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Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION: THE CAVENDISH FAMILY

Lisa Hopkins

position of the endish y e back o the marriage of

T he weal th and Cav famil dat t had Bess of Hardwick to Sir William Cavendish in 1547. It was a second marriage for both1 of hadthem. Bess,oduced who no w as probablen andy aged had 19 (just undery not half been the age of the bridegred. It oom),as hile marriedalready beeno William briefl y marriedendish t thato Robert Bess Barlowoduced, a allDerbyshir ht ofe herneig hbour;en, the of marriagehom six pr childr probabl consummat w w castle,t Cave, and ​andpr an ea ofeig childre becamew wn assurviv the edDukeries to adulthood. in consequence. From those six children four ducal families sprang—​Kingston, NewBess’s descendantsDevonshir edPortland— their osperity andar ancementNottinghamshir not o William knoendish

ow pr adv t Cav ofhimself, Shr who w. asAs detect Horaceed Walpole in embezzlement supposedly and had died in dire financial straits, but to her two subsequent marriages, first to Sir William St. Loe and finally to George Talbot, Earl ewsbury our times the nuptial bed she wit, And e y time so well perf FThat when death spoiled each husband’sarm’d, billing,

e leftv’r the widow e ery shilling.orm’d, 2 This is not y H ​Sir iam v endish had little but debts o but​ the ealth settled on her y . Loe and sbury as immense, and the endish strictl true— Will Cav t leave— w b St Shrew w Cav chil- dren benefited greatly from it. secondBess’s son survi ving, childrho en erwer thee thr deathee sons of andhis elderthree daughtotherers. became Of the daughtthe heirers, o tw theo, Francesldom. and The Mary d, mademade gooda marriage marriages, hich to on Sir paper Henry Pierras eponte splendid and to thanShrewsbury either of’s these, but it didGilbert not lastw longaft and as y in its br Elizabeth, the middlet ear thir w w mor las, had ed a possiblew claimunhapp o both the consequences:lish and Scottish ones. y girl, married Charles Stuart, Earl of Lennox, who, through his mother Lady Margaret Doug sbury householdinherit or n ears.)t Both ElizabethEng and les diedthr oung(Lad and Margaret was the mother-in-​ ​law of Mary, Queen of Scots, who was a prisoner in the Shrew f sixtee y Char y

1 or cussion of Bess’s e of birth, see Alan son, “Bess of A ” in Bess of Hardwick: New Perspectives F dis dat Bry Hardwick: Life,

, ed. Lisa Hopkins (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2 ed in er and es, “Bess of wick as a oman o Be oned ” 2019), 18–35.​ Smithsonian 22 (1992): Cit I. Shenk L. Yerk Hard W W t Reck With, 69. 2 Li sa Hopkins Thomas Cavendish of Cavendish Overhall = Alice Smith

GEORGE CAVENDISH (1494–<1562)

Elizabeth Hardwick = (1) Robert Barlow (1527?–1608) William Cavendish

= (2) William Cavendish (1508–1557)

= (3) Sir William St.M Loe ICHAEL CAVENDISH (ca. 1565–1628) = (4) George Talbot, 6th Earl of Shrewsbury

Frances Henry William Charles Elizabeth Mary Cavendish Cavendish Cavendish, Cavendish Cavendish Cavendish (1548–1632) (1550–1616) 1st Earl of (1553–1617) (1555–1582) (1556–1632) Devonshire = Catherine = Charles = Gilbert (1552–1626) Ogle Stuart Talbot, th = Anne 7 Earl of Keighley Shrewsbury

Christian Bruce = William Cavendish, 2nd Earl of Devonshire Arbella Stuart (1590?–1628) (1575–1615)

WILLIAM CAVENDISH, Sir CharlesEAletheia Mary lizabeth 1st Earl of Newcastle, CavendishTTalbot Talbot albot later Marquess and Duke (?1594–1654)((1585–1654) (1580?–1649) 1582–1651) (1592–1676) = Thomas = William = (1) HenryGrey = (1) Elizabeth Basset (1599–1643) Howard Herbert= (?2) John Selden

= (2) MARGARET LUCAS (1623–1673)

JANE CharlesELIZABETH = John Egerton, Henry Frances (1622–1669) (?1626–1659) (1627–1663) Viscount Brackley (1630–1691) (? –1678)

Figure 1.1. Simplified family tree of the Cavendish family; names in capitals are those of writers discussed in this book. PB

3 Intr oduct ion

’s heir but in act ended her e in the , childless and insane. bella as, their onlh, instrumentaly child was a daughterin the , Ladationy Ar ofbella the Stuartendish, who mighty havbecausee been it namedas she Queen ho Elizabeth f lif Tower Ar w thougBess had ee elev, William, andCav les. famil h enry asw the w heprocur displeaseded a bar hison ymother for Bess’s y favourite son.ying no ention o the e she had anged ’s thr sons:er ace,Henry and oting himselfChar o omanizingAlthoug onH a scalew hich eldest, him the iquet of “the commonb pa bull ofatt t ” wifh his arr ermed himfor him, Shrewsbury daught Gr dev t w w earned

and alsosoubr ving his esence ded in Iasi,Derbyshire, in thoug mother t more hissimpl mother’sy “My bad son Henry. or some” (He time, had some but he inter esting travy els,ended3 thoug herh, visitingy his closeness Constantinople o ha pr recor Romania. ) Charles, the youngest, enjoyed h, she favoured, andf it as him that eventuallbella obtainedoff the entb of nobility thatt his brother-ed him​in- and​law hisGilber descendantst Talbot, with o thewhom shes of f ellthe out bitterlacyy in and her finalould years. William,y themthoug ensconcedador as es ofw for e in ArBess’s ed pat th. riting in the ele-​ vat t rank aristocr w eventuall see Duk Devonshir belov Chatswor W mid- seventeenth century, Bess’s great-granddaug​ hter Jane Cavendish accused her of backing the wrong horse by preferring William to his younger brother Charles. In a poem entitled “On my honourable Grandmother Elizabeth Countess of Shrewsbury,” Jane apostrophizes Bess: WithMadam spirit such & wisdome w You were the very Magazine of richch h did reach All that opprest you, for your wealth did teach Our Englands law, soe Lawyers durst not preach Soeour was beauty your great golden & y actions, this is true As euer will you liue inu perfect veiw Y o the very life And onely Pattern of a wise, good, wife But this your wisdome, was too short to see Of your three sonns to tell who great should bee Your eldest sonn your riches had for life ’Caus Henry wenches lou’d more then his wife Your second children had, soe you did thinke On him your great ambition fast to linke Soe William you did make before your Charles to goe Yet Charles his actions haue beene soe Before your Williams sonn doth goe before ThusThe ho yourse great of C holeswse, bef is nowe your become Willi the lower Andor C I doeles hope his Willithe wmor hathld shall it thus euer soe see achang’d w har a or ms bee F har As William Conquerer hee may well bee named

