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Impact of Classical Islamic Civilization on the Modern World

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Impact of Classical Islamic Civilization on the Modern World Algorithm to Zenith: Impact of Classical Islamic Civilization on The Modern World Volume 5: Modern Science Dr. Wow Ali Ibn-Sina Nation Builders & Civilization Movers Impact of Islamic Civilization: Introduction by Prince Charles "If there is much misunderstanding in the West about the nature of Islam, there is also much ignorance about the debt our own culture and civilization owe to the Islamic world. The medieval Islamic world, …was a world where scholars and men of learning flourished. But because we have tended to see Islam as the enemy of the West, as an alien culture, society, and system of belief, we have tended to ignore or erase its great relevance to our own history… Islam is part of our past and our present, in all fields of human endeavour. It has helped to create modern Europe. " - Prince Charles at Oxford University, 1993 Introduction to Science by Dr. Briffault (a well-recognized Social Anthropologist) What we call science arose as a result of new methods of experiment, observation, and measurement, which were introduced into Europe by the Arabs... Science is the most momentous contribution of Arab civilization to the modern world... Other and manifold influences from the civilization of Islam communicated its first glow to European life. [...] The debt of our science to that of the Arabs does not consist in startling discoveries or revolutionary theories; science owes a great deal more to Arab culture, it owes its existence...! The ancient world was, pre-scientific. The astronomy and mathematics of Greeks were a foreign importation never thoroughly acclimatized in Greek culture. …but the patient ways of investigations, the accumulation of positive knowledge, the minute methods of science, detailed and prolonged observation and experimental inquiry were altogether alien to the Greek temperament. [...] What we call science arose in Europe as a result of new spirit of enquiry, of new methods of experiment, observation, measurement, of the development of mathematics, in a form unknown to the Greeks. That spirit and those methods were introduced into the European world by the Arab. – Dr. Robert Briffault, 1928, ‘The Making of Humanity’ (page 190-202) A REVOLUTIONARY OF VISION: Abu Ali al-Hasan ibn al-Hasan al-Haytham (aka Alhazen or Alhacen) Light travels in straight lines. Speed of light is finite (long before Einstein). Particle nature of light (long before photons). Dimension of Space. Inventor of a Model for Camera … and Calculus! From Calculus to Camera: Al-Haytham aka Alhazen Crater on the Moon A Revolution in Physics: Optics Ibn al-Haytham or Alhazen (965-1039, Basra, Iraq) Ibn Al-Haytham is credited with fostering the fields of experimental physics, astrophysics, and mathematics i.e. calculus and analytical geometry. Model for 7 planets. Numbers Theory. Alhazen’s Problem (solved in 1997 at Oxford alsoby Peter Neumann). ‘Kitab al Manazer’ or ‘The Book of Optics’ is the first analysis of light as a physical phenomenon. Revolution in Physics: Optics Ibn al-Haytham or Alhazen (965-1039, Basra, Iraq) Before Ibn Al-Haytham, for centuries; Plato, Euclid and Ptolemy (5thBC- 1 AD) believed that light rays were produced by the eye hit the object to perceive it as in the illustration below of Greek mythology known as ‘Greek Science’ in many current text books. First Experimental Scientist: Optics Ibn al-Haytham or Alhazen (965-1039, Basra, Iraq) Ibn Al-Haytham, designed experiments in physics to understand the natural phenomenon relatd to light like rainbows, shadows, sunset, eclipse, refraction of light with lenses and mirrors. Revolution in Vision: Optics Ibn al-Haytham or Alhazen (965-1039, Basra, Iraq) Ibn Al-Haytham, as a physician to Fatimid Caliph in Egypt experimented with pinhole camera to decipher the physiology of vision. Also credited as founder of Experimental Physics: Optics Ibn al-Haitham or Alhazen (965-1039, Basra, Iraq) First in use of extensive experiments in physics to study the ‘Ibn al Haytham: First Scientist’ by Bradley Steffens’ natural phenomenon. First in use of Algebra in Geometry to creating a new field of applied mathematics called ‘analytical geometry’. Ibn-al Shatir’s Revolution in Astrophysics: Was his Planetary Model plagiarized by Copernicus? Ibn al-Shatir (1304-1375), Syria: His astrophysical model Astronomers at work, in this contemporaneous painting was ‘mathematically identical’ to the Copernicus’ depicting an experimental observatory. heliocentric model 150 years later. Was Ibn-al Shatir’s Model adopted by Copernicus? “Ibn al-Shātir's planetary theory was investigated for the first time in the 1950s, and the discovery that his models were mathematically identical to those of Copernicus raised the very interesting question of a possible transmission of his planetary theory to Europe. This question has since been the subject of a number of investigations, but research on the astronomy of Ibn al-Shātir and of his sources, let