Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 2009

VOLUME 2

Authors

Brian Caton (1) Doug Fotheringham (2) Ellen Krahnert (3) Jill Pearson (4) Matthew Royal (5) Ron Sandercock (6)

Prepared for the Adelaide and Mount Lofty Ranges NRM Board.

(1) Consultant. Adjunct Senior Lecturer, Environmental Management, Flinders University of SA, (2) Senior Scientific Officer, Coastal Management Branch, Department for Environment and Heritage, (3) Fauna Consultant, Mount Torrens, South Australia, (4) Coastal Project Coordinator, Urban Biodiversity Unit, Department for Environment and Heritage, (5) GIS Analyst, Spatial Information Services Branch, Information, Science and Technology, Department for Environment and Heritage, and (6) Coastal Officer, Coastal Management Branch, Department for Environment and Heritage.

This plan is a coastal conservation assessment and coastal action plan for the Metropolitan Adelaide coast between Sellicks Beach to the Port Wakefield Proof Range and builds upon the Conservation Assessment of the Northern and Yorke Coast, Far West Coastal Action Plan and Conservation Priority Study and the Southern Fleurieu Coastal Action Plan and Conservation Priority Study

This publication may be cited as:

Caton B., Fotheringham D., Krahnert E., Pearson J., Royal M. and Sandercock R. 2009. Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan. Prepared for the Adelaide and Mount Lofty Ranges NRM Board and Department for Environment and Heritage

For further information about the Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 2009 including copies of the report and electronic GIS data can be obtained from:

Adelaide and Mount Lofty Ranges NRM Board 205 Greenhill Road, Eastwood SA 5063 Phone: 8273 9100 Email: [email protected]

Front and Back Cover Photographs Bill Doyle:

ISBN: [978-0-646-51827-5]

Table of Contents

Table of Contents

Volume 2: RESULTS

Table of Contents (Volumes 1 and 2) i

Volume 2. List of Figures ii

Volume 2. List of Tables iii

Volume 2. Introduction 1

6. Conservation and Threat Summary Scores 2 6.1. Conservation Summary Mean Results 2 6.2. Threatening Processes Mean Results 2

7. Cell Descriptions (incl. plant and animal lists for each cell) 5 7.1. Constructing the Cell Descriptions 5 7.2. Deciding on Priority of Proposed Actions 5 7.3. Description and Analysis of Coastal Cells, including Local Management Priorities 7 7.3.1. MA1 Sellicks Beach 7 7.3.2. MA2 Silver Sands 23 7.3.3. MA3 Snapper Point 51 7.3.4. MA4 Port Willunga Beach 65 7.3.5. MA5 Maslins Beach 75 7.3.6. MA6 Moana 89 7.3.7. MA7 Seaford 105 7.3.8. MA8 Port Noarlunga 115 7.3.9. MA9 Witton Bluff - Christies Beach 135 7.3.10. MA10 Port Stanvac 145 7.3.11. MA11 Hallet Cove 163 7.3.12. MA12 Holdfast Bay 185 7.3.13. MA13 Patawalonga - Point Malcolm 201 7.3.14. MA14 Le Fevre Peninsula 219 7.3.15. MA15 Port Adelaide 241 7.3.16. MA16 Torrens Island - Section Bank 251 7.3.17. MA17 Barkers Inlet 267 7.3.18. MA18 Gawler River 283 7.3.19. MA19 Middle Beach 303 7.3.20. MA20 Light River Delta 317 7.3.21. MA21 Port Prime 327 7.3.22. MA22 Thompson Beach 339 7.3.23. MA23 Parham 353 7.3.24. MA24 Middle Spit 365

8. Regional Management Proposals 381

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan i List of Figures

List of Figures: Volume 2

Figure 1. Conservation Priority Locations 3 Figure 2. Threatening Process Locations 4 Figure 3. Cell MA1 Location Map 7 Figure 4. Cell MA2 Location Map 23 Figure 5. Detailed Conservation Summary Map Cell MA2 24 Figure 6. Cell MA3 Location Map 51 Figure 7. Cell MA4 Location Map 65 Figure 8. Cell MA5 Location Map 75 Figure 9. Cell MA6 Location Map 89 Figure 10. Cell MA7 Location Map 105 Figure 11. Cell MA8 Location Map 115 Figure 12. Detailed Conservation Summary Map Cell MA8 116 Figure 13. Cell MA9 Location Map 135 Figure 14. Cell MA10 Location Map 145 Figure 15. Detailed Conservation Summary Map Cell MA10 146 Figure 16. Cell MA11 Location Map 163 Figure 17. Detailed Conservation Summary Map Cell MA11 164 Figure 18. Cell MA12 Location Map 185 Figure 19. Cell MA13 Location Map 201 Figure 20. Cell MA14 Location Map 219 Figure 21: Cell MA15 Location Map 241 Figure 22. Cell MA16 Location Map 251 Figure 23. Detailed Conservation Summary Map Cell MA16 252 Figure 24. Cell MA17 Location Map 267 Figure 25. Cell MA18 Location Map 283 Figure 26. Detailed Conservation Summary Map Cell MA18 284 Figure 27. Cell MA19 Location Map 303 Figure 28. Cell MA20 Location Map 317 Figure 29. Cell MA21 Location Map 327 Figure 30. Cell MA22 Location Map 339 Figure 31. Detailed Conservation Summary Map Cell MA22 340 Figure 32. Cell MA23 Location Map 353 Figure 33. Cell MA24 Location Map 365