3 Agents of Empire: Knights, Corsairs, Jesuits and Spies in the Sixteenth-​Century Mediterranean World Noel Malcolm, [2015] (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 2016), 338. 4 Li sa Hopkins

And it is true, his sword hath made him great4 Thus his wise acts will ever him full speak rising om nothing o outstrip s e ed , and les’s son William is For Jane, her grandfather Charles Cavendish is the hero of a classic younger son narrative, o buildfr a castle at t er hadhi beenmor Williamfavour eril,brother ho as Charetimes said o e morbeene asplendid bastard still,son ofa figur Williame to rtheank Conquer with the Conqueror. (As it happened, the first person t Bolsov Pev w w som t hav

endish or.) Jane’s poem display5 s some fundamental characteristics of the literary culture of the Cav family. In the first place, it would strike modern readers as not very well written in a number of respects. The first line’s “Magazine of rich” would make better senseer if it werye “Maghtazine in the of riches,y that” and their the twotherso final rhymese or sent of “chang’d” o Cambridge with “named” as their and of “great” with “speak” do not really work. This is because Jane and her sisters were beingnev formallthe mosttaug amous waer of the br, edwer that it ast ainst e or a fatheroman had o be been. e The o spell same was trueh male too of ers their of sttheepmother period Margaretht also, who,e unusualdespite f writ family believ w ag natur f w t abl t (thoug writ mig hav notionsthat “Sometimes of orthograph the besty). Moreover y o , herw publishers’ a section of att herempts xt tiso proo videead itthe as punctuation if it had no

Margarpunctuation,et herself ignoring omitt alled the are oftens putunhelpful, in y to the point This that oo isKati ane aspect Whitak ofer suggestsendish ary e that can bewa acedt follo back o Bess of 6 te Alisont r Wiggins es that Bess as xposed o y mark ent personalb printers.” spelling tems h herCav e litereading culturof a wide ange of trers om t espondentsHardwick: oss the social and educationalnot

“w e y shet manspelled,differ as she did most things, assyst she pleased.throug extensiv, rtricities7 of r y andlett ammarfr docorr not e theacr eliness and vigour of these scale”; ’sultimatel writing. However eccen- orthograph gr obscur liv womenthat it not y by a member the y but also about the , and that it sees The second feature of Jane’s poem that is typical of Cavendish family writing is is onl of famil family Jane’smaking father him ,old William Cavh oendish, emember as being the thee mostElizabethan important member and oof thate familywn. William Cavendish was born in 1593, in his uncle Gilbert Talbot’s manor of Handsworth, enoug t r lat period t hav kno

4 The Collected Works of Jane Cavendish, ed. a Bennett bingdon:

Jane Cavendish, Alexandr G. (A 5 or the claim that e as a e amilial discourse at k within the endish , Routledge, 2018), 73. Women Writers and Familial Discourse in the English Renaissance: Relative F ther w distinctiv f wor Cav family Values see Marion Wynne-Da​ vies,

(Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007), chap. 7, “Desire, Chastity and Rape in the Cavendish 6 Mad Madge: Margaret Cavendish, Duchess of Newcastle, Royalist, Writer and Familial Discourse”, 140–69.​ Romantic Katie Whitaker,

(London: Vintage, 2004), 177; see also 251 on the kinds of errors to be found in her 7 Alison Wiggins, Bess of Hardwick’s Letters: Language, Materiality and Early Modern Epistolary printed texts. Culture

(London: Routledge, 2017), 113. PB

5 Intr oduct ion

his formidable grandmother well. (She died in 1608.) He was sent to Cambridge, as his Cavendishel erseas uncles came had been,as a member and also trofained the inain the of Roy Siral Henry Mews, becomingon, ho close as to sent Prince o Henryy , inat 1612whose o investitur discuss ae he wasble creat marriageed a Knig or htPrince of the Bath.. HiThes first prince’s experience death inof trav ov tr Wott w w t Savo t possi f Henry 1612 was a blow for William; he was less close to the future Charles I, who was both younger and temperamentally very different. Nevertheless, he became MP for East Retford in 1614, Viscount Mansfield in October 1620, and Earl of Newcastle upon Tyne in Marernorch 1628, of andles he II, enthomertained he theht king o ride, and queen ath he Bolsov erer in 1633ed andhis ambition Welbeck in 1634, with Ben Jonson writing entertainments for both events. He was also made theGov se al booksChar he wrw e on thetaug art oft riding, althougas Elaine W never’s achievchapter discusses. of becoming Master of the Horse despite his acknowledged excellence in the saddle and not beenver left with e ot h Bess cut him outalk of her will at the same time as Despitbella,e he Jane’s reprht oacheser t Castleo her great-and ​grandmotherelbeck ,y William om ’s father Char​ ​lesw and had friend Gilbert albotquit andnothing: set althougt orming er o a alric y castle. WhenAr died bougin 1617,Bolsov k on the castleW as continuedAbbe fr y hisiam,brother- hoin- laew o an yT important localabou transfe. He asBolsov inty oudchiv of holdingfantas the d enancieshe of both wor e and w e, and heb Willook his dutiesw grery int increasingl magnat w particularl pr lor lieut Nottinghamshir Derbyshir t v seri- ously, raising 120 knights and gentlemen in 1638 in case they were required to fight

