Child Poverty in TANZANIA
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
The Role Co-Operatives Play in Poverty Reduction in Tanzania
THE ROLE CO-OPERATIVES PLAY IN POVERTY REDUCTION IN TANZANIA Mwelukilwa Joshua Sizya Director of Research and Consultancy Cooperative College, Moshi, Tanzania Paper Presented at the United Nations in observance of the International Day for the Eradication of Poverty on 17 October 2001 ABBREVIATIONS ADB African Development Bank AMCOS Agricultural Marketing Co-operative Societies CC Co-operative College CSA Co-operative Societies Act GDP Gross Domestic Product IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development IMF International Monetary Fund KCB Kilimanjaro Co-operative Bank KCU Kagera Co-operative Union KDCU Karagwe District Co-operative Union KNCU Kilimanjaro Native Co-operative Union RFSCB Rural Financial Services Community Based SACCOS Savings and Credit Co-operative Societies SCCULT Savings and Credit Co-operative Union League of Tanzania SHERFS Southern Highlands Economic and Rural Financial Services TFC Tanzania Federation of Co-operatives TICU Tanzania Industrial Co-operative Union UCU Usambara Co-operative Union WB World Bank WETCU Western Tobacco Growers Co-operative Union 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to record my sincere gratitude to the United Nations Division for Social Policy and Development for inviting me to participate in the panel discussion on “the role of cooperatives in poverty reduction “in observance of the International Day for the Eradication of Poverty for 2001. I feel very much honoured to have been availed such an opportunity at this stage of my long career with cooperatives in Tanzania and the Eastern and Southern African Sub Region. The opportunity has given me the chance to share my ideas and gain deeper insight on the efficacy of cooperatives in addressing the development problems of particularly the less advantaged sections of communities in Africa and else where. -
Chapter 7 Child Poverty and Well-Being in China in the Era of Economic Reforms and External Opening *
HARNESSING GLOBALISATION FOR CHILDREN: A report to UNICEF Chapter 7 Child poverty and well-being in China in the era of economic reforms and external opening * Lu Aiguo and Wei Zhong Summary: During its period of reforms and openness China has achieved positive results in per capita income growth and poverty reduction. However, there is evidence that the most significant progress in poverty reduction occurred in the early days of reform when openness and trade liberalization were not yet playing a major role. At the same time, increasing income inequality (in particular the inequality between regions and between rural and urban areas) explains the persistence of poverty in the midst of rapid growth and jeopardizes the broad-based growth pattern. The chapter examines the changes in child well-being in China over the last two decades, with poverty as the central focus. Its policy recommendations insist on the role of central government in sustaining the rural economy and “developing the west” to reduce the bias for east-coastal and urban development. Policies to accelerate the establishment of social safety nets, welfare programmes – particularly those targeted at children – and the enforcement of reasonable labour and social standards for small and medium-sized enterprises are also necessary to reinforce the ‘equality’ that is currently in short supply in China. JEL: D63, F43, I31, J13 * This study presents the views of its authors and not the official UNICEF position in this field. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------- CHAPTER 7: CHILD WELL-BEING IN CHINA IN THE ERA OF ECONOMIC REFORMS This is chapter 7 of the overall study “Harnessing Globalisation for Children” edited by Giovanni Andrea Cornia 2 HARNESSING GLOBALISATION FOR CHILDREN: A report to UNICEF 1. -
World Bank Document
\_PS I 6 Lx4I POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER 1641 Public Disclosure Authorized Poverty and Inequality Growth attributedto structural adjustment has During Structural benefited the population Adj.ustment in Rural generally,shifting a significair- Public Disclosure Authorized portion of the populatior Tanzania from below the poverty line to above it. Only that smanller fraction of the population M. Luisa Ferreira with extremely low incomes was unable to benefit fron the economy's impr-oved performance - probably because the liberalization Public Disclosure Authorized processthat encouraged growth rewarded those wvith education, excluding from benefits those with little education. Public Disclosure Authorized The World Bank Policv Research Department Transition Economics Division August 1996 [)Kicy RESFARCH WORKING PAPER 1641 Summary findings Ferreira rmeasures structilral adjustment's impact on income distribution eroded some of the potential for growth and on the poor in Tanzania. Adjustment reforms povertv reduction that would halve otherwise restIe1Cd have contributed to robtist growth. The rural average from growth. per capita inconie in 1991 was, in real terms, In both years, the stock of human capital was low for signiticatitlv higher than in 1983. 'he Economilic the poor, as measured by educational achievement. Recovery Program, launiched in 1986, has positively Possiblv the lower incidence but greater severity ot affected income, althotigh the increase is not vet poverty is attributable to a liberalization process that reflected in such basic social indicators as infanit rewards those with education, who are better able to mortality rates or levels of primary schooling, respond to new opportunities. 'his suLggeststhe Structural adjustmi-tentappears to have benefited many importance of improvinig the quantity and quality of poor households. -
