PB

Chapter 21

THE DEVONSHIRE CAVENDISHES: POLITICS AND PLACE

Sue Wiseman*

orth endishes ell us about the ary and political

W landha t cean part the of the Chatsw “pursuit ofCav e andt er” in a aceliter o maintain position.cul- Thatture ofin seventeenth- the case of thecentury​ Engorthland? Asendishes Mark Girouar the d puts’s it, the dynastic​century house and wer pleasur pow r t orth eting orChatsw . Cavor ample, familyy seventeenth-orth enirs e histhe- tormory andof later significance​and, are ethe bound serving together l is shownwn in almost an), y itwem ofy modernesent Chatsworth ismark e withsouvenir Fd oex past andman Chatsw. This souvl s ustak a view f tableware— lik bow sho (Figure 21.1 ho the pr Chatswthe l utilizessuggestiv spooning depthregar o ert a up​ present ymmetrical bowview ofshow the açade and aof Williamynoptic Talman’s 1687–y of 1688​the ruse.emodelling It cerpts of the or house. the Designedr the for fruit-y ​serving,y detailsbow of a orth , twingoff a seatclose- of s hill landscape in thef distance shapeds y theiconograph esence of the hohouse, colonnadedex f açade,purchase d dens,ke takeawa , . Chatsw, this peacefulvisit scenesho of aticpower: dominance y be ed with another b pr ​century e of orthf om designea distancegar that esstatuary in the landscaperiver However ound . Published in lisharistocr in the ear alman ma ed hiscompar emodelling but writtenseventeenth- ear , a poem describesvignett seeingChatsw Chats orthfr in a diff ent cont tak ar it Eng y T complet r lier w er ext: And C orth as a point it doth entwine. Derwin appeares but as a crooked line, hatsw W’had gone but little further, when we found The Hills soft back, cut deep with many a wound. And did the earth in whitish ranks espie1 So as Hobbes Cast up edin heaps,the upon​mining the surf ace lye. y in h orth , a y the heritage dish has cleansed not y of mines , , of the people Thom interpret lead- geograph whic Chatsw sat geographen that er and connection e boundonl up ,but the notablynames of e people wandho theirmade it places. e y in the wing ation of some of the ​ andGiv powcentury​ y ynamics.ar If togetherorth the house has comeelit o stand or the feature heavil, the y follothat wnedexplor it e en e insixteenth- pursuit seventeenth- famil d Chatsw t f Devonshir dynasty famil o wer oft elsewher

* I am gr eful to the editors and particular y Dr er for patience and comments. 1 Thomas , ymous ation, De mirabilibus pecci being the wonders of the peak in at l . Rutt Darby-shire,​ commonly called the Devil’s Arse of Peak: in English and Latine Hobbes anon transl (London, 1678), 18. 374 Sue Wiseman

emodelling of Chats orth House. Sue Wiseman. Figure 21.1. Brown and white tableware bowl with view of William Talman’s 1687–​1688 r w of e or er and e in London, at other houses, at the houses of es,

be pleasurat pow or ell underwer half the o er understand the yrelativ modern or, in the case of the 2nd and 4th Earls, travelling.2 As Girouard notes, the family might clan, Chatsworththeir nationalf w ensions, and theiryear. Tongbett association with earl orth and significance of the Devonshire Cavendish family, their situation in relation to the wider pret str Chatsw with Derbyshire, what follows briefly explores the fortunes of just three of the family’s seventeenth-century​ members. It focuses on William, the 2nd Earl of Devonshire; his long-​lived widow, Christian (née Bruce); and their grandson, William Cavendish, the 4th Earl and 1st Duke. “Family Was Everything”: Sons, Daughters, Stepchildren The orth endishes e their ence o the rise of zabeth wick of wick, eer bound ogether marital, political, and al . Chatsw Cav ow exist t Eli Hard Hard whose car t architectur power

2 Life in the English Country House William Cavendish, Fourth Duke of Devonshire Memoranda Mark Girouard, (Yale University Press: London, 1978), 6 and n6. on State of Affairs 1759–​1762 See Peter D. Brown and Karl W. Schweizer, (London: Royal Historical Society, 1982), 3. PB

375 T he Devonsh ire Cavendishes She y ed that importance ed in the county of r birth, e, and the lands e ed in that county e the locations of amilies en withclearl those ofwant the e display the​ castles, heeponts, andDerbyshir albots. Elizabeth wicksh acquir (married y o givthe local obert f , interwover William endish, mDevonshir . Loe, andCavendishes— the l of sbury)New had Pierry begun buildingT her ersion ofHard orth hen hersuccessivel second husband,t WilliamR Barlowendish, treasurdied in 1557. Her Cav Willia St Ear Shrew alread v Chatsw w Cav Scots.fourth (andor all final) the husband,oblems the the marriage 6th Earl ofas Shrewsbury o bring, it ,also was an aristocratht Bess of. Just aswick she marriedo the aristhim, in 1568, he was tasked, or cursed, with being gaoler for Mary, Queen of F pr w t broug Hard int e her placeocracy. in , or on that y her heir Henry married ’s er On the same day she attained aristocratic status, Elizabeth Hardwick sought to con- solidatshe tied her enit astf o ank andda vilege, but she also becameShrewsbury daught​ ​ w o Graceo of and her her daughten.er Maryancis Cav endish, the married orian Gilbert of the Talbot ,endish his son. In this, movhte that y childras erything”f t r o Elizabethpri wick. g mother-y inin- itsla t twnomic and stepchildrynastic sense,Fr the Bickleyess seemshist o e Cav ed landfamily andthoug capital with “familminimalw entionev o humant elations Hardor ering.Understandin The plan familed in settingeco the- personnel ord a ynastic ama.count en h hert marriagehav consolidat ended in acrimonious ation and heratt , t , died withoutr suff e en, the workoperties passed o her other f o dns, Williamdr andEv les.thoug These sons ounded the twined ynastiessep of- ar castle and heir Henrye. les endishlegitimat childred elbeck prand set in ain thet castle tw so , discussed Char y e inf this olume. Williamd endish, Newho ed Devonshirorth andChar wick,Cav becameinherit on Wendish of wicktr in 1605