against​Chief the of Scots.les This I’s Northernlaunched him int, witho a military ers role thatalent saw himo those creat ofed a Marquess of Newcastle in 1643 and eventually culminated in his appointment as Commander-8​ in- Char Army “pow equiv t viceroy,” thougand h ended this came him to command an ignominious the men end hom at the Battleles hoped of Marst ouldon Moor rise in in his 1644. our He migin theht havnorthe returned of land, to action but thein 1650, Scots w henho Chareles the II madeking’s him principal a Knig ht of ersthe Gartoulder int t w Char w fav . eadEng he emained on the Continentw wer until the ion, backhen he hopedw havthate hisnothing alty to doould with be New castle,y whoded. w as therebead, y sparlesed II theturned fiasco o ofother the Battlevisers, of Worcesterving WilliamInst eelingr ozen out and y happier atRestorat elbeck thanw at . Not loy w richl rewar Inst Char t ad leahis creation as Dukef of frNew increasingl W court until 1665, after an unflatteringly long delay, was his service to the crown recognized by s me of hich e castle.ormed in London es) and poems. y no one As Richars d Ws ood’s and’s writingsMatthew the Stegg mostle’s chaptestingers explor of thosee, William oduced also y wrot the e both, playnot (so becausew it weras lessperf dinary or antheatr atic man o Probable than or an nowadayaticthink omanWilliam o do so. iam as, interh, y importantpr both bas a pioneerfamily least w extraor f aristocr t writ f aristocr w t Will w thoug hugel

8 Authority, Authorship and Aristocratic Identity in Seventeenth-​ Elspeth Graham, “ ‘An After-Game​ of Reputation’: Systems of Representation, William Cavendish Century England and the Battle of Marston Moor,” in , ed. Peter Edwards and Elspeth Graham (Leiden: Brill, 2017), 83–110, 84.​ 6 Li sa Hopkins of endish ary e and as or and ender of his olk’s ht o

Caved at litercastle’scultur country seats, facilitata milieu hich def ed the writingwomenf of his rig ers,t andwrit e. Vict hisoria E. ndBurk e e,and as Marie-ell asLouise​ Coolahan,” suggest notingthat “It “the is typehaps of litercastleary milieu creatself shouldNew be aised or being uniquew in hisfoster unstinting support of thedaught ary

laterours ofseco the wifomen inw his himself, While he e permissionper andNew support ohim his- e whoand ers, nopr one elsef as in a 9position o attack them. It is also orthliter noting thatendeav hile y w ​centuryfamily.” siblings gave at odds er questions sucht as wif , daughtWilliam and his oungerw other Sir t les endish ed eachw , and whout mantheir seventeenth-es y did erything possiblewer o help eachov . Sir les as

aproperty small man (he y ey edbr om some Charorm of Cavdisability orlov other with a throug liv the ev t other Char10 w

ma hav suffer fr f deformity) He as largeed intellect:in mathematics, he knew in and optics, corres in pondedomism, with in someempts of the o foremoselop ta scientific 11 ying machine,minds of Eurandope, in includingyriad other Descart opics,es, and Hobbes, he also Gassendi, ed Fermat the , andy Mersenne.e or acquiringw housesinter- esty using a acy om his motherat o y atty Castlet indev cop e. In all of m t display famil tast f b al andleg ginalizedfr at court butt bu e Slingsbhis es, ers,North and Yorkshirother nothing o these interests, he was joined and helped by William, who may have been scorned as a gener mar gav wiv daught br t complain of.olk’s son mas, y hom he had o sons, Henry and les, and ee ers, William married twice. His first wife was Elizabeth Basset, widow of the Earl of Suff Tho b w tw Char thr daught Jane,and it Elizabeth, ems andophetic Frances. that Neitheras a child of the sonselder featur of thees mucho should in this volume;e sent inhis a familathery

of writers, thinkers, builders, and fighters, neither did anything to distinguish himself, The seo elderpr ers, h, ed on a twy and a hav al, as discussedf 12 a letter which says simply, “My Lord. I can not tel what to wright. Charles Mansfeild.” tw daught thoug collaborat pla pastor in Daniel Cadman’s and SaraComus Mueller’s chapters, and Jane also wrote poetry, while the youngerers , Elizabeth,e marriedy ended Thomas o Brackleye wries, Viscount of £10,000 Egert each,on, butwho the had vilplay edar

putthe Elderpaid oBr other in Milton’s ; she was thus doubly connected to literature. The daught wer originall13 int t hav do Ci W tleman butt athat, alist and one, Jane and did their not housemarry in until Chelsea 1654, ove erits aname decade o afteryne her alk,younger er sister Elizabeth had already done so; her husband was Charles Cheyne, merely a gen- Roy gav t Che W lat

9 His ” in Society, Religion, and Culture in Seventeenth-​Century Nottinghamshire Victoria E. Burke and Marie-Louise​ Coolahan, “The Literary Contexts of William Cavendish and

Family, , ed. Martyn 10 , Mad Madge Bennett (Lampeter: Mellen, 2005), 115–41,​ 118, 141. 11 , Mad Madge Whitaker , 84. ” Annals of Science

Whitaker , 95–97.​ See also Jean Jacquot, “Sir Charles Cavendish and His Learned 12 Cavalier: The Story of a Seventeenth-​Century Playboy aber Friends, 8 (March 1952): 13–27​ and (June 1952): 175–91.​

Quoted in Lucy Worsley, (London: F 13 , Mad Madge and Faber, 2007), 78. Whitaker , 80n. PB

