DOCSLIB.ORG

Subchapter B—Food for Human Consumption (Continued)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Subchapter B—Food for Human Consumption (Continued) SUBCHAPTER B—FOOD FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION (CONTINUED) PART 170—FOOD ADDITIVES 170.106 Notification for a food contact sub- stance formulation (NFCSF). Subpart A—General Provisions Subpart E—Generally Recognized as Safe Sec. (GRAS) Notice 170.3 Definitions. 170.203 Definitions. 170.6 Opinion letters on food additive sta- 170.205 Opportunity to submit a GRAS no- tus. tice. 170.10 Food additives in standardized foods. 170.210 How to send your GRAS notice to 170.15 Adoption of regulation on initiative FDA. of Commissioner. 170.215 Incorporation into a GRAS notice. 170.17 Exemption for investigational use 170.220 General requirements applicable to a and procedure for obtaining authoriza- GRAS notice. tion to market edible products from ex- 170.225 Part 1 of a GRAS notice: Signed perimental animals. statements and certification. 170.18 Tolerances for related food additives. 170.230 Part 2 of a GRAS notice: Identity, 170.19 Pesticide chemicals in processed method of manufacture, specifications, foods. and physical or technical effect. Subpart B—Food Additive Safety 170.235 Part 3 of a GRAS notice: Dietary ex- posure. 170.20 General principles for evaluating the 170.240 Part 4 of a GRAS notice: Self-lim- safety of food additives. iting levels of use. 170.22 Safety factors to be considered. 170.245 Part 5 of a GRAS notice: Experience 170.30 Eligibility for classification as gen- based on common use in food before 1958. erally recognized as safe (GRAS). 170.250 Part 6 of a GRAS notice: Narrative. 170.35 Affirmation of generally recognized 170.255 Part 7 of a GRAS notice: List of sup- as safe (GRAS) status. porting data and information in your 170.38 Determination of food additive sta- GRAS notice. tus. 170.260 Steps you may take before FDA re- 170.39 Threshold of regulation for sub- sponds to your GRAS notice. stances used in food-contact articles. 170.265 What FDA will do with a GRAS no- tice. Subpart C—Specific Administrative Rulings 170.270 Procedures that apply when the in- and Decisions tended conditions of use of a notified substance include use in a product or 170.45 Fluorine-containing compounds. products subject to regulation by the 170.50 Glycine (aminoacetic acid) in food for Food Safety and Inspection Service human consumption. (FSIS) of the United States Department 170.60 Nitrites and/or nitrates in curing pre- of Agriculture. mixes. 170.275 Public disclosure of a GRAS notice. 170.280 Submission of a supplement. Subpart D—Premarket Notifications 170.285 Disposition of pending GRAS affir- mation petitions. 170.100 Submission of a premarket notifica- tion for a food contact substance (FCN) AUTHORITY: 21 U.S.C. 321, 341, 342, 346a, 348, to the Food and Drug Administration 371. (FDA). SOURCE: 42 FR 14483, Mar. 15, 1977, unless 170.101 Information in a premarket notifica- otherwise noted. tion for a food contact substance (FCN). 170.102 Confidentiality of information in a EDITORIAL NOTE: Nomenclature changes to premarket notification for a food contact part 170 appear at 66 FR 56035, Nov. 6, 2001 substance (FCN). and 69 FR 13717, Mar. 24, 2004. 170.103 Withdrawal without prejudice of a premarket notification for a food contact Subpart A—General Provisions substance (FCN). 170.104 Action on a premarket notification § 170.3 Definitions. for a food contact substance (FCN). 170.105 The Food and Drug Administration’s For the purposes of this subchapter, (FDA’s) determination that a premarket the following definitions apply: notification for a food contact substance (a) Secretary means the Secretary of (FCN) is no longer effective. Health and Human Services. 5 VerDate Sep<11>2014 11:35 Jun 28, 2017 Jkt 241072 PO 00000 Frm 00015 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:\SGML\241072.XXX 241072 pmangrum on DSK3GDR082PROD with CFR § 170.3 21 CFR Ch. I (4–1–17 Edition) (b) Department means the Department substance for food use by a significant of Health and Human Services. number of consumers. (c) Commissioner means the Commis- (g) The word substance in the defini- sioner of Food and Drugs. tion of the term ‘‘food additive’’ in- (d) As used in this part, the term act cludes a food or food component con- means the Federal Food, Drug, and sisting of one or more ingredients. Cosmetic Act approved June 25, 1936, 52 (h) Scientific procedures include the Stat. 1040 et seq., as amended (21 U.S.C. application of scientific data (includ- 301–392). ing, as