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan ii List of Figures

List of Tables: Volume 2

Table 1. Cell Description Template 5 Table 2. Priority of Proposed Actions 5 Table 3. Recommended Actions and Priority for MA1 – Sellicks Beach 10 Table 4. Recommended Actions and Priority for MA2 – Silver Sands 27 Table 5. Recommended Actions and Priority for MA3 – Snapper Point 53 Table 6. Recommended Actions and Priority for MA4 – Port Willunga 68 Table 7. Recommended Actions and Priority for MA5 – Maslin Beach 78 Table 8. Recommended Actions and Priority for MA6 – Moana 91 Table 9. Recommended Actions and Priority for MA7 – Seaford 107 Table 10. Recommended Actions and Priority for MA8 – Port Noarlunga 119 Table 11. Recommended Actions and Priority for MA9 - Christies Beach 137 Table 12. Recommended Actions and Priority for MA10 – Port Stanvac 148 Table 13. Recommended Actions and Priority for MA11 – Hallett Cove 166 Table 14. Recommended Actions and Priority for MA12 – Holdfast Bay 188 Table 15. Recommended Actions and Priority for MA13 - Patawalonga to Point Malcolm 204 Table 16. Recommended Actions and Priority for MA14 – Le Fevre Peninsula 222 Table 17. Recommended Actions and Priority for MA15 – Port Adelaide 243 Table 18. Recommended Actions and Priority for MA16 – Torrens Island 254 Table 19. Recommended Actions and Priority for MA17 – Barkers Inlet 269 Table 20. Recommended Actions and Priority for MA18 - Gawler River 287 Table 21. Recommended Actions and Priority for MA19 – Middle Beach 305 Table 22. Recommended Actions and Priority for MA20 – Light River Delta 319 Table 23. Recommended Actions and Priority for MA21 – Port Prime 329 Table 24. Recommended Actions and Priority for MA22 – Thompson Beach 342 Table 25. Recommended Actions and Priority for MA23 – Parham 355 Table 26. Recommended Actions and Priority for MA24 – Middle Spit 367

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan iii List of Figures

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan iviv Introduction

Introduction

The goal of this study is to understand and facilitate the conservation, protection and maintenance of the Adelaide and Mount Lofty Ranges NRM (AMLR NRM) natural coastal resources from Sellicks Beach to the Port Wakefield Proof Range, and to establish conservation priorities for places and areas within the region. In addition, the report outlines suggested actions to address threatening processes at specific locations within the region.

The report has been divided into two volumes:

Volume 1 of this report includes the rationale for the study, the data on which it is based (in appended spreadsheets), the methodology of valuing the data and placing it on digital maps; together with regional overviews of conservation values and threats.

Volume 2 presents the results of the GIS study for the region Chapter 7: GIS results for each coastal sub-region, or ‘cell’, the results of field and desk based investigation, as well as consultation with key players. Actions to reduce threats are proposed, and prioritised from the conservation and threat analyses. Thus description, conservation values, threats and actions are brought together at the local level, but within a regional context. It is hoped this will assist individuals, groups and organisations working on sustainable management of coastal areas at the local scale.

Chapter 8 builds on the assembled local conclusions and actions to propose regional actions.

For detailed location maps see Volume 1.

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 1 Introduction

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 22 Results

6. Conservation and Threat Summary Scores

The mean scores from the GIS analysis are summarised under the 31 Conservation and 19 Threat variable (layer) headings for each cell. These scores represent averages for each variable for the cell (see Appendix 11 in Volume 1). These are totalled for each cell: ‘Total for Threat Summary Layers’ and ‘Sum of Conservation Summary Means’.

6.1. Conservation Summary Mean Results

Sub-Regions Northern Saltmarsh (MA16 to 24) – seven out of nine are above average: cells MA22, 21, and 18 are ranked first, second and third in the region. All cells are relatively high for vegetation patch metrics, reptile and bird habitat and threatened plants and associations.

City (MA12 to 15) – three out of four have low totals: cell MA15 Port Adelaide is easily the lowest for the region with low to absent scores for all variables, although some threatened plant associations show sound scores.