7 Intr oduct ion

to enbe foamous her aser’s the nine,addr essbut of Breeam of Stoker , J. M.’s W.ood Turner died, and oung man andy other she herselffashionable died and public figures. Having married later than Elizabeth, Jane produced only three chil- dr Thet membersist of the y thrho is mostElizabeth amous br y is, y h, y ’s in childbirth in 1663, aged only 37. famil w f toda thoug undoubtedl William asecond , wifkye, Margareenageret Cavendishhose néey Lucas.as aidBorn she probabl ouldy in 162ace3 inherself Colchester hen, shethe youngest of eight children of a wealthy gentry family, Margaret was by her own account shy gaw t w famil w afr w disgr w became a maid of honour to Queen Henrietta Maria, first in the displaced royal court

at Oxford in 1643 and then from 1644 in Paris. In so doing, she was firmly in line with her family’s committed loyalism; in 1642 the family’s home, St. John’s Abbey, was raided14 theby Parliamentari corpses of herans mother and members and ofer the famile y intimidaty ed anded briefl y y imprisoned,liamentarian

her brother Sir eChar herles Lucas was, sheexecut ed ined 1648 the aftentioner the siegeof the of much Colchester older, and 15 sist wer allegedl disinterr b Par troops.the Despitent ernationgaucheness of his attracten, ho had notatt met her but seem not o e suaveder hatNewcastle y had, widow ded in 1643,ers ande marriedy not him helped in Paris y thein December act that the 1645, eldest to appar const childr w t hav aslik an w ythe essedhear and (matty wered probabloman ho both b edf and scandalized child, Jane, was two years older than Margaret). In her own time, Margaret was famous

oddl dr oddl behav w w infascinat ours, she is ed contemporaries (although Katie Whitaker has shown that16 the soubriquet “Mad Madge” herselfwas almo in st certainlal y inventedy and in the nineteenth century);. It is or this eason that aremember d of the as a prolific author who experimented in a wide variety of genres and also interested Lisa asohn,natur Linephilosoph egnies, Catiehistoriography Gill, and andief Siegfried,r e thir ed o chapters in this book, including those by Andrew Duxfield, Hero Chalmers, Lisa Walters, not Sare ed so Cottmuch had she not married Bro a y with anar xistingdedicat aryt Margaret and her work, but it would also be true to say that she would almost certainly hav achiev int famil e liter culture and a tradition of independently minded women. Inland 1648 with New her castle and​ ​Margarw Sir et movlesed tendisho Antw erp,o “compound” where the yor lived castle’s in the Rubenshuis, as explored in James Fitzmaurice’s chapter. In 1651 Margaret returned to “malignant”Eng henbrother- she marriedin-la him, butChar Cavles, hoset sical ailtyf hadNew ecluded estates; she was unsuccessful on the grounds that she had known Newcastle was a an o publishw her writing, an unusual Charand w ephy act or afr pr​century him from fighting, bought back Bolsover and Welbeck. It was in 1653 that Margaret beg t provocativ f seventeenth- woman. Katie Whitaker thinks that “Margaret knew she was heading for trouble” and

14 , Mad Madge 15 Whitaker , 40–​42. the of ” Postmedieval Though see Frances E. Dolan, “Scattered Remains and Paper Bodies: Margaret Cavendish and

Siege Colchester, 4 (Winter 2013): 452–64​ for discussion of the apparent 16 , Mad Madge anomaly that Margaret herself never mentions this incident. Whitaker , 362. 8 Li sa Hopkins illustrious ” a title or h e as no vidence but hich the author ould notes that a scornful epitaph produced after her death in 1673 terms her “Welbeck’s

orm o aditionalwhore, modesf of whic ther w e w w presumably have felt to have been sufficientl17 y earned by her temerity in refusing to con- f t tr’s , also namedbehaviour. Elizabeth, Althoug eh in Jane a poem and Elizabeth essed also o herwrot e, they,

did not write in the same way as Margaret did, because they did not publish their wor andk. Elizabeth daughter wrot addr t mother18

that“’Mongst “Her ladies,modesty let aloneNewcastle could w itear e celthe / bay​ Which,s, /​ I onlby yconcealing, sue for par doublesdon, not herfor praise,”est Thomas Lawrence’s epitaph for Jane (who died in 1669, aged 48) declared of her poetry19 x eem.”

thatMargar she aset “all was also singular and in on other the sameways. trip In 1667o London she visit e edalso the appalled Royal LondonSociety, societythough thisy appearing fell a bit flat at thebecause, 20 tongue-e with ​tied,e sheeasts was reducedles II,to roldepeat yed a assurorances that he had metw a omanadmiration,” ho as ery y essed, tnodded sh y and said that it as

by y theatr bar br (Char t b visit y w ariesw w 21was thev oddlal purposedr of a oman.wisel h she as w e probablthat castleLad Newcastle). had married Perherhaps mosty because fundamentally he ed, Margar e etsons, did shenot fulfiller whate man contempor sa centr w Althoug w awar notableNew that in the household bookpartl of ’s cousindesir mory Arundel, never ofbor his a child, which made her the subject of intrusive and ineffective medical enquiry. It is ermed ’s er of William” is said oLad be good or daughtormes in the aunt Mary Cavendish, many of the remedies are focused on what might be generically t y women” troubles:es omans“Wat milk Centoryof ers mens t ” fying“W a ge wombhold containing” and “Wat er of alFumetory nursing” mothersfor “the Maries”;and suggesting “A precious a ertile Wat er for the Eyees, or b ysuch my Lad Heyden requir “w div children, impl lar house- childless e mustsever e22 ed, but y the causef y atmospherell e beenf that folk beliefs to flourish in. Lady Arundel’s book helps us see how aberrant Margaret’s

eating po stat ed vipers,hav mayappear not ha e helpedactuall matt ma w hav Newcastle was impotent (his friend Sir Kenelm Digby’s23 proposed cure, which involved wder v ers). vingMargar his etounger was al soother on bad termsy as the with her. William stepchildr persuadeden, who Henrynever trusto eaked herthe. entail,William but’s eldest son and Char hisles diede (and in Junecousin) 1659, ancesaged only e32, apparently suspiciousy of a strokof thee, lea y br Henr heir t br Henry wif Fr wer deepl

17 , Mad Madge 18 Whitaker , 1, 355. 19 Mad Madge Hl Ellesmere MS 8367. 20 , Mad Madge Quoted in Whitaker, , 342. 21 er , ., Memoirs of the Court of Charles the Second by Count Grammont Bohn, Whitaker , 304.

