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The Food Poisoning Toxins of Bacillus Cereus
toxins Review The Food Poisoning Toxins of Bacillus cereus Richard Dietrich 1,†, Nadja Jessberger 1,*,†, Monika Ehling-Schulz 2 , Erwin Märtlbauer 1 and Per Einar Granum 3 1 Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Schönleutnerstr. 8, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany; [email protected] (R.D.); [email protected] (E.M.) 2 Department of Pathobiology, Functional Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria; [email protected] 3 Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003 NMBU, 1432 Ås, Norway; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] † These authors have contributed equally to this work. Abstract: Bacillus cereus is a ubiquitous soil bacterium responsible for two types of food-associated gastrointestinal diseases. While the emetic type, a food intoxication, manifests in nausea and vomiting, food infections with enteropathogenic strains cause diarrhea and abdominal pain. Causative toxins are the cyclic dodecadepsipeptide cereulide, and the proteinaceous enterotoxins hemolysin BL (Hbl), nonhemolytic enterotoxin (Nhe) and cytotoxin K (CytK), respectively. This review covers the current knowledge on distribution and genetic organization of the toxin genes, as well as mechanisms of enterotoxin gene regulation and toxin secretion. In this context, the exceptionally high variability of toxin production between single strains is highlighted. In addition, the mode of action of the pore-forming enterotoxins and their effect on target cells is described in detail. The main focus of this review are the two tripartite enterotoxin complexes Hbl and Nhe, but the latest findings on cereulide and CytK are also presented, as well as methods for toxin detection, and the contribution of further putative virulence factors to the diarrheal disease. -
H4R Position on Rosin As One Substance For
H4R Position Statement on Rosin, Rosin Salts and Rosin Esters Registered as One Substance 7th February 2019 REACH registrations of Rosin, Rosin Salts and Rosin Esters H4R Position Statement on One Substance Registration Historically, various names, CAS, and EINECS numbers have existed for rosin. REACH1 mandates “One Substance – One Registration”. This obliged the Rosin registrants to carefully examine the composition of their substances of interest. They concluded that, although Rosin is historically listed under different names and EINECS and CASRNs (e.g. Rosin; Tall-oil rosin; Resin acids and rosin acids; etc.), it needed to be considered as one and the same substance. In addition, the registrants concluded that rosin is a chemical substance of Unknown or Variable Composition, Complex Reaction Products and Biological Materials (UVCB). In other words, rosin was listed on EINECS and CAS under different names, but the rosin registrants determined that differentiation was not justified and appropriate as these are the same UVCB substances. Therefore, Rosin with CAS 8050-09-7 was chosen. Appendix 1 to this document outlines the registrations that cover each of these substances. This decision and its rationale for one rosin registration is well documented in two papers: “Justification for grouping rosin and rosin derivatives into families” by Gary McCallister (Hercules), Bert Lenselink (Hexion), Jerrold Miller (Arizona Chemical), Bill Grady (Arizona Chemical) and Leon Rodenburg (Eastman Chemical), 24 August 20102 “Justification for considering Rosin as a Single Substance” by H4R Consortium, 22 February 20103 Based on these papers, it was concluded that, for rosin and the derived rosin salts, fortified rosin, fortified rosin salts, rosin esters and fortified rosin esters, the starting rosin is not relevant. -
Evaluation of the Individual and Combined Toxicity of Fumonisin Mycotoxins in Human Gastric Epithelial Cells
