PB

Chapter 22

THE FUNERAL MONUMENTS OF THE CAVENDISH FAMILY

Eva Lauenstein

The Life of the Thrice Noble, High and Puissant Prince William Cavendishe (1667),

Inhusband during the vil ar h the ruinous erial landscape of the endish Margaret Lucas Cavendish, Duchess of Newcastle reflects on the losses incurred by her Ci W throug mat Cav dynasty:Nor is it possible or him o epair l the ruines of the e that is left him, in so a time, y being so , and his losses so able, that cannot without grief f t r al Estat short the great consider viz. I y his andmother ofand trouble remember them; for before the Wars my Lord had as great an Estate as any sub-

ject in the Kingdom, descended upon him most b1y Women, b Gr his Father’s side, his own Mother, and his first Wife. es loss h a ed built the “ruines of the ” TheMargar oleet offormulat landholdingses the “griefand the” and buildings “trouble” that creat inhabited b ythem war througis crucialh place, in ashioning and she tabulatendish througy . dilapidat , sheenvironment: understands the consolidation ofEstate. y err h place o be ed y omen. h ’s andmother”f Cav famil identity Simultaneously famil pow throug t facilitat b w Throug William “Gr Elizabeth Talbot, Countess of Shrewsbury (Bess of Hardwick), “his own Mother” Katherine,ements Baroness the Ogolele, of and his and “first gender Wif e”in Elizabethher Basset onHowar of thed the endishfamily attainedline, hat their statuss will in the landscapese w of ’sDerbyshir constructione. Taking of mortuary the lead space from Margaret’sed stat about r place characterizati Cav assertingw malefollow “Lineage,explor hoementswomen and al ” e will ercontribut some ​

to narrativwn ombses of Cavngsideendish those influence. that Bey lookingo beybeenond less the monument’sell Theusefulness wing in will place achieve e in themor virtues,xt of w ed encountecent2 est inwell- the knoole of t alalo and eligious space havy suchhithert scholars as w astudied. alsham, Willfollo ,

and ewcommemorativ In doingarchitectur so, it will assessconte w ombsrenew y re beeninter ed in ther constructioncultur of3r wider be “imagined communities”Alexandr ofW century​Coster Andr Spicer. ho t ma hav employ collectiv seventeenth-

1 The Life of the Thrice Noble, High and Puissant Prince William Cavendishe, Duke, Marquess and Earl of Newcastle

Margaret Cavendish, Duchess of Newcastle, 2 The Seventeenth Century (London, 1667), 93. 3 a alsham, The Reformation of the Landscape: Religion, Identity, and Memory in Early Graham Parry, “Cavendish Memorials,” 9 (1994): 275–87​ at 275. Modern Britain and Ireland Alexandr W ed., Sacred Space in Early Modern Europe (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012); Will Coster and Andrew Spicer, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005). 388 Eva L auenste in

wing on the elegies and epitaphs that accompanied the building of a tion of 4 endish monuments, the ’s ed emphasis on male ​building England. Dra selec- SampsonCav use the omb within xtualtomb ormsperceiv of ance, this legacy-er es will be further destabilized. By exploring how writers such as Ben Jonson and William t te f remembr chapt investigat the symbolic value of tombs as objects that avowed female participation in the building

builtof the using Cavendish sical dynasty erials,. Thus as it alsoell asdraw in s onorical findings and b y Paulal St ock and Doing Patricia so Phillipps usy thato view stress ombs the interras elationshipsentions betwo a een objected eligious, and text: social, “ho wand spaces5 political are y phythat matessed w’s function rhetas authors and culturectsterms.” of domestic and allownational concort t interv int shar r topograph expr women archit alised andd. legitimised the cise of y a male ch

householdPeter Sher andlock writes that the early modern tomb created “family fictions” that “natur 6 exer power b patriar over his manor.” However, as objects placed in public and semipublic spaces, monuments were instrumental in shaping fictions of wider communal unity in the landscapesers of theirwher e theery wer in ae wider situat ed. Muched like the castles,. countrye is houses,this ande estates builtthan inby thethe Cavombendishes, of Bess theirof tombswick, r epurposedthe ’s locations ounding of public chsignificance into. mark pow shar environment Nowher mor apparent the south aislet of the chHard of All Saints familyin f. The matriaral ocus of(Figure the omb22.1 ) Designed by Robert Smythson between 1601 and 1603, her wall monument occupies

y a w ed Chur The o columnsDerby support ancentr f e on hicht is visualthe alabast languageer effigy of of Bess,y 7standsframed on eithere all else side ob y blackoclaim columns the deceased’s and surmounted place ab shalloed coffery arch.. The twx al cheon entablaturings ogether thew armsthe Bess with the marshalledheraldr arms of theabov albot t . prThus her omb appears o in share Bessfamil identityy with complelast marriagecentr oescut ge br , 6tht l of of , ing er this al ementT andfamily acting as t s o the t asso-

ciate o primarilendish her t Geor Talbot Ear Shrewsbury. Yet tower ov centr8 achiev supporter t escutcheon ar tw Cav stags. Visually, the tomb spins a narrative of consolidation, but one

4 Benedict on, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism

Anders 5 aul ock, ory and the Uses of ” in The Uses of Space in Early Modern History, ed. aul (London: Verso, 2006; first published by Verso 1983), 6. P St “Hist Space, P Early Modern Women

Stock (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015), 1–​18, 2; Patricia Phillippy, “ ‘Monumental Circles’ 6 er lock, Monuments and Memory in Early Modern England and Material Culture in Early Modern England,” 4 (2009): 139–47​ at 141. 7 olaus , Derbyshire Pet Sher (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2008), 19. Nik Pevsner , rev. Elizabeth Williamson (London: Penguin, 2000; first published The Feminine Dynamic in English Art, 1485–​1603: Women as Consumers, by Penguin, 1953), 170. The inscription was only added sixty-​nine years after the completion of the Patrons and Painters

monument. Susan E. James, 8 This as Bess’s chosen orm of aldry as ager ess of sbury and can also (Farnham: Ashgate, 2009), 14. Embroideries at Hardwick Hall: A Catalogue w f her Dow Count Shrew be found at Hardwick Hall. See Santina M. Levey, (London: National Trust, 2007), 32. PB

389 T he F uneral Monument s

22.1. Robert Smythson. Tomb of Elizabeth T , C ess of Shr sbury (Bess of wick). Ca. 1601, alabast . C ch of All Saints (Der y C al), Der . E a Lauenst Figure albot ount ew Hard er hur b athedr by v ein. 390 Eva L auenste in hich discloses the our Bess ed on endish spring. The al ument es the nuanced eb of y ties, the s and balances of w ed y Bess faveen wick,bestow y her Cavw), endish,off . Loe,funer and mon- hreformulat marriage as a fashioned accountw familof the triumph ofcheck C endish f y authoritypower creatWhileb Bess’s ombbetw Hards a lizedBarle image(Barlo of y unityCav that St es the ourTalbot througed on her endish sons, it as also an ention avo the publicamil space of .

t display sty famil As essed y Nigeldeclar yn,fav she monuments,conferr y theirCav ery e, w e embeddedinterv9 in a ich visualint e within “the

greathichest” ofe “fiuethe Churocus chesof social in the Towne” It is of Derby. e str prisingb that Bess’sLlewell will funerary that her ombb sits at thev naturx of a “wer10 x ention r o the viccultur and otionalbuildings w wer f life.” therefor unsur discloses t ape comple interv int ci dev fabric of Derby:y Bodie commit … o be ed in All es che at e in the place of same che e with is ed and yned that y ombe and mshalbe I ed and t e …bury her sonne WillmHallow dchur endisheDerby o e one the chur wher appoynt Determ m T monument

eerrect for r yringbuilt her Almeshouse at Der Lore f Caveuer t bestow hundred poundes or some thinge that the profit therof might be11 bestowed as occasion should requir epa by or .