appropriate, data from human, (e)(1) Food additives includes all sub- animal, analytical, or other scientific stances not exempted by section 201(s) studies), information, and methods, of the act, the intended use of which whether published or unpublished, as results or may reasonably be expected well as the application of scientific to result, directly or indirectly, either principles, appropriate to establish the in their becoming a component of food or otherwise affecting the characteris- safety of a substance under the condi- tics of food. A material used in the pro- tions of its intended use. duction of containers and packages is (i) Safe or safety means that there is subject to the definition if it may rea- a reasonable certainty in the minds of sonably be expected to become a com- competent scientists that the sub- ponent, or to affect the characteristics, stance is not harmful under the condi- directly or indirectly, of food packed in tions of its intended use. It is impos- the container. ‘‘Affecting the charac- sible in the present state of scientific teristics of food’’ does not include such knowledge to establish with complete physical effects, as protecting contents certainty the absolute harmlessness of of packages, preserving shape, and pre- the use of any substance. Safety may venting moisture loss. If there is no be determined by scientific procedures migration of a packaging component or by general recognition of safety. In from the package to the food, it does determining safety, the following fac- not become a component of the food tors shall be considered: and thus is not a food additive. A sub- (1) The probable consumption of the stance that does not become a compo- substance and of any substance formed nent of food, but that is used, for exam- in or on food because of its use. ple, in preparing an ingredient of the (2) The cumulative effect of the sub- food to give a different flavor, texture, stance in the diet, taking into account or other characteristic in the food, any chemically or pharmacologically may be a food additive. related substance or substances in such (2) Uses of food additives not requiring diet. a listing regulation. Use of a substance (3) Safety factors which, in the opin- in a food contact article (e.g., food- ion of experts qualified by scientific packaging or food-processing equip- training and experience to evaluate the ment) whereby the substance migrates, safety of food and food ingredients, are or may reasonably be expected to mi- generally recognized as appropriate. grate, into food at such levels that the use has been exempted from regulation (j) The term nonperishable processed as a food additive under § 170.39, and food means any processed food not sub- food contact substances used in accord- ject to rapid decay or deterioration ance with a notification submitted that would render it unfit for consump- under section 409(h) of the act that is tion. Examples are flour, sugar, cere- effective. als, packaged cookies, and crackers. (3) A food contact substance is any sub- Not included are hermetically sealed stance that is intended for use as a foods or manufactured dairy products component of materials used in manu- and other processed foods requiring re- facturing, packing, packaging, trans- frigeration. porting, or holding food if such use is (k) General recognition of safety shall not intended to have any technical ef- be in accordance with § 170.30. fect in such food. (l) Prior sanction means an explicit (f) Common use in food means a sub- approval granted with respect to use of stantial history of consumption of a a substance in food prior to September 6 VerDate Sep<11>2014 11:35 Jun 28, 2017 Jkt 241072 PO 00000 Frm 00016 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:\SGML\241072.XXX 241072 pmangrum on DSK3GDR082PROD with CFR Food and Drug Administration, HHS § 170.3 6, 1958, by the Food and Drug Adminis- (8) Condiments and relishes, includ- tration or the United States Depart- ing plain seasoning sauces and spreads, ment of Agriculture pursuant to the olives, pickles, and relishes, but not Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, spices or herbs. the Poultry Products Inspection Act, (9) Confections and frostings, includ- or the Meat Inspection Act. ing candy and flavored frostings, (m) Food includes human food, sub- marshmallows, baking chocolate, and stances migrating to food from food- brown, lump, rock, maple, powdered, contact articles, pet food, and animal and raw sugars. feed. (10) Dairy product analogs, including (n) The following general food cat- nondairy milk, frozen or liquid