Determinants of Rural Poverty in Tanzania: Evidence from Mkinga District, Tanga Region
Developing Country Studies www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-607X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0565 (Online) Vol.5, No.6, 2015 Determinants of Rural Poverty in Tanzania: Evidence from Mkinga District, Tanga Region Hanifa Mohamed Yusuf 1 Phillip D. Daninga 2,3* Li Xiaoyun 1 1.College of Humanities and Development Studies, China Agricultural University. No.17 Qing Hua Dong Lu, Haidian District, Beijing 100083 P.R.China 2.Department of Economic Studies, The Mwalimu Nyerere Memorial Academy, P.O. Box 9193 Dar es salaam, Tanzania 3.Information Analysis and Evaluation Division, Agricultural Information Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science No.12 South Zhongguancun St. Beijing 100081, China * E-mail of the corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract Identification of factors that are strongly linked to poverty is an important aspect in developing successful strategies intended for poverty reduction. This study aimed at assessing the determinants of poverty in Mkinga district in rural Tanzania. Ordinal regression model was used to model events of observing scores of livelihood status in the area of study. The study revealed that nearly 93% of respondents in the area were poor. Gender, size of land the household owns, the size of farm used in farming, Household size and the dependency ratio were found to be related to poverty, hence influencing poverty in the area of study. While the government is responsible in providing proper infrastructural settings, this paper recommends that, people especially women in this area should be empowered to have positive attitudes towards participating into economic activities using resources around them. Keywords: Rural poverty, Economic growth, Poverty determinants, and Mkinga district 1. -
Poverty in Tanzania: Comparisons Across Administrative Regions
POVERTY IN TANZANIA: COMPARISONS ACROSS ADMINISTRATIVE REGIONS AN INTERIM REPORT Mkenda A.F, Luvanda E.G, Rutasitara L and A. Naho April 4, 2004 ii Table of Contents POVERTY IN TANZANIA: COMPARISONS ACROSS ADMINISTRATIVE REGIONS ........ i 1 Introduction............................................................................................................................. 1 2 Motivation of the Study .......................................................................................................... 1 3 Methodology........................................................................................................................... 4 3.1 The Coverage ................................................................................................................. 4 3.2 The Data......................................................................................................................... 5 3.3 Poverty Indices............................................................................................................... 6 3.4 Adult Equivalent Scales ................................................................................................. 6 3.5 Poverty Lines ................................................................................................................. 8 4 Empirical Results.................................................................................................................... 9 4.1 Head Count Ratios...................................................................................................... -
CHILD POVERTY, EVIDENCE and POLICY Mainstreaming Children in International Development
child_poverty_aw_pb_v1:Policy Press Cover 02/02/2011 14:25 Page 1 C H “This book is a significant and timely contribution to an improved I understanding of the neglected but all-too-important subject of child poverty L D and what to do about it. It is a 'must read' for researchers and policy makers interested in child poverty and evidence-based advocacy and public policy.” P O Dr Assefa Bequele, Director, African Child Policy Forum V E R “Jones and Sumner provide a sophisticated analysis of the multi-dimensional T interplay between evidence and policy on child poverty. The result is a Y , compelling account of why child poverty in developing countries needs to be E tackled by increasing children's visibility, voice and vision in both knowledge V I generation and policy processes. Academics and policy audiences alike will D find it invaluable.” E N Sandra Nutley, Professor of Public Management, University of Edinburgh C Business School E A This book concerns the opportunities and challenges involved in mainstreaming N knowledge generated by and about children into international development policy and D practice. It focuses on the ideas, networks and institutions that shape the development of P evidence about child poverty and wellbeing, and the use of such evidence in development O L policy debates. It also pays particular attention to the importance of power relations in I influencing the extent to which children's voices are heard and acted upon by international C Y development actors. The book weaves together theory, mixed methods approaches and case studies spanning a number of policy sectors and diverse developing country contexts • in Africa, Asia and Latin America. -
Child Poverty, Unintentional Injuries and Foodborne Illness: Are Low-Income Children at Greater Risk?