New dynasty extensivel elsewher Thev e Cavendishes, then,w inherit e Chatswy allied o otherHard endishes, butBar 3Cavh the marriagesHard y e also and epur chasedy alliedthe title o of Eary lamilies of Devonshir in the e inea. 1618. Thus ElizabethDevonshir wick’sCav epson and wer​ densel​ , Gilbert t , becameCav the 7th lthroug of , and thethe wersbury mor distantlers allied the t man fe endishes aro the viles of Hardd and ond.st It is in thisson- in-law, y boundTalbot h ed marriagesEar Shrewsbury but also in elationsShrew of , daughtthat the Chats orth CaDevonshirendishesCav emer t Sa Ruffor bey context tightl throug layer r rivalry . Henry wsold the vhouse o his ge.other William, and in 1616, hen Henry died, The Countess of Shrewsbury died in 1608, leaving Chatsworth to her eldest son, Henry t br w Williamendish, Cavendis o Christianh, Lord Bruce, Cavendis andh in of the Hard samewick, ear who he possessed aged his Oldcot ’ses, near Hard wick, and Chatsw, theorth, becamey an edimportant ​ landowner​old Thomas. In Hobbes, 1608 he as hadhis marr. Theied hisperiod son, Williameen CavHobbes’s t al in the ​ ey householdeng and his son ge’s contempoy death- rary freshl graduat 20-year- tutor betw other arrivers. The periodCavendish- seems o Devonshire some ary onagechar and earlensions on in 1628 sees the household marked by engagement also with Ben Jonson and some writ t indicat liter patr pret

3 ancis Bickle , The Cavendish Family

Fr y (London: Constable, 1911), 33. 376 Sue Wiseman ’s part and so es as a oil illuminating y ast the ements and thetic and philosophical in estments of the Newcastle households. Williamor all that Hobbesserv is fy seen as at theb hubcontr of ellectualachiev cles includingaes- les endish of elbeckv and the l, er e, of castle, the philosopher asF also an important esencerightl in the orth household.int He seemscir o e been Char Cav W Ear lat Duk New wof e, and pr y in that of hisChatsw son and that of the e 1stt hav e oo, butsignificant if e ocus not onlon ythe in the intellectual endishes,and potentiall e seey political that he thinkingas also aof participant the 2nd Ear inl theDevonshir household’s aestheticprobabl . Indeed, it seems that HobbesWilliamit described hisDuk entyt ears’w servicef with theChatsworth 2nd l ofCav e asw y ar the mostw eeable period of

y ” noting that Williamsociability as not y a , but a friend as The pairtw set y Ear Devonshir “b f agr 4 m life, “w onl master well.”

outo send on a Hobbes tour that to included borr w moneyVenice ,for Rome, him. and Hobbes Naples, was and a closeHobbes’s companion biographer and findsserv the yearsWhile 1615– or1620​ obscury earse init Hobbes’shas been lifassumede,5 beyond that rumour the thatoung the Sir y oungWilliam 2nd Earendishl used tmarried and then o y ent on a opean our with his new , in ant.act f man y y Cav immediatel w Eur t tutor f

records may suggest a more complex trajectory and pererhaps the less death time of Princeabroad Henry than w ine 1612,have assumed. William Hobbes’sendish biogr seemsapher o findse had the young6 Cavableendish contact in Londonwith the in new the Prince1610s and asles, a bothmember as an of thel’s addled son on Par liamentemonial of occasions1614. Aft and hen the king and prince Cav t hav consider 1609Char and William ear ed in thecer ames ed with thew installation of the Prince were on progress in the north. Thus James I was at Derby and in Nottinghamshire in participat g associat

of esentWales inhen 1616, he wased among wickthe mourners in the same at Queen Thus Anne’s Sir funer alam in Maendish,y 1619, as ma hey well have been present when James I visited Welbeck7 in 1619, and was almost certainly pr In thew er partvisit of theHard 1610s, William year.endish ookWilli up the placeCav in nialwas styled,e had manyed or contacts ls’ sons with and the royanal foamil y and eparticular y withly James the and Char. t thisles. lat Sir Cav t ceremo-

lif designat f ear beg t associat Thesociall xt itself is shortcourt andA the pointoccasion, texts or associatoccasionsed withof its the Cavendish-ormance enigmatic.Dev​ onshir eThe household8 xt itself start has to emeree ge. Oneal suchemale text antimasque is a christ eningoles andent ertainmenty e the b yemale Ben Jonson. staff of a te ​in ​Holdback perf te thr centr f r the ar f lying- chamber— the midwife, Dugs the wet nurse, and Kecks the dry nurse. The entertainment uses a fight

