Stream, 1967-86 •••••••••••••••••••• 86 12. Nushagak River Chinook Escapement, 1964~85 •••••••••••••••••••••••• 87 13. Mulchatna River Chinook Escapement, 1959-84 ••••••••••••••••••••••• 88 14. Ground vs. Aerial Chinook Escapement, 1958-79..................... 89 15. Inshore Chinook Tbtal Return, 1960-86............................. 90 16. Inshore Chinook Tbtal Brood Year Return, 1966-86 •••••••••••••••••• 91 17. Fecundity of Nushagak Chinook, 1966 and 1968 •••••••••••••••••••••• 92 18. Forecast vs. Return of Chinook, 1973-86 •••••••••.••••••••••••••••• 93 LIST OF APPENDIX TABLES: 1. Commercial Salmon Processors and Buyers, 1884-1986 •••••••••••••••• 95 2. Type of Commercial Chinook Production, 1946-86 •••••••••••••••••••• 96 3. Nushagak District Fishing Boundaries, 1896-1986 ••••••••••••••••••• 97 4. Gear and Vessel Regulations, 1923-86 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.. 100 5. Seasons, Closed Periods and Drift Net Specifications, 1923-86 ••••• 102 6. Commercial Fish Traps, 1904-23 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 103 7. Commercial Chinook catch, 1893-1986 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 104 8. Gill Net Registration, 1904-86 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 105 9. Commercial Chinook catch by Gear TYJpe, 1945-86 •••••••••••••••••••• 106 10. Commercial Chinook Catch by Week, 1958-86 ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 107 11. Commercial Chinook catch by Date, 1958-86 ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 109 12. Exvessel Prices Paid for Chinook, 1933-86 ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 110 13. Sonar Chinook Escapement, 1979-86 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 112 14. Stuyahok River Chinook Escapement, 1968 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 114 15. Aerial Survey Escapement Estimates of Chinook, 1956-86 •••••••••••• 115 16. Inshore Chinook Tbtal Return by Age Class, 1966-86 ••••••••••• •'.... 123 17. Age Oomposition of Male Chinook Commercial catch, 1956-86 ••••••••• 127 18. Age Composition of Female Chinook Commercial Catch, 1956-86 ••••••• 128 19. Age Composition of Chinook Commercial Catch, 1956-86 •••••••••••••• 129 20. Age Composition of Chinook Subsistence Catch, 1982-86 ••••••••••••• 130 21. Age Composition of Chinook Escapement, 1957-86 •••••••••••••••••••• 131 22. Sex Composition of Chinook commercial Catch, 1956-86 •••••••••••••• 133 23. Round Weight of Chinook in the Commercial Catch, 1964-86 •••••••••• 134 24. Fecundity of Nushagak Chinook, 1966 and 1968 •••••••••••••••••••••• 135 25. Fecundity of Chinook by Area •••••.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 137 v PREFACE The concept
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