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WETLAND CONSERVATION PROJECT - SRI LANK WETLAND SITE REPORT UDAWALAWE RESERVOIR CENTRAL ENVIRONMENTAL AUTHORITY / EUROCONSULT MINISTRY OF TRANSPORT, ENVIRONMENT AND WOMEN'S AFFAIRS WETLAND SITE REPORT UDAWALAWE RESERVOIR CEA Library 90 This document has been prepared, as part of the programme of technical and financial assistance of the Netherlands' Directorate General for International Cooperation, by: WETLAND CONSERVATION PROJECT CENTRAL ENVIRONMENTAL AUTHORITY (Sri Lanka) / EUROCONSULT (Netherlands) March 1995 This document may be reproduced in full or in part with due acknowledgement to the Central Environmental Authority Printed at Gunaratne Offset Ltd., Colombo, Sri Lanka COLOPHON Site surrev team: Mr H.D.V.S. Vattala (formerly: Department of Wildlife Conservation) Mr K.A.K. Jayatilake (USAID) Mr P. Illaperuma (Mahaweli Authority) Mr K.N. Manamendraarachchi (Department of Archeology) Mr W.A.R. Asoka (Department of Wildlife Conservation) National project team: Mr J.C.J, van Zon (Euroconsult / Wetland Conservation Project) Mr W. Benthem (Euroconsult / Wetland Conservation Project) Mr I. Dissanayake (Central Environmental Authority / Wetland Conservation Project) Mr K.U. Dias (Central Environmental Authority / Wetland Conservation Project) Mr C.D.S.K. Jayawardena (Department of Wildlife Conservation / Wetland Conservation Project) Dr J.I. Samarakoon (Wetland Conservation Project) Technical review committee: Mrs S.E. Yasaratne (Central Environmental Authority) Mr P.A. Muthukumarana (Divisional Secretary Embilipitiya) Mr S. Ravindra (Divisional Secretary Thanamalvila) Mr C.D.S.K. Jayawardena (Department of Wildlife Conservation) Mr S. Liyanage (Forest Department) Mr P.C. Senaratne (Irrigation Department) Mr A.R. Atapattu (Fisheries Department) Mr S.W. Dissanayake (Environment Mahaweli Economic Agency) Mr Chairman (Sugar Company) Dr P. de Alwis (National Aquatic Resources Agency) Mr T.W. Hoffmann (Ceylon Bird Club) Dr J. Handawela (soil scientist) Technical support: Mr D.C. de Silva (Wetland Conservation Project) Mr B.J. Tucker (Wetland Conservation Project) Mr K.M.W. Pathmakumara (Wetland Conservation Project) Graphics and layout: Mr O.V. Premachandra (Wetland Conservation Project) Mrs A.D.H. Muthuminithilaka (Wetland Conservation Project) Mr S.G. Manawadu (Wetland Conservation Project) Mr K.M. Akram (Wetland Conservation Project) Photography; Mr W. Benthem Editor: Mr W. Benthem (Euroconsult) Mr K.W. Jeanes (Euroconsult) Wetland Conservation Project - Natural Resources Management Division, Central Environmental Authority, 1st. floor, Maligawatte Secretariat, Colombo 10, Sri Lanka, fax. +94 1 439076. Euroconsult - P.O. Box 441, 6800 AK Arnhern, Netherlands, fax. +31 85 577577. 1 [ PREFACE Wetlands are among the most productive areas in the world, in particular those situated in the tropics. Their shallowness, high temperature, high nutrient content and profusion of light, guarantee a large biomass turnover and rich and diverse plant and animal communities. For thousands of years wetlands have provided mankind with almost inexhaustible sources of food, building and utility materials. Today, they also contain a large part of the world's biological heritage. Many wetland ecosystems have been, and to a large extent still are, indiscriminately exploited for commercial, agricultural, residential and industrial development, and at an increasing pace, as dumping grounds for domestic, agricultural and industrial waste. In the common opinion, wetlands are wastelands and thus are considered to be reclaimable for economic benefits. On the basis of internationally determined criteria (Ramsar Convention), an Asian Wetland Inventory project was carried out in the 1980's. Its objective was to identify wetlands of international importance in every country in Asia. The inventory resulted in the publication of the Directory of Asian Wetlands (Scott, 1989), presenting brief, and often preliminary descriptions of the significance and status of 947 Asian wetlands. For Sri Lanka the Directory indicates 41 sites, while a list of an additional 35 wetlands, considered to be of national importance, was prepared locally (Anon., 1989). An appreciable amount of information is available on these wetlands, but many gaps still exist and most data lack quantification. An increase in environmental awareness among government and non-governmental organizations has recently resulted in commitment to sustain the ecological significance of wetlands. Various activities and projects have been recently initiated concerning wetland conservation and management, the Wetland Conservation Project (WCP) is one of these initiatives. The general objectives of WCP are: - to assist in conservation and management of Sri Lanka's wetlands in a way that safeguards the country's biological diversity and genetic and ecological heritage; - to strengthen capabilities of authorities involved in both wetland conservation and development, in conceptualizing, planning, implementing and monitoring natural resource management. The project started in September 1991 and is carried out by the Natural Resources Management Division of