Bess’sscape thatwill showincludeds that the the creationenance of her of “family’s fiction alms ”house was intimatel or y” link Theed alms to the house pro- ductionas part of of public the services andal space;k her of the monument parish wasch. part It ofas a commemoratived on a portione land of- land “buttinge uppon themaint er Derbye des the east”“f andeuer. ed , weads, & denarchitectur ” as wellnetwor as a portion of hatchur is w thew churlocat d of All Saints,

y encasing the rivch withinof Darwent its towar This ximityincorporat as important“toft becausest thegar htplotts, poor men and our poor omenw of theno12 chyar e o orme effectivele aiers & other duties”chur in the “southlandholdings. e or chancell”pro e w“her ” is o

e and placeeig her said f epairingw o the e ofinstitution Bess’s werermentt “at“perf orp near theirsix ’clock,pr both in the enoon and13 queer” the poor ould, “withwher open andLa audiblet

“erect” e their ersToumbe.” eenR y the imposingt sit int e, the o for afternoon, w 14 voice, recit pray overs b monument. Furthermor

9 William , The Abridgment of Camden’s Britan̄ia With the Maps of the Seuerall Shires of England and Wales

Camden 10 Nigel yn, Funeral Monuments in Post-Reformation​ England Cambridge (London, 1626), sig. H1v.

Llewell (Cambridge: 11 University Press, 2000), 6.

The Will of Bess of Hardwick, PROB 11/​11, Public Record Office, The National Archives, Kew, 12 H. , “Supplemental es on the Almshouse of Elizabeth, ess of ” fols. 188r, 192v. Derbyshire Archaeological Journal E. Currey Not Count Shrewsbury, The Theatre of the Empire of Great 16 (1894): 1–​13 at 5–6.​ The proximity of the almshouse and the Britaine

church is illustrated in a map of the town of Derby in John Speed, 13 (London, 1614 [i.e., 1616], n.p. [titled “Derbieshire described, 1610”]). 14 Currey, “Supplemental Notes,” 5. “The Orders and Statutes made and appointed by the Right Honourable Elizabeth Countess of Shrewsbury, the 5th day of October, in the 41st year of the reign of our Sovereign Lady Elizabeth,” PB

391 T he F uneral Monument s den of the s house etained the y o the ance of this portion of the ch

thewar place aboutalm r ke t entr chur so that the poor could15 regularly “cleanse, dust, and sweep over the said Monument, and

people ho it.”ed Thused the space” tomb and functioned functioned akin as t o otherers objects or pious of chur ch furnishing The thatomb, asof Bessstressed of by wickJennif eras Maria a ool DeSilvin the a,construction mediated “betw of localeen theotional building actice. and16 theAs the poorw menvisit and sacromen ned the abric of omb,“mark f, and chancelbehavior.” and shaped tthe communal Hardotional calendarw t of the ch h their devar erpr and ipation in services,w endishmaintai y int fention int Der ychoir cr ed, and sought to main tain, a harmoniousdev shared de otional identitychur thrthrough its displayregul of f prayy cohesion.partic- e the omb Cavof Bess of famil wick,erv the monumentb eat ating her son Sir- v oug amil y Lik g amilialt unity Hard commemor Charles Cavendish and his wife Katherine, Baroness Ogle narrates collective harmony b stagin f (Figure 22.2). Katherine employed the family architect John Smombythson andes a visual the poet Ben Jonsony that places for the Sir construction les, the of Siry Charles’sch, t atomb, the wophich of theinaugurat ed the Cav Theendish deep chapeled at Stch,. Mary contained and St on. Laur eitherence side Chur ych in Bolsoverers of pillars,. The t creat hierarch Char famil patriar t composition. coffer ar b clust frames the alabaster effigy of the deceased. In a devoted position of wifely subservi- ence,ather’s Katherine and mother’s occupies emains. his side This at avisual slightl y lowyer of position. the harmonious Their childr en, representchal ed as small kneeling relief figures on the tomb chest, sit in reverence at the foot of their f aking the form of ther paternal voice of Sirdispla Charles, it pr patriar house- hold is further strengthened through Jonson’s epitaph on the entablature above the arch. T Sonnes, seeke not me among these polish’doclaims: st ones: these only hide part of my flesh and bones: … there’s no materiall y I madech my lyfe my monument,t & yours: Andto w reach your neph es it to endur æmulates; nor yet inscription like it write but that;

not when I die’d but howw I d f e: it will be matter lowd inoughe to tell 17 essing his “Sonnes” and their liv” Sirarewell. les’s e emphasizes w the y der ed y the omb es a continuous ead een past and Addre ations. et the monument’s“nephwes, looking​ Char ynamicvoic s ention oho the famil or narrat b t creat thr betw futur gener Y inward- d draw att t dynasty’s conspicuous stability, and thus outwardly and “loudly testifies to the family’s in A Collection of Fragments Illustrative of the History and Antiquities of Derby, ed. obert Simpson,

R 15 2 vols. (Derby: G. Wilkins and Sons, 1826), 1:489–503, 496.​ 16 “Orders and Statutes,” 496. ” in The Sacralization of Space and Behavior in the Early Modern World: Studies and Sources, Jennifer Maria DeSilva, “Introduction: ‘Piously Made’: Sacred Space and the Transformation of

Behavior, 17 ed. Jennifer Maria DeSilva (Burlington: Ashgate, 2015), 1–32, 3.​ Reproduced in London, British Library, MS Harley 4955, The Newcastle Manuscript, fol. 54v. 392 Eva L auenste in

Figure 22.2. John Smythson. Tomb of Sir Charles Cavendish and Katherine, Baroness Ogle. Ca. 1618, alabaster. Church of St. Mary and St. Laurence, Bolsover. Eva Lauenstein. PB

