Map of and Dual Names

KIM Shin* 1)

An example of history - In the process of studying the secrets of Map of Korea problems emerge that we need to think about today. Namely, the lessons we should learn from history and apply today regarding how we should live. It tells us why dual naming of East Sea is necessary, and why the world should be provided diverse opportunities of awareness. Despite a 69-year time gap, it has been revealed that 1945’s Map of Korea and the dual naming of the East Sea bill of 2014 are connected. Korean-Americans of 1945 who wished for the independence of Korea and those supporting the Virginia East Sea bill of 2014 for independence on the map occurred in the same vein. The research results regarding the significance of dual naming the East Sea in 1945 through Map of Korea are as follows: First, it's the importance of time. After the Second World War, everything made in the imperialist era was newly evaluated and restored by the new order. Second, it's the scientific truth. From the vantage point of 1945, Map of Korea is a world atlas produced with scientific methods and techniques. The place name notations were done scientifically, as well. Third, it is a product of objective choice. By marking with not one but two names, a peaceful and politically correct choice was taken. Thus, Map of Korea has provided an important message for us today.

1. Introduction

A bill that requires all textbooks of the public schools in Virginia to use the name ‘East Sea’ as well as ‘Sea of ’ took effect on July 1, 2014. Accordingly, from this day onward, the state of Virginia and each education office in the state may only adopt textbooks that use the name East Sea along with the Sea of Japan. This bill was passed by the state legislature of Virginia in early 2014, and all procedures were completed as Governor Terry McAuliffe signed the bill in late March. The opportunity to undertake this study occurred for me when I presented a special

* Professor Emeritus, Kyung Hee University, Korea

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Figure 1. The change model of the East Sea seminar on the campaign for dual naming of the East Sea at the Hilton Hotel in Chicago via invitation by the Korean Community Association of Chicago, U.S.A. in December 2011. The questions asked by the Korean residents at the seminar focused on the reason for the dual naming of the East Sea and what the historical and theoretical grounds are for it. In the process of analyzing various data after the seminar, I stumbled upon this Map of Korea. Hence, in Chapter3, I will explain the historical meaning of Map of Kore which was published in the U.S. 69 years ago. In Chapter4, I will introduce the instances of dual naming of the sea areas illustrated in the IHO. There are numerous instances of dual naming of sea areas in the IHO. In Chapter5, I will suggest some historical links that Map of Korea and the passing of the Virginia East Sea bill both have. Finally, in the conclusion, I will explain the significance of the dual naming of the East Sea bill passed in Virginia this year.

2. Hypothesis

This study intends to test it with ‘E Theory’1) by setting up 7 hypotheses. For hypothesis testing, “Map of Korea” published in 1945, and “Limits of Ocean and Seas” published by IHO in 1928 and 1937 were used as the subjects of analysis.

The 7 hypotheses are as follows. 1) Was Map of Korea published in order to realize independence on the map?

1) Shin, Kim, The Name and Limit of the East Sea, Jiyoungsa, 2005.

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2) Why was the East Sea marked as Eastern Sea(Sea of Japan)? 3) Map of Korea is the first English Atlas produced by Korea after the independence 4) What spatial information is contained in Map of Korea? 5) For whom was Map of Korea produced? 6) Who was the first person to mark the East Sea with Dual Naming? 7) Why was the naval battle of Admiral Yi-Soon, hero of the Japanese invasion of Korea, depicted on the cover of Map of Korea

3. Korea's Turtle Ship and command the sea

The content of Map of Korea was analyzed on this chapter. In Map of Korea, a world map created with modern cartographic techniques is printed over 25 pages. The motive for producing Map of Korea and the statistics about underground resources of Korea are introduced in detail. Also, the symbols of Map of Korea are explained. In light of these, it shows that modern cartographic techniques were used in producing the atlas. It also shows that a thorough study about assignment of place names preceded.

