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THE CAVENDISH FAMILY Lisa Hopkins T He Weal Th PB Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION: THE CAVENDISH FAMILY Lisa Hopkins position of the endish y e back o the marriage of t he weal th and Cav famil dat t had Bess of Hardwick to Sir William Cavendish in 1547. It was a second marriage for both1 of hadthem. Bess,oduced who no w as probablen andy aged had 19 (just undery not half been the age of the bridegred. It oom),as hile marriedalready beeno William briefl y marriedendish t thato Robert Bess Barlowoduced, a allDerbyshir ht ofe herneig hbour;en, the of marriagehom six pr childr probabl consummat w w castle,t Cave, and andpr an ea ofeig childre becamew wn assurviv the edDukeries to adulthood. in consequence. From those six children four ducal families sprang— Kingston, NewBess’s descendantsDevonshir edPortland— their osperity andar ancementNottinghamshir not o William knoendish ow pr adv t Cav ofhimself, Shr who w. asAs detect Horaceed Walpole in embezzlement supposedly and had died in dire financial straits, but to her two subsequent marriages, first to Sir William St. Loe and finally to George Talbot, Earl ewsbury our times the nuptial bed she wit, And e y time so well perf FThat when death spoiled each husband’sarm’d, billing, e leftv’r the widow e ery shilling.orm’d, 2 This is not y H Sir iam v endish had little but debts o but the ealth settled on her y . Loe and sbury as immense, and the endish strictl true— Will Cav t leave— w b St Shrew w Cav chil- dren benefited greatly from it. secondBess’s son survi ving, childrho en erwer thee thr deathee sons of andhis elderthree daughtotherers. became Of the daughtthe heirers, o tw theo, Francesldom. and The Mary d, mademade gooda marriage marriages, hich to on Sir paper Henry Pierras eponte splendid and to thanShrewsbury either of’s these, but it didGilbert not lastw longaft and as y in its br Elizabeth, the middlet ear thir w w mor las, had ed a possiblew claimunhapp o both the consequences:lish and Scottish ones. y girl, married Charles Stuart, Earl of Lennox, who, through his mother Lady Margaret Doug sbury householdinherit or n ears.)t Both ElizabethEng and les diedthr oung(Lad and Margaret was the mother-in- law of Mary, Queen of Scots, who was a prisoner in the Shrew f sixtee y Char y 1 or cussion of Bess’s e of birth, see Alan son, “Bess of A ” in Bess of Hardwick: New Perspectives F dis dat Bry Hardwick: Life, , ed. Lisa Hopkins (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2 ed in er and es, “Bess of wick as a oman o Be oned ” 2019), 18–35. Smithsonian 22 (1992): Cit I. Shenk L. Yerk Hard W W t Reck With, 69. 2 lI sa hopkIns Thomas Cavendish of Cavendish Overhall = Alice Smith GEORGE CAVENDISH (1494–<1562) Elizabeth Hardwick = (1) Robert Barlow (1527?–1608) William Cavendish = (2) William Cavendish (1508–1557) = (3) Sir William St.M Loe ICHAEL CAVENDISH (ca. 1565–1628) = (4) George Talbot, 6th Earl of Shrewsbury Frances Henry William Charles Elizabeth Mary Cavendish Cavendish Cavendish, Cavendish Cavendish Cavendish (1548–1632) (1550–1616) 1st Earl of (1553–1617) (1555–1582) (1556–1632) Devonshire = Catherine = Charles = Gilbert (1552–1626) Ogle Stuart Talbot, th = Anne 7 Earl of Keighley Shrewsbury Christian Bruce = William Cavendish, 2nd Earl of Devonshire Arbella Stuart (1590?–1628) (1575–1615) WILLIAM CAVENDISH, Sir CharlesEAletheia Mary lizabeth 1st Earl of Newcastle, CavendishTTalbot Talbot albot later Marquess and Duke (?1594–1654)((1585–1654) (1580?–1649) 1582–1651) (1592–1676) = Thomas = William = (1) HenryGrey = (1) Elizabeth Basset (1599–1643) Howard Herbert= (?2) John Selden = (2) MARGARET LUCAS (1623–1673) JANE CharlesELIZABETH = John Egerton, Henry Frances (1622–1669) (?1626–1659) (1627–1663) Viscount Brackley (1630–1691) (? –1678) Figure 1.1. Simplified family tree of the Cavendish family; names in capitals are those of writers discussed in this book. PB 3 Intr oduCt Ion ’s heir but in act ended her e in the , childless and insane. bella as, their onlh, instrumentaly child was a daughterin the , Ladationy Ar ofbella the Stuartendish, who mighty havbecausee been it namedas she Queen ho Elizabeth f lif Tower Ar w thougBess had ee elev, William, andCav les. famil h enry asw the w heprocur displeaseded a bar hison ymother for Bess’s y favourite son.ying no ention o the e she had anged ’s thr sons:er ace,Henry and oting himselfChar o omanizingAlthoug onH a scalew hich eldest, him the iquet of “the commonb pa bull ofatt t ” wifh his arr ermed himfor him, Shrewsbury daught Gr dev t w w earned and alsosoubr ving his esence ded in Iasi,Derbyshire, in thoug