International Journal of Molecular Sciences Article Evaluation of the Individual and Combined Toxicity of Fumonisin Mycotoxins in Human Gastric Epithelial Cells Song Yu, Bingxuan Jia, Na Liu, Dianzhen Yu and Aibo Wu * SIBS-UGENT-SJTU Joint Laboratory of Mycotoxin Research, CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; [email protected] (S.Y.); [email protected] (B.J.); [email protected] (N.L.); [email protected] (D.Y.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-21-54920716 Received: 23 July 2020; Accepted: 14 August 2020; Published: 18 August 2020 Abstract: Fumonisin contaminates food and feed extensively throughout the world, causing chronic and acute toxicity in human and animals. Currently, studies on the toxicology of fumonisins mainly focus on fumonisin B1 (FB1). Considering that FB1, fumonisin B2 (FB2) and fumonisin B3 (FB3) could coexist in food and feed, a study regarding a single toxin, FB1, may not completely reflect the toxicity of fumonisin. The gastrointestinal tract is usually exposed to these dietary toxins. In our study, the human gastric epithelial cell line (GES-1) was used as in vitro model to evaluate the toxicity of fumonisin. Firstly, we found that they could cause a decrease in cell viability, and increase in membrane leakage, cell death and the induction of expression of markers for endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Their toxicity potency rank is FB1 > FB2 >> FB3. The results also showed that the synergistic effect appeared in the combinations of FB1 + FB2 and FB1 + FB3. -
162 Part 175—Indirect Food Addi
§ 174.6 21 CFR Ch. I (4–1–19 Edition) (c) The existence in this subchapter B Subpart B—Substances for Use Only as of a regulation prescribing safe condi- Components of Adhesives tions for the use of a substance as an Sec. article or component of articles that 175.105 Adhesives. contact food shall not be construed as 175.125 Pressure-sensitive adhesives. implying that such substance may be safely used as a direct additive in food. Subpart C—Substances for Use as (d) Substances that under conditions Components of Coatings of good manufacturing practice may be 175.210 Acrylate ester copolymer coating. safely used as components of articles 175.230 Hot-melt strippable food coatings. that contact food include the fol- 175.250 Paraffin (synthetic). lowing, subject to any prescribed limi- 175.260 Partial phosphoric acid esters of pol- yester resins. tations: 175.270 Poly(vinyl fluoride) resins. (1) Substances generally recognized 175.300 Resinous and polymeric coatings. as safe in or on food. 175.320 Resinous and polymeric coatings for (2) Substances generally recognized polyolefin films. as safe for their intended use in food 175.350 Vinyl acetate/crotonic acid copoly- mer. packaging. 175.360 Vinylidene chloride copolymer coat- (3) Substances used in accordance ings for nylon film. with a prior sanction or approval. 175.365 Vinylidene chloride copolymer coat- (4) Substances permitted for use by ings for polycarbonate film. 175.380 Xylene-formaldehyde resins con- regulations in this part and parts 175, densed with 4,4′-isopropylidenediphenol- 176, 177, 178 and § 179.45 of this chapter. -
Proposal for Identification of a Substance As a Cmr, Pbt
ECB – SUMMARY FACT SHEET PBT WORKING GROUP – PBT LIST NO. 80 TC NES SUBGROUP ON IDENTIFICATION OF PBT AND VPVP SUBSTANCES RESULTS OF THE EVALUATION OF THE PBT/VPVB PROPERTIES OF: Substance name: Resin acids and Rosin acids, sodium salts EC number: 263-144-5 CAS number: 61790-51-0 Molecular formula: not applicable (substance is a UVCB) Structural formula: not applicable (substance is a UVCB) Summary of the evaluation Resin acids and Rosin acids, sodium salts is considered to be a UVCB substance. Based on screening data it is not fulfilling the PBT/vPvB criteria. Resin acids and Rosin acids, sodium salts is considered as a substance with a potential PBT/vPvB constituent (based on screening data). This conclusion need not apply in case it can be shown, that the concentration of this impurity is < 0.1% w/w. Resin acids and Rosin acids, sodium salts may contain sesquiterpenes (which itself is a mixture) as a constituent, which may fulfil the PBT criteria based on QSAR-estimates of the most common sesquiterpene β –caryophyllane. A test on ready biodegradation is available with Resin acids and Rosin acids, sodium salts showing ready biodegradation of the test substance. The P-screening criterion is therefore not fulfilled. Regarding the B-criterion, only QSAR values are available both with respect to the log Kow and the BCF. BCFwin and Kowwin predict different values for Log Kow; 6.46 and 2.65, respectively. The calculated BCF is 56, when using a log Kow of 6.46 for calculation. The B-screening criterion is therefore not fulfilled. -