Southern Cliffs (MA1 to 11) – these show generally low (five) to medium (five) values, with one standout high value cell, MA2 Silver Sands that includes the Aldinga Scrub.

Cells MA22 and 21, Thompson Beach and Port Prime. These adjacent cells are the highest value totals for the region. These cells score well in all variables, but have relatively high scores for focal species (Samphire Thornbill & Painted Dragon) and reptile habitat.

Cell MA2 Silver Sands/ Aldinga Scrub. This stands out above adjacent cells, with generally high totals, and outstanding scores for butterfly and bird habitat, species richness and natural heritage.

6.2. Threatening Processes Mean Results

Sub-Regions Northern Saltmarsh (MA16 to 24) – six out of nine are above average. All cells are high for potential acid sulfate soils, mining and off road vehicles.

City (MA12 to 15) – all medium. High for stormwater, land use, and development zoning.

Southern Cliffs (MA 1 to 11) – eight medium threat, two low (Silver Sands & Onkaparinga) and one high (Christies Beach). All cells are relatively high for cliff instability, vegetation degradation, viewshed, and viewscape.

Cell MA16 Torrens Island. This is the lowest total threat cell: high scoring variables for most cells, such as scenic amenity, stormwater, land use, land ownership are medium to absent here. But the cell has a relatively high value for potential acid sulfate soils.

Cells MA21 and 20, Port Prime and Light River Delta. These adjacent cells have the highest threat scores within the region: notably for mining, viewshed, ownership, off road vehicles, and stormwater volume; also weeds, potential acid sulfate soils, and land use add significant scores.

Cells MA2 and 8, Silver Sands and Onkaparinga Estuary. In the south these cells have standout low threat total, with no exceptionally low values.

In terms of average values per cell, MA21 Port Prime has the second highest conservation mean and the highest mean threat score.

Figures 1 and 2 that follow are the combined detailed conservation and threatening process scores represented as a temperature map of priority.

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 2 Results

Figure 1. Conservation Priority Locations

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 3 Results

Figure 2. Threatening Process Locations

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 4 Results

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 5 RReessuullttss -- CCeellll DDeessccrriippttiioonnss

Pacific Gull (Larus pacificus) Largs Bay Spider-flower (Grevillea lavandulacea ssp. lavandulacea) Photograph Bill Doyle, AMLR NRMB

Results

7. Cell Descriptions

7.1. Constructing the Cell Summaries

This project has defined 24 coastal cells comprising the AMLR metropolitan coast, has assembled datasets relating to conservation values and threatening processes, has valued these data and placed these values on GIS maps, in detail to the raster point level, (25m x 25m). This analysis has contributed to the cell descriptions detailed in this section.

The detailed cell descriptions within this Volume 2 have been constructed in line with the following Table 1:

Table 1. The Cell Description Template

Paragraph in Coastal Cell description Source of information Landforms The DEH internal GIS system – ‘Coastmaps’. Reference materials Terrestrial Biota/ Benthic Habitat Land Use/ Ownership Values Field appraisal. Interviews with community members working on coastal projects Threats in the area. Opportunities Current management plans Conservation Analysis (GIS) Analysis of state & museum databases, with supplementation by experts; ranking Threats Analysis (GIS) of conservation and threat data. Spatial summation and analysis by EI GIS branch. Climate Change Impacts Analysis by the study team of the IPCC (2007) and CSIRO (2008) projections for South Australia. Interpretation at a local scale of possible resulting changes in biophysical systems. Actions Derived from information above Priority assigned to actions. Priority depended on (i) GIS Analysis; (ii) Key players within the locality; (iii) Potential hazard to life and property. This is further detailed below.

7.2. Deciding on Priority of Proposed Actions

Within the Cell Descriptions (Section 7.3.) which follows is an Action Summary Table where priority has been indicated against each of the proposed actions. The project steering committee and the authors of this section adopted a scheme of priority assessment based on the processes within this project and the duties and aims of the major players. The general reasons for these priorities are given below in Table 2:

Table 2. Priority of Proposed Actions Designation Description High (Cons/Threat) Relates to a matter or area which has a high conservation priority score within the region and is under very significant immediate threat High (Hazard) This action relates to an actual or potential flooding or erosion hazard, water quality or a cliff instability issue where human safety may be involved. High (Soc/Econ) Relates to an issue or place which has a high social or economic significance within the region. High (Threat) Relates to an area with a high threat priority score, and where there are pressing management reasons for prompt action.

