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Part Ii the Competitive Advantages Ii UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) The leading cities of the world and their competitive advantages. The perception of 'Citymakers' Grosveld, H. Publication date 2002 Document Version Final published version Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Grosveld, H. (2002). The leading cities of the world and their competitive advantages. The perception of 'Citymakers'. Thela Thesis. General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (https://dare.uva.nl) Download date:30 Sep 2021 Harry Grosveld ABOUT THE BOOK In a globalizing world, with borders becoming blurred and international competition increasing, cities need to be constantly aware of their own international competitive position. Whereas enterprises World The Leading Cities of the can strengthen their position through takeovers, mergers, or joint ventures, cities cannot. Cities can only try to make the most of their competitive advantages. A city with international ambitions has to be able to face the challenge of international competition, and therefore must have insight into its international profile. Which local factors make cities important, prominent, trend-setting, leading? For the national level, Michael Porter paved the way with his standard work The Competitive Advantages of Nations (1990), in which he introduced his famous ‘national diamond.’ Surprisingly, though, no such substantial research exists on cities, let alone that a ‘city diamond’ has been developed. To address these issues, the perceptions of ‘citymakers’ – the companies and institutions which con- tribute to the international profile of a city – were collected during the period 1998–2001. Based on the responses from more than 1300 of these ‘citymakers’ from 80 cities around the world, a ‘city diamond’ has been designed. The data from the study have also been used to rank cities according to the esteem in which they are held in the world: as a whole (integral perception) and also on the basis of ten different functions (functional perception) – Performing Arts (Symphony Music, Opera, Ballet), Academia, Corporate Services, Real Estate & Architecture, Museums, International Organizations, Hospitality (hotels, congresses, tourism), International Trade & Transport, Media, and Multinationals ‘Citymakers’ of The Perception & Finance. Finally, the data have been used to portray the competitive profiles of the 32 most important cities. “A fine book with a high degree of originality, which will certainly stimulate some lively academic discussions”. (professor Peter Nijkamp, Free University of Amsterdam.) Advantages and their Competitive “Is there a city in the world which doesn’t wonder about its international status? This book gives the answer”. (Job Cohen, mayor of Amsterdam.) ABOUT THE AUTHOR Harry Grosveld (1936) studied at the University of Brabant (Tilburg, The Netherlands) where he completed his degree in economics in 1959, focusing on public authorities. This choice would deter- mine his entire career, and he served various local as well as regional communities over a span of 35 years. In 1996 he retired as Executive Director for Economic Development of the City of Amsterdam. During his two decades leading Amsterdam’s economic development activities, he was deeply involved with and affected by the impact of a globalizing economy on the development of cities. This sparked the idea to prepare a doctoral thesis on the competitive advantages of leading cities. After studying the existing literature on major cities and preparing and testing a questionnaire, he started his research project in early 1998; the research itself took about three years. The thesis was finished one year later and defended in public on May 15th, 2002, following which the author was awarded a doctorate from the University of Amsterdam. The Barrier Free City Amenity City The Best City Battery Park City The Binary City Capital City The Bronze Age City Capital Exporting City The Burning City Carfree City The Capitalist City Chasm City The Chosen City Coastal City The Congestive City Communications City The Contemporary City Cosmopolitan City The Compact City Divided City The Contested City Dual City The Corporate City 3D City The Corridor City 3M City The Creative City Edge City The City Beautiful Elastic City The Emerging City Emperial City The Enabling City Euro City The Entrepreneurial City Fantasy City The Eternal City Fast City The Evolutionary City Frontier City The Exploded City Fun City The Flexicity Future City The Good City Garbage City The Haunted City Gateway City The Holy City Ghost City The Idea-based City Gilded Age City The Industrial Capitalist City Global City The Information City Impacted City The Informational City Industrial City The Institutional City Inelastic City The Intelligent City International City The Investable City Livable City The Invisible City Mega City The Japanese Capitalist City Medieval City The Knowledge-based City Mono-centric City The Marginalized City Multiply City The Mature City Network City The Marketized City October City The Modern City Olympic City The 100 Mile City Park City The Monopoly Capitalist City Pink City The Mountain City Prime City The Multi-firm City Real Time City The Neo-Institutional City Renaissance City The New City Risk City The Open City Royal City The Overexposed City Second-tier City The Past-Apartheid City Secundary City The Pelgrim City Sick City The Postindustrial City The Postsocialist City Sim City The Post-Apartheid City Sin City The Post-modern City Slicker City The Promised City Spin City The Provisional City Sprawl City The Public City State of the Art City The Radiant City State City The Regulationist City Sue City The Roman City Sunbelt City The Rose City Surface City The Sanitary City Surf City The Situationist City The Tele City The Sociable City Telematics City The Social City Tourist City The Soviet City Transforming City The State Monopolist City Transitional City The Stressed City Turbulent City The Successful City The Twenty Four Hours City The Sustainable City Twin City The Threedimensional City The Unknown City The Transactional City Unruly City The Transit City Unsettling City City of Dreams Utilitarian City City of Fire The Virtual City City of Hope The Windy City City of Light Winner City City of Nature The Wired City City of Quartz World Class City City of Walls The Zero Tolerance City GD Voorwerk (4 pag.) 25-10-2006 13:52 Pagina 1 The Leading Cities of the World and their Competitive Advantages The Perception of ‘Citymakers’ Harry Grosveld World Cities Research 2002 GD Voorwerk (4 pag.) 25-10-2006 13:52 Pagina 2 ISBN 90-9015 804-9 Copyright © by World Cities Research, Harry Grosveld. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Distribution/Orders: Thela Thesis, Rozengracht 176 A 1016 NK Amsterdam Tel.(+31) (0) 20 625 54 29, fax: (+31) (0) 20 6620 33 95 E-mail: [email protected] FOR INFORMATION: World Cities Research P.O. Box 5806 1410 GA Naarden The Netherlands [email protected] COVER AND DESIGN: Anja Felder TRANSLATIONS: Belinda Stratton PRINTER: Hentenaar boek B.V. Nieuwegein, The Netherlands GD Voorwerk (4 pag.) 25-10-2006 13:52 Pagina 3 C O N T E N T S Introduction 1 PART I THE RESEARCH I. 1 The Need for and Necessity of the Research 6 I. 2 The Research into Perceptions 13 I. 3 Evaluation of the Research into Perceptions 29 PART II THE COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGES II. 1 Introduction 52 II 2 The National Diamond 54 II. 3 Mapping the Cities’ Competitive Advantages 59 II. 4 The City Diamond 68 II. 5 The Results of the Research 88 II. 6 The Ingredients for Analyzing a City’s Competitiveness 117 PART III WORLD CITY FORMATION III. 1 Introduction 122 III. 2 The Top Cities (functional perceptions) 129 III. 3 The Leading Cities of the World (integral perceptions) 160 III. 4 The Perceptions Face to Face 167 PART IV CITY PROFILES IV. 1 A Brief Review 172 IV. 2 Applying the City Diamond 173 IV. 3 Observations 192 Epilog 199 Executive Summary 205 Thematical Bibliography 213 Glossary of Terms used 225 Specimen Questionnaire 227 Acknowledgements 233 GD Voorwerk (4 pag.) 25-10-2006 13:52 Pagina 4 Although lots of people weep Because in cardboard they have to sleep There is always something pretty In every capital city You can not help that people kill In the capital of Brasil And the situation has to be so At the carnival of Rio There are things that you will miss When you’re visiting Paris And you think your city is the best After visiting Bucarest. Big cities are creations of
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