Prepared by Consumer Federation of America Sponsored by Underwriters Laboratories Inc. June 2013 CHILD POVERTY, UNINTENTIONAL INJURIES AND FOODBORNE ILLNESS Are Low-Income Children at Greater Risk? This report was prepared by the Consumer Federation of America (CFA). CFA is a non-profit association of nearly 300 consumer organizations that was founded in 1968 to advance the consumer interest through research, advocacy, and education. Since then, it has taken leadership on product safety and food safety issues by initiating and helping maintain coalitions and organizations such as Advocates for Highway and Auto Safety and the Safe Food Coalition, preparing and distributing numerous publications includingThe Product Safety Book, and successfully supporting numerous public policies to establish new consumer protections and strengthen federal safety agencies.The opinions and conclusions contained in this report are solely those of CFA. For more information, go to consumerfed.org. The report was sponsored by UL (Underwriters Laboratories Inc.). UL is a premier global independent safety science company with more than 118 years of history. Employing more than 10,000 professionals with customers in over 100 countries, UL has five distinct business units – Product Safety, Environment, Life & Health, Knowledge Services, andVerification Services – to meet the expanding needs of our customers and to deliver on our public safety mission. For more information on UL’s family of companies and network of 95 laboratory, testing, and certification facilities, go to UL.com. Introduction Unintentional injuries represent the leading cause of death for children between the ages of one and fourteen. They are responsible for approximately 5,000 child deaths, about 5 million child emergency room visits, and millions of unreported injuries each year. -
Poverty and Child Health in the United States COUNCIL on COMMUNITY PEDIATRICS
POLICY STATEMENT Organizational Principles to Guide and Define the Child Health Care System and/or Improve the Health of all Children Poverty and Child Health in the United States COUNCIL ON COMMUNITY PEDIATRICS Almost half of young children in the United States live in poverty or near abstract poverty. The American Academy of Pediatrics is committed to reducing and ultimately eliminating child poverty in the United States. Poverty and related social determinants of health can lead to adverse health outcomes in childhood and across the life course, negatively affecting physical health, socioemotional development, and educational achievement. The American Academy of Pediatrics advocates for programs and policies that have been shown to improve the quality of life and health outcomes for children and families living in poverty. With an awareness and understanding of the effects of poverty on children, pediatricians and other pediatric health practitioners in a family-centered medical home can assess the fi nancial stability of families, link families to resources, and coordinate care with community partners. Further research, advocacy, and continuing education This document is copyrighted and is property of the American Academy of Pediatrics and its Board of Directors. All authors have will improve the ability of pediatricians to address the social determinants fi led confl ict of interest statements with the American Academy of Pediatrics. Any confl icts have been resolved through a process of health when caring for children who live in poverty. Accompanying this approved by the Board of Directors. The American Academy of policy statement is a technical report that describes current knowledge on Pediatrics has neither solicited nor accepted any commercial involvement in the development of the content of this publication. -
The Vicious Cycle: Poor Children, Risky Lives
University of New Hampshire University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository The University Dialogue Discovery Program 2008 The vicious cycle: poor children, risky lives Bruce L. Mallory University of New Hampshire, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholars.unh.edu/discovery_ud Part of the Family, Life Course, and Society Commons, and the Work, Economy and Organizations Commons Recommended Citation Mallory, Bruce L., "The vicious cycle: poor children, risky lives" (2008). The University Dialogue. 40. https://scholars.unh.edu/discovery_ud/40 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Discovery Program at University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in The University Dialogue by an authorized administrator of University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Vicious Cycle: Poor Children, Risky Lives Bruce L. Mallory Education Department Provost and Executive Vice President t first blush, New Hampshire would seem the state are eligible to receive a free or reduced price to be a great place for children, parents, and lunch at school (a reasonable proxy for overall com- families, and in many ways it is. The state is munity economic status). But almost all (83 percent) Atypically ranked among the most affluent, most healthy, of children at one Manchester elementary school are least crowded, most scenic, and most educated of all eligible, two-thirds of children at a Rochester elemen- states in the nation. The average per capita income in tary school are eligible, and over half of the children New Hampshire has consistently been in the top ten. -