alone on the later influence of his planetary theory in the Islamic world or Europe, is still at a preliminary stage. It is known, however, that Copernicus' Mercury model is that of Ibn al-Shātir and that Copernicus did not properly understand it.” - David A King (From: Thomas Hockey et al. (eds.). The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers, Springer Reference. New York: Springer, 2007, pp. 569-570) http://islamsci.mcgill.ca/RASI/BEA/Ibn_al-Shatir_BEA.htm Mosque in Damascus where Ibn-Shatir worked. Muslim Astronomers in Somnium Scipionis (Medieval Print shows High European Regard for Muslim Astronomy) Muslim & Arab astronomers studying the heavens in a scene from a commentary on Cicero’s Somnium Scipionis. In Cicero’s story the protagonist Scipionis who destroyed Carthage goes thru various levels of heavens in his dream. Abd al Rahman al Sufi’s ‘Treatise on Fixed Stars’ 10 Century Star Positions and Tables One of the books translated from Arabic in 13th Century Toledo (Ref: ‘Rediscovering Arabic Science by Richard Covington’, Saudi Aramco World, 2007) Omar Khayyam (b.1048)’s Solar Calendar, - not Gregorian? Omar Khayyam developed geometric algebra, Omar Khayyam, b.1048, in Balkh, Afghanistan. quadrilateral & binomial theorem. Below his manuscript on Astronomer and mathematician gave the most accurate “Cubic equation and intersection of conic sections.” So how solar calendar, adopted in Iranian regions in come Omar Khayyam is known as a poet and a Pope an 1079 and 503 years later by Pope Gregory in 1582. astronomer? He gave a physical demonstration to prove that earth moved on its axis based on his astronomical observations. Khayyam’s statue in Bucharest, Romania. Nasir ud Din Tusi’s Maragha Observatory (1259) Tusi couple helped Ibn Shatir and Copernicus’s Models of Planetary Systems Ulugh Beg Observatory (Uzbekistan, 1410) Taqi al-Din Muhammad (1526-1585)’s Observatory at Work Taqi al-Din Muhammad (1526-1585)’s Observatory was Model for Instruments in Tycho Brahe (1546-1601)’s Observatory Taqi ud-Din (1526-1585)’s Sextant Tycho Brahe (1546-1601)’s Sextant Taqi al-Din Muhammad (1526-1585)’s Observatory was Model for Instruments in Tycho Brahe (1546-1601)’s Observatory Taqi ud-Din’s Armillary Tycho Brahe’s Armillary Taqi al-Din Muhammad (1526-1585)’s Observatory Model for Instruments in Tycho Brahe (1546-1601)’s Observatory Taqi ud-Din’s Azimuthal Semicircle Tycho Brahe’s Azimuthal Semicircle Astronomers at Work, 17th Century Ottoman Miniature Painting Origins of Time Clocks Astrolabe Clock by Johann Bommel, Clock-Calendar by Mohammad Abu Bakr. inspired by one on Right of 650 years Oldest Surviving Gear Mechanism. earlier c.1686, Nuremberg, Germany. 1221, Isfahan, Iran Robotics: Hydraulic Technology • A page from Al-Jaziri’s ‘Manual of Robotics’ (1206) – a page from 14th century edition (Figures depicted in picture are robotic dolls not of men. The water tubes connected to the robots use hydraulics as power). • A first, in concept and design in human history. • Devices such as these were popular in 10th Century Andalusia, Baghdad, Cairo & Damascus. Robotics: Prototype of an Automobile • Al-Jaziri’s ‘Manual of Robotics’ (1206) – This 14th century edition depicts robotic dolls and toy animals used as a mobile Watch Tower. Conceivably this is earliest prototype of an automobile that worked. • A combination of art, physics and engineering. • Industrial scale in automation not attained until 18th century and Robotics until 20th Century. The picture can't be displayed. Taqi ud Din Muhammad: First Steam Engine This Documented Prototype (Turkey, 1551) may have helped James Watt (UK, 1776) In 1551, Taqi al-Din invented an early practical steam turbine as a prime mover for the first steam-powered self- rotating engine. In his book, ’Al-Turuq al-samiyya fi al-alat al-ruhaniyya’ (The Sublime Methods of Spiritual Machines), completed in 1551 AD (959 AH), Taqi al-Din writes: "Part Six: …Let the nozzle of the pitcher be opposite the vanes of the wheel. Kindle fire under the pitcher and steam will issue from its nozzle in a restricted form and it will turn the vane wheel. When the pitcher becomes empty of water bring close to it cold water in a basin and let the nozzle of the pitcher dip into the cold water. The heat will cause all the water in the basin to be attracted into the pitcher and the [the steam] will start rotating the vane wheel again.” (Ref: Wikipedia) The picture can't be displayed. Taqi ud Din Muhammad: First Steam Engine This Documented Prototype (Turkey, 1551) may have helped James Watt (UK, 1776) More than 200 years: ‘ James Watt’s friend, Professor John Robison, called his attention to the use of steam as a source of power, and Watt began to experiment with it. Watt had never seen an operating steam engine, but he tried constructing a model. It failed to work satisfactorily, but he continued his experiments and began to read everything he could about the subject.’ (Ref: Wikipedia) Did he chance upon Taqi ad Din’s ‘Method’s of Spiritual Machines’? Astrolabe: Astronomy & Maritime Earliest known Astrolabe, 927, Iraq.
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