393 T he F uneral Monument s

y ed) ominence” in the landscapes of Indeed, as ed y a ench, the e of e domestic space 18y ended its each (recentlo e acquiry accessiblepr public and semipublic Derbyshire.onments in an ort o posite the

b Sar ’sL. Fr y and socialarchitectur elit regularl ext r int mor widel 19 envir eff t stat ence“patron thr courtlh the manipulationambitions.” of a shared The t “family fiction” created through Charles’s monumentThe management and the chapel of participatyed xperienced in the creation space of a narrativht oe of Cavendishe endish influ- er asoug an element in the eation of harmoniousopography. lish landscapes. This is ealed collectivel e soug t narrat Cav pow cr Eng rev bfunctiony the account in shaping of the travendishel companion ntity of Benh the Jonson monument’s on his f oot voyentionage t o Scotlando a (1618).al and Contemporshared en aneous with. During the theirtomb stay’s construction, at the Ca endish the estate account at Willustrates its Cav ide throug interv int nat- ur vironment v elbeck:

ofSir a Williamtomb for C Sirandish William’s carried f my, for gossip which [Ben my Jonson]gossip was to to see make Bolsover an epitaph. … to meet one Smithson, an excellent architect, who was to consult with Mr Jonson about the20 erection These visions or a new atherendish burial place and omb e , since the

the prohtful successorf o hisCav ather’s ound status.t castlewer timely y didrecent so deathashioning of Sir his Char atherles precipitat o a edesentation his son William of Cavendishendish ’s need, to affirm, and his place as As therig y as t ertainedf at newfelbeck, castleNew ed talesconsciousl of the e by

f ch as thef inty maderepr use of the Cave’s valoures andintellect authority. In course companof his watingent the y W er ofNew les andrelat a oup of medlat 21menfamily patriar compan estat “pleasur commodities.” the narr blood encount Char gr ar on

runningJune 18, 1599,eud with for extheample, the22 company were shown “the spoils Sir Charles had brought awaoryy fr omof the Sir Johnendishes Stanhope.” in a This23 ste ory refer theirs tinheritance,o a final Cav lands,endish and vict titlesory in a long-​ the fopriation of Stanhopes.erial spoils Place and theirand the creationy at the of aheart “famil ofy William fiction” attest to the vict Cav disput over through asappr ended o themat onments ond displathe alls of the e esidences.Cavendish’s As networky of estates.ed Thison declarsionsation of opow theer landholdings by Newcastle througoundingh object ander place w ext int envir bey w privat r the compan embark excur int surr Bolsov and

18 The English Poetic Epitaph: Commemoration and Conflict from Jonson to Wordsworth

Joshua Scodel, 19 a ench, ​Placing er in Elizabethan ” in Mapping Gendered Routes (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1991), 27. and Spaces in the Early Modern World Sar L. Fr “Re- Gend Gardens,

, ed. Merry E. Wiesner-Hank​ s (London: Routledge, 2016), 20 Ben Jonson’s Walk to Scotland: An 157–76, 157.​ Annotated Edition of the “Foot Voyage,”

James Loxley, Anna Groundwater, and Julie Sanders, ed., 21 , Gr , and Sanders, Ben Jonson’s Walk to Scotland (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015), 57. 22 , Gr , and Sanders, Ben Jonson’s Walk to Scotland Loxley oundwater , 51. 23 Historical Research Loxley oundwater , 51. W. T. MacCaffrey, “Talbot and Stanhope: An Episode in Elizabethan Politics,” 33 (1960): 73–85 at 74.​ 394 Eva L auenste in elbeck, dominion as ed h the landscape’s ender o Sir les’s

Wbut “made ds wus asnarrat if o througertain ewise, thesurr horses oft castle’sChar heir. Thus edthe such “huge eadinessgrown stags” and ofeadiness” Welbeck estatthat24 eit did not edfly thatfrom rider the appr andoaching beast companye

one towar The omb medt ent an ensionus.” ofLik this y e Newand al stable show 25 “r st appear “wer both of thepiece.” monument talters forand conditionsext the natural spacesseemingl of theinnat estat natur ruler- ship.The Lik e the gardeneruction of w hoa cultivatees of and contry cohesionols flora throug h hhorticultur the endishe, the builder and the omb of Sir les as part of a itical moment of ansitiones. in y e. As constrthe chapel essednarrativ the harmoniousfamil and througy violableCav chapely the ynastyt hChar its w ch, it cr ed in a wider trticulation offamil the struc- turlegitimacy h expr successful ention o seemingla ed in hierarch. As with of d y of throug andpatriar elbeck participaty bending o the willar of the new headfamily’s of , the througuctiontheir of the endishinterv chapelint shary environments this iumph erthe scener ed Bolsovert W ostensibl t the familyWhile theconstr omb of Sir lesCav ed in carvingphysicall out newmark oriestr of endishov a conquer opography. 2nd l of t e andChar his participate Christian Bruce endish territ ed theCav ’s tiesinfluence o the throug vic landscapeh a show of familialy harmony, the). monumente, of as William an Cavalendish, omb Ear Devonshir wif Cav reassert family endish,t cithe monument’s Derbession(Figure of a stable 22.3 Furthermory line esancestr in t thatary marked es the about place national of the rcohesionemains of in theirthe son,ermath the Royof alistvil arm. They officer eestanding Charles Cavmonument as expry e eet h andfamil ook the ormparticipat of a emple, contempoed-

ry ournarrativ ers orming led aft ci war fr w approximatel twelv f 26hig t f t support cornersb f pilast of the monumentf ang e corners. edUnder with the busts domed of their roof, ourfull- ​length mar William,ble fig- ures of William and Christian stood upright in anticipation of the Last Judgement. The wer ornament f children: 3rWilliamd Earl andof Devonshir stian,e; Charoudedles, lieutand enantging gener omal in the the Civile 27 onW ar;the Henry y of, wtheirho died in infection,ancy; theand ombAnne, wifas ane of Roberton Rich, of Christian 3rd Earl hopeof Warwick. in ation. Throug The h ombthe figurendedes of this hope o theChri comingshr ation emerh theirfr participationgrav in the dascene’s resur-. Emphasizingr t econciliationw expressi in another e, the monumentsalv est the extenduring t gener throug periphery ’sr will oclaims the functionlif of the omb as a placedemonstrat of amilial eunion tiesher wishesthat link concerning family members her own, both and living her son and dead. C les’s, bur Christian pr t f r through har ial: with that of y e Sonne les endish … hich at esent is ed in My Bodie I commite to the Earth as aforesaid, Willing and desiring that the same together m dear Char Cav (w pr deposit the 24 , Gr , and Sanders, Ben Jonson’s Walk to Scotland 25 , Gr , and Sanders, Ben Jonson’s Walk to Scotland Loxley oundwater , 55. 26 , Derbyshire, 170. The monument is no longer e Loxley oundwater , 57. 27 ches and ” in The History and Gazetteer of the County of Derby, ed. Thomas Noble, Pevsner xtant. “Chur Chapels, vol. 2, pt. 1 (Derby: Mozley, 1833), 462–504, 465.​ PB

395 T he F uneral Monument s

and his wife Christian Bruce C endish after George Bailey (monument no longer e Figurege Baile22.3. Engr, Monumentaving of to the William tomb of Second William Earl C avofendish, Devonshire 2nd &Earl Christian of Devonshire his wife . Theav Chronicles of the Collegiate Church or Free Chapel ofxtant). GeorAll Saints, Derbyy … Illustrated by George Bailey From John Charles Cox, . Derby: Bemrose & Sons, 1881. Plate VIII. © British Library. Photograph: Eva Lauenstein.