United States Patent Office Patented Aug
3,523,090 United States Patent Office Patented Aug. 4, 1970 2 a “resin acid.” The structure and numbering system of levopimaric acid follows: 3,523,090 POLYURETHANE PLASTIC FROM RESIN ACID DIOLS Bernard A. Parkin, In, Lake City, Fla., Hugh B. Sum mers, Jr., Savannah, Ga., and Glen W. Hedrick, Lake City, Fla., assignors to the United States of America as represented by the Secretary of Agriculture No Drawing. Original application June 11, 1968, Ser. No. 562,951. Divided and this application Apr. 11, 1968, 10 Ser. No. 738,749 Int. Cl. (109k 3/00; H05b 33/00 US. Cl. 252-482 1 Claim 15 ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE A saturated diol prepared by the hydrolysis and the 20 subsequent double bond and functional group reduction of the formaldehyde adduct of levopimaric acid. The diol is a useful glycol extender for the production of poly urethane foams and rubbers. 25 / Levopimaric acid (I) A non-exclusive, irrevocable, royalty-free license in the 30 The nomenclature is that of Fieser and Fieser (Nat invention herein described, throughout the world for all ural Products Related to Phenanthrene by Fieser and purpose of the United States Government, with the power Fieser, third edition, 1949, page 40, Published by Rein to grant sublicenses for such purposes, is hereby granted hold Publishing Corporation, New York, N.Y.) to the Government of the United States of America. As noted above, levopimaric acid (I) constitutes about This application is a division of application bearing one-?fth of the total acid content of pine gum. As will Ser. -
Rope Parasite” the Rope Parasite Parasites: Nearly Every Au S C Child I Ever Treated Proved to Carry a Significant Parasite Burden
Au#sm: 2015 Dietrich Klinghardt MD, PhD Infec4ons and Infestaons Chronic Infecons, Infesta#ons and ASD Infec4ons affect us in 3 ways: 1. Immune reac,on against the microbes or their metabolic products Treatment: low dose immunotherapy (LDI, LDA, EPD) 2. Effects of their secreted endo- and exotoxins and metabolic waste Treatment: colon hydrotherapy, sauna, intes4nal binders (Enterosgel, MicroSilica, chlorella, zeolite), detoxificaon with herbs and medical drugs, ac4vaon of detox pathways by solving underlying blocKages (methylaon, etc.) 3. Compe,,on for our micronutrients Treatment: decrease microbial load, consider vitamin/mineral protocol Lyme, Toxins and Epigene#cs • In 2000 I examined 10 au4s4c children with no Known history of Lyme disease (age 3-10), with the IgeneX Western Blot test – aer successful treatment. 5 children were IgM posi4ve, 3 children IgG, 2 children were negave. That is 80% of the children had clinical Lyme disease, none the history of a 4cK bite! • Why is it taking so long for au4sm-literate prac44oners to embrace the fact, that many au4s4c children have contracted Lyme or several co-infec4ons in the womb from an oVen asymptomac mother? Why not become Lyme literate also? • Infec4ons can be treated without the use of an4bio4cs, using liposomal ozonated essen4al oils, herbs, ozone, Rife devices, PEMF, colloidal silver, regular s.c injecons of artesunate, the Klinghardt co-infec4on cocKtail and more. • Symptomac infec4ons and infestaons are almost always the result of a high body burden of glyphosate, mercury and aluminum - against the bacKdrop of epigene4c injuries (epimutaons) suffered in the womb or from our ancestors( trauma, vaccine adjuvants, worK place related lead, aluminum, herbicides etc., electromagne4c radiaon exposures etc.) • Most symptoms are caused by a confused upregulated immune system (molecular mimicry) Toxins from a toxic environment enter our system through damaged boundaries and membranes (gut barrier, blood brain barrier, damaged endothelium, etc.). -
Of Ara Forest Sustainable Forest Management Project
