CHILD POVERTY, EVIDENCE and POLICY Mainstreaming Children in International Development
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Holistic Early Childhood Development Index (HECDI) Framework a Technical Guide Holistic Early Childhood Development Index (HECDI) Framework
Education Sector United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Holistic Early Childhood Development Index (HECDI) Framework A technical guide Holistic Early Childhood Development Index (HECDI) Framework A TECHNICAL GUIDE Published in 2014 by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization 7, place de Fontenoy, 75352 Paris 07 SP, France © UNESCO 2014 All rights reserved The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The ideas and opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors; they are not necessarily those of UNESCO and do not commit the Organization. ED-2014/ws/20 Acknowledgements The HECDI was designed with input from many partners. We gratefully acknowledge the contribution of the following individuals and their organizations: Kate Anderson Simons, Brookings Institution Center for Universal Education and Learning Metrics Task Force; Adem Arkadaş, International Children Centre, Bilkent University (Turkey); Caroline Arnold, Aga Khan Foundation representing the Consultative Group on ECCD; José Ignacio Avalos, Un Kilo de Ayuda; Koli Banik, Global Partnership for Education; Danah Belhoul, PhD candidate at Cambridge University, Founder of Mishka Education Services; Nicole Bella, UNESCO (EFA/GMR); Erin Bresnahan, McGill -
Prevalence of Underweight, Wasting and Stunting Among Young Children with a Significant Cognitive Delay in 47 Low and Middle-Income
Prevalence of Underweight, Wasting and Stunting among Young Children with a Significant Cognitive Delay in 47 Low and Middle-Income Countries Abstract Background Undernutrition in early childhood is associated with a range of negative outcomes across the lifespan. Little is known about the prevalence of exposure to undernutrition among young children with significant cognitive delay. Method Secondary analysis of data collected on 161,188 3 and 4-year-old children in 47 low-income and middle- income countries in Rounds 4-6 of UNICEF’s Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys. Of these, 12.3% (95% CI 11.8% - 12.8%) showed evidence of significant cognitive delay. Results In both middle and low income countries significant cognitive delay was associated with an increased prevalence of exposure to three indicators of undernutrition (underweight, wasting and stunting). Overall, children with significant cognitive delay were more than twice as likely than their peers to be exposed to severe underweight, severe wasting and severe stunting. Among children with significant cognitive delay (and after controlling for country economic classification group), relative household wealth was the strongest and most consistent predictor of exposure to undernutrition. Page 1 of 21 Conclusions Given that undernutrition in early childhood is associated with a range of negative outcomes in later life, it is possible that undernutrition in early childhood may play an important role in accounting for health inequalities and inequities experienced by people with significant cognitive delay in low and middle income countries. Keywords: cognitive delay, developmental delay, intellectual disability, undernutrition, underweight, wasting, stunting, low-income countries, children Page 2 of 21 Introduction Undernutrition has been identified as the largest cause of deaths in children under the age of five globally (World Health Organization 2009). -
Chapter 7 Child Poverty and Well-Being in China in the Era of Economic Reforms and External Opening *
HARNESSING GLOBALISATION FOR CHILDREN: A report to UNICEF Chapter 7 Child poverty and well-being in China in the era of economic reforms and external opening * Lu Aiguo and Wei Zhong Summary: During its period of reforms and openness China has achieved positive results in per capita income growth and poverty reduction. However, there is evidence that the most significant progress in poverty reduction occurred in the early days of reform when openness and trade liberalization were not yet playing a major role. At the same time, increasing income inequality (in particular the inequality between regions and between rural and urban areas) explains the persistence of poverty in the midst of rapid growth and jeopardizes the broad-based growth pattern. The chapter examines the changes in child well-being in China over the last two decades, with poverty as the central focus. Its policy recommendations insist on the role of central government in sustaining the rural economy and “developing the west” to reduce the bias for east-coastal and urban development. Policies to accelerate the establishment of social safety nets, welfare programmes – particularly those targeted at children – and the enforcement of reasonable labour and social standards for small and medium-sized enterprises are also necessary to reinforce the ‘equality’ that is currently in short supply in China. JEL: D63, F43, I31, J13 * This study presents the views of its authors and not the official UNICEF position in this field. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------- CHAPTER 7: CHILD WELL-BEING IN CHINA IN THE ERA OF ECONOMIC REFORMS This is chapter 7 of the overall study “Harnessing Globalisation for Children” edited by Giovanni Andrea Cornia 2 HARNESSING GLOBALISATION FOR CHILDREN: A report to UNICEF 1. -