y … be ed y the y of e esaid be thence ed, and both Church of Newarke, hee being slayne not farer from that place in his Majesties Service)

maxt to thecarry Corps ofb my dearewa LordNewark and husbandafor the late Earleremov of De together interred at the same tyme in the Vault of St Alhallowes Chancell in the Towne28 of Derby ne vonshire. ” Christian s the econciliation of the erial bodies of the y within ArrAll angings foor Charessles’s the exhumatio n fromer Newar of thek, wherye in he the fell landscapein battle in of “his Majestiese. Service, employ r mat famil Saint t expr enduring pow famil Derbyshir

28

The Will of Christian Countess of Devonshire, Dowager, PROB 11/​348/99,​ Public Record Office, The National Archives, Kew, fols. 73v–74r.​ 396 Eva L auenste in the same time, the elocation of les’s y o his al burial place

Atmending of national r es edChar hbod the t vil ancestr. This is essed infunc the- tionedal as sermon a pow byerful William public Nailour, ritual that read employ at Charles’sed familial r reunion as a signifier for the ruptur creat throug Ci War expr funerIn this ch e Cavendish ell, and hat is e theneburial: , in this ches Abner oubled Israel Chur brav f Cavendishw mor that Chur quarrel. encetr of him and the, thougchh heainst fell ina it; foration he madeof men, an head,ho cursed and drallew them his Sword against a King of Gods choosing: but sided with such a King, and fought in

Demagoguesdef , thus it pleasedChur themag to C generistian R w bitterly that came not in to the help of the Lord against the Mighty29, this was the language of their hr ebellion. hisEmplo supportying biblicof theal allegoryongful ruler, Nailour bosheth,​juxtaposes theles military sided with lieut enanthtful gener rule, al Charlesles II. with les’sAbner position, the Old in T theestament vil commanderar places him. Unlik in a eeleological Abner, who battle “troubled in hich Israel” he througendsh “the ch ainstwr a ationIsh- of ” Char ” that stirrig not y politicalChar but Char Ci W t w def Chur ag gener men, “Demagogues, onl “Christianeturn o Rebellionl unity” against under a “Kioneng of Godsy choosing.ed ” Simultaneously. As les is , Nailour edaffirms with thebner role and of place the througir o theh his allegorylish , implicatingone ened Derb o y invid, the the narrativ cee of of the the Kingdomenant’s r al’st nationaerment becomes on,godl the appointcity in hichruler kingshipChar of all contrastael as A y ed onhe vid.t NailourEng ashionsthr thelik ’st Da y of plaendish Lieuty egrity Gener int Hebr w Isr w eventu- all conferrles’s burial Dao e thef ’s participationtomb displa in theCav negotiationfamil of intentual peaceinto an and account unity of in the the reunion kingdoms of a offractur eated Britain British and Kingdom. eland. Furthermor As y e,becomes he emplo theys Char t intimat dynasty ev ymbol of a ashioned, national, andGr linear cosmologyIr that w Derbactionalism turned place where the new David unifies the new Israel and Judah, Charles becomes a public s f saBell fin Campo, composedinto union. during her xile at the ubenshuis in erp, y es arThe monumentd y creatyinged theby Margar’set alue Cavendish as a place in her of plaamilialy . Theprobably e R Antw similarl negotiat civil w discor b emplo tomb v f harmony mau- soleum complex built by the war widow Madam Jantil discloses the significance of the inmonument lieu of in declaringsical building social statusials and o belonging y dominion during a timeand wwnershiphen Margar et was unable to shape the landscapes she called home. Margaret employs the written word phy mater t conve o through ofthe tomb. building ses the alue of y unity in vising es of national Like the reburial of lieutenant general Charles in his father’s monument, Jantil’s act ers of discloones” o buildv a eestandingfamil monumentde narrativying the landscapes ofcohe her- sion. After her husband’s death in battle, Jantil hires “the best and curioust Carvers or Cutt St t fr occup 29 William , A Commemoration Sermon Preached at Darby, Feb. 18, 1674, for the Honourable Colonel Charles Cavendish, Slain in the Service of King Charles the First, before Gainsborough in the Nailour Year 1643

(London, 1675), 22. PB

397 T he F uneral Monument s

and her husband’s Enclosed y a all of Brick of a easonable ht” and a 30

estates. b “W r heig “grov“Statues,e of oneTrees, or” Mercurythe tomb, andof Seigneur another Valeror Pallasoso is the central feature of the construction,31 supported by “four Marble Pillars” and surmounted by “an Arched Marble Cover.” Two

f f ”32 couch the head of the effigy, and the fig- ures of Mars and Hymen clasp Valeroso’s hands. Jantil orchestrates the figurative grief and mourning of the classical figures, as she chooses to enclose herself in her husband’s monumentthe monument. Lik ein the tomb, the of Sirclassical Charles, gods, Jantil’s e themonument en expr of theesses family moderny coher encey througomb, h the power eof the the deceased’s head of the status household. Ash Jantiltheir subservienttakes her place positions at the fatoot the of prayer lik childr earl famil t communicaty ed y the destabilizing ectsthroug of vil e. When a ade of oung hands of the male patriarch. Additionally, Jantil’s enclosure removes her from a marriage econome of theaffect anceb of her ’s establishedeff andci ancientstrif . Thepar oung y er gallants hope to marry into wealth and status, Jantil’s seclusion becomes representa- tiv , endur , , andfamily est w is ” not statusse shey is courtomised

Compagnionor ” butcomments because on she this is w hen he uneasiled, andy r eflectsthat is onorse Jantil’s than inaccessibility . The “noblest youngest richest fair Wido gone, becau “pr 33 married, “incloister w marriage.” mausoleum allows Jantil to fashion herself into a highly visible symbol of the continuing powar er of a prye- poseswar or​ oder. the egrity of the y landed , she ewise s o wWhile w Margar the monumentet employ coulds the imposetomb fictionall wider socialy as an antidotence.e to us,the thre eatBess’s that ombcivil w explicitl t int wealth gentry lik seek t sho ho coher Th lik t lookingin Derby burial, Jantil’s space mausoleum of a wasnious not onl y a placechal for exhibitingy o an lineage but​ acingan instru and- publicment in place shaping of ascetic collectiv contemplatione environments. intended Jantil’s to will heal transf the dividesorms the of privata w e​ ornand society:inward-​ harmo patriar famil int outward-f Item, I give a thousand pounds a year to maintain ten religious persons to livear- int this place or House by this Tomb Item, I give three thousand pounds to enlarge the House, and three thousand pounds more to build a Chapell by my. Husbands Tomb

Item, Two hundred pounds a year I give for the use and repair of the House and Chapell . 34 . e ential of the al x as a Chapell” and, h the ension of Beythe ondving ensuring ers, the as maintthe perpetualenance of home her husband’sof ten religious tomb, persons Jantil’s ”will The f ocusesmausoleum on the is futur pot funer comple “ throug ext li quart “ . transformed into a religious house that intrudes into the civic landscape of the fictional 30 Playes Written by the Thrice Noble, Illustrious and Excellent Princess, the Lady Marchioness of Newcastle Margaret Cavendish, Duchess of Newcastle, “Bell in Campo,” in