cream- egories are established to group spe- ers, coffee whiteners, toppings, and cific related foods together for the pur- other nondairy products. pose of establishing tolerances or limi- (11) Egg products, including liquid, tations for the use of direct human frozen, or dried eggs, and egg dishes food ingredients. Individual food prod- made therefrom, i.e., egg roll, egg foo ucts will be included within these cat- young, egg salad, and frozen multi- egories according to the detailed clas- course egg meals, but not fresh eggs. sifications lists contained in Exhibit (12) Fats and oils, including mar- 33B of the report of the National Acad- garine, dressings for salads, butter, emy of Sciences/National Research salad oils, shortenings and cooking Council report, ‘‘A Comprehensive Sur- oils.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Tariff Schedules of the United States Alphabetical Index
    TARIFF SCHEDULES OF THE UNITED STATES ALPHABETICAL INDEX 447 TARIFF SCHEDULES OF THE UNITED STATES 449 References to References to Tariff Schedules Tariff Schedules A ABACA 30U.02-0U ACID(S) —Continued ABRASIVES AND ABRASIVE ARTICEES Sch 5 Ft IG fatty, of animal or vegetable origin—Con. abrasive wheels mounted on frameworks, salts of— hand or pedal operated 6i<9.39 quaternary ammonium 1+65.15-20 nspf 519.81-86 sodium and potassium 1+65.25-30 ACCESSORIES (see PARTS, specific article of other 1+90.30-50 which accessory, or name of accessory) gluconic, and its compounds 1+37-51-52 ACCORDIONS 725.1U-16 glycerophosphoric, and its compounds 1+37.51+ ACCOUNTING MACHINES incorporating calculating inorganic 1+16.05-1+0 mechanism 676.1S-25 organic, including halogenated, hydroxy, ACENAPHTHENE li01.02 sulfonated and other substituted and ACETALDEHIDE U27.U0 unsubstituted acids 1+25-70-98 ACETALS ii29.00 monohydric alcohol esters of 1+28+50-72 ACETANILIDE— polyhydric alcohol esters of 1+28.30-1+6 suitable for medicinal use U07.02 salts of I+26.IO-I+27.28 other k03.60 salicylic— ACETATE(S) — suitable for medicinal use 1+07.12 amyl lt28.SO other 1+03-60 benzyl 1+08.05 tannic, containing of tannic acid— butyl 1+28.52 under 50 percent 1+25.98 calcium 1+26.10 50 percent or more 1+37-68-69 cellulose 1+1+5.20 ACONITE 1+35-05-10 copper 1+26.28 ACRIDINE 1+01.01+ ethyl 1+28.58 ACRTLATES AND METHACRTLATES 1+28.62-66 lead 1+26.36 ACRYIIC RESINS 1+1+5.05 nickel 1+26.58 ACRTLONITRILE— 1+25.00 sodium 1+26.86 resins l+i+5.10 vinyl 1+28.68 ACTIVATED CLAY 521.87 Other
    [Show full text]
  • Electrophysiological and Behavioral Characterization Of
    Deletre et al. Parasites & Vectors (2015) 8:316 DOI 10.1186/s13071-015-0934-y RESEARCH Open Access Electrophysiological and behavioral characterization of bioactive compounds of the Thymus vulgaris, Cymbopogon winterianus, Cuminum cyminum and Cinnamomum zeylanicum essential oils against Anopheles gambiae and prospects for their use as bednet treatments Emilie Deletre1* , Fabrice Chandre2, Livy Williams3, Claire Duménil1, Chantal Menut4 and Thibaud Martin1,5 Abstract Background: Laboratory and field studies showed that repellent, irritant and toxic actions of common public health insecticides reduce human-vector contact and thereby interrupt disease transmission. One of the more effective strategies to reduce disease risk involves the use of long-lasting treated bednets. However, development of insecticide resistance in mosquito populations makes it imperative to find alternatives to these insecticides. Our previous study identified four essential oils as alternatives to pyrethroids: Thymus vulgaris, Cymbopogon winterianus, Cuminum cyminum, Cinnamomum zeylanicum. The objectives of this study were to identify active compounds of these essential oils, to characterize their biological activity, and to examine their potential as a treatment for bednets. Methods: We evaluated the electrophysiological, behavioural (repellency, irritancy) and toxic effects of the major compounds of these oils against Anopheles gambiae strain ‘Kisumu’. Results: Aldehydes elicited the strongest responses and monoterpenes the weakest responses in electroantennogram (EAG) trials. However, EAG responses did not correlate consistently with results of behavioral assays. In behavioral and toxicity studies, several of the single compounds did exhibit repellency, irritancy or toxicity in An. gambiae; however, the activity of essential oils did not always correlate with activity expected from the major components. On the contrary, the biological activity of essential oils appeared complex, suggesting interactions between individual compounds and the insect under study.
