Acting Prime Ministers
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The Wilson Doctrine Pat Strickland
BRIEFING PAPER Number 4258, 19 June 2015 By Cheryl Pilbeam The Wilson Doctrine Pat Strickland Inside: 1. Introduction 2. Historical background 3. The Wilson doctrine 4. Prison surveillance 5. Damian Green 6. The NSA files and metadata 7. Labour MPs: police monitoring www.parliament.uk/commons-library | intranet.parliament.uk/commons-library | [email protected] | @commonslibrary Number 4258, 19 June 2015 2 Contents Summary 3 1. Introduction 4 2. Historical background 4 3. The Wilson doctrine 5 3.1 Criticism of the Wilson doctrine 6 4. Prison surveillance 9 4.1 Alleged events at Woodhill prison 9 4.2 Recording of prisoner’s telephone calls – 2006-2012 10 5. Damian Green 12 6. The NSA files and metadata 13 6.1 Prism 13 6.2 Tempora and metadata 14 Legal challenges 14 7. Labour MPs: police monitoring 15 Cover page image copyright: Chamber-070 by UK Parliament image. Licensed under CC BY 2.0 / image cropped 3 The Wilson Doctrine Summary The convention that MPs’ communications should not be intercepted by police or security services is known as the ‘Wilson Doctrine’. It is named after the former Prime Minister Harold Wilson who established the rule in 1966. According to the Times on 18 November 1966, some MPs were concerned that the security services were tapping their telephones. In November 1966, in response to a number of parliamentary questions, Harold Wilson made a statement in the House of Commons saying that MPs phones would not be tapped. More recently, successive Interception of Communications Commissioners have recommended that the forty year convention which has banned the interception of MPs’ communications should be lifted, on the grounds that legislation governing interception has been introduced since 1966. -
Letter to Home Secretary.Pdf
62 Britton Street London EC1M 5UY United Kingdom Phone +44 (0)20 3422 4321 www.privacyinternational.org Rt Hon Sajid Javid MP Home Secretary Home Office 2 Marsham Street London SW1P 4DF Sent by email: [email protected] CC: Investigatory Powers Tribunal 25 September 2018 Dear Sajid Javid We are writing to express our grave concern and to request your urgent action following today's disclosures regarding the interception of data by the Security and Intelligence Agencies (SIA), including their alarming acquisition and retention of data relating to Privacy International and/or its employees. Privacy International (PI) is a registered charity based in London that works at the intersection of modern technologies and rights. Privacy International challenges overreaching state and corporate surveillance, so that people everywhere can have greater security and freedom through greater personal privacy. Privacy International v Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs et al. As you will be aware, in June 2015 PI commenced a challenge at the Investigatory Powers Tribunal against the Foreign Secretary, the Home Secretary and the SIA regarding the acquisition, use, retention, disclosure, storage and deletion of 'Bulk Personal Datasets' (BPDs) and Bulk Communications Data (BCDs). These databases and datasets contain vast amounts of personal data about individuals, the majority of whom are unlikely to be of intelligence interest. For example, BPDs held by the SIA include passport databases, travel data, and finance-related activity of individuals, while BCDs (the "who, when, where, and how" of both telephone and internet use) include location information and call data for everyone's mobile telephones in the UK for 1 year. -
List of Participants