4 Hobbes: A Biography Cambridge

“Vita Carmina Expressa,” quoted in A. P. Martinich, (Cambridge: 5 Hobbes University Press, 1999), 19. 6 Hobbes See Martinich, , 28. 7 Progresses of King James I Martinich, , 29–​30. 8 A Cavendish Christening Entertainment The Cambridge Edition John Nichols, , 4 vols. (London, 1828), 3:27. of the Works of Ben Jonson Ben Jonson, , ed. James Knowles, , gen. ed. David Bevington, Martin Butler, and Ian Donaldson, 7 vols. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012), vol. 5. PB

377 T he Devonsh ire Cavendishes or primacy among these ee o e an ertainment that es with the guests as

f thr t mak ent The script ofmov the l concerns the honourthey come and in, drawnum in of b they a “Forester,nurse’s calling” and is stilled continuing9 h in as erms they leavof e,et adjudicat and dry vices.ed in theIt opens meantime with Holdback, by the figur thee ofmid the Mathematician.e, demonstrating the boy to the gossips:braw decor work throug t w wif

Holdb ack. Now God multiply Your Highness and my honorable lord, too, and my good lady, the countess! I have one word for you all, “Welcome!”—which​ nameis enoug ouldh to thebe wiseles and ashen good ased a hundrupon ed, youles’s know ain. This t’other is m y day! he’sMy lor bornds, andunder my that lady , how. like’ youen m y boy? Is’te, notaith. a goodle’ll y boy?e aI said his an Godw will, y oneChar vyw k Ithatlook ound aboutChar him. Would ou hadnight, star I ha giv measur i’f H prov pricker, lad oman,b and a prioud,mar should beI f o be seen at homeW with you uponsuch another, my lord gossips, every one of you, and as like the father! Oh, what a g w pr I t y the same occasion! ating the y at the same time as ering her l service,(lines 19– Holdback28)​

Celebris o stand bab , and an unnamed offess and, professionae, e ers o y d

gives us some” en identifications y the ecent relatored oto be the guests.d She welcomes Prince Charles, who Chanceryt asgodparent a opism or ancellorcount is e,elsewher as the10 eningsh ref begins,t the“m Lor Chancery, tak b r edit t Lor Chancellor. Thus, if the identification of e the ess,malapr Prince fles,Ch and, it seems,accurat the d ev . The d Chancellorenter- tainment establishes a sharp contrast between employees and guests. On the one hand

aras counted a contact of theChar e William Lor Chancellor erposedLor o court and seemsernment to be verye the likel ycical to hav emalee been Francisers, Bacon, Lordy 11Chancellormen of 1618–asting1621,​ size who w yinde ​ essed, yingDevonshir the aucous and corruptCavendish. emale Countants as a t esque oil gov ar far f charact presumabl contr com- icall cross-dr pla r f serv grot f to the finest in the land. The rolling fight gradually moves around the house, culminating in violent accusations: endom, if had not ed o ou, hen ou came so ed out of Kecks.the Indeed, wine cellar you hadand liksoe to havede overour laidcouch it the other, o nige htour and preventit withed itsy christ I look unt y w y bedew water y that t sav y cred m

9 The Oxford Handbook There are a few candidates, and Hobbes is possible. On Hobbes’s later acknowledgement as a of Hobbes

mathematician, see Katherine Dunlop, “Hobbes’s Mathematical Thought,” in 10 Christening Entertainment , ed. A. P. Martinich (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016), 76–105.​ 11 Jonson, , l:39 and note. Hobbes On the possible acquaintance of William Cavendish and Bacon by late 1615, see Martinich, , 28–​29; on later contact, see 38–41,​ 53–54, 65–​ 66.​ 378 Sue Wiseman y xt morning, ou e lad o y it upon our innocent , and slander him o his mother w y he had ed. This as none our lad ne y wer g t la y bedfellow t ho plentifull suck w o’y dry jests now, this was a soaker. Holdb ack. Ay, by faith, was’t. An you overflow so, it’s even time to stop the breach and pack you both hence. Get you in! Here comes a wise man will tell us another tale. (lines 159–66)​ is accusing Dugs, the et se, of being so sodden drunk that she almost Thethe “wise, a man ” isd a of “Mathematician, sleeping with ” wantsho pr ophesiese the theant greatness is of theed child.or killed Kecks an adult . Suchw accidentsnur e but a ep om anticide, both in “overlaid” and babyaccusation,hazar and in the y moderninf imaginationwher theinf o entsuffocat , so by the accusationsleeper s o becomewer a e incidentst fr of inf en etting, executione can y a e ectnessearl in the ashioning of ce twom wthe erytogether est thoughears partum​ mellow, ocalizedt or anmer audience, somedrunk of hombedw e in thew midstsee suchclearl an purposivxperience,dir h the stagingf of far ​andfr the v e,dark hich f as of post- disaster f f w wer of e throug servants— midwif w w the onlyIn certificat its ented occupationorm, the openertainment to women— seemsas​ gre aasping, xt made lying, of maliciousa compound scroungers of others and sots.and hich ers om aps and uncertainties hich include ho it as ormed or curr f ent lik te w suff fr g w w w perf f (or efirst been performe oducedd for) y theand whencastle and household.where it mig ht have ,been staged.y Theaged text’s mosty the recent editoration ,of James lesKnow as theles, new sees Prince the “Christ of alesening in Ent1616,ertainment” the endishes as mor hade likel a y opto ofhav leses,pr h atb least oneNew each o the Howevere and possibl orthencour anches.b The inaugur Char W Cav cr Chards a numberwit of xts that seem ot essDevonshir both the castleChatsw and br e ilies.entertainment Indeed, some is f ounderial in MSin the Har leiany part 4955, of this a scribal manuscript text that inesses the allsection the it is enin ofrecor the ​ te sbury ce,t suchaddr as the Newory poem y Devonshirancis fams- ating the mat ’s houses, endingearl with d, a vile addrhouse via the childrer of the 6thHardwick- Earl of ShrShrew allian celebrat b Fr Andrew enumer family Ruffor Sa daught ewsbury: Worsope a duke, Hardwicke an Earle, Welbeck a Vicount, Bolser a Pearle The rest are Jewells of the Sheeres

