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©Copyright 2012 Sara P. Díaz ©Copyright 2012 Sara P. Díaz Gender, Race, and Science: A Feminista Analysis of Women of Color in Science Sara P. Díaz A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Washington 2012 Reading Committee: Angela B. Ginorio, Chair Shirley J. Yee Michele Habell-Pallán Ralina L. Joseph Program Authorized to Offer Degree: Gender, Women, and Sexuality Studies University of Washington Abstract Gender, Race, and Science: A Feminista Analysis of Women of Color in Science Sara P. Díaz Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Associate Professor Angela B. Ginorio Gender, Women, and Sexuality Studies Gender, Race, and Science: A Feminista Analysis of Women of Color in Science is a methodological intervention that expands the boundaries of Feminist Science Studies to include the experiences of women of color scientists and to continue the resistance against persistent racialized gender ideologies within the field. In this dissertation, I propose a revision of the field I call “Feminista Science Studies.” In the introduction, I map out a methodology which integrates decolonial historical case study methodology, feminist cultural and spatial studies, and US Third World feminist theories. I then apply my Feminista analytic to three cases. In each case, I use María Lugones’ theory of fragmentation, multiplicity, and curdling to analyze the relationship between the socially marked bodies of women of color scientists to the epistemological paradigms in which they worked. The first case, on zoologist Roger Arliner Young (1899-1964), uses intersectionality and queer of color theory to push beyond the single- axis accounts by situating Young’s individual experience in the context of the US Eugenics movement and Jim Crow segregation. In the second case, I argue that physicist Chien-Shiung Wu’s (1912-1997) research threatened foundational values within Modern Science and, magnified by Cold War era anxieties, her exoticized Asian female body was perceived as disruptive to the militarized space of the nuclear laboratory. In my third case, I use border theory to analyze how Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz (1648-1695) laid claim to the right to produce knowledge about nature, as a woman, by articulating an epistemology of mestizaje. In the conclusion, I make three claims based on these cases: 1) Women of color are positioned in opposition to modern Western science through the association of their bodies with a primitive and wild form of nature in our cultural scientific imaginary. 2) The strategies employed by these women of color for survival and success in science represent a form of oppositional differential consciousness in the service of scientific knowledge production. 3) The epistemological paradigms in which these women operated shape their experience by regulating their ability to conform and resist the social norms of science. TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter One: Introduction: Toward a Feminista Science Studies Theory and Method ................. 1 Problem Analysis ......................................................................................................................... 3 Methodological Obstacles ....................................................................................................... 6 Theoretical Obstacles ............................................................................................................ 10 A Solution: Feminista Science Studies ....................................................................................... 14 Phronesis: Practical Research Ethics ..................................................................................... 16 Comparative Historical Case Studies ..................................................................................... 18 Theoretical Framework: Fragmentation and Multiplicity ..................................................... 19 Feminista Cultural Studies of Science .................................................................................... 22 Feminista Science Studies Defined ........................................................................................ 31 Outline of Dissertation .............................................................................................................. 31 Chapter Two: Doing Science from the Back of the Bus: Science, Eugenics, and Jim Crow in the Life of Roger Arliner Young ........................................................................................................... 35 The “Cautionary Tale” ............................................................................................................... 38 Gender and Historically Black Colleges and Universities .......................................................... 50 Race, Science, and Eugenics: “Heredity sets the limits” ........................................................... 60 The Scientific Sterilization of Roger Arliner Young ................................................................... 70 Young’s Social World outside the Laboratory ........................................................................... 78 i “I’ve driven myself for 25 years.” .............................................................................................. 87 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................. 96 Chapter Three: Chien-Shiung Wu: Uncertainty, Asymmetry, and Elegance .............................. 100 Scientific and Social Uncertainties .......................................................................................... 106 Non-Conservation of Parity and the Aesthetic of Symmetry .............................................. 106 Gender, Race, Nation, and Class.......................................................................................... 112 Women’s Place is in the Laboratory? .................................................................................. 120 Asymmetries: Making Sense of Chien-Shiung Wu .................................................................. 130 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................... 152 Chapter Four: Through the Choir Grate: A Feminista Spatial Analysis of Sor Juana’s Epistemological Mestizaje .......................................................................................................... 165 Epistemological Mestizaje ....................................................................................................... 171 From the Court to the Convent ............................................................................................... 176 Epistemological Self-Defense .................................................................................................. 187 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................... 201 Chapter Five: Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 206 Science on the Borderlands .................................................................................................... 208 Reflections on Feminista Science Studies Methodology ........................................................ 216 Bibliography ................................................................................................................................ 224 ii Roger Arliner Young Primary Source Material ........................................................................ 224 Archives & Collections ......................................................................................................... 224 Correspondence .................................................................................................................. 224 Newspaper Articles .............................................................................................................. 227 Other Archival Material ....................................................................................................... 229 Scientific Publications .......................................................................................................... 230 Chien-Shiung Wu Primary Source Material............................................................................. 230 Newspaper & Magazine Articles ......................................................................................... 230 First-hand Accounts ............................................................................................................. 233 Scientific Journal Articles ..................................................................................................... 234 Scientific Publications Cited ................................................................................................. 235 Sor Juana Primary Source Material ......................................................................................... 235 Other Works Cited ................................................................................................................... 236 iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am privileged to have many people and communities to thank for their support of me and of this project. Thank you to the members of my committee, Angela Ginorio, Shirley Yee, Michelle Habell-Pallán, and Ralina Joseph for their commitment to my success. I knew as soon as I began
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