1) Korea's Turtle Ship

The story of Korea’s Turtle Ship, its inventor, Admiral Yi Sun Sin, and of the era in which it was developed, is one of the most amazing chapters in the history of the country. The sixteenth century found Korea a prosperous, happy and peacefully contented nation, with her national defenses neglected - just as they were in this country before Pearl Harbor. Korea dreamed peacefully, unaware of the ideas festering in the mind of one Hideyoshi, their neighbor across only one hundred twenty-five miles of water - Hideyoshi, the Japanese Shogun who was planning to become the conqueror of the world. By 1586 Hideyoshi had made his plans, which included the use of Korea as the first mainland toe-hold and a stepping stone into for further conquest. He sent an emissary to Korea demanding tribute to Japan. The Korean Court, amused at the demands of the “dwarf barbarians” as they called the Japanese, and

145 KIM Shin annoyed at the insolent messenger, refused to even reply. World’s First Armored Dreadnaught By the time Hideyoshi started his threats against Korea, Yi Sun Sin realized that there were three hazards a Navy man had to contend with fire arrows setting his vessels aflame, ramming by enemy ships, and the possibility of the enemy grappling and boarding the defending vessels. He determined to develop his own idea of a ship to combat these hazards, and emerged with the Turtle Ship, the world’s first armored dreadnaught.

Stories of the Turtle Ship and its marvelous powers vary with the historians who record them. From Horace H. Underwood, Homer B. Hulbert and Vice Admiral G. A. Ballard of the British Navy, all considered fairly accurate historians, come conservative descriptions. From them one gets the following picture: The Turtle Ship was approximately 120 feet long (twice the length of the largest Japanese vessels), 30 feet wide, propelled by 20 oars and carried an auxiliary sail which was lowered during combat. Covered on the top and sides with iron plates, it was lined with spikes to keep the enemy from boarding the vessel. A fierce turtle-head iron prow was for ramming purposes, and through the turtle’s open mouth warriors shot fire arrows at the enemy. A similar opening in the rear and numerous port-holes on the sides were also used for shooting fire arrows, cannons and throwing crude bombs and grenades. When sailing into action, sulphur and salt petre were burned in the hold, which belched smoke and flame, giving the ship the appearance of a monster and forming a smoke screen for the fleet.

Hideyoshi Strikes By early 1592, Admiral Yi was well prepared for eventualities with a number of the Turtle Ships and was stationed on the west coast of Korea, while another Admiral was detailed to guard the southern port of Pusan. On May 24, 1592, while diplomatic negotiations were still going on at the Court of Korea with the Japanese envoy, Hideyoshi landed a force of 250,000 men from 3,000 ships at the port of Pusan. The Admiral in charge of defense there was so demoralized by the suddenness of the attack that he offered but little resistance and the invaders swept up through the land of Korea like a swarm of locusts.

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The Admiral at Pusan sent a call for help to Admiral Yi, who needed no second invitation, and while the invaders were devastating the land, he sailed around to annihilate their navy, with a thorough-ness and dispatch fully described in almost awestruck tones by British historian Admiral G. A. Ballard in his “The Influence of the Sea on the Political History of Japan.” “It is always difficult for Englishmen to admit that Nelson ever had an equal in his profession,” Ballard writes, “but if any man is entitled to be so regarded, it should surely be this great naval commander of Asiatic race who never knew defeat and died in the presence of the enemy; of whose movements a track-chart might be compiled from the wrecks of hundreds of Japanese ships lying with their valiant crews at the bottom of the sea, off the coasts of the Korean peninsula…Yi-sun not only produced the better ship, but he made the very best use of her qualities; and it seems, in truth, no exaggeration to assert that from first to last he never made a mistake, for his work was so complete under each variety of circumstances as to defy criticism. Although his whole record of service is well known, there is not a single point of importance in which his judgment can ever be held to have been at fault.” That from a conservative Britisher!