Bolserd the gi pendanteth Almes of more the Ear thane the Yet an old Abbey hard by the way 12 So the book’s entsRuffor or this periodv suggests that iny. the 1610s and 1620s ht be a little e fluid among multiple households than the er of the castlescont suggests,f and the tainment y ell sit in suchpatronage a mig mor lat dominance New enter ma w space.

12

London, British Library, MS Harley 4955, fol. 67v. PB

379 T he Devonsh ire Cavendishes , in the xt itself is a line of puns hich y e the xt with th br However te w ma associat te the Chatswor anch:

Holdback. …her little Nurcarl,se, the ha little’ done, Christian. let the music ha’ their play. You have made a joyful house here, i’faith! The glad lady within i’th’ straw I hope has thanked you for

If a l is a small l and a small les (the y is these), it is also, (lines 40–er baptism,42)​ a little istian. t the same time, , the use of the erm ht also suggest that the ertainmentcar aschur at least at e Charpoint ormedbab or the e aft endishes, as it alsoChr implies thatA the y hthowever be a small ersion oft Christian,mig ’s e ​ ent w som perf f Devonshir Cav

les as born in bab migIt is , then, thatv some or all of thisWilliam erialwif asand— used possibly—y the the​ babye ’s mothery and13 . Accorpossibleding that to James at some Know pointles, in the 1619, Chatsw orthed (Devonshirin London e)y Char w 1619. likely mat w

b ertainmentDevonshir wasfamil staged by the De e Ca mark b other princely godparentings, either in London or in Hardwick,14 Ben Jonson’s christening entpupil, Horae Subseciuae Observationsvonshir and Discoveriesvendishes. (1620). Among the s the l Otheres is one textual uatingproductions a country include e, “sothe anone asymous it hath publication elation o of men essay of s beaty Hobbes’s qualitie,

and Besides aditional aise or being y om the esse,essay business,ear andwrit yment”15eval of court and lif, efarr is a ocus on countryr t e’s “disaduantageousgr estates.” ” tr y that itpr “secludesf us om“awa a fr ledge ofpr the , and ernmentimplo e, and also eclipsethcity ther om four acquaintance,lif the eat men, and

guidersinconueniences, of the particularl oung William fr’s agementknow with the Courty orm govht suggestther con and16 others, but it fr ht also be e y ocusedGr as a e of passage o State.”ood Y ed on eturnCavendish om his engopean our and as heessa f ed mig Ba mig mor narrowl f rit Whilet theadulth 2nd l’scomplet aesthetic r ementsfr e Eursmall in comparisont o thoseembark of the on family life. Ear achiev ar t Newcastle family, those are mainly found later and, of course, William died just two years aftotherser inheriting William his and title— ​inles, 1628. the He was saides tcano hav alsoe feast be ed himselfed with to death, ee and omen cer- oftainl they hesame left his estate in dir​thee jeopardyalbot . Asers well and as beingChristian contrasted endish with herself. the New Ascastle e brecall, the l of Char ’s Devonshirn, Gilbert , had beencompar ied o thr w ’s generation— T sist Cav w r Ear Shrewsbury so Talbot marr t Shrewsbury daughter, Mary. Talbot, Mary Stuart’s gaoler, spent his life in furious and widely reported

13

Knowles writes, “The Cavendish–Dev​ onshire case centres on Charles Cavendish, second son