Walt Scott ed (London: 22 [Aletheia , ess of Arundel], Natura Exenterata: Or Nature Unbowelled by the Most 1859), 135. Exquisite Anatomizers of Her

Talbot Count 23 , Mad Madge (London: Twiford, Bedell, and Ekins, 1655), 55, 29, 47. viper season,” though it is hard to see how vipers could be seasonal. Whitaker , 104. Digby specified that Newcastle must order some “in time for the PB

9 Intr oduct ion

intentionsed om of Margarthe eteement in particular iam, viewingand Henry with had alarm come her o. attSomeempts of theto incr easecastles’ her jointure by appropriating whatever lands and monies she could find that had been omitt fr agr Will t New thatserv antsshe weras eseeking also pertur o enrichbed b yherself Margar oret’s a increasinglsecond husband,y careful as scrutinBess ofy of theirwick finan had- cial transactions, which removed the opportunity for peculation; they spread rumours

w y a ert person than a f ess, and ould ​do [Bess] inHard that done,Some ofex ceptthe more’se so becauseants ent Margar so aret as had o sendallegedl Williamy said an that “sheymous was a Duchess,er accusing and24 consequentl great Count w out- kind.” duk serv w f t anon lett Margarefusedet o of scandalouse . Henry beha viouras (probablyy appalled an alleged y affherair with orFr ancis Tscale​ opp, hus-​ bandelling of on her favouritendish elands lady- and​in-​w aitingso in Elizabeth),ood thoug, h thehich plot backfiras edermined when heo pursuer t enbeliev ith it as notw clearparticularl that it as al ob do so.plans y thef timelarge- Williamtree- as fin his e Caventies, both Henryal and someSherw of the Forestendishw sheholdw dete ty ev thoug w w leg t B w lat, agedsev y 50, haps of a e or a heartCav attackhouse h it weris notseriousl y alarmed aboutable that what she w ouldas poisonedhappen w heny someone he died, butho in facted it whatas sheMargar etht wdoho diedhen suddenlyshe as ed).onl castleper himselfstrok died ee ears , on(thoug istmas y 1676,entirel at inconceiv w b w fear w mig w w, owidow e theNew ation of thrhamy Castle.later He hadChr also Daed the age of 84. A Cavendish to the core, his last thoughts were bent on exhorting his heir, Henry t complet restor Notting devot consider- able effort ’sto chapt creating a suitable tomb for himself and Margaret in Westminster Abbey, following a tradition of Cavendish funerary monuments which is discussed in Eva-​Maria LauensteinThe anch that settleder. at orth (descendants of Bess’s second son As well as these four major figures, other members of the family are also of interest. br s. y e atitudeChatsw both or emodelling orth and or notWilliam) madeelling a majorwick, contribution and Susan to country’s housey culture e and includedy ends some o them. very notable collectorendish,The otherdeserv of Bessgr of wick’sf secondr husband,Chatsw e a e off his remod- Hard Wiseman essa her deservedl att t George Cav br Hard wrot lif employer Cardinaled some Wolse of hisy; he isk o discussed his cousin in Gayvin bellaSchwartz- Leeper’s​, Bess’s chapter. George’ser grandson, the composer Michael Cavendish, the subject of Keith Green’s chapter, ded- icat h o e worwn andt ed.Lad bellaAr asStuart not a endish,granddaught but she as and Williamclose o Cavendishher cousins’s fironst her cousin. endish There mother’swas also Arside,bella herself, wyhom the Williamee was old enoug t hav kno remember Ar w Cav w very t Cav particularl thr daughters of her favourite aunt, Mary Talbot, in whose household Newcastle was partly reared, and she was an important influence on the literary culture of the Cavendish family. Sara Jayney Steene notenes of Arbella​ emiliathat “A t courter , seemsshe w aso acknowe ledgedht so, to andbe a fineeen writer, one whose words were read aloud in the king’s Privy Council and commended”; she ma hav writt poetry—A Lany t hav thoug St notes

24 , Mad Madge

Whitaker , 335. 10 Li sa Hopkins butthat in“Bathsua y case Makin her “politicalin 1673 commended importance Stuar meantt’s that‘great in f acultysome incases Poetry en’ and the several

later writers echoed this point,” though no veenerse suggests by her hasthat ev iner beenbella, identified— ​ o omenan ephen eenblatt’s thesis about25 male o ashionev a self, draftse

of herch anlett erselligent were filed and as stat​ e papers.”ed enaissanceSt oman ashionAr a self “Extendingin t bellaw asSt also ashionedGr y s, sometimes in powers thatt f e y on wthe can26 wat y intes of the well-endisheducat . RBoth duringw and fer her e, her prose.” Ar w f b other way bor directl lit- erarbellacultur “complains thatCav in a tainfamily y the htaft oducedlif an allusionsituation was understood in theatrical terms. In 1610 the Venetian ambassador reported that Ar cer comed playwrig intr to

her person and the part played by the prince of Moldavia,” since in 1610 thereEpicoene was talk,

of a marrh it iagecould27 betw een Arbellay ande been the The Molda Knightvian ofpret theender Burning Stephen Pestle Bogdan e(Stephen e possibleJaniculo); theences unnamed o her play in Theis usually Duchess supposed of Malfi to, The hav Seconde been BenMaiden’s Jonson’s28 Tragedy , The

thougNoble Gentlemanconceivabl, and Cymbelinehav . Ther ar also refer t 29 The Broken Heart and Perkin