    [Show full text]
  • Distribution of Sales of Manufacturing Plants
    SALESF O MANUFACTURING PLANTS: 1929 5 amounts h ave in most instances been deducted from the h eading, however, are not representative of the the total sales figure. Only in those instances where total amount of wholesaling done by the manufacturers. the figure for contract work would have disclosed data 17. I nterplant transfers—The amounts reported for individual establishments, has this amount been under this heading represent the value of goods trans left in the sales figure. ferred from one plant of a company to another plant 15. I nventory.—The amounts reported under this of the same company, the goods so transferred being head representing greater production than sales, or used by the plant to which they were transferred as conversely, greater sales than goods produced, are so material for further processing or fabrication, as con— listed only for purposes of reconciling sales figures to tainers, or as parts of finished products. production figures, and should not be regarded as 18. S ales not distributed.—In some industries, actual inventories. certain manufacturing plants were unable to classify 16. W holesaling—In addition to the sale of goods their sales by types of customers. The total distrib— of their own manufacture, some companies buy and uted sales figures for these industries do not include sell goods not made by them. In many instances, the sales of such manufacturing plants. In such manufacturers have included the sales of such goods instances, however, the amount of sales not distributed in their total sales. The amounts reported under is shown in Table 3.
    [Show full text]
  • The Development of the Periodic Table and Its Consequences Citation: J
    Firenze University Press www.fupress.com/substantia The Development of the Periodic Table and its Consequences Citation: J. Emsley (2019) The Devel- opment of the Periodic Table and its Consequences. Substantia 3(2) Suppl. 5: 15-27. doi: 10.13128/Substantia-297 John Emsley Copyright: © 2019 J. Emsley. This is Alameda Lodge, 23a Alameda Road, Ampthill, MK45 2LA, UK an open access, peer-reviewed article E-mail: [email protected] published by Firenze University Press (http://www.fupress.com/substantia) and distributed under the terms of the Abstract. Chemistry is fortunate among the sciences in having an icon that is instant- Creative Commons Attribution License, ly recognisable around the world: the periodic table. The United Nations has deemed which permits unrestricted use, distri- 2019 to be the International Year of the Periodic Table, in commemoration of the 150th bution, and reproduction in any medi- anniversary of the first paper in which it appeared. That had been written by a Russian um, provided the original author and chemist, Dmitri Mendeleev, and was published in May 1869. Since then, there have source are credited. been many versions of the table, but one format has come to be the most widely used Data Availability Statement: All rel- and is to be seen everywhere. The route to this preferred form of the table makes an evant data are within the paper and its interesting story. Supporting Information files. Keywords. Periodic table, Mendeleev, Newlands, Deming, Seaborg. Competing Interests: The Author(s) declare(s) no conflict of interest. INTRODUCTION There are hundreds of periodic tables but the one that is widely repro- duced has the approval of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) and is shown in Fig.1.