HIGH CONSERVATION VALUE AREAs (HCVAs) OF UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME ARA FOREST SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT PROJECT HIGH CONSERVATION VALUE AREAs (HCVAs) OF ARA FOREST TABLE OF CONTENTS PART-I ............................................................................................................................................. 1 1. SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT ....................................................................... 2 1.1 Introduction: ............................................................................................................................ 2 1.2 Brief Description of Scrub Forest Area in Salt Range: ........................................................... 2 1.2.1 Sub-Tropical Evergreen Thorn (Scrub) Forests in Punjab ............................................... 2 1.3 Chakwal RM: .......................................................................................................................... 5 PART- II .......................................................................................................................................... 8 1.4 Brief Description of Ara Forest:.............................................................................................. 9 1.4.1 Location: ........................................................................................................................... 9 1.4.2 Climate of Ara Forest: ...................................................................................................... 9 1.4.3 Soil of Ara Forest: ........................................................................................................... -
Lahore & Karachi
The Travel Explorers EXPLORE PAKISTAN LAHORE & KARACHI www.thetravelexplorers.com DAY 01 Arrival and meet and greet at Islamabad Airport and then transfer to hotel. Islamabad is the capital and 9th largest city of Pakistan. It is located in the Pothohar Plateau. Islamabad is famous because of its cleanliness, calmness and greenery. Its noise-free atmosphere attracts not only the locals but the foreigners as well. Islamabad has a subtropical climate and one can enjoy all four seasons in this city. Rawalpindi is close to Islamabad and together they are known as the twin cities. In the afternoon half day city tour. We will visit Pakistan Monument located on the Shakarparian Hills in Islamabad. It was established in 2010. This monument serves as the tribute to the people who surrendered their lives and fought for the independence of Pakistan. The monument is of a shape of a blooming flower. There are four large petals which represents the four provinces of Pakistan i.e. Punjab, Sindh, Baluchistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. There are also three small petals which represents Azad Jammu & Kashmir, FATA and Gilgit Baltistan. There are breathtaking murals on the inner walls of the monument like the murals of Faisal Mosque, Makli Tombs, Gawadar, Quaid-e-Azam, Fatima Jinnah, Badshahi Mosque etc. This monument provides significance of the Pakistani culture, history and lineage. Later we will visit Faisal Mosque which is located near Margalla Hills in Islamabad. It is one of the major tourist attractions in Pakistan. Faisal Bin Abdul-Aziz Al Saud granted $120 million in 1976 for the construction of the mosque. -
Chemical Composition Analysis, Antimicrobial Activity and Cytotoxicity Screening of Moss Extracts (Moss Phytochemistry)
Molecules 2015, 20, 17221-17243; doi:10.3390/molecules200917221 OPEN ACCESS molecules ISSN 1420-3049 www.mdpi.com/journal/molecules Article Chemical Composition Analysis, Antimicrobial Activity and Cytotoxicity Screening of Moss Extracts (Moss Phytochemistry) Laura Klavina 1,*, Gunta Springe 2, Vizma Nikolajeva 3, Illia Martsinkevich 4, Ilva Nakurte 4, Diana Dzabijeva 4 and Iveta Steinberga 1 1 Department of Environmental Science, University of Latvia, 19 Raina Blvd., Riga LV-1586, Latvia; E-Mail: [email protected] 2 Institute of Biology, University of Latvia, 3 Miera Street, Salaspils LV-2169, Latvia; E-Mail: [email protected] 3 Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Latvia, 4 Kronvalda Blvd., Riga LV-1010, Latvia; E-Mail: [email protected] 4 Faculty of Chemistry, University of Latvia, 19 Raina Blvd., Riga LV-1586, Latvia; E-Mails: [email protected] (I.M.); [email protected] (I.N.); [email protected] (D.D.) * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +371-283-480-67. Academic Editor: Derek J. McPhee Received: 29 July 2015 / Accepted: 10 September 2015 / Published: 18 September 2015 Abstract: Mosses have been neglected as a study subject for a long time. Recent research shows that mosses contain remarkable and unique substances with high biological activity. The aim of this study, accordingly, was to analyze the composition of mosses and to screen their antimicrobial and anticancer activity. The total concentration of polyphenols and carbohydrates, the amount of dry residue and the radical scavenging activity were determined for a preliminary evaluation of the chemical composition of moss extracts. -