(London, 1662), 579–633,​ 31 pt. 1, 4.21, 599. 32 Cavendish, “Bell in Campo”, pt. 1, 4.21, 600. 33 Cavendish, “Bell in Campo”, pt. 1, 4.21, 599. 34 Cavendish, “Bell in Campo”, pt. 2, 3.9, 618. Cavendish, “Bell in Campo”, pt. 2, 4.19, 628. 398 Eva L auenste in

ood the ascetic community of Bell in Campo o function in such a y is ed y kingdom, enacting order and harmony into a fracturTheed society Worlds. ThatOlio (1655).Margar et undere, she- st t wa elucidat b thata tract the entitled eligious “A communityMonastical Life”vides. in her Asceticism miscellany , es a “habit of Her” that outlineses the political public benefitsder as of the religious ch communal busies the living. people, Abov ande all, eeps it is “Goodtheir mindes example” in peace, sor that these monasticalpro men, hich e thepromot ch, is the nursesobriety o quiet the

facilitat o endish,or such eligious“Chur der es political k ol. Coenobitic ving 35 w ar Chur t people.”o eep outT murmurCav and r , orhichfacilitat is got y idlenesse,contr hich is the causeli of “is beneficial to the State, for it Amuses the Common people and busies their mindes, … t ky 36y vide discontent” and “pastime”w thatb w the communityw ogether and rebellion.”y from political As the “r religious persons” of Jantil’s monument enact a devotional calendar, the Asactivel has beenpro wn,“recreation the endish y dra ed the al monumentt awaimpose e evolt. y in the landscapes of their ban and al seats of y aged thesho chalCav y famile asemploy a esentationfuner of y to om collectiv les’sharmon omb that oclaimed endish dominionur rurer a ed power. Thelandscapeeng o enantpatriar familal structurles’s ermentrepr that as meant orderlo be society.ed Fran SirationChar of thet esolutionpr of vil Cav, the ombs of endishov menshar naturalessed societal idealt lieutof der generh Char int. , as the monumentw of tBess view as theillustr endish ascentr o er asci war ed t y omen.Cav e,expr as a orThethroug Life, it patrilinealityas the antageousYet marriages o emale intimates,s videdCav the financialt andpow socialw meansfacilitat o buildb won the oundationsFurthermor laid alludedy tThus,o by Margarhile theet in ombs videw imageryadv of a obust chalt f y heir thate, prowing audience as e of the significantt part the f endish omen b Bess.ed the continuedw successt ofpro the y line. r e its ocuspatriar on malefamil lineage,structur the a knoas a ehicle or thew awaression of such emale participation.Cav Thisw eadingplay of in endish monuments, famil, is Despited in a languagef of ationtomb wvided v h f xtual exprms of ance.f The elegies en inr dedicationthe Cav however anchor commemor pro- essionthroug of thete emalefor ole in remembrthe petuation of y writt ence and of Bess,In the Katherine, Christian,e erse and compiled Margaret or relat all eour how theiromen, tombs ers act edused as thesites for the exprand her nest o f e ther significantper ole of omenfamil in the coherashioning of stability. y commemoratividentity v f f w writ phoenix Thomas t intimat collection of ersr entitledw Foure Birdsf of Noahs ArkeCavendish (1609) familecounts w the. phoenix and her nest e y bound o an ars moriendi Dekker’s pray rstruction hoof space in hich the ama ofwer deathintimatel and ebirth asint ed. o , culthe- ture of the early seventeenth century. It also reveals the significance of gender in the con- w dr r w enact T Dekker phoenix is “a figure of Christ” and thus representative of the blessings conferred through

35 The Worlds Olio Written by the Right Honorable, the Lady Margaret Newcastle

Margaret Cavendish, Duchess of Newcastle, 36 endish, Worlds Olio (London, 1655), 29–30.​ Cav , 30. PB

399 T he F uneral Monument s

the act of constructing a the Passion and Resurrection. The phoenix’s sacrifice and rebirth are enabled through When the knowethnest: shee must die, shee buildeth a nest of al the sweetest spices, and there looking stedfastly on the Sunne: shee beateth her wings in his hottest beames, and betweene Phoenixthē kindleth a fire amongst those sweet spices, & so burneth her selfe to death. …

Out of those dead ashes of the Phoenix, doeth a new Phoenix arise. 37 Building a nest of al the sweetest spices

“ ,” the phoenix facilitates her sacrifice and her eventual

returny in the for Notm of hery is off spring.’s Thus, phoenix despit emale,e the butphoenix’s the abode association she builds with Jesus, her thenest , a “placeer’s38 in whichel aom person e o… lives ore findsas a rest,eturn” r elieso the on a gendery of theed language ofom moth -

erlombesnurture. of our mothers”onl Dekkero the omb of thef While the phoenix as anrepresents image believ trav fr lif t afterlif r 39t bod mother: fr the “w e the , the ombt as “wa place in hichearth.” birth, death, and entualw ectionof Christ, ged.her creation al of theers place of rebirthed this waselationship an act of femaleo ess and the mat iticalernal care. ole of omen in theLik eationnest of t y lineage.w William Sampsonw describes ev omb asresurr the al

convercie nest”Sever of thewrit phoenixexploit that e riser o the endisht str cr r w cr famil Bess’s t40 centr “spy gav t Cav dynasty. Ben Jonson’s epi- taph dedicated to Katherine Ogle frames her tomb as the nest of the phoenix, the place Gums”where theof the “w inkarme of … spice” of Kaorytherine’s 41erse o “goodemphasize name” the is collectomb ased the for true the location benefit of

her “Childranten, and Grand=children.” Christian’s elegy dismisses the “Vulgar Spice and

the nest of the phoenix42commendat that “can erv t erized ast the nurturing phoenix that fragr virtue. Clergyman Clement Ellis43 formulates Margaret’s literary corpus as mental in the eation and perpetuationnev dye.” ofCharact y lineage h their monuments. sacrificesAs the primary her lif e forors the behind next thegener ation,ection Cav of allendish the womenementioned were portray ombs,ed the as instruxtual- cr famil throug act er afor t te monuments of Bess, Katherine, Christian, and Margaret served to cue a contemporary audience to their significant roles as the builders and maintainers of their family. All texts use female sacrifice as a leading sign for the family’s lasting integrity. Thus Bess’s display of her power and influence through the monument is redefined

37 Thomas Dekk , Foure Birds of Noahs Arke 38 , n.,” OED Online er (London, 1609), sigs. I5v–I6r.​ 39 , Foure Birds “nest . 40 William Sampson, Virtus post funera viuit or, Honour Tryumphing Over Death. Being True Dekker , 11. Epitomes of Honourable, Noble, Learned, and Hospitable Personages 41 (London, 1636), 5. 42 An Elegy on the Truly Honourable, and Most Virtuous, Charitable, and Pious Lady, Countesse of MS Harley 4955, fol. 55r. Devonshire, who Lately Departed this Life, Being a Hundred and Odd Years of Age, whose Corps Now Lies in Deserved State in Holbourn 43 A Collection of Letters and Poems: Written by Several persons of Honour and Learning, Upon (London, 1675), n.p. Divers Important Subjects, to the Late Duke and Dutchess of Newcastle