Medium (Cons) Relates to an area or matter which has a high to medium total conservation priority scores within the region Medium (Threat) This action relates to a significant threat, within the GIS threat analysis, i.e. a threat to conservation values. Medium (KP) Relates to an area or issue which has been identified by key players as being important within this cell, or within the region Medium (Soc/Econ) Relates to an area or matter which has moderate social or economic significance

Low (Cons) Relates to an issue or place of moderate conservation priority Low (Hazard) Relates to a flooding, erosion, water quality or cliff hazard of long term potential, but low immediate concern

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 5 Results

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 6 Results – MA1 Sellicks Beach

7.3. Description and Analysis of Coastal Cells

7.3.1. Sellicks Beach

Cell Detail Cell MA1 extends from Cactus Canyon to The Washpool. It is approximately 2 kilometres in length and is 119.9 hectares in area. It is within the City of Onkaparinga. (Note: Southern Fleurieu Coastal Action Plan Cell F27 Myponga to Sellicks adjoins MA1 to the south).

Landforms The cell comprises the lower slopes of the alluvial fan below Willunga Scarp, coastal cliffs and a sand and gravel beach, backed by a cobble ridge. The alluvial fan slopes at 30 to 40 to the north west, the surface is scored by erosion gullies, initiated following vegetation clearance in the post-colonial period, (Dragovitch, 1966). The largest of these, Cactus Canyon, forms the southern boundary of the region and like Sellicks Creek, currently transports silt, clay, sand and gravel to the beach and nearshore waters following storms. The Pleistocene alluvial fan is composed of conglomerates, sands and clays, well exposed in the cliffs. From an elevation of 70 m near to Cactus Canyon, the cliffs decline steadily to near sea level at the northern limit of the cell.

Figure 3. Cell MA1 Location Map

Sellicks Cliffs: shore platform, beach, cobble ridge, Port Willunga Beds limestone outcrop, Pleistocene cliffs, with slump feature, gullying, narrow coastal reserve. (Photograph Coast Protection Board, 2003)

The cliff face is unstable due to the unconsolidated nature of the alluvial fan materials, and shows slumping, sliding and gullying features, one large slump, of Pleistocene age, has been described by May and Bourman (1984). Near to Cactus Canyon a gentle up-fold brings an exposure of the underlying Tertiary limestone, the Port Willunga Beds, to the surface

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 7 Results – MA1 Sellicks Beach in a shore platform - reef, notch and low cliff (<3 m), the platform reef extends to form a sub-tidal reef across the mouth of the Canyon.

The sand beach forms a relatively steep slope between mean low and high water, above high water the Holocene storm- worked cobble ridge affords some protection to the toe of the unconsolidated cliff. The cobble ridge extends from the southern cell boundary, north past the Washpool to the back of Silver Sands, cell MA2. The materials of the ridge are derived from the denudation of the alluvial fan conglomerates: accumulation, attrition and sorting during storm wave action have resulted in well rounded, well sorted ridge cobbles at the northern, down-drift end of this distinctive landform.

Benthic Habitat Bare sand, sparse inshore seagrasses runs in a 400 metres band from the shoreline. A low platform reef extends out from Cactus Canyon and then dominates seaward of the sandy seafloor. Posidonia coriacea, a high energy coast seagrass species, is sparsely located in near-shore bare sand.

Terrestrial Biota 10 hectares or 8% of the cell is remnant vegetation and is mainly cliff top related. The total number of native plant and animal species recorded is 308, total threatened species is 59.

Land Use/ Land Ownership The coastal plain is largely residential land, which is developed to the Esplanade, the boundary of the coastal zone of the Development Plan. There is a very narrow coastal reserve between the cliff edge and the road. Only 8% of the cell is in remnant vegetation, no part of the cell is protected by reservation.

Values (Field visits and local reports) (including current usage) Coastal open space (between the cliff edge and road) is seen as part of the Adelaide Metropolitan Coast Park Concept Plan, (PPK 2001), a guide to strategy and action from Sellicks Beach to Largs Bay. The concept plan has guided effort towards the creation of coastal foot and cycle ways, as well as amenity plantings and recreational facilities.

The beach is used both as a recreational beach and as a road for vehicular traffic, cliff top open space is used for walking and parking. Beach fishing is popular in this area.

The cliffs are of geological significance due to the Pleistocene alluvial deposits and because of the documented slumping features. The geomorphological features of the area are used for field study by tertiary and secondary educational institutions.

Threats (Field visits and local reports) Unstable cliff top edges pose a potential hazard near to paths and informal car parking spots. Studies in other states (see Schlacher et al. 2008) suggest that cars driving on beaches leads to reduction in beach meiofauna (microscopic life forms within the sand) through compaction, thus threatening shorebird food and numbers. However, this is not replicated locally. Vehicular traffic also poses an obvious potential accident threat to pedestrians using the beach1.

Numerous weeds are found on the cliff face and in the gullies: various succulents including Century Plant and other Agave species (garden refuse), Artichoke, Boxthorn, Pine and Olive species.

Recent increases in areas of sealed surfaces, due to housing development, is increasing stormwater peak discharges, posing a threat to cliff and creek bank stability.