    [Show full text]
  • Elemental Fluorine Product Information (Pdf)
    Elemental Fluorine Contents 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 4 2.1 Technical Application of Fluorine ............................................................................. 5 2.2 Electronic Application of Fluorine ........................................................................... 7 2.3 Fluorine On-Site Plant ............................................................................................ 8 3 Specifications ............................................................................................................ 9 4 Safety ...................................................................................................................... 10 4.1 Maintenance of the F2 system .............................................................................. 12 4.2 First Aid ................................................................................................................ 13 5.1 Chemical Properties ............................................................................................. 14 5.2 Physical Data ....................................................................................................... 15 6 Toxicity .................................................................................................................... 18 7 Shipping and Transport ........................................................................................... 20 8 Environment ...........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • FEMA GRAS 29 December 2019 SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION 1
    SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION 1: Identity for Natural Flavor Complexes as Evaluated by the Expert Panel The Identification Description as Reviewed by the FEMA FEMA No.1 FEMA Primary Name Expert Panel Rebaudioside M ≥80%; Rebaudioside D 5-20%; Total 4895 Rebaudioside M steviol glycosides ≥95%. Glutamic acid 35-40%; Other amino acids 1-2%; Total Corynebacterium glutamicum corn nitrogen 6-7%; Aliphatic primary alcohols, aldehydes, 4907 syrup fermentation product carboxylic acids, acetals and esters containing additional oxygenated functional groups 1-2%; Minerals 9-11% Inosine 5´-monophosphate 20-25%; Amino acids 7-8%; Corynebacterium stationis corn 4908 Minerals 23-25%; water 28-37%; Other nucleotides 1-2%; syrup fermentation product Total nitrogen 5-8% Supraglucosylated steviol glycosides 70-80%; Rebaudioside Glucosylated steviol glycosides, 4909 A 14-20%; Steviol glycosides not further glucosylated, each 70-80% individually, not to exceed 3%; Maltodextrin 3-10% Supraglucosylated steviol glycosides 30-40%; Rebaudioside Glucosylated steviol glycosides, A 5-8%; Not more than 4% stevioside; All other individual 4910 40% steviol glycosides not further glucosylated <3%; Maltodextrin 45-60% Stevioside 70-80%; Rebaudioside A 13-18%; Steviobioside 1- 3%; Rebaudioside C 2-3%; Total glycosides (including 4911 Stevia extract stevioside, 70% Rebaudioside D, Rebaudioside B, Rebaudioside F, Dulcoside A, and Rubusoside) <3% Derived from hibiscus blossom calyces (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) , Hibiscus blossom extract is measured as water 30-60%; 4912 Hibiscus
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Various Fluorine Compounds on the Albino Rat
    University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Masters Theses Graduate School 8-1948 Effects of Various Fluorine Compounds on the Albino Rat Robert Floyd Pevahouse University of Tennessee - Knoxville Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes Part of the Animal Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Pevahouse, Robert Floyd, "Effects of Various Fluorine Compounds on the Albino Rat. " Master's Thesis, University of Tennessee, 1948. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/3073 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Robert Floyd Pevahouse entitled "Effects of Various Fluorine Compounds on the Albino Rat." I have examined the final electronic copy of this thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science, with a major in Animal Science. Charles S. Hobbs, Major Professor We have read this thesis and recommend its acceptance: Sam L. Hansard, Marshall C. Hervey, & Ollia E. Goff Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) · June 17, 1948 To the Committee on Graduate Study : I am submitting to you a thesis written by Robert Floyd Pevahouse entitle d "Effects of Various Fluorine Comp ounds on the Albino Rat ." I rec ommend that it be accepted for nine quarter hours credit in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Mas ter of Science, with a major in Animal Husbandry.