(London, 1678), 175. 400 Eva L auenste in y Sampson as the act of a ing ch ho es the e of her sons

ers y building a While the athering of the est spices bthe amation of ercar 44y thematriar endishes,w ensurBess, as theafterlif phoenix, becomes and daught b “nest.” g rar communicates amalg. ’s powal ofb Bess Caves o emind the of her function as the figuroundere w hoof abrings theful (male)family tlineogether and in lifemphasizes​ e through birthher other and in deathes througor her h inter- ment Sampson portray serv t r reader the fo w Bess’spower monument ed thede- successful acquisition ofmotiv the southf aisleshrewd of managementSaints om the of her finances,ation of estat es,y and and marriage the oundation alliances. of the His verse ’sdraw s attentione

t ho Her omb becomesmark the nest that es the th of a , the All of its members45fr inCorpor death o be laidDerb o , and fthe continual familyth of thefutur line private crypt.its constituentt s. ying the phoenixillustrat and bir , Sampsondynasty ecasts return consolidation of po , wealth,t andt statusrest as an act of matriarchalrebir nurtur through member Emplo her nest r Bess’s wer e. Jonson’s elegy acknowledges that the intended audience of commemorative text and tomb understood that Katherine Ogle played a significant role in legacy-​building despite herphoenix’s effigy ’s ostensibl, the placey subser of hervient husband’s position erment on the is, monument or a in ,Bolsover .med Casting Katherthe spaceine’s that tomb ass the placee fromations wher eo her virtuew on his emanat e esor lika e the fragry imageance or of the nest int f moment transfor into allow futur gener t dra wif f worth f imi- tation.instrumental Additionally in , castingessing Kather yine ealthas the and phoenix status and y her acquiring tomb as the her title nest serves to underscore Ogle’s vital role in the construction of Cavendish authority. Katherine was s to her doingbuttr so, her subsequentfamil w male descendantsb would carry one of Baronessthe establishedOgle in her and own ancient right titlesafter of the the death lish of ruling her f atherclass. Cuthberernalizingt without male the issue. Thank most of an ging endish ynasty Engwith land’s establishedEt landedpublicly . Suchtrans - missionact of conciliation of an old title, y aKatherine’s oman asplace of yburial essedserved lastinglh ythe to illustratede the fusion emer Cav d Eng gentry an b w w ideall expr throug gender language of the phoenix. Jonson’s verse allows the reader to view the fiercely patrilineal imagery of Sir Charles’s tomb as an illustration of idealized female and maternal sacrifice. By framing Ogle’s legacy-​building through the tomb as the phoenix’s nest-​building, Jonson rearticulat’s es ​Katherine’sashioning is management y essed of the familyy an additional’s image as epitaph a natur onal theact of wifely duty and motherly care. That Ogle participated in such a reading of her part in the family self-f readil expr b Bolsover monument“in their , probabl” all they memberspenned b yof Katherine. her y Cinollecting one place, the in titles the and corpore hopeeal bodiesof of hery hofamilyer, ofOg rle declares that the tomb she commissioned would serve to “gather,” time, famil collectiv “the happ w esvrrection.”

44 Sampson, Virtus post funera viuit 45 Derbyshire , 5. Archaeological Journal Lawrence Butler and Richard Morris, “Derby Cathedral: The Cavendish Vault,” 114 (1994): 14–28 at 14.​ PB

401 T he F uneral Monument s ’s elegy elies on this established language or speaking about emale ticipation in y ​building. e, the use of a language ed the Christianphoenix esr ole as a esentation of nationalf econciliationf par- son, familles. Asidentity- the ymous authorFurthermor of An Elegy on the … Countesseassociat of Devonshirewith (1675) describesillustrat hristianher asr a air repremple, and heart a r ” he s alongsideo her en Chards of aise inanon of her emains and their place of burial, the true of the “Spice” of theC deceased’s “f tue.T He agesher the shrine, o prioritizeseek goodt dismiss writt wor pr favour r location e of the author’s wish o esentvir the tangibleencour vidence ofreader t ’s qualities. deeds ovoner a languagepraise and of f actsidealized over fiction; they materialitye y ofoking bod ythe and “Spice” tomb ofbecomes the phoenix’s representa - tivhe eminds his eader oft pr ’s esponsibilitye in erseeingChristian the ealth andDrawing

of her elations womanlhristian becamenurtur theb evde facto head of her ” hnest,

husband’sr r e 46 Christian r ov w status “R Dear.” C 47 “ family throug her prematur death. Known for her astute handling of her finances, she brought

stability and order to the estate of the future 3rd Earl of Devonshire. The author makes linesclear, appearhowever o, that here “Marble ’sTomb ” tsalso convey the s heralist dedication cause during to chur thech andvil 48 country as heregnum. virtues erintimat esidencee her at“Strictl y Religious”on, or naturample,e and became her “fira m loyalty.”e a These

political t relatacy thatChristian ht o efforeturn forthe xiledRoy les II om Ci The War and tionInterr of her placeH ofr burial edRoehampt the nest of thef phoenixex and es centro 49forht Royalisther in the conspirenance of sougendisht r y statuse duringChar a timefr of crisis.abroad. descrip- such language supports thatevok ed y , ho ashionedserv t, herhighlig husband’s, role maint’s place of Cavment o afamil esentation of alist orts in Simultaneously,inging employ b Nailour w f her and her son inter int repr Roy eff br about national conciliation under Charles II. Margaret, unlike her predecessors, felt that her capacity as a female custodian and creator of places was compromised. The defining role that exile played in her writing makthe es thissical evident . But,, asshe it chosedid for oBess, do soKatherine, with and iting.Christian, placee is became this the vehicle througy h wedhich than Margar in Theet creatLife, ed “famile they fictions.ocess ”of Inst chartingead of the doing so using phy monument t her wr Nowher more strikinglh landscape:illustrat wher pr destruction of Cavendish estates indirectly serves to confirm the family’s continuing influence througClipston Kirkby 1. -​Park and Woods cut down to the value of 20000 l. 2. - ​Woods, for which my Lord was formerly proferr’d 10000 l.

46 An Elegy 47 Oxford Dictionary , n.p. of National Biography

Victor Stater, “Cavendish, Christian, Countess of Devonshire (1595–1675),​ ” in 48 An Elegy . 49 y , The Devonshires: The Story of a Family and Nation o & Windus, , n.p. The Life of the Right Honourable and Religious Lady Christian Late Ro Hattersley (London: Chatt Countess Dowager of Devonshire 2013), 132, 146; Thomas Pomfret, (London, 1685), 59. 402 Eva L auenste in Derbyshire Red-logd-​ ​Wood, Rome ​ ood and others near Welbeck 3. Woods cut down in Stafford 8000 l. 4. York-w 4000 l. 5. Woods cut down in Northumberland-​shire 1000 l. 6. Woods cut down in -​shire 1000 l.