of ‘Lord Cavendish and Christian his lady’, who was baptized on 15 June 1619, not 1620 (London 14 Nichols, Progresses Guildhall, MS 4508/​1).” 15 Horae Subseciuae Observations and Discoveries , 554. 16 Horae (London, 1620), 135. , 138, 161, 163. 380 Sue Wiseman litigation but left three notable daughters. The most obscure is Mary Talbot, who in 1604 married the Earl of Pembroke, who became Mary Wroth’s lover, and the best-​known, Aletheia, married the Earl of Arundel and was a patron and collector. As significant is a third daughter, Elizabeth Talbot (1582–1651), who married Henry Grey, heir to the Earl of Kent, and lived at Wrest. She was probably the pupil of Sir John Florio and was the dedicatee of his translation of Montaigne’s Aessay choices. Her manual connections of rare andincluded select Sir secrets Robert in Cottphysicon and and chyrugery John Selden, with whom she lived at her London house after her husband died in 1639, and at least one publication, (1653), is associated with her and seems to draw on her recipes. The wife of William Cavendish from 1608, Christian Cavendish, was effective politi- cally and in estate management; she was also tenacious and long-​lived. When she was widowan act ed inwing 1628 him, Christian o sell his Cav entailedendish inheritlands. edUnder an estat Christiane that wasendish, almost the bankrupt es. Theemained 2nd Ear in lthe had becomey and so she indebt as ed that hey successfulhad just persuaded in emaking Par liamentthe ortunes to pass he had so allo , t oring ation and ortune ogether o Cavain a prime placeestat in r famil w strikingl r f dissipated rest reput f t t reg the countyee incidents and country e f orilluminating her son, the with 3rd Earl. dSo oastut Christiane was Chris tian in pursuitthe17 marriage of her negotiationsends that Charles with Iher is said toded hav e ycommented the ess on herof controler of in his judiciaryr ers . o her band,Thr her alist ar vity during the regarlish vilt , and Cavendish:her possible (at esent y) ed elationshipsrecor b withCount ers includingLeicest the he l lettof t e husand- Roy acti Eng Ci War pr sustainedpartiall excavatationr is ed y thewrit xts y ailable.Ear eePembrok amples e Edmund Waller. However, that this powerful and well-​connected figure might well repay investig suggest b te readil av Thr ex giv a sense of her influence. Ono[lland] April 13, 1637ed anthe Countess om of Leicestery y wrote to e]the o Earl his ofoposition, Leicester, wich

Hhat she saide,receiv and eetanswear fre sheem islad De[vonshirood. Shee t spr much of the he sheeshow ed esme. her It wsone,as full and of sieetvilitie, cry afton and coldness.s that I amhe confidentes not eatshe meanes e little but of shew appoints. Nothingy canI believbe e estunderst then that shee speakhas ertions o us,libertie hat giveasons do not y . ourever vilitiespersceav o y d of dar e] ore notdrink much as

ed, f I er heard a w mord of acknomanif adv t upon w r I know Y si t m lor 18De[vonshir ar con- sider or nev or wledgement.

Thisaluation is the offirst the lett situationer in a sequencey be referringe, or t noo the Leicestch ensued.ers’ courting of, as the the futur e 3rd Earl of Devonshire—​William Cavendish—as​ a match for their daughter. This letter’s evalmost y lacking in ma . Sheaccurat es fthat maty y Howevere]” s “muchelab- orate manoeuvres take place, the countess discloses her view of the future 3rd Earl as wholl agency writ “m lad De[vonshir speak 17 Hobbes 18 Report on the Manuscripts of the Right Honourable Viscount De L’Isle, V. C., For this widely retold story see, e.g., Martinich, , 86. Preserved at Penshurst Place, Kent G. Dyfnallt Owen, HMC 77:101. , “The Countess of Leicester to the Earl of Leicester,” April 13, 1637, PB

381 T he Devonsh ire Cavendishes of the libertie she es her sone, and eet ery on s that he es not eat or

e but as she The image of Christian h as olling and cold y not be give , 19 , she y as anev able andperceav e ordar in personal and politicaldrink matt apoints.” Cavendis contr ma It is clearaccurat that thebut certainlyess of w e as astutedoperat y politics. Her pher s us thaters. she as y ed in alist plotting in the 1650s, and vidence es of her emptsCount o er Devonshirthe e ofw motivatdale’s belease. During thebiogra vil- ars tell dale hadw deepled involvhimself as Roya er and had paid the e. Exiled surviv att t brok Duk Lauder r ci

wbattleLauder of , presente the alists e broked and he as among thepenalty in 1648 to The Hague, he then came back with Charles Stuart (later Charles II) to the20 Worcester wher Roy wer rout w prisoners. CavSomeendish writht thates t hiso him eedom in 1658 should that “itbe wasen in odisput e amongst, hich your friendsy knew ho w your businessy ould should e beeou laid”our and sets” but out she her oaswn concerned position with o eepregar thed to conflictingor plans. thoug fr tak t Parliament “w the immedi- atelI w ess giv asy in noy meansliberty, willing that shouldw be done int k d knewProtect ou hadinvolved: es w sitting e that hen it came o the e of e, ould putconf a I we in our heele besides it ould e been a regary ouldI eryy much some enimydisobligedno y d ther or how y hatht made sodebat ge a youromisestat in ourw have spok y w w hav wa w v have m Lor Protect w alread lar pr y Lordships

theparticular business that should truly beI am done very a confidentand to my helik will show your L[ordship] as much favour as possibly he can, within this 3 dayes I received a message21 from the Lieutenant General that In , empts o ee dale, such aseing. the one Christian endish is e moting, came o nothing and he as in prison until 1660. , the ess’s deep fact att t fr Lauder Cav her pro- t w However count Herinvolv ementapher in Royalistds plotting,oops her influence,ched o andch her her manom yher connections ​ ar​ e appar’s houseent

ather Ampthille, even if oin thisestall case her it turned out Thatshe wChristianas claiming endishmore influence as in communication than she had. withbiogr dale,recor tr , ydispat suggest22 somethingt fet aboutfr her eligiousbrother- in-as lawell as her political persuasion.t for activities. Cav w InLauder her er earshowever Christianma endish seems o e elcomedr a ange ofw ers at her house at on. In 1661 the dedication y one y ed with lat y Cav t hav w r writ that our Roehamptip hath o his ,b will outlastapparentl the taskcalculation ofover all- sight of the ”printing She has prf ocess eddesc publicationribed the Earl of Pembroke’s poems as a “Monument y Ladish erected t memory Astrologers. acilitat when:

19 20 Oxford Countess of Leicester to the Earl of Leicester, April 13, 1637. Dictionary of National Biography

Ronald Hutton, “Maitland, John, Duke of Lauderdale (1616–1682),​ Politician,” in 21 (May 25, 2006).

Christian Cavendish to Earl of Lauderdale, April 5, 1658, London, British Library, MS Additional 22 Thomas , The Life of the Right Honourable and Religious Lady Christian Late Countess 38,855, fol. 87. Dowager of Devonshire Pomfret (London?: 1685), 79. 382 Sue Wiseman

all theened Muses y seemedour Ladiships to be fled, command, and to hav undere left nothingour behindonage them,o come but a foad,ew lame Iambicks, canting at the corners of our desolate streets; yet they are now content to be

awak b y & y Patr23 t abr and meet, and salute the peace that gave them their first being. helping o bring a y poetic e back o e. She appears o e been a on of ChristianSir dmund her e alleris acclaimed and as as one of they the first ecipient to return of to publishinge erses than after thee Restore ation,y t trul cultur t lif t hav patr did E , and Wher householdw atprobabl Richmond r as y mora v e or wal ar alismcurrentl and aware of. While her son, William Cavendish, the 3rd Earl, lived a retired life, his mother notolitics and building e the elongw clearleoccupationscentr off Christiancultur roy ’s

patronage. William seems o P wer lif pr 24 Cavendish riculumgrandson, or William him, and Cav inendish, the ethe 1650s, 4th Ear henl and his lat erandmother the 1st Duke. as plotting in London,t hehav spente been time recognized in aris asand promisin ence.g at aner earl they age.vil In 1648, at theHobbes recommendedation, he as a once cur- ain f y close o thelat , beingw chosen gro e lesw II at his onation in P Flor Aft Ci War Restor w ag apparentl t court t serv Char cor 1660. In the same year he was married to Mary Butler, the daughter of the 1st Duke of

Ormond, though, as was much noted at his death, he was a 25multiple adulterer and had a along- ​termer’s mistr ess or from eingthe London wne stage—the partitition​Mrs. Heneage. att the end of the hall & e eingIn June wn1688, in fourthe hall years & after heds accededtaking up to his landse and and houses,eing in the the 4th hall Ear andl receiv in theed

carpenter bill f ,“tak and in thedo e oome er the The same summerwainscoat w him tak do boar ther shor26 Leicest Apartment whit r ov hall.” sa inearsviting of Williamthe ofeenth Orange to interv. Theene in Enger’sland’s bill isaff airsor undery thek on Roman the eshaping Catholic ofJames II. Bothorth evoents become, were to shape, the the house role of thee Chatsww orth, Cavendishesh it seems in thethat lat theer

y l ysevent ned centuryy some carpentations o the Elizabethanf earl wor r 17 Chatswof the samet , ybroadly of the kmen w knoed ontoday thoug’s 27 y ging ear initiall plan onl alter t house. On November year man wor employ William steadil enlar rebuilding project were with him and other troops at Derby. The duke’s appearance at Derby with a troop of horse followed a long trajectory of increasing political discontent and alliance with the country party. When James II

23 Poems Written by the Right Honourable Earl of Pembroke John Donne, “To the Right Honourable Christiania, Countess of Devonshire, Dowager,” in

(London, 1660), sigs. A1v–​A2r. The relationship 24 Oxford marked here must be with John Donne the younger. Dictionary of National Biography

David Hosford, “Cavendish, William, first duke of Devonshire (1641–1707),​ politician,” in 25 See Hosf d, “Ca endish, William. (October 4, 2008). 26 Building accounts, orth, ed in ancis Thompson, A History of Chatsworth or v ”

Chatsw quot Fr 27 Chatsworth: A Landscape History (London: Country Life, 1949), 46. Quotation modernized. History of Chatsworth John Barnatt and Tom Williamson, (Macclesfield: Windgather, 2005), 52–53;​ see also Thompson, . PB