Warbeck, the second of hich , dand I haveed ar guedo that her st ory d’salso connections finds a reflec - thetion in twendisho play s cleby thee alsoCaroline discussed playwrig in theht John Forersd, y 30 d ood and w For dedicat t Newcastle. (For to ties Cavof endishcir omenar and also of connectingchapt bs ofRichar that W y o theAndrew Duxfield.) These allusions to Arbella contribute to the tradition of writing the identi- ThisCav is one ofw a number of things that membere endishfamil t y biggest politicalAnother questionsas a ongof the da elementy. of erie iting. h the name as en haps s) onounced andish, the characterizy o madeCav use ofliterar those culture. itw as str endo ​becot e wry being Thoug ​and the w yoft vice(per - the alwayed pre linedC the implicationfamil of cunningmott and wisdom. That vicesilenced letters:seen en,w or “Cavit as a egulartutus”— safe of bthe housescareful— hich so y familmembersde of of nowy snak undery , embellished, or ed, as ded in a de was poemoft whichf begins,w r featur w man the famil determinedl built restor recor contemporary

25 The Letters of Lady Arbella Stuart

Sara Jayne Steen, ed., (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994), 26 een, Letters 8–​9, 56–57.​ 27 ah d, Arbella: England’s Lost Queen St , 10. Modern Philology

Sar Gristwoo (London: Bantam, 2003), 325. See also T. S. 28 ood, Arbella Graves, “Jonson’s ‘Epicoene’ and Lady Arabella Stuart,” 14 (January 1917): 525–30.​ 29 een, Letters A Noble Gentleman Gristw , 327. y comment on ’s situation, see also ood, Arbella The St , 68, 94–96.​ On the possibility that Beaumont and Fletcher’s Second Maiden’s Tragedy, see Gristwood, Arbella

ma Arbella Gristw , 310; for possible allusions in 30 Women on the Edge, ed. Lisa Hopkins , 385–86.​ Lisa Hopkins, “On the Edge of the S(h)elf: Arbella Stuart,” in and Aidan Norrie (Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2019), 159–78.​ PB

11 Intr oduct ion e for hugenes, Worsope for heig

elbeck for vse, and Bolser f sig Hardwick 31 ht, ecting, oring, andW furnishing houses as ora aditionht. that ent back o Bess

Er rest w tr w t of Hardwick, of whom it was prophesied that she would never die while she was still building; it came true in 1608, when the mortar froze and work could no longer proceed on her final projecte and. The Cavendishess, and notboth onl thesey built descriptions houses, thoug andh; thethey alsoendish wrote abouthouses them. Houses

ande thedomestic motif offurnitur the e figured e prominentle, e eny bothich in in ymbolismWilliam’s writingsand and in those As of his wif ens’s daughter discusses, a typical endish building hadCav a ythological 32themselves,am, Williamlik has sometimesnow beensnak ared oftor ther acinesss of some of thesesuggestion. images, but Crosbye Stevhaps anchapter e ast with Cavhat as happening in m , homeprogr of and mock f r ther is per e instructivches. William,contr y w , was ed, eclectic,Colchester and ecumenical aboutWilliam’s

second wife Margaret, where the Puritan fanatic Matthew Hopkins was using the castle he to interrogatatholic friendswit o hose eligionb contrast he turnedw relaxa blind e e and oolahan 33 ewhat

was included in his homes. His father, Sir Charles Cavendish, was a secret Catholic; had C y of the ecipest w in the r ery book of his cousin ey y(Burk Arundel eC y atholic.not34 that “Kenelm Digby’s Catholicism goes unmentioned in Newcastle’s two poems to him”), and man r cook Lad ar openl C At upBolsov the erlobe, ther e was a Heavy en closetving andtlas, an and Ely thissium both closet suggests, images of saints,​he ais V standingenus foun - tain, and a figure of Hercules over the main entrance to the Little Castle. Hercules is holding status asg a residencetemporaril str reliey associatedA with ent acting— in for Atlas—​and potentially alludes to the Globe Theatre itself, confirming the Little Castle’s enelope, etia, andongl y a. ertainments.h it is w , e as once a

The Little Castle’s use of mythology built Alison on Bess Wiggins, of Hard notingwick’s that use ofBess figur hades a such Works as P Lucr particularl Cleopatr35 Althoug no lost ther w tapestry depicting Cleopatra at Hardwick;

31 Ben Jonson’s Walk to Scotland: An Annotated Edition of the “Foot Voyage” Cambridge “Dr Andrewes on Houses of Cavendish,” in James Loxley, Anna Groundwater, and Julie Sanders,

(Cambridge: 32 See or instance Lisa Hopkins, y ama at er and ” Early Theatre University Press, 2015), 138. In-​Between f “Pla Houses: Dr Bolsov Welbeck, 2 (1999): 25–44;​ “Margaret Cavendish and the Cavendish Houses,” 9 (2001): 63–76;​ Women’s Writing and “Point, Counterpoint, Needlepoint: The Tapestry in Margaret Cavendish’s ‘The Unnatural Readings in Renaissance Women’s Tragedy,’ ” 20 (2013): 555–66;​ Alison Findlay, ‘ “She Gave You the Civility of the Drama: Criticism, History, and Performance 1594–​1988 House’: Household Performance in ‘The Concealed Fancies,’ ” in , ed. S. P. Cerasano and Marion Wynne-​Davies endish and the ch or ” Early Modern Literary Studies (London: Routledge, 1988), 259–71,​ 260; and “ ‘I Hate Such an Old-​Fashioned House’: Margaret

Cav Sear f Home, special issue 14 (May 33 , Cavalier 2004): online: http://​extra.shu.ac.uk/​emls/​si-​14/​findhate.html. 34 Worsley , 11. 35 or a ion of the a panel and its , see Susan e, Pens and Burke and Coolahan, “The Literary Contexts of William Cavendish and His Family,” 136. Needles: Women’s Textualities in Early Modern England ersity of ania F descript Cleopatr iconography Fry (Philadelphia: Univ Pennsylv 12 Li sa Hopkins

ld’ ed or the ​length all hangings at wick New Hall all appear in of Chaucer , suggestsetia hichthat is“W alsoe can the observ name e thaten theo Bess’s five ‘Noble erW omenho died of the in Ancientancy) andWor selecta f e theirfull- wn oriesw in The Legend ofHard Good Women, emisia is Chaucer:tioned in Lucrthe Franklin’s(w Tale, obia in thegiv Monk’st Taledaught and enelopew … is inf y

edCleopatr as an amplehav of o st The Egyptian queen as of Artable estmen o- a number of ​centuryZen36 atic y AnneP d asregularl ed

ascit ex virtuosity.” w consider interand edt

of 37 seventeenth-e ho could describearistocr a women:er thanLad he hath Cliffor 38w paint

her, and’s Margary The etConcealed defended Fancies Cleopatr a hen(thoug theh sheee attack ersed Penelope)e under 39siege, ask y