2) Japanese fleet annihilated

At any rate, Admiral Yi, by sailing furiously into the enemy with his Turtle Ships, smashed the Japanese fleet and, to quote Ballard again, “… in the short space of six weeks… achieved a series of successes unsurpassed in the whole annals of maritime war, destroying the enemy’s battle-fleets, cutting his lines of communication, sweeping up his convoys, imperiling the situation of his victorious armies in the field, and bringing his most ambitious schemes to utter ruin.” Not content with that, Yi lay in wait for the convoys of reinforcements and supplies and destroyed them. Late in 1596 Hideyoshi again dispatched an invasion force of 100,000 men. At one Admiral Yi sailed out with renewed vigor to cut up the enemy fleet. This time Hideyoshi must have realized he was beaten and that his dreams of world conquest had been wrecked on the shores of Korea by Admiral Yi. Though he refused to admit defeat, the prospect might have been what hastened his death that year. Early in 1597, Konishi, chief of the invasion forces, attempting to save what was left

147 KIM Shin of his army, ordered his men to embark for home. This was what Yi had been waiting for - a whole Japanese army, already defeated and dejected, packed onto convoy ships. Again Ballard’s is the most vivid description of the resultant action: “The great battle that followed was the Korean Trafalgar, for… it ended the battle-fleet actions of Japan for 300 years, but at the cost of the life of the greatest seaman against whom they ever fought…When for the last time the Korean Admiral sighted an enemy’s fleet ahead he had only a very few more hours to live, but for that fleeting space he enjoyed at least the supreme satisfaction of seeing the last of the invaders leave his native land and the knowledge that no man had been more instrumental than himself in bringing that end to pass… In the height of the action Yi-sun was killed; a fitting end to such a career.”

3) Korean mineral statistics

(1) GOLD

Summary: In 1936 there were 4,159 mines in operation, including 342 alluvial deposits; total production was 562,000 oz., valued at $20,000,000. In 1940 there were 6,899 mines in operation including 475 alluvial deposits; total production is estimated to have been about 1,100,000 oz., valued at $40,000,000.

Table 1. Leading Mines in 1936 with estimated 1940 production value Mine Province 1940 est. value of production 1. Unsan (Unsan) P'yǒgan-pukto $3,000,000 2. Taeyu-dong (Taiyudo) P'yǒgan-pukto 2,500,000 3. Ongjin (Oshin) Hwanghae-do 1,000,000 4. Kǔmjǒng(Kinsei) Kyǒngsang-pukto 800,000 5. Kwangyang (Koyo) Chǒlla-namdo 800,000 6. Suan (Suian) Hwanghae-do 700,000 7. Sǒnghǔng(Joko) P'yǒgan-namdo 600,000 8. Kǔmje(Kintei) chǒlla-pukto 600,000 9. Sinyǒn(Shinen) P'yǒgan-pukto 600,000 10. Sinhǔng(Shinko) Hamgyǒng-namdo 500,000 11. Holtong (Kotsudo) Hwanghae-do 500,000 12. Chiksan (Chikusan) Ch'ungch'ǒng-namdo 500,000 13. Samsǒng(Sanjo) P'yǒgan-pukto 500,000

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14. Chungang (Chuo) Ch'ungch'ǒng-namdo 500,000 15. Samhwa (Sanko) Kangwǒn-do 500,000 $13,600,000

COAL Mines Tons Vlaue 1936 395 2,282,000 $4,000,000 1940 527 5,000,000* $8,000,000* *Estimated

Major Mines 1. Samsin (Samshin) P'yǒgan-namdo anthracite 2. P'yǒgyang(Heijo) P'yǒgan-namdo anthracite 3. Aoji (Agochi) Hamgyǒng-pukto bituminous 4. Hoeryǒng(Kainei) Hamgyǒng-pukto bituminous 5. Yǒngan(Eian) Hamgyǒng-namdo bituminous 6. Sariwǒn(Shariin) Hwanghae-do anthracite 7. Yǒngwǒl(Neietsu) Kangwǒn-do anthracite 8. Samch'ǒk(Sanchoku) Kangwǒn-do anthracite 9. Mun'gyǒng(Bunkei) Ch'ungch'ǒng-pukto anthracite 10. Anju (Anshu) P'yǒgan-namdo bituminous 11. Tǒkch'ǒn(Tokusen) P'yǒgan-namdo anthracite 12. Kyǒngwǒn(Keigen) Hamgyǒng-pukto bituminous