    [Show full text]
  • WO 2017/176974 Al 12 October 2017 (12.10.2017) P O P C T
    (12) INTERNATIONAL APPLICATION PUBLISHED UNDER THE PATENT COOPERATION TREATY (PCT) (19) World Intellectual Property Organization International Bureau (10) International Publication Number (43) International Publication Date WO 2017/176974 Al 12 October 2017 (12.10.2017) P O P C T (51) International Patent Classification: (81) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every C07C 219/06 (2006.01) C07C 229/04 (2006.01) kind of national protection available): AE, AG, AL, AM, C07C 219/08 (2006.01) AO, AT, AU, AZ, BA, BB, BG, BH, BN, BR, BW, BY, BZ, CA, CH, CL, CN, CO, CR, CU, CZ, DE, DJ, DK, DM, (21) Number: International Application DO, DZ, EC, EE, EG, ES, FI, GB, GD, GE, GH, GM, GT, PCT/US20 17/026320 HN, HR, HU, ID, IL, IN, IR, IS, JP, KE, KG, KH, KN, (22) International Filing Date: KP, KR, KW, KZ, LA, LC, LK, LR, LS, LU, LY, MA, 6 April 2017 (06.04.2017) MD, ME, MG, MK, MN, MW, MX, MY, MZ, NA, NG, NI, NO, NZ, OM, PA, PE, PG, PH, PL, PT, QA, RO, RS, (25) Filing Language: English RU, RW, SA, SC, SD, SE, SG, SK, SL, SM, ST, SV, SY, (26) Publication Language: English TH, TJ, TM, TN, TR, TT, TZ, UA, UG, US, UZ, VC, VN, ZA, ZM, ZW. (30) Priority Data: 62/3 19,089 6 April 2016 (06.04.2016) US (84) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every 62/398,732 23 September 2016 (23.09.2016) US kind of regional protection available): ARIPO (BW, GH, GM, KE, LR, LS, MW, MZ, NA, RW, SD, SL, ST, SZ, (71) Applicant: OHIO STATE INNOVATION FOUNDA¬ TZ, UG, ZM, ZW), Eurasian (AM, AZ, BY, KG, KZ, RU, TION [US/US]; 1524 North High Street, Columbus, Ohio TJ, TM), European (AL, AT, BE, BG, CH, CY, CZ, DE, 43201 (US).
    [Show full text]
  • New Natural Agonists of the Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin 1 (TRPA1
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN New natural agonists of the transient receptor potential Ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) channel Coline Legrand, Jenny Meylan Merlini, Carole de Senarclens‑Bezençon & Stéphanie Michlig* The transient receptor potential (TRP) channels family are cationic channels involved in various physiological processes as pain, infammation, metabolism, swallowing function, gut motility, thermoregulation or adipogenesis. In the oral cavity, TRP channels are involved in chemesthesis, the sensory chemical transduction of spicy ingredients. Among them, TRPA1 is activated by natural molecules producing pungent, tingling or irritating sensations during their consumption. TRPA1 can be activated by diferent chemicals found in plants or spices such as the electrophiles isothiocyanates, thiosulfnates or unsaturated aldehydes. TRPA1 has been as well associated to various physiological mechanisms like gut motility, infammation or pain. Cinnamaldehyde, its well known potent agonist from cinnamon, is reported to impact metabolism and exert anti-obesity and anti-hyperglycemic efects. Recently, a structurally similar molecule to cinnamaldehyde, cuminaldehyde was shown to possess anti-obesity and anti-hyperglycemic efect as well. We hypothesized that both cinnamaldehyde and cuminaldehyde might exert this metabolic efects through TRPA1 activation and evaluated the impact of cuminaldehyde on TRPA1. The results presented here show that cuminaldehyde activates TRPA1 as well. Additionally, a new natural agonist of TRPA1, tiglic aldehyde, was identifed
    [Show full text]
  • Investigation of Supramolecular Assemblies Based on De Novo Coiled Coil Peptidic Scaffolds
    Investigation of supramolecular assemblies based on de novo coiled coil peptidic scaffolds Inaugural-Dissertation To obtain the academic degree Doctor rerum naturalium (Dr. rer. nat) Submitted to the Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy of Freie Universität Berlin by Ana Rita de Lima Fernandes First reviewer: Prof. Dr. Beate Koksch (Freie Universität Berlin) Second reviewer: Prof. Dr. Kevin Pagel (Freie Universität Berlin) Disputation: 17.09.2019 iii Declaration This PhD thesis was carried out from April 2015 to April 2019 under supervision of Prof. Dr. Beate Koksch at the Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry in the Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy of Freie Universität Berlin. I declare that this PhD thesis was prepared autonomously. Third party content, quotes