ASEM FMM 14 Madrid, 15-16 December COUNTRY NAME POSITION EUROPEAN Josep Borrell Fontelles High Representative of the European Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy UNION Gunnar Wiegand Managing Director ASEAN SECRETARIAT Jock Hoi Lim Secretary-General of ASEAN AUSTRALIA Tony Sheenan Secretario Adjunto del Departamento de AAEE y Comercio AUSTRIA Alexander Schallenberg Minister BANGLADESH Mohammed Alam Hon'bel State Minister BELGIUM Régine Vandriessche Head of Asia Desk BRUNEI DARUSSALAM Erywan Pehin Yusof Minister of Foreign Affairs II BULGARIA Ekaterina Zaharieva Minister of Foreign Affairs CAMBODIA Sokhonn Prak Deputy Prime Minister, Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation CHINA Wang YI State Councilor and Minister of Foreign Affairs CROATIA Andreja Metelko Zgombic Head of Delegation / State Secretary for European Affairs CYPRUS Georgios Chacalli Political Director CZECH REPUBLIC Martin Tlapa Deputy Prime Minister DENMARK Christina Markus Lassen Political director ESTONIA Mariin Ratnik Ambassador FINLAND Johanna Sumuvuori Vice Minister FRANCE Jean-Baptiste Lemoyne Secretary of State for Foreign affairs GERMANY Heiko Maas Federal Minister GREECE Ioannis Tzovas-MOUROUZIS Ambassador HUNGARY Péter Szijjártó Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade of Hungary INDIA Muraleedharan Vellamvelli Minister of State Retno Lestari INDONESIA Priansari Marsudi Minister for Foreign Affairs IRELAND Simon Coveney Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Foreign Affairs Ivan Scalfarotto Secretary of State ITALY Stefano Sannimo Ambassador -
Vanuatu PoliticsTwo Into One WonT Go
PACIFIC ECONOMIC BULLETIN Note Vanuatu politicstwo into one wont go David Ambrose Convenor, State, Society and Governance in Melanesia Project …the best actors in the world, either Politics 1995–97 for tragedy, comedy, history, pastoral, pastoral-comical, historical-pastoral, tragical-historical, tragical-comical- The general elections in November 1995, historical-pastoral… Vanuatu’s fourth since independence, led (Shakespeare, Hamlet, Act II (ii)) to the formation in late December of a coalition government between one faction For anyone interested in studying the of a divided UMP, under Party President practice of democratic politics or in the Serge Vohor, as Prime Minister and Fr. problems of governance, Vanuatu has Lini’s NUP, with him as Deputy Prime always presented a fascinating spectacle. Minister and Minister for Justice, Culture Of late, however, it is hard to know, for one and Women’s Affairs. not entirely detached from the outcome of the processes at work, whether the By the end of February, after a success- spectacle is tragical or comical, at least in ful motion of no-confidence, there was a the larger sense of the comedie humaine. I am new government under former UMP Prime reminded often of the ridiculous hyperbole Minister Carlot-Korman, plus six break- of Polonius in Hamlet quoted in the away UMP MPS, and the former Opposition epigraph. Vanuatu has it all, from its history Unity Front, led by the Vanua’aku Party’s as ‘Pandemonium’ through the tragic- (VP) President Donald Kalpokas as Deputy comedy of recent political behaviour to the Prime Minister. Getting there, however, was repeated promise of the Air Vanuatu pilot extremely fraught: first, Prime Minister as you come in to land at Bauerfield Vohor, unable to avoid a vote of no- Airport in Port Vila—‘the weather is fine in confidence in the House, announced his Paradise today’. -
Appendix – Prime Ministers of the Nineteenth Century
Appendix – Prime Ministers of the Nineteenth Century Total Age at first Dates of time as Name Party appointment Ministries Premier 1. William Pitt, born Tory 24 years, 19 Dec. 1783–14 18 years, 28 May 1759, died 205 days March 1801, 343 days 23 Jan. 1806, 10 May 1804–23 unmarried. Jan. 1806 2. Henry Addington, Tory 43 years, 17 March 3 years, 1st Viscount Sidmouth, 291 days 1801–10 54 days born 30 May 1757, May 1804 died 15 Feb. 1844, married (1) Ursula Hammond, 17 Sep. 1781 (2) Mary Anne Townsend, 1823, 4 sons, 4 daughters 3. William Grenville, 1st Whig 46 years, 11 Feb. 1806–25 1 year, Baron Grenville, born 110 days March 1807 42 days 24 Oct. 1759, died 12 Jan. 1834, married Anne Pitt, 18 Jun. 1792, no children 4. William Cavendish- Whig, 44 years, 2 April 1783–18 3 years, Bentinck, 3rd Duke of then Tory 353 days Dec. 1783, 82 days Portland, born 14 April 31 March 1807–4 1738, died 30 Oct; 1809, Oct. 1809 married Lady Dorothy Cavendish, 8 Nov. 1766, 4 sons, 2 daughters 5. Spencer Perceval, born Tory 46 years, 4 Oct. 1809–11 2 years, 1 Nov. 1762, died 11 May 338 days May 1812 221 days 1812, married Jane Spencer-Wilson, 10 Aug. 1790, 6 sons, 6 daughters Continued 339 340 Appendix Appendix: Continued Total Age at first Dates of time as Name Party appointment Ministries Premier 6. Robert Banks Tory 42 years, 8 Jun. 1812–9 14 years, Jenkinson, 2nd Earl 1 day April 1827 305 days of Liverpool, born 7 Jun. -