2) IRON Mines Tons Value 1936 144 Est. 800,000 $1,500,000 1940 245 Est. 4,000,000 $8,000,000

Leading Mines: 1. Musan (Mosan) Hamgyǒng-pukto 2. Iwǒn(Rigen) Hamgyǒng-namdo 3. Chaeryǒng(Sainei) Hwanghae-do 4. Hasǒng(Kasei) Hwanghae-do 5. Kaech'ǒn(Kaisen) Hwanghae-do 6. Ullyul (Inritsu) Hwanghae-do 3) Alumina Ores 1. Ongmaesan (Gyokumaisan) Chǒlla-namdo (near Haenam) 2. Kasa-do (Kasa-to) Chǒlla-namdo (near Haenam) 3. Sǒngsan(Seisan) Chǒlla-namdo 4. P'yǒgyang(Heijo) P'yǒgan-namdo 5. Changsan-do (Chozan-to) Chǒlla-namdo

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4) Magnesite 1. Paegam (Hakugan) Hamgyǒng-pukto 2. Sinbokchang ( Shinfukujo) Hamgyǒng-namdo 5) Mica 1. Kilchu (Kisshu) Hamgyǒng-pukto 6) Copper 1. Kapsan (Kozan) Hamgyǒng-namdo 2. Huch'ang (Kosho) P'yǒgan-pukto 3. Koksan (Kokusan) Hwanghae-do 4. Haman (Kanan) Kyǒngsang-namdo 7) Zinc 1. Kǒmdǒk(Kentoku) Hamgyǒng-namdo 2. Ongjin (Oshin) Hwanghae-do

4. Explanation of Index

Korean name are used throughout on the accompanying maps. However, in the case of some few large towns the Japanese names may be found in brackets following or under the correct Korea names. All names in the index followed by the word “see” are the Japanese equivalent of Korean names or alternate names for the town or physical feature. The Grid location will be found following each name as “Chech’on, 9-D-1” in which case turn to Sheet 9 and find the Grid letters and numbers in the map margins, then locate the proper square, D-1, in which the town may be located. In all cases the Grid numbers refer to the town spots and not the name itself which, for technical reasons, may have to run into another square. If a name is written “Chech’on, 9-D-1 (Gen. F-6)”, the name will be found as above and in addition on Grid F-6 of the General map on sheet two. The McCune-Reischauer System for the names has been employed. That system has been adopted for official use by the Board of Geographic Names, Department of the Interior, and is used on all maps published by the Army Map Service.

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1) Guide to pronounciation

Vowels: a as a in father æ as the a in cat e as e in weight ǒ as the o in son i as i machine ǔ as the u in put o as o in home œ as the German ö (may be pronounced as we in wet) u as u in rude

Figure 2. Korean Affair Institute, Map of Korea, 1945, Korea Map Collection

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2) Consonants

All consonants are pronounced as in English except r which is “light”, i.e., a sort of combined l and r. (It is similar to the Japanese r.) The aspiration mark (ch’) indicates a strong explosion of the consonant, as in kerchoo. The unaspirated plosives (k,p,t,ch) are pronounced with virtually no explosion. The sign n’g denotes that both consonants are sounded; when no mark is used the sound is ng; examples: singer and sin’gle.

4. Analysis on the “Limits of Ocean and Seas”

In Chapter 4, “Limits of Ocean and Seas,” published by IHO in 1928, 1937 was analyzed, and examples of dual-naming were analyzed. From the time when “Limits of Ocean and Seas”(International Hydrographic Oganization)was published first, many cases in which the names of the seas were recorded together was discovered.