EADI Policy Paper Series GLOBAL POVERTY REDUCTION: the LAST
EADI Policy Paper Series GLOBAL POVERTY REDUCTION: THE LAST 20 YEARS AND THE NEXT 20 YEARS Andy Sumner1 December 2012 1 Co-Director, King’s International Development Institute, King’s College London. Special thanks for research assistance to Ana-Maria Baban and Joan Okitoi. Executive Summary Progress in poverty reduction under the MDGs . At a global level, indicators for income poverty, gender and water in terms of reduction are ‘on track’ whereas nutrition, primary completion and child mortality are considered ‘off-track’ with maternal mortality being very ‘off-track’. The incidence of income poverty at $1.25 (MDG 1a) has fallen from 43 percent in 1990 to 22 percent in 2008 and is projected to fall to 16 percent in 2015 (according to Chen and Ravallion, 2012; World Bank, 2012:3). However, if China is removed, the total number of people under $1.25 has barely changed since 1990 while the number of people under the $2 poverty line has slightly increased. Changes in the nature of poverty and inequality . Over time global poverty is increasingly becoming a matter of domestic inequality because the majority of the world’s poor by income and multi-dimensional poverty measures now live in countries categorized by the World Bank as middle-income countries. It is important that the discussion of poverty in MICs does not distract from the reality that LICs typically have higher rates of poverty incidence. That said poverty rates in MICs remain surprisingly high given average income and income growth. This new ‘geography of poverty’ (the world’s poor do not live in the world’s poorest countries) raises questions about the usefulness of country classifications and about the types of economic growth that leads some countries to reduce the number of people in extreme poverty and other countries not to. -
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PROGRESS FOR CHILDREN WITH EQUITY IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA © UNICEF/UN041558/Anmar PROGRESS FOR CHILDREN WITH EQUITY IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA February 2017 CONTENTS 1 Foreword 3 Abbreviations 5 Introduction 6 Purpose of the Publication 7 Limitations 8 Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Region at a Glance 11 Overview of Achievements for Children in MENA 13 References 15 Health 16 Progress in Child and Maternal Health 23 Determinants Of Child and Maternal Survival and Health 30 HIV/AIDS and Malaria 33 References 37 Nutrition 38 Progress in Child Nutrition (children under five years of age) 42 Determinants of Undernutrition 45 Exclusive Breastfeeding 47 References 49 Water and Sanitation 50 Progress in the Use of Improved Water Sources and Sanitation 56 References 57 Education 58 Progress in Access and Completion of Education 70 Quality of Education 76 References 79 Child Protection 80 Birth Registration 80 Child Labour 81 Child Marriage 81 Domestic Violence Against Women and Children 81 Homicide and Conflict-Related Deaths 89 References 91 Poverty 92 Monetary Poverty 96 Multidimensional Child Poverty 99 References 101 Data Challenges and Opportunities 102 Challenges 104 Opportunities 105 Annex 1: Data Tables 105 Health 116 Nutrition 121 Water and Sanitation 126 Education 138 Child Protection 142 Poverty 146 Annex 2: SDG Child-Related Goals, Targets and Indicators, and Comparable Data Availability across MENA countries FOREWORD It has been one year since world leaders committed to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), a global agenda to improve the lives of all people, particularly the poorest by 2030. This ambitious global agenda addresses a range of social rights including education, health and social protection. -
Global Poverty: Deprivation, Distribution and Development Since the Cold War by Andy Sumner
Book Review: Global Poverty: Deprivation, Distribution and Development since the Cold War by Andy Sumner blogs.lse.ac.uk/lsereviewofbooks/2017/03/06/book-review-global-poverty-deprivation-distribution-and- development-since-the-cold-war-by-andy-sumner/ 2017-3-6 In Global Poverty: Deprivation, Distribution and Development since the Cold War, Andy Sumner examines the persistence of poverty worldwide despite substantial economic growth, focusing particularly on its occurrence within Middle Income Countries (MICs). While the level of economic analysis may be less accessible to casual readers, this book offers a wealth of data for those considering how to ensure economic policymaking leads to more inclusive development, writes Hansley A. Juliano. Global Poverty: Deprivation, Distribution and Development since the Cold War. Andy Sumner. Oxford University Press. 2016. Find this book: According to the most recent Poverty Overview on the World Bank’s official website, ‘despite the progress made in reducing poverty, the number of people living in extreme poverty globally remains unacceptably high. And given global growth forecasts poverty reduction may not be fast enough to reach the target of ending extreme poverty by 2030.’ It has been argued both by news items and academic analyses that crippling global inequality and the failure of the global neoliberal economic platform have contributed to the resurgence of populist groups and right- wing political parties since the tailend of the 2008 global financial crisis. Golden Dawn in Greece, Front National in France, the triumph of the ‘Leave’ campaign in the United Kingdom as well as the gung-ho presidencies of Rodrigo Duterte in the Philippines and Donald J. -