mother t more hissimpl mother’sy “My bad son Henry. or some” (He time, had some but he inter esting travy els,ended3 thoug herh, visitingy his closeness Constantinople o ha pr recor Romania. ) Charles, the youngest, enjoyed h, she favoured, andf it as him that eventuallbella obtainedoff the entb of nobility thatt his brother-ed him in- and law hisGilber descendantst Talbot, with o thewhom shes of f ellthe out bitterlacyy in and her finalould years. William,y themthoug ensconcedador as es ofw for e in ArBess’s ed pat th. riting in the ele- vat t rank aristocr w eventuall see Duk Devonshir belov Chatswor W mid- seventeenth century, Bess’s great- granddaughter Jane Cavendish accused her of backing the wrong horse by preferring William to his younger brother Charles. In a poem entitled “On my honourable Grandmother Elizabeth Countess of Shrewsbury,” Jane apostrophizes Bess: WithMadam spirit such & wisdome w You were the very Magazine of richch h did reach All that opprest you, for your wealth did teach Our Englands law, soe Lawyers durst not preach Soeour was beauty your great golden & y actions, this is true As euer will you liue inu perfect veiw Y o the very life And onely Pattern of a wise, good, wife But this your wisdome, was too short to see Of your three sonns to tell who great should bee Your eldest sonn your riches had for life ’Caus Henry wenches lou’d more then his wife Your second children had, soe you did thinke On him your great ambition fast to linke Soe William you did make before your Charles to goe Yet Charles his actions haue beene soe Before your Williams sonn doth goe before ThusThe ho yourse great of C holeswse, bef is nowe your become Willi the lower Andor C I doeles hope his Willithe wmor hathld shall it thus euer soe see achang’d w har a or ms bee F har As William Conquerer hee may well bee named 3 Agents of Empire: Knights, Corsairs, Jesuits and Spies in the Sixteenth- Century Mediterranean World Noel Malcolm, [2015] (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 2016), 338. 4 lI sa hopkIns And it is true, his sword hath made him great4 Thus his wise acts will ever him full speak rising om nothing o outstrip s e ed , and les’s son William is For Jane, her grandfather Charles Cavendish is the hero of a classic younger son narrative, o buildfr a castle at t er hadhi beenmor Williamfavour eril,brother ho as Charetimes said o e morbeene asplendid bastard still,son ofa figur Williame to rtheank Conquer with the Conqueror. (As it happened, the first person t Bolsov Pev w w som t hav endish or.) Jane’s poem display5 s some fundamental characteristics of the literary culture of the Cav family. In the first place, it would strike modern readers as not very well written in a number of respects. The first line’s “Magazine of rich” would make better senseer if it werye “Maghtazine in the of riches,y that” and their the twotherso final rhymese or sent of “chang’d” o Cambridge with “named” as their and of “great” with “speak” do not really work. This is because Jane and her sisters were beingnev formallthe mosttaug amous waer of the br, edwer that it ast ainst e or a fatheroman had o bebeen. eThe o spell same was trueh male too of erstheir of sttheepmother period Margaretht also, who,e unusualdespite f writ family believ w ag natur f w t abl t (thoug writ mig hav notionsthat “Sometimes of orthograph the besty). Moreover y o , herw publishers’ a section of att herempts xt tiso proo videead itthe as punctuation if it had no Margarpunctuation,et herself ignoring omitt alled the are oftens putunhelpful, in y to the point This that oo isKati ane aspect Whitak ofer suggestsendish ary e that can bewa acedt follo back o Bess of 6 te Alisont r Wiggins es that Bess as xposed o y mark ent personalb printers.” spelling tems h herCav e litereading culturof a wide ange of trers om t espondentsHardwick: oss the social and educationalnot “w e y shet manspelled,differ as she did most things, assyst she pleased.throug extensiv, rtricities7 of r y andlett ammarfr docorr not e theacr eliness and vigour of these scale”; ’sultimatel writing. However eccen- orthograph gr obscur liv thatwomen it not y by a member the y but also about the , and that it sees The second feature of Jane’s poem that is typical of Cavendish family writing is is onl of famil family Jane’smaking father him ,old William Cavh oendish, emember as being the thee mostElizabethan important member and oof thate familywn. William Cavendish was born in 1593, in his uncle Gilbert Talbot’s manor of Handsworth, enoug t r lat period t hav kno 4 The Collected Works of Jane Cavendish, ed.
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