Shakespears o ou“w mean w did ou lookCleopatr40 in the bett e of a delinquent?done?” aith, In as Jane andh Elizabethou ht41pla the scene ould change ,ain,w and outhr ouldsist be ary h ou Cicilleed say t Sh, “Y ho y postur F thoug ytisedthoug a hen shew as in her ag , andy couldw y happe thought mey suffery o miserye adorned for a time” their (3.4.6– 10),​ and ‌ Should replies e that sheormed was his able allant to do this becausey and so“I prace- Cleopatr w w captivity the hav thoug worth t hav triumphs[,] I w hav perf g traged hav made myself glorious for time to come” (3.4.13–16).​ One reason for the sisters’ interest might have been that Cleopatra, like the Cavendish family, was symbolized by a snake;

Press, 2010), 61. For a suggestion about its possible fate, see Lisa Hopkins and Barbara MacMahon, Early Modern Literary Studies ​ ​ “ ‘Come, What, a Siege?’: Metarepresentation in Lady Jane Cavendish and Lady Elizabeth Brackley’s

‘The Concealed Fancies,’ ” 16 (2013): online: https://extra.shu.ac.uk/ 36 Wiggins, Bess of Hardwick’s Letters emls/​journal/​index.php/​emls/​article/​view/​83. 37 asmin , Imagining Cleopatra: Performing Gender and Power in Early Modern England , 103. pace Y Arshad Journal for Early Modern Cultural (London: Bloomsbury, 2019), 3, though Jessica Malay, “Viewing the Jacobean Cleopatra Studies

Portrait: Literary and Visual Intersections in Female Devisership,” 38 , Mad Madge 18 (Winter 2018): 29–65.​ 39 Whitaker , 127. a ” in Cavendish and Shakespeare, Interconnections For discussion of this, see Katherine Romack, “ ‘I Wonder She Should Be So Infamous for a

Whore?’: Cleopatr Restored, , ed. Katherine 40 The Concealed Fancies, in Renaissance Drama Romack and James Fitzmaurice (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2006), 193–211, 194.​ by Women: Texts and Documents Lady Jane Cavendish and Lady Elizabeth Brackley, , ed. S. P. Cerasano and Marion Wynne-​Davies (London: Routledge, in the writings of William his ers and his second e has been ed as 1996). Burke and Coolahan note that “The repeated use of the word ‘fancies’ in its various guises Cavendish, daught wif interpret an indication of the extent of the former’s influence over the women writers of his family” (“The Subordination and Authorship in Early Modern England: The Case of Elizabeth Cavendish Egerton and Literary Contexts of William Cavendish and His Family,” 130; they cite specifically Betty Travitsky, Her Loose Papers 41 (Binghamton: Medieval and Renaissance Texts and Studies, 1999), 60). The speech prefix “Sh” is the only name we have for this particular character. I have suggested Authority, Authorship and Aristocratic Identity in Seventeenth-​Century England: William Cavendish, elsewhere that it may stand for Susannah (“ ‘The Concealed Fancies’ and Cavendish Identity,” in Ist Duke of Newcastle, and his Political, Social and Cultural Connections, ed. er ds and

Pet Edwar Elspeth Graham (Leiden: Brill, 2017), 111–28).​ PB

13 Intr oduct ion another as haps that in e’s Antony and Cleopatra

w per Shakespear we find the lines “O’er-​ picturing Venus where we see / ​The fancy outwork nature” (2.2.207–8)​ and

An Natur Ant y w e nature’se w pieceants stuff ’gainst f To vie strange forms with fancy; yet t’imagine42 Both “nature” and “f ” areon k y erw ds in Ca endish writings.ancy.

liamentarians, a ancyerful emindere or that ve in endish olds as not s Jane and Elizabeth wrote their play at a time when Welbeck was under siege by the Par pow r lif Cav househ w alway

book,happy .The Both World’s William Olio and, ook Margar its nameet wer eom either a frequentl yand ill orin herbeliev43 edy Bellthemselv in Campoes to, be so, and Sir Theodore Mayerne gave strict advice about44 their diets. Margaret’s second

y will, and as much ast y will, andfr as enfoodstuff, as y This is plain ed ast one of Lady Victoria’s proclamations is that women “shall eat45 when they will, and of what therience of actual the​ albot omen oftin the the will.”eenth Bessmark of contrwick not onledy too twenty-Sir obertfirst-​ Cecilcentury​ that attitudes bella “is to sofemale appetity bente thatbut alsoe thatho the made lived aexpe w- not o eat or drinkCavendish- in this houseT atw wick, or sevente am, century:till y hearHard om her

report t and R bella does indeedAr seem wilfully o e sh herself o death.vo In t 46 Hard wher I she ma fr Majesty,” Ar ultimatel t hav starved t husbandthis context Gilbert, ther e are tw, 7tho final membersl of of the ext Aletheiaended Cav endishd, familessy that of IArundel, want to mention, two of the three daughters of Mary Cavendish, Bess’s eldest daughter, and her o e us a senseTalbot of hat Eary eShrewsbury: as e in endishHow ar Countlds. (I e y andouched Elizabeth on details Grey , Countom them.)ess of Kenteir , boths ofe w hom wrot’s Naturae recipe Exenterata books that (1655) can help and t giv ’s A Choice Manualw dail of Rarelif andw Selectlik SecretsCav househoNatura Exenteratahav alread no authort is named, butfr ’sTh bookait appearsar Aletheia e the title page, and one of the Elizabeth (1653). For Aletheia portr opposit

recipes observes of “a Water called Maids-​milk” that “ThisBess Watof er iswick’s good t o make the skin, neshe” (89). We are looking, then, for a female aristocr47 atic author equally at home tran- scribing Latin and using the dialect term “nesh”; Hard granddaughter