Child Poverty in TANZANIA
THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA Child Poverty in TANZANIA Report based on 2014/2015 National Panel Survey SUMMARY REPORT Copyright © National Bureau of Statistics [Tanzania] and United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), 2018 Cover photo: © UNICEF Tanzania/Kate Holt Suggested citation: National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) and United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). 2018. Child Poverty in Tanzania based on 2014/2015 National Panel Survey – Summary Report: September 2018. Dar es Salaam: NBS and UNICEF. THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA Child Poverty in Tanzania Report based on 2014/2015 National Panel Survey SUMMARY REPORT National Bureau of Statistics and United Nations Children’s Fund Dar es Salaam, Tanzania December 2018 CHILD POVERTY IN TANZANIA | REPORT BASED ON 2014/2015 NATIONAL PANEL SURVEY i ii SUMMARY REPORT TABLE OF CONTENTS Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................ iv Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................... v Foreword .................................................................................................................................. vii Defi nition of key concepts ....................................................................................................... ix Background ................................................................................................................................ 1 Multidimensional poverty -
Child Poverty, Unintentional Injuries and Foodborne Illness: Are Low-Income Children at Greater Risk?
Prepared by Consumer Federation of America Sponsored by Underwriters Laboratories Inc. June 2013 CHILD POVERTY, UNINTENTIONAL INJURIES AND FOODBORNE ILLNESS Are Low-Income Children at Greater Risk? This report was prepared by the Consumer Federation of America (CFA). CFA is a non-profit association of nearly 300 consumer organizations that was founded in 1968 to advance the consumer interest through research, advocacy, and education. Since then, it has taken leadership on product safety and food safety issues by initiating and helping maintain coalitions and organizations such as Advocates for Highway and Auto Safety and the Safe Food Coalition, preparing and distributing numerous publications includingThe Product Safety Book, and successfully supporting numerous public policies to establish new consumer protections and strengthen federal safety agencies.The opinions and conclusions contained in this report are solely those of CFA. For more information, go to consumerfed.org. The report was sponsored by UL (Underwriters Laboratories Inc.). UL is a premier global independent safety science company with more than 118 years of history. Employing more than 10,000 professionals with customers in over 100 countries, UL has five distinct business units – Product Safety, Environment, Life & Health, Knowledge Services, andVerification Services – to meet the expanding needs of our customers and to deliver on our public safety mission. For more information on UL’s family of companies and network of 95 laboratory, testing, and certification facilities, go to UL.com. Introduction Unintentional injuries represent the leading cause of death for children between the ages of one and fourteen. They are responsible for approximately 5,000 child deaths, about 5 million child emergency room visits, and millions of unreported injuries each year. -
Contexts, Politics and Processes for a Post-2015 Global Agreement on Development
After 2015 Contexts, politics and processes for a post-2015 global agreement on development Claire Melamed 4 January 2012 Acknowledgements Thanks to Alex Evans, Andy Sumner and Bhumika Muchhala who contributed background papers, data and other information for this report. Thanks to Ruth Levine, Paul Rosenberg and other staff from the Hewlett Foundation for comments on an earlier draft, and to Chloe O’Gara for useful inputs throughout. Thanks to the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation for funding this research. Overseas Development Institute Disclaimer: The views presented in this paper 111 Westminster Bridge Road are those of the author(s) and do not London SE1 7JD, UK necessarily represent the views of ODI or our partners. Tel: +44 (0)20 7922 0300 Fax: +44 (0)20 7922 0399 www.odi.org.uk After 2015 - Contexts, politics and processes for a post-2015 global agreement on development Contents Executive summary 1 1 How did we get here? A brief history of the MDGs 2 1.1 Strengths and weaknesses of the MDG framework 5 2 What’s the problem? Poverty in 2015 10 2.1 Summary of Progress on key MDGs, 1990-2015 10 2.2 MDG 1: Behind the global figures on incomes 13 2.3 MDGs 2-7: Behind the global figures on health, nutrition, education and sanitation 14 2.4 Inequalities in MDG achievement 16 2.5 MDG 8: progress on a global partnership for development 17 2.6 Have the MDGs made a difference to poverty? Error! Bookmark not defined. 2.7 New poverty problems since the 1990s 19 2.8 What will poverty look like in 2015? 25 2.9 New thinking about poverty since -