Opportunities Cliff stability erosion and pollution issues could be mitigated through better management of stormwater runoff, through water sensitive / sustainable urban design.

Improved ecological, cliff stability and climate change outcomes could be achieved through better use of public open space on the clifftops. Partnership projects with key stakeholders such as the City of Onkaparinga, the AMLR NRM Board and the Urban Biodiversity Unit, DEH, focussing on buffer plantings, including local species of conservation

1 The City of Onkaparinga has commissioned a three-year study of the environmental, social and economic impacts of vehicles on beaches by Flinders University Research Centre for Coastal and Catchment Environments. Council is currently considering this report, November 2008.

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 8 Results – MA1 Sellicks Beach significance species, could be implemented. A list of replacement plants for Atriplex nummularia, which has been historically planted but is not a local coastal species, could also be developed.

Geological exposures in the cliffs and erosion gullies are a ‘natural geological museum’ of features suitable for school and adult education: local interpretation would enhance (and not endanger) this local heritage.

Conservation Analysis (GIS) The conservation summary of means of all layers gives a total of 76.54, average for the region. The detailed summary map shows that this value is distributed between low to medium values over the whole cell, apart from the cliffs between Cactus Canyon and Sellicks Post Office, which totalled a high value.

This distinctive pattern arose because rare endemic plant associations (Beyeria lechenaultii/ Acrotriche patula) have been preserved on the cliffs, presumably because of their inaccessibility. Remnant cliff vegetation also includes habitat areas for two focal species, the Painted Dragon and the Yellowish Sedge-skipper (potential larval food plants present), the cliffs also have heritage values. The whole cell records high scenic amenity and sea view scores and contains listed Aboriginal heritage sites, the cliffs are part of a Geological Monument

Threat Analysis (GIS) The total score for all threat variables is 51.56, a moderate score within the project area: development zoning, land ownership, land use, viewshed and viewscape, vegetation block degradation, and cliff stability are all high values. A large proportion of the cell is privately owned, zoned residential and developed, little of this cell is in public ownership, none is reserved. In addition, this cell has the highest value for cliff instability within the region. Surprisingly, vegetation block metrics (based around shape and connectivity) do not add greatly to the threat score overall, but is high on the cliffs.

The pattern of summarized threat scores is extremely complex: but to generalize about the pattern, much of the cell is medium to low in threat total, with the cliffs medium to high. Examination of this pattern by layer shows it results from the overall factors listed above, but with an increase in threat at the cliffs due to cliff instability and vegetation blocks metrics.

Possible Climate Change Threats [This local projection is based on the regional scenario set out in section 4.10 of Volume 1] a) Sea Level Rise and Storm magnitude Within the range of sea level rise of the scenario (10cm by 2030) potential storm wave damage to the unconsolidated materials of the Sellicks Cliffs will be limited by the pebble ridge at the back of the beach. By this time the very highest surge and wave run up would not be expected to overtop the ridge and thus at 2030 this project assumes the pebble ridge will maintain a protective function, preventing removal of sediments from the base of the cliff. However, by 2070 a sea level change of +50cm, together with storm surge, could see the ridge growth failing to keep pace with sea level rise, hence overtopped, causing rapid recession of the base of the cliff. This eventuality depends on an analysis of shingle beach dynamics beyond the scope of this study.

Where storm drains are located within the cliff face or at the back of the beach, these may be damaged by storm waves, or by erosion processes affecting the cliffs. b) Increasing average temperatures and aridity: Increasing aridity could further reduce the sparse vegetation of the cliff face and top. c) Run-off regime change: Reduced run-off with occasional heavy storms could further the development of gullies on the Sellicks cliff face, with potential impact to the Esplanade. Saturation of the unconsolidated cliff materials could also lead to further slumping. The existing gully network, incised into the coastal plain could be rejuvenated by rare intense rainstorm events. d) Gulf waters change: It is expected that long period swell from the Southern ocean will maintain the slow northerly drift of coastal sediments at this section of the coast.

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 9 Results – MA1 Sellicks Beach