Linking Economic Policy to Childhood Poverty: a Review of the Evidence on Growth, Trade Reform and Macroeconomic Policy
CHIP Report No 7 CHIP Report No 7 Linking Economic Policy to Childhood Poverty: A review of the evidence on growth, trade reform and macroeconomic policy Hugh Waddington Childhood Poverty Research and Policy Centre LINKING ECONOMIC POLICY TO CHILHOOD POVERTY - CHIP REPORT NO. 7 Preface This paper is one of a series of working papers, reports and policy briefings on different aspects of childhood poverty published by the Childhood Poverty Research and Policy Centre (CHIP). CHIP is a collaborative research and policy initiative involving academic institutions and Save the Children in China, India, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia and the UK. It aims to: ● deepen understanding of the main causes of childhood poverty and poverty cycles, and increase knowledge of effective strategies to tackle it in different contexts ● inform effective policy to end childhood poverty, ensuring that research findings are widely communicated to policy-makers, practitioners and advocates ● raise the profile of childhood poverty issues and increase the urgency of tackling them through anti-poverty policy and action ● work globally to tackle chronic and childhood poverty in developing and transition countries. Financial support from the Chronic Poverty Research Centre, the UK Department for International Development - DFID - (grant no. R8005), Save the Children UK and the International Save the Children Alliance have made this publication possible and are gratefully acknowledged. For further information and to download all our publications, visit www.childhoodpoverty.org. Acknowledgements Thanks to Rachel Marcus, David Woodward, Howard White and Caroline Harper who provided invaluable comments. The author is responsible for all errors. The views in this paper are those of the author and do not necessarily represent those of CHIP, CPRC, DFID or Save the Children. -
Understanding Very High Rates of Young Child Poverty in the South
Issue BrIef No. 21 Carsey Summer 2010 i n s t i t u t e understanding Very High rates of young Child Poverty in the south M a r y b e t H J. Mattingly and Cat H e r i n e t u r C o t t e - s e a b u r y ore children live in poverty in the rural south than in 2008, the federal poverty threshold for a couple with two in any other region of the country. in 2008, 17 children in the united states was $21,834.3 percent of families with children under age 18 in The very youngest children are particularly vulnerable. Mthe south lived in poverty, according to the american Com- nationally, the poverty rate for children under age 6 has been munity survey (aCs) (see table 1).1 in contrast, an estimated increasing slowly but steadily from 19 percent in 2000 to 21 13 percent of families in the northeast and 14 percent in percent in 2008.4 in the south, where young child poverty the Midwest and West were living below the poverty line. rates are consistently the highest, the percentage of children under age 6 in poverty stood at almost 24 percent in 2008. Poverty is alarmingly high in rural areas and central cities in the south, where nearly one in three children under age 6 now lives in poverty.5 some southern states experience far Key Findings higher rates. in this brief, we outline some of the demograph- • Poverty rates are significantly higher in the South ic patterns associated with high poverty rates among children 6 for all families (11 percent), and for families with in the south. -
Addressing Chronic Poverty and Vulnerability Through Social Assistance in Tanzania: Assessing the Options
Working Paper July 2011 No. 209 Addressing chronic poverty and vulnerability through social assistance in Tanzania: assessing the options Andrew Shepherd Flora Kessy Kate Higgins Lucy Scott What is Chronic Poverty? Eliab Luvanda The distinguishing feature of chronic poverty is extended duration in absolute poverty. Therefore, chronically poor people always, or usually, live below a poverty line, which is normally defined in terms of a money indicator (e.g. consumption, income, etc.), but could also be defined in terms of wider or subjective aspects of deprivation. This is different from the transitorily poor, who move in and out of poverty, or only occasionally fall below the poverty line. Chronic Poverty Research Centre www.chronicpoverty.org ISBN: 978-1-908536-06-8 Addressing chronic poverty and vulnerability through social assistance in Tanzania: assessing the options Abstract Insecurity and vulnerability are widespread in Tanzania. Many people appear trapped in poverty, lacking the resources to participate in growth. Economic growth has not reduced income poverty as expected and upward mobility has become limited. Social transfers can be an important part of a transformative approach to development which can interrupt the exclusion and adverse incorporation which characterises current patterns of development. The many sources of risk and widespread vulnerability, together with the affordability and capacity contexts, create two difficult choices: between running one versus several programmes of social transfers; and between categorical and non-categorical targeting. Social transfers should be able to support the risks poor people have to take to improve their livelihoods, escape poverty and contribute to growth. Transfers should also be capable of addressing the main reasons for impoverishment, which include divorce and business failure.