Poverty and Child Health in the United States COUNCIL on COMMUNITY PEDIATRICS
POLICY STATEMENT Organizational Principles to Guide and Define the Child Health Care System and/or Improve the Health of all Children Poverty and Child Health in the United States COUNCIL ON COMMUNITY PEDIATRICS Almost half of young children in the United States live in poverty or near abstract poverty. The American Academy of Pediatrics is committed to reducing and ultimately eliminating child poverty in the United States. Poverty and related social determinants of health can lead to adverse health outcomes in childhood and across the life course, negatively affecting physical health, socioemotional development, and educational achievement. The American Academy of Pediatrics advocates for programs and policies that have been shown to improve the quality of life and health outcomes for children and families living in poverty. With an awareness and understanding of the effects of poverty on children, pediatricians and other pediatric health practitioners in a family-centered medical home can assess the fi nancial stability of families, link families to resources, and coordinate care with community partners. Further research, advocacy, and continuing education This document is copyrighted and is property of the American Academy of Pediatrics and its Board of Directors. All authors have will improve the ability of pediatricians to address the social determinants fi led confl ict of interest statements with the American Academy of Pediatrics. Any confl icts have been resolved through a process of health when caring for children who live in poverty. Accompanying this approved by the Board of Directors. The American Academy of policy statement is a technical report that describes current knowledge on Pediatrics has neither solicited nor accepted any commercial involvement in the development of the content of this publication. -
The Vicious Cycle: Poor Children, Risky Lives
University of New Hampshire University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository The University Dialogue Discovery Program 2008 The vicious cycle: poor children, risky lives Bruce L. Mallory University of New Hampshire, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholars.unh.edu/discovery_ud Part of the Family, Life Course, and Society Commons, and the Work, Economy and Organizations Commons Recommended Citation Mallory, Bruce L., "The vicious cycle: poor children, risky lives" (2008). The University Dialogue. 40. https://scholars.unh.edu/discovery_ud/40 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Discovery Program at University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in The University Dialogue by an authorized administrator of University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Vicious Cycle: Poor Children, Risky Lives Bruce L. Mallory Education Department Provost and Executive Vice President t first blush, New Hampshire would seem the state are eligible to receive a free or reduced price to be a great place for children, parents, and lunch at school (a reasonable proxy for overall com- families, and in many ways it is. The state is munity economic status). But almost all (83 percent) Atypically ranked among the most affluent, most healthy, of children at one Manchester elementary school are least crowded, most scenic, and most educated of all eligible, two-thirds of children at a Rochester elemen- states in the nation. The average per capita income in tary school are eligible, and over half of the children New Hampshire has consistently been in the top ten. -
Progress in Child Well-Being: Building on What Works
PROGRESS IN CHILD WELL-BEING Building on what works Save the Children works in more than 120 countries. We save children’s lives. We fight for their rights. We help them fulfil their potential. Acknowledgements This report was commissioned from the Overseas Development Institute It should be noted that Save the Children and UNICEF made a number (ODI) by Save the Children and UNICEF. It was written by Rachel Marcus, of factual edits to the report before publication. They also edited the Paola Pereznieto, Erin Cullen and Patrick Carter at the ODI. The ODI executive summary. authors would like to thank Andrea Locatelli, Hanna Alder, Evie Browne and Chloe Brett for their research assistance during the development of Disclaimer: The views presented in this paper are those of the author(s) this report and Nicola Jones for very helpful peer review comments. and do not necessarily represent the views of ODI, Save the Children or UNICEF. Published by Save the Children 1 St John’s Lane London EC1M 4AR UK +44 (0)20 7012 6400 savethechildren.org.uk First published 2012 © The Save the Children Fund 2012 The Save the Children Fund is a charity registered in England and Wales (213890) and Scotland (SC039570). Registered company no. 178159 This publication is copyright, but may be reproduced by any method without fee or prior permission for teaching purposes, but not for resale. For copying in any other circumstances, prior written permission must be obtained from the publisher, and a fee may be payable. Cover photo: [???] (Photo: [???]) Typeset by Grasshopper