The Erosion of Parliamentary Government
The Erosion of Parliamentary Government JOHN MAJOR CENTRE FOR POLICY STUDIES 57 Tufton Street London SW1P 3QL 2003 THE AUTHOR THE RT HON JOHN MAJOR CH was Prime Minister of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from 1990 to 1997, having previously served as Foreign Secretary and Chancellor of the Exchequer. He was a Conservative Member of Parliament for Huntingdon from 1979 to 2001. Since leaving politics, he has returned to business in the private sector. He also lectures around the world and is active in many charities. The aim of the Centre for Policy Studies is to develop and promote policies that provide freedom and encouragement for individuals to pursue the aspirations they have for themselves and their families, within the security and obligations of a stable and law-abiding nation. The views expressed in our publications are, however, the sole responsibility of the authors. Contributions are chosen for their value in informing public debate and should not be taken as representing a corporate view of the CPS or of its Directors. The CPS values its independence and does not carry on activities with the intention of affecting public support for any registered political party or for candidates at election, or to influence voters in a referendum. ISBN No. 1 903219 62 0 Centre for Policy Studies, October 2003 Printed by The Chameleon Press, 5 – 25 Burr Road, London SW18 CONTENTS Prologue 1. The Decline of Democracy 1 2. The Decline of Parliament 3 3. The Politicisation of the Civil Service 9 4. The Manipulation of Government Information 12 5. -
Page 1 Halsbury's Laws of England (3) RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE
Page 1 Halsbury's Laws of England (3) RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE CROWN AND THE JUDICIARY 133. The monarch as the source of justice. The constitutional status of the judiciary is underpinned by its origins in the royal prerogative and its legal relationship with the Crown, dating from the medieval period when the prerogatives were exercised by the monarch personally. By virtue of the prerogative the monarch is the source and fountain of justice, and all jurisdiction is derived from her1. Hence, in legal contemplation, the Sovereign's Majesty is deemed always to be present in court2 and, by the terms of the coronation oath and by the maxims of the common law, as also by the ancient charters and statutes confirming the liberties of the subject, the monarch is bound to cause law and justice in mercy to be administered in all judgments3. This is, however, now a purely impersonal conception, for the monarch cannot personally execute any office relating to the administration of justice4 nor effect an arrest5. 1 Bac Abr, Prerogative, D1: see COURTS AND TRIBUNALS VOL 24 (2010) PARA 609. 2 1 Bl Com (14th Edn) 269. 3 As to the duty to cause law and justice to be executed see PARA 36 head (2). 4 2 Co Inst 187; 4 Co Inst 71; Prohibitions del Roy (1607) 12 Co Rep 63. James I is said to have endeavoured to revive the ancient practice of sitting in court, but was informed by the judges that he could not deliver an opinion: Prohibitions del Roy (1607) 12 Co Rep 63; see 3 Stephen's Commentaries (4th Edn) 357n. -
Does Breaking Through the •Œfinal Glass Ceilingâ•Š Really Pave The