1) The case of being recorded together

(1) “Limits of Ocean and Seas” 1928 Greenland or Norwegian Sea The Archipelago (Aegean Sea) Andaman or Burma Sea South China Sea or Nan Hai Eastern China Sea or Tung Hai Yellow Sea or Huang Hai Naikai or Inland Sea The Coastal Waters of Alaska and British Columbia

(2) “Limits of Ocean and Seas” 1937 Greealand or Norwegian Sea

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Laptev Sea (or nordenskjöld Sea) Irish Sea and St. George's Channel The Archipelago(Aegean Sea) Andaman or Burma Sea South Cnina Sea or Nan Hai Eastern China Sea or Tung Hai Yellow Sea or Hwang Hai Naikai or Inland Sea The Coastal Water Waters of Alaska and British Columbia

2) The change of the names of the seas recorded sea

(1) The change of Greenland or Norwegian Sea ① “Limits of Ocean and Seas” 1928 Greenland or Norwegian Sea ② “Limits of Ocean and Seas” 1937 Greenland Sea or Norwegian Sea

(2) The Archipelago(Aegean Sea) ① “Limits of Ocean and Seas” 1928 The Archipelago(Aegean Sea) ② “Limits of Ocean and Seas” 1937 The Archipelago(Aegean Sea)

(3) Andaman or Burma Sea ① “Limits of Ocean and Seas” 1928 Andaman or Burma Sea ② “Limits of Ocean and Seas” 1937 Andaman or Burma Sea

(4) South China Sea or Nan Hai ① “Limits of Ocean and Seas” 1928 South China Sea or Nan Hai

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② “Limits of Ocean and Seas” 1937 South China Sea or Nan Hai

(5) Eastern China Sea or Tung Hai ① “Limits of Ocean and Seas” 1928 Eastern China Sea or Tung Hai ② “Limits of Ocean and Seas” 1937 Eastern China Sea or Tung Hai

(6) Yellow Sea or Huang Hai ① “Limits of Ocean and Seas” 1928 Yellow Sea or Huang Hai ② “Limits of Ocean and Seas” 1937 Yellow Sea or Hwang Hai Huwang has become Hwang.

(7) Naikai or Inland Sea ① “Limits of Ocean and Seas” 1928 Naikai or Inland Sea ② “Limits of Ocean and Seas” 1937 Naikai or Inland Sea

(8) The Coastal Waters of Southeast Alaska and British Columbia ① “Limits of Ocean and Seas” 1928 The Coastal Waters of Southeast Alaska and British Columbia ② “Limits of Ocean and Seas” 1937 The Coastal Waters of Alaska and British Columbia

5. Anaysis on the Map of Korea

In Chapter5, hypotheses were tested for “Map of Korea.”

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1) Was Map of Korea published in order to realize independence on the map?

Following the passage of the bill requiring that ‘East Sea’ and ‘Sea of Japan’ be written side by side in public school textbooks by the House of the U.S. state of Virginia, the ‘East Sea’ name bill spread throughout the U.S. to New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, Los Angeles, Atlanta, etc. As the historical East Sea bill (HB 11) was passed by the state Senate in Virginia, Korean residents are now strongly urging the passing of the East Sea bill in many major cities and states. What are the historical grounds for this movement? ‘Map of Korea,’ which was published at the time of the independence of Korea 69 years ago, is valued as an outcome of the united passion of Korean-Americans that realized independence on the map, pursued by Korea at the time of independence.

2) Why was the East Sea marked as Eastern Sea (Sea of Japan)?

One of the pieces of empirical evidence is Map of Korea. It has caused much interest the fact that the dual names, ‘East Sea’ and ‘Sea of Japan,’ were used in Map of Kore’ published by a Korean-American community in 1945. What then, is the theoretical basis for legalization of a case such as the dual naming of the East Sea? This study intends to research the recent Virginia East Sea bill and the origin of dual naming through an analysis of 1945’s Map of Korea. First, it's the importance of time. Second, it's the scientific truth. Third, it is a product of objective choice.