383 T he Devonsh ire Cavendishes acceded o the one, endish as one of the en ories of the vitation sent

t thr Cav w sev signat in ttitiono Willia ensued.m of Or emainingange, and init was hisham responsibility in some confusion, to raise tr oopsy inl setNotting off ham ath the prince’s landfall. When others joined him and the numbers grew, confusion and compe- antic vityR in Notting, e he as instrumental in thethe al e althroug of William Midlands towns to Oxford, arriving on December 15 and going from there to continued

fras a recipientacti of Parliamentwhat David Hosfwher d callsw the “trappings of po safer andarriv position. and Mary. In 1689 he became a member of the Privy Council and for the rest of his28 life w or w ” The duke, as he was from 1694, did not pursue a political career with energy, and, as a consequence, the 1688 muster was his political apogee. He owes his fame to his magnificent house, Chatsworth, and to his lifelong passion for building and altering each. wingalman in turnas until,not a asamous the engra vingect in Janhen Kip he and Leonaran dk Knonyff showsorth. us, he hade hasmade been an aextraor longstandingdinary mansion.assumption Ke ythat to thishe projected on w as Williamy Hall, Talman, home the of Henryarchi- tect T w f archit w beg wor Chatsw Ther ed o the orth endishes workh ElizabethThoresb wick’s second husband, PierrepontWilliam , endish.Earl of Kingston-, thisupon-​ assumption​Hull and haslater Marquessy been of vised,Dorchester and , werho Smith was suggestsrelat t that Chatswh Cave is no doubtthroug of ’s dominanceHard as an ect of the country Cavhouses of theHowever er eenth , recentland his reement in erPet , he

came o althougorth erther an initial d ofTalman eloping plainer archit , came o latthe ethinkingsevent omcentury an education involvy Hobbes and29 ovan immersionthirty in Italiant Chatsw e. Thataft er Smith recordescribes devalman as “eclectic”houses. y suggest The 4th that Ear el, contrastinglyshould see the e’st handr as the mainfr shaper of b orth. , ather than cultur Pet T ma w of onage andduk ation y ded in Chatswthe changingHowever acticesr and plans anddebat e they visiblehonours iny thein the shaping eation of Chatsw of a orth, wee that can see a ssignificant an lish, relationship and patry , collaboroque. t the partlsame time,recor e must ecognize thepr local er of the partl onl cr structur speak Eng argu- abl Protestant bar A w r pow outpleasur o eeturn gardens the remodellede veryendishes significantl o nationaly in a three- political​way importance collaboration and betw een Georelledge the London, south wing Talman, of and theorth ear inl. theSo, servicewhile w ofe can ,speculat in the e that, the the oles4th Earle set in t r Devonshir Cav t remod- Chatsw that event r wer icalpart ambitions reversed, withbut that the herewar asds of oneessing significant a politics political of building year facilitating as allied his buildings. also with theHowever , thate this eatsis the of casethe mavily suggest. unded not thaty the 4thchical Ear l had, din and fact , no edpolit y- y close ementw expr with its y , thethat 1st w e’s orth innovativy e essesretr an int Ci e conceptWar F of serviceb monar with nationalrewar politics. mark b increasingl involv dail management Duk Chatsw arguabl xpr egrativ

28 d, “Ca endish, William. 29 er Smith, alman, William 1650, 1719), ect and ” in Oxford Dictionary Hosfor v ” of National Biography Pet “T (bap. d. Archit Collector, . 384 Sue Wiseman the e endishes shaped the landscape of local and national politics The Kip and Knyff engraving of Chatsworth offers one ideological summary of how enirDevonshir l withCav hich e opened, a long and x ory olds, with the housethrough aesthetics,time of writing connections, still in the and hands place. of Betwthe een the Kipes and Knyffd at engra vingk building and the sou- v atic bow er andw w e in the eak. comple, e alsost openedunf with a ent at e on orth ed y ThomasDevonshir obbes, and ithar is, erwor all, haps aristo- cr pow pleasur P However w differ per- spectivbinds ogetherChatsw ee offerationsb of H e Williams, andaft all hisper fulThomas Hciationsobbes who is thee, most he spent significant much offigur hise ine thissharing story space. As tut withor and the secretarypeople , Hobbes t thr gener Devonshir for power asso- ells us, Hobbes’selsewher letters track his intellectuallif connections when he is apart fromdiscussed them, buther e.the While elbeck it is not and possible toorth directl y endishesquantify his shapinge ery influence,en in London, as Noel Malcolmand

tabsence of ers y speak of closeness as much as the ving W Chatsw Cav wer v oft 30the obert lette, and maothers e must add the act that he as survior much ofmanuscripts. his e with To Hobbes’s overe C lapping connections with Charles Cavendish of Welbeck, Marin Mersenne, R or HookHobbes’s e,w William endish,f the “disaduantageousw f inconueniences”lif the ofDevonshir aticavendishes. country e being out of the wim of politics. Ill with , in his F er ears Hobbesfavourit described oCav a friend his e at th and wick as

causingaristocr a ant of learnedlif meant ” hich sas “a ery eat palsy The lat y e orths e t y an ellectuallif Chatswore, et y eptHard Hobbes’s31 ers and“w ept him long oconversation, his old age. t wthe samew time, vit is Hobbesgr inconvenience.” ho es the DevonshiresemblancesChatsw and wer shardl een intthe o anchescentr yof Bessthe kof wick’s lett k int A w illuminat a relihood and he distinctioned sons,betw then the tw brcastles also o Harde been family, ythe Devonshired oe him and in the the New castleld of arts,lines; sciences, if the Devonshir and esht supplied that yhim claimed with andliv ed the opeantutor connectionstheir that came Newh these seemests. Theset hav es strongl connecte them, int the main, worom the e anch andthoug haps theemplify the ldshar that HobbesEur missed at Chats throug inter featur differentiatNeither the es norfr the Devonshircastles seembr o e per d asex did Hobbes woro the s of the worth.e landscape and o orth as ed in a wider e of k Devonshirand dship. He describesNew ortht (inhav responde, the lier orth, t implication Derbyshir t Chatsw situat cultur wor har Chatsw fact ear Chatsw though his poem was translated as the new one came into view) as the first wonder of the Peak: On th’ English Alps, where Darbies Peak doth rise, High up in Hills, that Emulate the Skies, And largely Waters all the Vales below,