Does Breaking Through the “Final Glass Ceiling” Really Pave the Way for Subsequent Women to Become Heads of State? 1 Does Breaking Through the “Final Glass Ceiling” Really Pave the Way for Subsequent Women to Become Heads of State? By Katherine Rocha, Joseph Palazzo, Rebecca Teczar and Roger Clark Rhode Island College Abstract Women’s ascension to the role of national president or prime minister of any country is a relatively new phenomenon in world history. The first woman to break the “final glass ceiling,” Sirinavo Bandaranaike of Ceylon (Sri Lanka today), did it in 1960, just 58 years ago. Since then, the ceiling has been broken in about 83 nations worldwide, but we still know little about what it takes for women to achieve such national leadership roles. Previous research (e.g., Jalalzai, 2013; Skard, 2015) has pointed to the importance of family connections, political turmoil, and the nature of a country’s political system. But only one study (Jalalzai, 2013) provided quantitative, cross-national support for any of these observations. Our paper replicates Jalalzai’s analysis, done using data from the first decade of the twenty-first century, with data from the second decade. We find that there have been dramatic changes over time. We find that family connections are now no more useful for explaining women’s rise to presidencies and prime ministerial positions than men’s; that, in fact, women are now more likely to rise in politically stable nation states than in fragile ones. And, perhaps most importantly, women are much more likely to ascend to the highest positions in countries where they have already broken the “final glass ceiling.” Keywords: final glass ceiling, women presidents, women prime ministers Introduction In a course on the Sociology of Gender we had learned that, while such a ceiling might exist in Following Hillary Clinton’s loss in the 2016 U.S. -
United Nations General Assembly Special Session on Covid-19 Hon Chris Fearne, Deputy Prime Minister Malta
United Nations General Assembly Special Session on Covid-19 Hon Chris Fearne, Deputy Prime Minister Malta Secretary General, President of the General Assembly, Excellencies, Ladies and Gentlemen These past months have been an eye opener for us all. I believe that this year will be remembered for the hard lessons learnt, which unfortunately have come at a very high cost. It would be a disservice to all these lives lost and to all those who put so much effort into responding to this pandemic, if we did not use this opportunity for us to grow and to build back better. We will not be overcome by the fear of the unknown that this pandemic has brought, but rather it will serve us as a lesson in humility and for us all to learn and to discover lessons that we can use for future pandemics. The COVID pandemic has in fact put a spotlight on the resilience of our health systems. Quoting the UN Secretary General “we are only as strong as the weakest of our health systems.” For this reason, at the onset of the pandemic, Malta sought to quickly organise its COVID pandemic public health response team and to bolster its healthcare system. This was done in parallel with efforts to reinforce the health workforce. Malta also brought in a system of thorough surveillance, broad testing across the board including screening, as well as a symptom checker app to enable citizens to be empowered in this pandemic. Malta has maintained, in fact, one of the highest testing rates globally; and today the positivity rate for COVID-19 remains at a low 4%, even though we are in a strong and heftier second wave of the Coronavirus. -
A Companion to Nineteenth- Century Britain
A COMPANION TO NINETEENTH- CENTURY BRITAIN Edited by Chris Williams A Companion to Nineteenth-Century Britain A COMPANION TO NINETEENTH- CENTURY BRITAIN Edited by Chris Williams © 2004 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148-5020, USA 108, Cowley Road, Oxford OX4 1JF, UK 550 Swanston Street, Carlton South, Melbourne, Victoria 3053, Australia The right of Chris Williams to be identified as the Author of the Editorial Material in this Work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. First published 2004 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A companion to nineteenth-century Britain / edited by Chris Williams. p. cm. – (Blackwell companions to British history) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-631-22579-X (alk. paper) 1. Great Britain – History – 19th century – Handbooks, manuals, etc. 2. Great Britain – Civilization – 19th century – Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Williams, Chris, 