3) Map of Korea of Korea’ is the first English Atlas produced by Korea after the independence

Map of Korea is an English Atlas in which the East Sea was marked with a dual name of “Eastern Sea” and “Sea of Japan” in English for the first time after the independence by Korean people in commemoration of the Korean independence of 1945.

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4) What spatial information is contained in Map of Korea?

The content of the Atlas is as follows. In the maps of Korea and of China, Japan, and Korea in Map of Korea, the East Sea is written with dual naming (with ‘Eastern Sea’ in large print and ‘Sea of Japan’ in small print right beneath it). Further, it specifies ‘Yellow Sea,’ ‘Korea Bay,’ ‘Chosen Gulf,’ and ‘Korea Strait.’ The most interesting fact is that it marks the regions and place minutely in English, and explains the distribution chart of underground resources of Korea. This appears to have been to explain, to the U.S. State Department and the authorities, the international importance of independent Korea after the Second World War, and revalidation of the territory of the Republic of Korea, including the naming of the East Sea. The publisher is Korean Affairs Institute of D.C., and the year of publication is 1945.

5) For whom was Map of Korea of produced?

“English Atlas of Republic of Korea”(Map of Korea) was published in time for the independence of Korea in 1945. Also, by having it circulated not only to the Korean-American community but also the U.S. State Department, demarcation of territory of Republic of Korea and dual naming of the East Sea were urged. As far as it is known, it is a historical record that sheds light on the hidden efforts of many Korean people around the world, including Korean-Americans for demarcation of territory of the Republic of Korea after the independence. Such influence of Korean-Americans has borne fruit for the first time after 69 years in the state of Virginia.

6) Who was the first person to mark the East Sea with Dual Naming?

According to the studies so far, Kim Young- jung, the publisher of Map of Korea had immigrated to America by way of China. In the U.S., as a successful businessman, he established the Korean Affairs Institute in Washington D.C. in 1943, and carried out numerous activities in order to introduce Korea and appeal for its independence. He published ‘Map of Korea’ in 1945. Map of Korea is included in 'Korea Map Collection. Additionally, Kim Young-jung, the publisher of 'Korean Affairs' has also been studied with much interest. Korean Affairs Institute was registered in California as a nonprofit cultural

156 Map of Korea and Dual Names organization by Kim Yong-Joong in 1943, and in September of 1943 the head office was established in Washington. On November 22nd of that year, “ of Korea,” the monthly English magazine, began publication. In the letterhead of the first issue, ‘Devoted to freedom as a nonprofit organization’ was presented as a slogan. Korean Affairs Institute and “,” which became Kim Yong-Joong’s trademark, had taken the first step. Originally, the purpose of establishment of this organization and its magazine was to introduce Korea from a nonpartisan viewpoint and to appeal for the necessity of independence of Korea. Also, it reflected the demand within the U.S. at that time. Such demand of the U.S. combined with Korean studies boom brought up within the Korean American community, which led to organization of many institutions. Such demand let to institutions being organized within the Korean American community via the Korean studies boom. From 1943, through Information gathering and research about Korea, contribution was made to the Pacific War; also, necessity of Korean studies had been brought up for Korea’s postwar economic revival.

7) Why was the naval battle of Admiral Yi-Soon, hero of the Japanese invasion of Korea, depicted on the cover of Map of Korea?