the Central Environmental Authority. Technical and financial assistance is provided by the Netherlands Government, while general supervision lies in the hands of the National Wetland Steering Committee. Activities of the project include creation and updating of a national database concerning wetlands, prioritization of wetlands for conservation and management effort, preparation of conservation management plans for selected wetland areas and provision of guidance for the implementation of these plans. WETLANDS Areas of marsh, fen, peatland or water, whether natural or artificial, permanent or temporary, with water that is static or flowing, fresh, brackish or salt, including areas of marine water the depth of which at low tide does not exceed six meters (RAMSAR-convention, 1987). ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The project team wishes to express its gratitude to the CEA management, the National Wetland Steering Committee and the Netherlands Embassy, without whom the project would not have been successful. A special word of thanks is dedicated to Mr G.K. Amaratunga (Chairman/CEA), Mrs S.E. Yasaratne (Director/Natural Resources Management Division, CEA) and H.E. Mr B.R. Korner (Netherlands Ambassador). Assistance to the survey team was gratefully received from Mr J. Chandrasoma, Mr S.L.L. Karunaratne and Mr L.K. Seneviratne. ii CONTENTS Colophon Preface Acknowledgement Table of contents List of figures List of tables List of annexes Abbreviations and acronyms Taxonomic note Summary 1. INTRODUCTION 2. WETLAND CHARACTERISTICS 2.1 Location and demarcation of the study area 2.2 Landscape and physical features 2.3 Geology and geomorphology 2.4 Soils 2.5 Climate 2.6 Hydrology and water quality 2.6.1 Udawalawe reservoir 2.6.2 Catchment 2.6.3 Water quality 2.6.4 Groundwater 2.7 Flora 2.7.1 General 2.7.2 Phytoplankton 2.7.3 Vegetation and habitat types of Udawalawe National Park 2.8 Fauna 2.8.1 General 2.8.2 Zooplankton 2.8.3 Invertebrate fauna 2.8.4 Fishes 2.8.5 Amphibians 2.8.6 Reptiles 2.8.7 Birds 2.8.8 Mammals 2.8.9 In conclusion 2.9 Primary production of the Udawalawe reservoir iii CONTENTS (Continued) INTERACTION BETWEEN MAN AND THE ENVIRONMENT 3.1 History 3.2 Administrative boundaries 3.3 Human population and socio-economics 3.3.1 Population numbers 3.3.2 Ethnicity, religion, age distribution and education levels 3.3.3 Employment and income 3.3.4 Public health 3.2.5 Housing 3.4 Institutional framework and land tenure 3.5 Water resources management 3.6 Land and resource use 3.6.1 General patterns 3.6.2 Fisheries 3.6.3 Agriculture 3.6.4 Animal husbandry 3.6.5 Forest resources and catchment conservation 3.6.6 Mineral resources 3.6.7 Tourism and visitor facilities 3.7 Conservation measures taken 3.8 Research activities 3.9 Development plans VALUATION 4.1 Comparison of wetlands 4.2 The valuation system 4.2.1 Characteristics and benefits 4.2.2 Attributes 4.2.3 Functions 4.2.4 Uses 4.2.5 Values iv CONTENTS (Continued) 5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MANAGEMENT 5.1 General 5.2 Management objectives 5.3 Threats, disturbances and recommendations 5.3.1 (Re)organization of the DWLC 5.3.2 Law enforcement 5.3.3 Land use planning and coordination 5.3.4 Monitoring programme 5.3.5 Awareness creation 5.3.6 Control of human population growth Annexes References LIST OF FIGURES 1. Location of the Udawalawe Reservoir within the Walawe Ganga river basin 2 2. The reservoir situated within the Udawalawe National Park 4 3. Geological formations within the Walawe catchment 6 4. Soil types in and around the study area 7 5. Annual rainfall totals within Sri Lanka 9 6. Average annual rainfall distribution at Embilipitiya 9 7. Annual temperature, relative-humidity and evaporation 9 8. In and outflow and water level fluctuations in the Udawalawe Reservoir 11 9. Elevation-volume-area relationship of the Udawalawe Reservoir 11 10. Average, maximum and minimum annual water level fluctuations (per month) of the Udawalawe Reservoir as experienced prior to the Samanalawewa project 11 11. Main tributaries in the Walawe catchment area and water sampling locations 13 12. Termal profdes at Station II in the reservoir 14 13. Dissolved oxygen profiles at Station II in the reservoir 14 14. Vegetation types in the Udawalawe National Park 16 15. Seasonal variation in gross primary production and net primary production in Station I and II 20 16. Approximate administrative boundaries in and around the study area 23 17. Prominent land and resource usage in and around the reservoir area 28 18. The total fish production per hectare for the period 1973-1984, the catch/craft/month and average number of craft operating each year 29 19. Walawe River basin development and proposed Mau Ara Reservoir 34 vi LIST OF TABLES 1. Salient features of Udawalawe Reservoir and dam 5 2. Some climatic data as recorded by the Sugar Research Institute at Sevanagala 8 3. Waterflow measuring stations and discharge records within the Walawe river basin 10 4. Density of phytoplankton (unit/1) at different depth at Station I 15 5. Density of zooplankton (number/1) in different depths in Station II 17 6.
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