1963– II. Title. III. Series. DA530.C76 2004 941.081 – dc22 2003021511 A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library. Set in 10 on 12 pt Galliard by SNP Best-set Typesetter Ltd., Hong Kong Printed and bound in the United Kingdom by TJ International For further information on Blackwell Publishing, visit our website: http://www.blackwellpublishing.com BLACKWELL COMPANIONS TO BRITISH HISTORY Published in association with The Historical Association This series provides sophisticated and authoritative overviews of the scholarship that has shaped our current understanding of British history. -
Making a Hasty Brexit? Ministerial Turnover and Its Implications
Making a Hasty Brexit? Ministerial Turnover and Its Implications Jessica R. Adolino, Ph. D. Professor of Political Science James Madison University Draft prepared for presentation at the European Studies Association Annual Meeting May 9-12, 2019, Denver, Colorado Please do not cite or distribute without author’s permission. By almost any measure, since the immediate aftermath of the June 16, 2016 Brexit referendum, the British government has been in a state of chaos. The turmoil began with then- Prime Minister David Cameron’s resignation on June 17 and succession by Theresa May within days of the vote. Subsequently, May’s decision to call a snap election in 2017 and the resulting loss of the Conservatives’ parliamentary majority cast doubt on her leadership and further stirred up dissension in her party’s ranks. Perhaps more telling, and the subject of this paper, is the unprecedented number of ministers1—from both senior and junior ranks—that quit the May government over Brexit-related policy disagreements2. Between June 12, 2017 and April 3, 2019, the government witnessed 45 resignations, with high-profile secretaries of state and departmental ministers stepping down to return to the backbenches. Of these, 34 members of her government, including 9 serving in the Cabinet, departed over issues with some aspect of Brexit, ranging from dissatisfaction with the Prime Minister’s Withdrawal Agreement, to disagreements about the proper role of Parliament, to questions about the legitimacy of the entire Brexit process. All told, Theresa May lost more ministers, and at a more rapid pace, than any other prime minister in modern times. -
Gladstone and the Bank of England: a Study in Mid-Victorian Finance, 1833-1866
GLADSTONE AND THE BANK OF ENGLAND: A STUDY IN MID-VICTORIAN FINANCE, 1833-1866 Patricia Caernarv en-Smith, B.A. Thesis Prepared for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS UNIVERSITY OF NORTH TEXAS May 2007 APPROVED: Denis Paz, Major Professor Adrian Lewis, Committee Member and Chair of the Department of History Laura Stern, Committee Member Sandra L. Terrell, Dean of the Robert B. Toulouse School of Graduate Studies Caernarven-Smith, Patricia. Gladstone and the Bank of England: A Study in Mid- Victorian Finance, 1833-1866. Master of Arts (History), May 2007, 378 pp., 11 tables, bibliography, 275 titles. The topic of this thesis is the confrontations between William Gladstone and the Bank of England. These confrontations have remained a mystery to authors who noted them, but have generally been ignored by others. This thesis demonstrates that Gladstone’s measures taken against the Bank were reasonable, intelligent, and important for the development of nineteenth-century British government finance. To accomplish this task, this thesis refutes the opinions of three twentieth-century authors who have claimed that many of Gladstone’s measures, as well as his reading, were irrational, ridiculous, and impolitic. My primary sources include the Gladstone Diaries, with special attention to a little-used source, Volume 14, the indexes to the Diaries. The day-to-day Diaries and the indexes show how much Gladstone read about financial matters, and suggest that his actions were based to a large extent upon his reading. In addition, I have used Hansard’s Parliamentary Debates and nineteenth-century periodicals and books on banking and finance to understand the political and economic debates of the time.