It appears that publication of the Turtle Ship on the cover of “Map of Korea” was to show that Korea already had the technology and capability to produce an armored battleship in 1592. Introducing successive victories of Admiral Yi Sun-shin during the Japanese invasion of Korea in 1592 illustrates that Korean waters had the command of the sea in the 16th century. The content of Map of Korea is as follows: it is printed in color consisting of 25 pages, the cover depicts a battle scene of the Turtle Ship destroying Japanese battleships during the Japanese invasion of Korea in 1592, and is titled ‘The Turtle Ship of Korea, the World's First Ironclad Warship.’ The back of the cover describes the financial resources of the Turtle Ship and the activities of Admiral Yi Sun-sin at the naval battle during the Japanese invasion of Korea (the Imjin War)

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6. Conclusion

As a result of testing the hypotheses, All 7 hypotheses were validated. Thus, it became clear that “East Sea/Sea of Japan” (2014), which was passed by the legislature of the U.S. state of Virginia in 2014, succeeds the sea area marking of “Eastern Sea (Sea of Japan)” of “Map of Korea.” Also, it came to light that the theoretical basis for dual-naming of “Eastern Sea (Sea of Japan)”(1945) and “East Sea/Sea of Japan” (2014) is based on the dual-naming principle for sea area names of “Limits of Ocean and Seas” published by IHO in 1928, 1937. In the process of studying the secrets of Map of Korea problems emerge that we need to think about today. Namely, the lessons we should learn from history and apply today regarding how we should live. It tells us why dual naming of East Sea is necessary, and why the world should be provided diverse opportunities of awareness. Despite a 69-year time gap, it has been revealed that 1945’s Map of Korea and the dual naming of the East Sea bill of 2014 are connected. Korean-Americans of 1945 who wished for the independence of Korea and those supporting the Virginia East Sea bill of 2014 for independence on the map occurred in the same vein. The research results regarding the significance of dual naming in 1945 through Map of Korea are as follows: First, it's the importance of time. After the Second World War, everything made in the imperialist era was newly evaluated and restored by the new order. Second, it's the scientific truth. From the vantage point of 1945, Map of Korea is a world atlas produced with scientific methods and techniques. The place name notations were done scientifically, as well. Third, it is a product of objective choice. By marking with not one but two names, a peaceful and politically correct choice was taken. Thus, Map of Korea has provided an important message for us today.

158 Map of Korea and Dual Names

Reference

International Hydrographic Organization, 1920, Report of Proceedings, International Hydrographic Conference, 1919. International Hydrographic Bureau, 1922, “Transcription of Place-Names,” Circular- Letter No. 36 of 1922, 28th September 1922. International Hydrographic Bureau, 1923, Circular-Letter No. I-H of 1923, 25th Feb. 1923. International Hydrographic Bureau, November 1924, “Transcription of Place-Names,” Hydrographic Review, Vol. Ⅱ, No. 1, 33-37. International Hydrographic Bureau, 1926, Report of The Proceedings of The Second International Hydrographic Conference, Monaco, 26 October-10 November 1926. International Hydrographic Bureau,, August 1928, Limits of Oceans and Seas, Special Publication No. 23, Monte-Carlo. International Hydrographic Bureau, 1929, Report of The Proceedings of the First Supplementary International Conferance, Monaco, 9-20 April 1929. International Hydrographic Bulletin. I.H.C Repertory of Technical Resolutions. Kim, Shin, Looking for the Lost East Sea, DooNam, 1997. Kim, Shin, East Sea, Korean Studies Imformation, 2001. Kim, Shin, The Name and Limit of the East Sea, Jiyoungsa, 2005. Peter E. Raper, “Names of Oceans and Sea : the Perspective”, The Fifth International Seminar on the Naming of Seas: Special Emphasis Concerning the East Sea. Maoli Han, “A View on the Name of Korean Eastern Sea based on Chinese Historical Literature”, The Fifth International Seminar on the Naming of Seas: Special Emphasis Concerning the East Sea, 1999. Tadao Furumaya, “Sea of Japan - Her Three Pasts and the Problem of Naming”, The Fifth International Seminar on the Naming of Seas: Special Emphasis Concerning the East Sea, 1999. Alexei, “The Charting of the Eastern(Japan) Sea and Korean Coast by the Russian Sailors in the Nineteenth Century”,The Fifth International Seminar on the Naming of Seas: Special Emphasis Concerning the East Sea, 1999.

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