Actions and Priority

Table 3. Recommended Actions and Priority for MA1 – Sellicks Beach

Component Issue Proposed Action Priority of Key Players Action Beach Vehicle use and unleashed Hooded Plover Watch. High (Cons./ DEH/ Council/ dogs threaten shorebird Threat) Community / NRM activity, notably the Hooded Reduce pressure on High (Cons/ DEH/ Council/ Plover habitat at nesting times Threat) by a seasonal vehicle ban. Fence nests/ Community High (Cons./ DEH/ Council/ monitoring Threat) community / NRM Raising community High (Cons./ DEH/ Council/ awareness through Threat) community / NRM signage at major beach access points – Sellicks ramp. Shingle ridges at the back of Signage: - at shingle High (Cons./ Council/ NRM the beach degraded by ridges, pointing out their Threat) vehicle activity values; at vehicle ramps pointing out access is to the beach, not the ridges. Monitoring and enforcement. Cliff face Current instability threatened Ensure minimisation of Medium (Threat) Council by runoff from peak storm run-off from clifftop events (likely to increase with reserve climate change), and – long term – by sea level rise. Rare plant species threatened Access control. Buffer High (Cons./ Council/ Community/ by informal paths and weeds plantings, including rare Threat) NRM plants Geological heritage values of Interpretive signage Medium (Threat) Council/ Geological the cliffs, and – immediately Society of Australia, south of Cactus Canyon South Australian (Willunga fault zone), are not Branch / NRM publicly promoted. Instability increased by Access control: block Medium (Threat) Council informal access, and damage informal access, move to cliff top edge existing paths away from cliff edges Dumping of garden wastes, Weed control, habitat Medium (Threat) Council/ NRM weed invasion rehabilitation, education Gullies and creeks Increase in rare peak storm Stormwater and gully Medium (Threat) Council in coastal plain. intensity will re- activate these side protection erosion lines. Sheet erosion from cleared Improved land Landowners/ NRM land management to reduce exposure of soil to erosion Whole cell Aboriginal heritage sites Consultation to Medium (Cons.) Kaurna Heritage recorded in this cell: - need for appropriately manage Board/ NRM/ appropriate and sustainable sites in this area Council/ Aboriginal management Heritage Branch – DPC/ RCD - Aboriginal Partnership Unit – DEH

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 10 Results – MA1 Sellicks Beach

Component Issue Proposed Action Priority of Key Players Action Green Environmental Support Council in future High (Cons./ Community Groups/ Consultants have investigated conservation and Threat) Council/ NRM the preliminary threats and management key management issues to the coastal vegetation for Council owned reserves in this cell

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 11 Results – MA1 Sellicks Beach

BIOTA

Flora

Remnant Vegetation Area 10 Hectares (8% of the cell). The higher cliff areas in the southern end of the cell have intact remnant woodland/heath shrubland vegetation that extends from the cliff edge to the shoreline. Small pockets of sand behind the cobble beach have common dune vegetation. Vegetation Block Metrics 3 mapped vegetation remnants. Largely a narrow cliff slope corridor with good connections. Large areas are degraded at the northern end of the cell. Terrestrial Habitat Description The cliff slopes have a very open woodland Allocasuarina verticillata +/- *Pinus halepensis +/- (Ron Taylor description) *Tamarix sp. over Nitraria billardierei, Beyeria lechenaultii, Alyxia buxifolia and Olearia ramulosa and low dunal very open shrubland Olearia axillaris over *Cakile maritima ssp maritima and Spinifex hirsutus. # Flora in cell 194 (Surveys undertaken; 1 survey, 1 opportunistic survey. Taylor has undertaken ‘walk over’ summer surveys of this cell with these records used in the analysis) # Conservation Rated Flora in 39 (4 state, 37 regional) cell Significant Flora Species Common Name Rating Eucalyptus fasciculosa Pink Gum SA: R Maireana rohrlachii Rohrlach's Bluebush SA: R Melaleuca nanophylla Dwarf-leaf Honey-myrtle SA: R Myoporum parvifolium Creeping Boobialla SA: R Podolepis muelleri Button Podolepis SA: V Significant CDCS Floristic Beyeria lechenaultii/ Acrotriche patula is recorded within the cell. Community Refer to Appendix 8 in Volume 1 for plant community information. Protected Area Nil Vegetation Comments Most of the remnant vegetation and coastal open space is in public ownership. The cell has a high number of regionally conservation rated plants. Despite urban development, cliffs are an important refuge for flora and fauna, inaccessibility being a protection factor. There is very scattered vegetation remnants in Cactus Canyon after long term grazing.However significant Eucalyptus camaldulensis remain in the upper reaches (pers. comm. Ron Taylor). A number of non-local native plants have been used in revegetation projects. There is a significant stand of Century plant on the southern rim of Cactus Canyon. Any weed removal in this cell will require careful consideration of cliff stability. Weeds include a combination of woody shrubs, carpet weeds and the garden escape Gazania. Additional resources: Green Environmental Consultants 2005-07. Coastal Vegetation Survey of land in the care of the City of Onkaparinga (Stage 1, Stage 2 – and Stage 3 is still Draft). Comment: Green Environmental Consultants have prepared (draft) comprehensive species lists for priority sites at Aldinga Beach, Port Willunga, Maslin Beach, Moana, Seaford, Port Noarlunga and Christies Beach and others. Exclusively for coastal sites (dune, wetland and cliff areas) under Council care it identifies the condition, native and non-indigenous species, and threats to the vegetation and key management issues. Management plans of coastal relevance in the cell: City of Onkaparinga 2006. Cliff Stability Long Term Action Plan 2006 – 2011. URS. Detailed Cliff Stability Investigations Stage 2 Report. City of Onkaparinga October 2006. Cliff Stability Urgent Action Plan.