30 The Correspondence of Thomas Hobbes, ols.

Noel Malcolm, “General Introduction,” 2 v 31 Brief Lives (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994), 1:xxii. John Aubrey, , ed. A. Clark, 2 vols. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989), 1:338, quoted in Malcolm, “General Introduction,” xxx. PB

385 T he Devonsh ire Cavendishes

With Rivers that still plentifully Flow, Doth Chatsworth by swift Derwins Channel stand, Fam’d for it’s Pile, and Lord, for both are grand. those ound the country house ho, “if erty ” dig o ob ’ , of theHowever Prince, he of know” sand that leaden in is “theing dar so k Princee crushed of wealth y collapsing” that defines mines. the labourding ofo the poem,ar those on the our w y witnessedpov thecompel, ermath of“T a rminingth Exchecquer . o men ha e diedHell, and “Befofte our fdo , a Corpsar digg’d up bwe see, Accor t t actuall aft accident Tw v or eet ” while: UponT’other the lies earth buried that in from the earth,the mine but still was thr Hopes an extraction when ’tis Heavens will. own, A lazy people drawn from e’ry Town, To see the mournful spectacle came down.

T’otherTwo women for want weeping of hopes in the are croud now wdenied.e spi’d; One for the loss of joyes that she had tri’d,32 or all that the one of the ation is almost comic, Hobbes is y e of the ld be ond the Chats orth g F t transl deepl awar wor y w ardens. Bibliography

Manuscripts

London, British Library, MS Additional, 38,855.

London, British Library, MS Harley, 4955. Other Works

Brief Lives Chatsworth: A Landscape History Aubrey, John. . Edited by A. Clark. 2 vols. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989.

Barnatt, ,F John,ancis. and The TCavendishom William Familyson. . Macclesfield: Windgather, 2005. William Cavendish, Fourth Duke of Devonshire, BickleyMemorandar on State of Affairs 1759–. London:​1762 Constable, 1911.

Brown, Peter D., and Karl W. Schweizer, In Poems Written by the Right Honourable. London:Earl of Pembroke Royal Historical Society, 1982. Donne, John. “To the Right Honourable Christiania, Countess of Devonshire, Dowager.”

The Oxford, sigs. Handbook A1v–​A2r of. London, Hobbes, 1660.

Dunlop, Katherine.Life “Hobbes’s in the English Mathematical Country House Thought.” In Hobbes,edited Thomas. by A. P. Martinich,De mirabilibus 76–​105. pecci Oxf beingord: Oxf theor wondersd University of the Pr ess, 2016. peak in Darby-shire,​ Girouarcommonlyd, Mark. called the Devil’s Arse of Peak: in English. London: and Y aleLatine Uni. versityymous Press, 1978.

Anon transla- tion. London, 1678. 32 Hobbes, De mirabilibus pecci

, 24. 386 Sue Wiseman Horae Subseciuae Observations and Discoveries

Oxford Dictionary of National Biography . London, 1620. Hosford, David. “Cavendish, William, 1st Duke of Devonshire (1641–1707),​ Politician.Oxford” In Dictionary of National Biography . Hutton, Ronald.The “Maitland, Cambridge John, Edition Duk eof of the Lauder Worksdale of (1616–Ben Jonson1682),​ . Politician.al ”ors In vid . Jonson, Ben. Gener edit Da

Bevington, TheMart Correspondencein Butler, and of IanThomas Donaldson. Hobbes 7 vols. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.

Malcolm, Noel. Hobbes: A Biography , 2 vols. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994.Progresses of King James I Martinich, A. P. Report on the Manuscripts. Cambridge: of the Cambridge Right Honourable University Viscount Press, 1999. De L’Isle, Nichols,V. C., John.Preserved at Penshurst Place, Kent. 4 vols. London, 1828.Sidney Papers, 1626–​1698. orical Owen, G. Dyfnallt.

Poems Written by the Right Honourable Earl. ofVol. Pembroke 6. Hist Manuscripts, Thomas. Commission, The Life of 77. the London: Right Honourable H. M. Stationery and Religious Office, 1966. Lady Christian Late Countess Dowager of Devonshire . London, 1660. Smith,Pomfret . alman, William 1650, 1719), ect and ” In Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. London?, 1685. Thompson,Peter F“Tancis. A History of(bap. Chatsworthd. Archit Collector. . r . London: Country Life, 1949. Sue Wiseman essor of ​ tury e at beck ersity of n. Her publications include Aphra Behn e use, 1996), Drama and Politics in theis Prof English CivilSeventeenth- War Cen Literatur Birk ConspiracyUniv andLondo Virtue: Women, Writing, and Politics in Seventeenth-(Northcot​CenturHoy England ersity , 2006), and Writing (Cambridge Metamorphosis University in thePress, English 1998), Renaissance 1550–​1700 (Oxford Univ Press (Cambridge University Press, 2014).