42 William e, Antony and Cleopatra

Shakespear , ed. John Wilders (London: Routledge, 1993), 43 , Mad Madge 5.2.97–99.​ 44 , Mad Madge Whitaker , 103. 45 Whitaker , 167. emale ” in Women, Texts and Histories 1575–​1760, ed. e ant and Diane kiss Quoted in Sophie Tomlinson, “ ‘My Brain the Stage’: Margaret Cavendish and the Fantasy of

F Performance, Clar Br Pur 46 ood, Arbella (London: Routledge, 1992), 134–63, 149.​ 47 A collection of English words not generally used Gristw , 212. John Ray, (London: Bruges for Barrell, 1674), original with Nice. But am e it is used in y other Counties, e all er the ​ est 34, observes of “nesh”: “Skinne makes it proper to Worcestershire, and to be the same in sence and part of England, and also in the midland, as in Warwick-shire​ I sur man I believ ov North-W .” It is certainly still in use in Sheffield. 14 Li sa Hopkins whoThese grew upo in Sheffields ande among whose the cousin liest Lad yhousehold Arbella Stuart manuals knew published, five languages, is the yperfect had been if not the enonly possible fiten lier .than , ound ee decades e, and can ell ustw a lotbook aboutwer the le of earthe ​ albot omen. In writingthough the s, the erswritt eev eary ledgingthat artheir wnthr positions asbefor part of a they hicht alued domestic lifesty . TheCavendish- dedicationT of w d’s Perkin Warbecktheir book es Williamsist werendishtacitl thatacknow “The ome of o dshi]ps family w v entertainment For Theassur Unnatural TragedyCav and ’s custy The Varietyyour, domesticLo[r entertainementsy is

(even tElizabetho Strangers) and is, Aletheia rather an had Ex ample,wn thanup in a thisFashion, adition,” and inand both both Margar of themet’s play tinued48 it er their marriages.William The oungerpla , Elizabeth, ceremonried eginaldimpor -

tant. gro tr hose act on Mare Clausumcon- is odiedaft y William in The Varietyy). She oducedsister 49o s,mar one of ecipesR andGrey, ofEar l of Kent, andA choice probabl manualy after of his rare death and Johnselect Selden secrets (win physicktr and chyrurgery A Truepar Gentlewomansb DELIGHT. Wherein is prcontainedtw all mannerbook of COOKERY:r Togetherone withremedies: Preserving, Conserving, Drying and Candying, Very necessary for all Ladies and Gentlewomen. The choice manual of rare and select secrets in physick and chyrurgery

isa richdescribed azene in the of pref ace as “this small Manuall; which was once esteemed as a rich Cabinet of knowledge,” and the 50reader is assured that “it may be justly deemed as mag experience.” “Magazene” has a different tonality in the seven- teenth century: we have already seen JaneMagazine Cavendish calling Bess of Hardwick “the very magse’azine of rich,y ” s and the Herprintingo Chalmers of her notxtses with of Margar a esistanceet Cav endisho the muzzling that “Her

oherwn husband martial metaphored of y her military brain as ‘a ’ st,oring the upo her s husband’s do indeed ‘wise discoursomething implicitlof the eellink of a modern le 51te azine rering its t s of precipitat b events.” However tw book have f lifesty mag off reader privileged glimpses into Lady Kent’s lovely kitchen and enviable life, not least the exoticism of some six ofsimples the ingredients: of Unicorns “An appr”ov ed Medicineh it does for concede the Plague, that called hartshorn the Philosophers will do as Egge” starts innocuously enough with “Take a new laid Egg” but then demands “five or horn, thoug a substitute (132 and 134). In this surely lay the appeal of the book at the time of its

48 The Chronicle Historie of Perkin Warbeck 49 Women, John Ford, (London, 1634), sig. A2v. Science and Medicine 1500–​1700, ed. e er and ah on on, 1997), Lynette Hunter, “Women and Domestic Medicine: Lady Experimenters, 1570–1620,​ ” in

Lynett Hunt Sar Hutt (Stroud: Sutt 50 A choice manual of rare and select secrets in physick and 89–107, 91.​ chyrurgery collected and practised by the Right Honorable, the Countesse of Kent, late deceased; as Elizabeth Grey, Countess of Kent, also most exquisite ways of preserving, conserving, candying, &c.; published by W.I., Gent G.

(London: 51 D. for Shears, 1653), sig. A2r. ’s Authorial Self-​ ” Women’s Writing Hero Chalmers, “Dismantling the Myth of ‘Mad Madge’: The Cultural Context of Margaret Cavendish Presentation, 4 (1997): 323–40​ at 326. PB

15 Intr oduct ion publication. en if ou had been able o obtain a substance that ou called horn e the vil ar e , ou ould not e been able o do so once had Evthe​ yalist ison at endennist astle in all y as edunicorn o befor Ci W brok out y w hav t it started— Roy garr P C Cornw w report t be eatingering horseflesh— poignant emindersor​ , if you ofwer a etime Royalist hen, aft peopleer it had had finished, e and since sogy man o y of the king’s supporters were living in poverty and exile. Lady Kent’s book peddles a fantasy, off ld thanr that ed y the w sh eality of leisur, and bellaener eamst trouble themselves about trivia. In the same way, Jane and Elizabeth too write themselves a betterentwor lds. In oneoffer of the mostb har bedr periods inwar lishAr ,dr the her- self upe aof lover the , whileendishes Margar et’sers ferus tilean pen imaginesy not justw differo theent societiesld of a but differe wory y ed o publicdistur ​a Engld in hichhistory ving itselfliterary is culturorm of Cav and​ off s us oextraordinar see the eakingwindo wnint of wor pri- andvat thefamil emergenceintimatel of wholeconnect new genrt events— wor w li a f performance— allow t br do gender distinctions es.

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