or images are referred to the original work. Additional contributions are: ▪ Electron microscopy studies were acquired by PD Dr. Christoph Böttcher and Dorian Mikolajczak at the BioSupraMol core facility of Freie Universität Berlin (Germany). ▪ UV-vis absorbance and fluorescence studies were performed in collaboration with Dr. Hans von Berlepsch. ▪ Infrared nano-spectroscopy were performed by Katerina Kanevche and Emanuel Pfitzner from the Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin. ▪ Computational modelling was performed by Natalia Ernst and PD Dr. Marcus Weber from the Zuse Institute Berlin (ZIB), Takustrasse 7, 14195 Berlin. ▪ 19F MRI was performed by Dr. Sonia Waiczies and Dr. Min-Chi Ku from the Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany. v Publications Vukelić, S., Moschner, J., Huhmann, S., Fernandes, R., Berger, A.A., and Koksch, B., Synthesis of side-chain fluorinated amino acids and their effects on the properties of peptides and proteins, in Modern Synthesis Processes and Reactivity of Fluorinated Compounds: Progress in Fluorine Science, 1st Ed., 2016.
    [Show full text]
  • Chemistry of the Noble Gases*
    CHEMISTRY OF THE NOBLE GASES* By Professor K. K. GREE~woon , :.\I.Sc., sc.D .. r".lU.C. University of N ewca.stle 1tpon Tyne The inert gases, or noble gases as they are elements were unsuccessful, and for over now more appropriately called, are a remark­ 60 years they epitomized chemical inertness. able group of elements. The lightest, helium, Indeed, their electron configuration, s2p6, was recognized in the gases of the sun before became known as 'the stable octet,' and this it was isolated on ea.rth as its name (i]A.tos) fotmed the basis of the fit·st electronic theory implies. The first inert gas was isolated in of valency in 1916. Despite this, many 1895 by Ramsay and Rayleigh; it was named people felt that it should be possible to induce argon (apy6s, inert) and occurs to the extent the inert gases to form compounds, and many of 0·93% in the earth's atmosphere. The of the early experiments directed to this end other gases were all isolated before the turn have recently been reviewed.l of the century and were named neon (v€ov, There were several reasons why chemists new), krypton (KpVn'TOV, hidden), xenon believed that the inert gases might form ~€vov, stmnger) and radon (radioactive chemical compounds under the correct con­ emanation). Though they occur much less ditions. For example, the ionization poten­ abundantly than argon they cannot strictly tial of xenon is actually lower than those of be called rare gases; this can be illustrated hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, fl uorine and by calculating the volumes occupied a.t s.t.p.
    [Show full text]
  • What's a Tree Done for You Lately?
    What’s a Tree Done For You Lately? Some common products we get from trees and how they are made Scott Leavengood Director, Oregon Wood Innovation Center, Oregon State University This publication is on-line at http://owic.oregons tate.edu/teachers.php Introduction Products from trees are all around us. Some items are easy to recognize as products we get from trees - This publication will serve as valuable lumber, plywood, and paper, for example. Other background material for several activities in the items such as cellophane, a rayon scarf, and a Project Learning Tree (PLT) Pre K-8 chocolate bar, may not be as easy to recognize as a Environmental Education Activity Guide (1993, product from trees. American Forest Foundation, Washington, D.C.). In particular, the publication is well- This publication will help educators teach students suited to activities 12 and 13, Tree Treasures, about the variety of products we obtain from trees and We All Need Trees, respectively. and how the products are made. It serves as a reference for anyone who wants to know more Number 12 - Tree Treasures about products we obtain from trees. Objectives: 1) identify and categorize products derived from Products from trees may be categorized as: trees, 2) find out which forest products are recyclable • products from wood fiber - for example, paper or reusable, and products and purified cellulose products (rayon, 3) recommend actions for conserving forest cellophane, food additives, and resources. pharmaceuticals); Number 13 - We All Need Trees • products derived
    [Show full text]