All Flora in cell

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 12 Results – MA1 Sellicks Beach

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status Regional NPW Act EPBC Act indigenous

Acacia acinacea Wreath Wattle N Acacia cupularis Cup Wattle R Acacia cyclops Western Coastal Wattle ж Acacia notabilis Notable Wattle K Acacia rigens Nealie R Acacia spinescens Spiny Wattle Acrotriche patula Prickly Ground-berry R Aeonium arboreum * Agapanthus praecox ssp. orientalis * Agave americana Century Plant * Aira cupaniana Small Hair-grass * Allocasuarina verticillata Drooping Sheoak Aloe sp. Aloe * Alyxia buxifolia Sea Box R Anagallis arvensis Pimpernel * Angianthus preissianus Salt Angianthus R Arctotheca calendula Cape Weed * Artemisia arborescens Silver Wormwood * Arthropodium fimbriatum Nodding Vanilla-lily Atriplex cinerea Coast Saltbush Atriplex nummularia Old Man Saltbush ж Atriplex paludosa ssp. cordata Marsh Saltbush Atriplex prostrata Creeping Saltbush * Atriplex semibaccata Berry Saltbush Atriplex suberecta Lagoon Saltbush Atriplex vesicaria ssp. Bladder Saltbush T Austrodanthonia caespitosa Common Wallaby-grass Austrodanthonia pilosa Velvet Wallaby-grass Austrodanthonia sp. Austrostipa flavescens Coast Spear-grass Austrostipa nodosa Tall Spear-grass Avellinia michelii Avellinia * Avena barbata Bearded Oat * Baumea juncea Bare Twig-rush Beyeria lechenaultii Pale Turpentine Bush Billardiera cymosa (NC) Sweet Apple-berry Billardiera cymosa ssp. Brachypodium distachyon False Brome * Briza maxima Large Quaking-grass * Briza minor Lesser Quaking-grass * Bromus diandrus Great Brome * Bromus madritensis Compact Brome * Caesia calliantha Blue Grass-lily

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 13 Results – MA1 Sellicks Beach

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status Regional NPW Act EPBC Act indigenous

Cakile maritima ssp. maritima Two-horned Sea Rocket * Carpobrotus rossii Native Pigface Carthamus lanatus Saffron Thistle * Cassytha glabella f. dispar Slender Dodder-laurel Cassytha pubescens Downy Dodder-laurel Chenopodium album Fat Hen * Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. monilifera Boneseed * Chrysocephalum semipapposum Clustered Everlasting R Comesperma volubile Love Creeper Convolvulus angustissimus ssp. angustissimus Australian Bindweed Conyza albida Tall Fleabane * Coprosma repens New Zealand Mirror-bush * Crassula tetragona ssp. robusta Crassula * Cynara cardunculus ssp. flavescens Artichoke Thistle * Cynodon dactylon var. dactylon Couch * Cyperus vaginatus Stiff Flat-sedge Danthonia pilosa var. pilosa (NC) Velvet Wallaby-grass Dianella brevicaulis Short-stem Flax-lily Dillwynia hispida Red Parrot-pea Disphyma crassifolium ssp. clavellatum Round-leaf Pigface Distichlis distichophylla Emu-grass N Dodonaea viscosa ssp. spatulata Sticky Hop-bush Drosanthemum candens Rodondo Creeper * Echium plantagineum Salvation Jane * Einadia nutans ssp. nutans Climbing Saltbush Enchylaena tomentosa var. tomentosa Ruby Saltbush Epilobium hirtigerum Hairy Willow-herb Eucalyptus fasciculosa Pink Gum R Eucalyptus porosa Mallee Box U Euphorbia paralias Sea Spurge * Eutaxia microphylla Common Eutaxia Frankenia pauciflora var. gunnii Southern Sea-heath Gahnia filum Thatching Grass R Gahnia lanigera Black Grass Saw-sedge R Galenia pubescens var. pubescens Coastal Galenia * Gazania linearis Gazania * Gomphocarpus cancellatus Broad-leaf Cotton-bush * Gonocarpus mezianus Broad-leaf Raspwort Goodenia amplexans Clasping Goodenia U Goodenia pinnatifida Cut-leaf Goodenia U Goodenia willisiana Silver Goodenia R Gramineae sp. Grass Family Hedypnois rhagadioloides ssp. rhagadioloides Cretan Weed *

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 14 Results – MA1 Sellicks Beach

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status Regional NPW Act EPBC Act indigenous