Tc Nes Subgroup on Identification of Pbt and Vpvp Substances Results of The
ECB – SUMMARY FACT SHEET PBT WORKING GROUP – PBT LIST NO. 81 TC NES SUBGROUP ON IDENTIFICATION OF PBT AND VPVP SUBSTANCES RESULTS OF THE EVALUATION OF THE PBT/VPVB PROPERTIES OF: Substance name: Tall-oil rosin EC number: 232-484-6 CAS number: 8052-10-6 Molecular formula: not applicable (substance is a UVCB) Structural formula: not applicable (substance is a UVCB) Summary of the evaluation: Tall-oil rosin is considered to be a UVCB substance. Based on screening data it is not fulfilling the PBT/vPvB criteria. A test on ready biodegradation is available with tall-oil rosin showing ready biodegradation of the test substance. The P-screening criterion is therefore not fulfilled. Regarding the B-criterion, an experimentally determined log Kow of 3.6 at pH 7 is available. Based on this value a BCF of 56 was calculated with QSAR. The B- screening criterion is therefore not fulfilled. Based on acute aquatic toxicity results with L/EC50 above 100 mg/L the screening T-criterion is not fulfilled. Data on individual constituents are not available. Based on QSAR there is no clear picture regarding persistence, bioaccumulation and toxicity because the constituents have pKa values around environmentally relevant pH values. However, no further testing is considered necessary as tall-oil rosin is readily biodegradable. Draft June 2008 1 ECB – SUMMARY FACT SHEET PBT WORKING GROUP – PBT LIST NO. 81 JUSTIFICATION 1 Identification of the Substance and physical and chemical properties Table 1.1: Identification of tall-oil rosin Name Tall-oil rosin EC Number 294-866-9 CAS Number 8052-10-6 IUPAC Name - Molecular Formula not applicable Structural Formula not applicable Molecular Weight not applicable Synonyms Colophony Colofonia Kolophonium Rosin Résine, Tall-oil, Tallharz Tallharz, Mäntyhartsi, Talloljaharts, OULU 331 1.1 Purity/Impurities/Additives Tall-oil resin (CAS no. -
Molecular Sciences Prediction of Standard Enthalpy of Formation by a QSPR Model
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2007 , 8 , 407-432 International Journal of Molecular Sciences ISSN 1422-0067 © 2007 by MDPI www.mdpi.org/ijms/ Full Research Paper Prediction of Standard Enthalpy of Formation by a QSPR Model Ali Vatani, Mehdi Mehrpooya* and Farhad Gharagheizi Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tehran, P.O.Box: 11365-4563, Tehran, Iran. * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-mail: [email protected] Received: 1 March 2007 / Accepted: 27 March 2007 / Published: 22 May 2007 Abstract : The standard enthalpy of formation of 1115 compounds from all chemical groups, were predicted using genetic algorithm-based multivariate linear regression (GA- MLR). The obtained multivariate linear five descriptors model by GA-MLR has correlation coefficient ( R 2 = .0 9830 ). All molecular descriptors which have entered in this model are calculated from chemical structure of any molecule. As a result, application of this model for any compound is easy and accurate. Keywords: QSPR; Enthalpy of formation; GA-MLR. 1. Introduction Physical and thermodynamic properties data of compounds are needed in the design and operation of industrial chemical processes. Of them, standard enthalpy of formation or standard heat of ∆ o formation, H f is an important fundamental physical property of compounds which is defined as change of enthalpy that accompanies the formation of 1 mole of compound in its standard state from its constituent elements in their standard states (the most stable form of the element at 1 atm of pressure and the specified temperature usually 298 K or 25 degrees Celsius). All elements in their standard states (such as hydrogen gas, solid carbon in the form of graphite, etc.) have standard enthalpy of formation of zero, as there is no change involved in their formation.