The 7. W Totaloods cut down in 1500 l. 50 45000 l. ensuring that their htful wnership is ed or . y doing this she Margarplaces theet r ecountsact of writing in sever alongsideal lists the her ext enthusband’s of destruction e to the Cavendishion in thelandholdings, vil . While rig edo the cause ofremember his eignf posterityh Bar and ” activ participat Ci War

Newcastle support sover throug “W51 Fighting, Margaret instead participated through “Contemplating and Writing.” oneDespit hand, eshe choosing gues in writing The Worlds over Olio monumental commemoration, Margaret believed

timageombs and and ametexts of to “Learned have an important and mutually supportive relationship. On the ar 52 that “stately Monuments” construct the public

ering “Time,f ccidents, and theAuthors.” age of Onars” the in other the Sociable, she uses Letters funerary art to describe, literary works she believed to be better able to fulfill the former’s promise53 of weath- A R W (1664). However boththose workwith edsocial in tandemand political to creat e the. The public al image uler” of should “a Kingdome est in in the a Flourishingoduction Condition.” Monuments and books, Margaret writes, are therefore important tools for power “Roy R inv pr of both because, alongside “Crowns, Scepters, and Thrones,” they are objects that force- fully demonstrated the es his of 54 aability to’s “hold e Poweris , and keeped upy herAuthority and her, making husband’s Obedience, al Fearmonument, and Subjection.” in W Thater Margar. Theet believ bleed thatomb literatur is ede and in the mortuary north culturansepte alsoand ensur statu country elit demonstrat b funer estminst Abbey mar t locat tr consistsolumes of a largee ttheomb base chest of surmountthe ’sed south by the end. recumbent ed effigieso a shelf of William, and wearingy tied thewith Or ribbon,der of thethe Gartermonumental, and Margaret olumes, holding e an openy eminiscent book and of ink the horn. ge Sev olioen clasped v decorat tomb Tuck int neatl

o v ar visuall r lar f presen- tation volumes55 of Margaret’s works she distributed to university libraries, from Leyden t Cambridge. By taking up space on tombs and in libraries, Margaret’s books become physical objects that stake out the authority of her family, not unlike the tombs of her

50 endish, Life 51 endish, Life Cav , 102. 52 endish, Worlds Olio Cav , sig. B1r. 53 CCXI Sociable Letters Cav , 207. 54 endish, Worlds Olio Margaret Cavendish, Duchess of Newcastle, (London, 1664), 227. 55 Forms of Engagement: Cav , 207. Women, Poetry and Culture 1640–​1680 On Cavendish’s presentation copies, see Elizabeth Scott-​Baumann, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013), 76–77,​ and James ” Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America Fitzmaurice, “Margaret Cavendish on Her Own Writing: Evidence from Revision and Handmade Correction, 85 (1991): 297–307.​ PB

403 T he F uneral Monument s

Figure 22.4. Grinlinger AGibbons., London. Tomb of© WilliamDean and C aCvendish,er of 1st W Duke of Newcastle and Margaret Lucas Cavendish, Duchess of Newcastle (detail). Before 1676, marble. Westminst bbey hapt estminster.

’s claims o land, status, and . In death, ary e s o female kin. In life, Margaret used text in lieu of the “stately Monument” to support her familyEllis’s t y erse echoespower the funery of herarchitectur work. In t, physi - cally inserte becomes her writing the monument into the symbolic that heartes of the social and alpolitical of the powerendishes (Figure in22.4). memory ofcommendator e ations.v ead of theiconograph sical omb, monument ary canonit her lit- eraturthe phoenix’s nest e ame andensur her surviv’s past e Cav y the o Ellis, herfutur ombe,gener e sheInst doth lie” isphy also hert itingher literloset” and, becomesy

sion, eat wher Asher thef monument is familyecast as the arcollectioncontinuall of her reborn. T “T wher56 wr “C b exten- “our gr Library.” r works,

56 A Collection of Letters and Poems

, 175. 404 Eva L auenste in Phoenix”

In Margar, theet’s “bigendish wor ds” becomey claim theo lands, “silent Ashes”ed that in The “restor Lifee /​ Us such a 57 who castle,will perpetuall ensuringy stability find “new and Forme” continuity in the genere the ationsmonuments of reader of s to come. this way yingCav the languagefamil ted with recountthe phoenix’s , the, outliv placees ofMargar et and New lik their predecessors. andEmplo lasting sign of associat’s status, not e the monumentsnest commissionedinternment allows Ellis to communicate how Margaret’s literary corpus functioned as a concrete In the ace oher Virtusfamily post funera viuitunlik by Bess,castle Katherine, and his and Christian.ors as the Sanctuary to whose high Altar of goodnes, I alwaies

flie too for pref redresset in all extreames As has (1636), been Williamwn Sampsonh charactal ombserizes of eminentNew members ancestof the ,“ the 58 e space as indeed such a place of .” sho throug sever t family commemorativ w “Sanctuary,” where family narratives were transformed into wider collective fictions ofher shar acted of harmonbuildingy ando orderact. Fr omvil the ar significance , the of Bess’somb monumentas a ool or that inscribing formed thelandholdings foundation with of a charitablees of wpeace,eb of institutions,, and osperityto the fictional h Madam the esentation Jantil and of ong, enduring,t andcounter violableci w disorder. , ast seenw in thet f e xts that accompaniednarrativ the building andorder writing ofpr monuments,throug prary ers strht s o ess thein critical functionpatrilineality edYet y omen in ashioningcommemorativ such te contempor writ Williamsoug way Sampson,t expr and Clement Ellis used theplay phoenix’sb w nest to amef the place of burialpatri- ofar chal endishnarrativ esomen, of f amilialy andht nationalo disclose harmony their critical. As writ functioners such in the as Benoundation, Jonson, enance, and future of the d fr Cav w the soug t f maintk of ’s . The titleynasty. of his book of e erse honouring the endishThe inter actiony is alsoof te thext and place,o of the and victhe femalealdry and of the male,ham. defines e Bess’s the frame omb,- worit Sampsons the textocal elationship een commemorativvidual v ation and e Cavidentity as familthe memory of themott endishci lineher becomes Nottingertwined withLik local identityt displayers. t therecipr same time,r virtus postbetw funera vivitindi (virtuecommemor es death) as thecollectiv o

appended o the phoenix in at Cavleast one popular y modernint emblem mark A outliv w 59 mott of the ernalt act of conciliation essed earlh the phoenix) in thebook. ascentA ofcon the- temporendishary audiencey o was probabl. As y muche mor ande readildomesticy awar e of the significantge functionh the erialmat omb, xtual (expration througed emale participation in es Cav famil t power collectiv identities mer throug public,mat societalt unityte commemor highlight f narrativ of family unity, and thereby proclaimed women’s roles in the construction of fictions of .

57 A Collection of Letters and Poems 58 Sampson, Virtus post funera viuit , 176. 59 Emlematum liber. Emblemes latins , sig. A2v. Jean Jacques Boissard, (Metz, 1588), 47. PB

405 T he F uneral Monument s Bibliography

Manuscripts

London, British Library, MS Harley 4955, The Newcastle Manuscript.

The Will of Bess of Hardwick. PROB 11/11.​ Public Record Office. The National Archives, Kew. The Will of Christian Countess of Devonshire, Dowager. PROB 11/​348/99.​ Public Record

Office. The National Archives, Kew. Other Works

Anderson, . Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism Benedict Emlematum liber. Emblemes latins . London: Verso, 2006. First published by Verso, 1983. Derbyshire BoissarArchaeologicald, Jean Jacques. Journal . Metz, 1588. Camden,Butler, Lawr William.ence, and The Richar Abridgmentd Morris. of “Derb Camden’sy Cathedral: Britan̄ia The With Cav theendish Maps Vault. of the” Seuerall Shires of England and Wales 114 (1994): 14–28.​ CCXI Sociable Letters ​ ​​ The Life of the Thrice Noble,. London, 1626. High and Puissant Prince William Cavendishe, Duke, Cavendish,Marquess Mar andgaret Earl, Duchess of Newcastle of Newcastle. . London, 1664. —​—​​. Playes Written by the Thrice Noble, Illustrious and Excellent Princess, the Lady Marchioness of Newcastle . London, 1667. —​—​​. The Worlds Olio Written by the Right Honorable, the Lady Margaret Newcastle. . London, 1662.

——. ches and ” In The History and Gazetteer of the County of Derby, ed y London, 1655.

A“Chur Collection of FragmentsChapels. Illustrative of the History and Antiquities of Derby. edited by Thomas Noble, vol. 2, pt. 1, 462–504.​ Derby: Mozley, 1833.

A Collection of Letters and Poems: Written by Several persons of Honour and EditLearning,b UponRobert Divers Simpson. Important 2 vols. Subjects, Derby: Wilkins, 1826. to the Late Duke and Dutchess of Newcastle.

, Will, and ew , ed. Sacred Space in Early Modern Europe. Cambridge:London, 1678.

Coster, E. “SupplementalAndr Spicer es on the Almshouse of Elizabeth, ess of Cambridge Uni” Derbyshireversity Pr ess, 2005.Archaeological Journal Currey, Thomas.H. Foure Birds of NoahsNot Arke Count

Shrewsbury. 16 (1894): 1–13.​ Dekkerof ” In The Sacralization of Space. London, 1609. and Behavior in the Early Modern World: DeSilvStudiesa, Jennif ander MarSourcesia. “Introduction: ‘Piously Made’: Sacred Space and the Transformation Behavior.

An Elegy on the Truly Honourable,, edited b andy Jennifer Most Virtuous, Maria Charitable,DeSilva, 1– and32.​ PiousBurlingt Lady,on: Countesse Ashgate, of2015. Devonshire, who Lately Departed this Life, Being a Hundred and Odd Years of Age, whose Corps Now Lies in Deserved State in Holbourn

. London, 1675. 406 Eva L auenste in

and Handmade ” Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America Fitzmaurice, James, “Margaret Cavendish on Her Own Writing: Evidence from Revision

ench, a ​PlacingCorrection. in Elizabethan ” In Mapping Gendered Routes 85 (1991):and Spaces 297– in307.​ the Early Modern World Fr Sar L. “Re- Gender Gardens.

, . The Devonshires: The Story, edit of eda Family by Merry and E. Nation Wiesner-. Hank​ s, 157–o76.​ & London: Routledge, 2016.

Hattersley Roy The Feminine Dynamic in English Art, 1485–​1603: WomenLondon: as Consumers,Chatt PatronsWindus, 2013. and Painters James, Susan E. Embroideries at Hardwick Hall: A Catalogue. National . Farnham: Ashgate, 2009.

Levey, yn, Santina Nigel. M.Funeral Monuments in Post-Reformation​ England. ambridge:London: Trust, 2007.

Llewell Ben Jonson’sC Walk toCambridge Scotland: UnivAn Annotatedersity Press, 2000. Edition of the “Foot Voyage.” Cambridge ersity ess, Loxley, James, Anna Groundwater, and Julie Sanders, ed.

Cambridge: Univ HistoricalPr Research2015. MacCaffrey, William., W. T. “TA albot Commemoration and Stanhope: Sermon An Episode Preached in atElizabethan Darby, Feb. Politics. 18, 1674,” for the Honourable 33 Colonel(1960): Charles73–85.​ Cavendish, Slain in the Service of King Charles the First, Nailourbefore Gainsborough in the Year 1643 The Seventeenth Century , olaus. Derbyshire. vised y. ElizabethLondon, 1675. . enguin, 2000. Parry, Graham. “Cavendish Memorials.” 9 (1994): 275–87.​

Pevsner Nik Re b Williamson London: P EarlyFirst publishedModern Women by Penguin, 1953. Phillippy, , Thomas.Patricia. “ ‘MonumentalThe Life of the Cir Rightcles’ Honourableand Material andCultur Religiouse in Earl Ladyy Modern Christian England. Late” Countess Dowager of Devonshire 4 (2009): 139–47.​ Sampson,Pomfret William. Virtus post funera viuit or, Honour Tryumphing Over Death. Being True Epitomes of Honourable, Noble, Learned,. London, 1685. and Hospitable Personages The English Poetic Epitaph: Commemoration and Conflict from Jonson to Wordsworth . London, 1636. Scodel,​Baumann, Joshua. Elizabeth, Forms of Engagement: Women, Poetry and Culture 1640–​1680 . Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1991. Scott-lock, . Monuments and Memory in Early Modern England. Aldershot: e, . Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.

Sher PeterThe Theatre of the Empire of Great Britaine Ashgat 2008. Oxford Speed,Dictionary John. of National Biography . London, 1614 [i.e., 1616]. Staterock,, Victoraul. , “Cavoryendish, and the Christian, Uses of Count” essIn The of DevonshirUses of Spacee (1595– in Early1675).​ Modern” In History , . St P “Hist Space. edited by Paul Stock, 1–​18. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015. PB

407 T he F uneral Monument s alsham, a. The Reformation of the Landscape: Religion, Identity, and Memory in Early Modern Britain and Ireland W Alexandr . Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012. Eva Lauenstein is ent ellcome rust ISSF w at beck, of London and y eer enor at the London enaissance . She is vising her y curred PhD inW lish andT HumanitiesFello beck)Birk or publicationUniversity as a aph. Earl Car y Convages with visual and R erial Seminare and its reactions withrecentl ary complets o disclose Engw omen e (Birky enabledf y the omb and monogrshaped mortuaryThis studentions.eng Her publications includemat culturerring enaissanceinter e in liter form t hoTextualw Practicewer creativel b t conv “Int R LovBrief MaryEncounters Sidne y1 Her(2017).bert’s ‘Antonius,’ ” 33 (2019) and “Comfort through ‘the Lively Word of God’: Katherine Willoughby and the Protestant Funeral Monument,”