Helichrysum leucopsideum Satin Everlasting U Heliotropium europaeum Common Heliotrope Helminthotheca echioides Ox-tongue * Hemichroa pentandra Trailing Hemichroa R Hibbertia virgata Twiggy Guinea-flower Hordeum leporinum Wall Barley-grass * Hordeum marinum Sea Barley-grass * Isolepis nodosa Knobby Club-rush Isolepis platycarpa Flat-fruit Club-rush Juncus bufonius Toad Rush Juncus kraussii Sea Rush Kennedia prostrata Scarlet Runner Kickxia elatine ssp. crinita Twining Toadflax * Lagunaria patersonii Pyramid Tree * Lagurus ovatus Hare's Tail Grass * Lampranthus glaucus Noon-flower * Leptospermum myrsinoides Heath Tea-tree Leucophyta brownii Coast Cushion Bush Leucopogon rufus Ruddy Beard-heath R Lichen sp. Limonium companyonis Sea-lavender * Linum marginale Native Flax Lomandra effusa Scented Mat-rush R Lomandra micrantha ssp. Small-flower Mat-rush Lomandra micrantha ssp. tuberculata Small-flower Mat-rush Lotus australis Austral Trefoil U Lycium ferocissimum African Boxthorn * Maireana brevifolia Short-leaf Bluebush Maireana enchylaenoides Wingless Fissure-plant U Maireana rohrlachii Rohrlach's Bluebush R V Malva dendromorpha Tree Mallow * Marrubium vulgare Horehound * Medicago polymorpha var. polymorpha Burr-medic * Melaleuca nanophylla Dwarf-leaf Honey-myrtle R Melilotus indicus King Island Melilot * Mesembryanthemum crystallinum Common Iceplant * Mesembryanthemum nodiflorum Slender Iceplant * Moss sp. Myoporum insulare Common Boobialla Myoporum parvifolium Creeping Boobialla R V Neurachne alopecuroidea Fox-tail Mulga-grass Nicotiana glauca Tree Tobacco * Nicotiana maritima Coast Tobacco R

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 15 Results – MA1 Sellicks Beach

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status Regional NPW Act EPBC Act indigenous

Nitraria billardierei Nitre-bush Olea europaea ssp. europaea Olive * Olearia axillaris Coast Daisy-bush Olearia ramulosa Twiggy Daisy-bush Opuntia sp. * Osteospermum fruticosum * Oxalis perennans Native Sorrel Oxalis pes-caprae Soursob * Parapholis incurva Curly Ryegrass * Phyla canescens Lippia * Picnomon acarna Soldier Thistle * Pimelea flava ssp. dichotoma Diosma Riceflower Pimelea glauca Smooth Riceflower Pimelea serpyllifolia ssp. serpyllifolia Thyme Riceflower Pinus halepensis Aleppo Pine * Plantago coronopus ssp. coronopus Bucks-horn Plantain * Plantago lanceolata var. lanceolata Ribwort * Poa poiformis var. poiformis Coast Tussock-grass N Podolepis muelleri Button Podolepis V E Pogonolepis muelleriana Stiff Cup-flower U Polycarpon tetraphyllum Four-leaf Allseed * Polygonum aviculare Wireweed * Polypogon maritimus Coast Beard-grass * Pomaderris paniculosa ssp. paniculosa Mallee Pomaderris U Pseudognaphalium luteoalbum Jersey Cudweed Ptilotus nobilis var. nobilis Yellow-tails V Pultenaea tenuifolia Narrow-leaf Bush-pea R Rapistrum rugosum ssp. rugosum Turnip Weed * Reichardia tingitana False Sowthistle * Reseda lutea Cut-leaf Mignonette * Rhagodia candolleana ssp. candolleana Sea-berry Saltbush Ricinus communis Castor Oil Plant * Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum Watercress * Rumex crispus Curled Dock * Salvia verbenaca var. verbenaca Wild Sage * Scabiosa atropurpurea Pincushion * Scaevola albida Pale Fanflower Scaevola crassifolia Cushion Fanflower R Scleranthus pungens Prickly Knawel R Sclerolaena diacantha Grey Bindyi R Sclerolaena uniflora Small-spine Bindyi K Senecio picridioides Purple-leaf Groundsel Solanum linnaeanum Apple Of Sodom *

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 16 Results – MA1 Sellicks Beach

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Solanum nigrum Black Nightshade * Sonchus oleraceus Common Sow-thistle * Spergularia marina Salt Sand-spurrey Spinifex hirsutus Rolling Spinifex Sporobolus virginicus Salt Couch Tamarix sp. * Tecticornia pergranulata ssp. pergranulata Black-seed Samphire Tetragonia decumbens Sea Spinach * Tetragonia implexicoma Bower Spinach Themeda triandra Kangaroo Grass Thinopyrum junceiforme Sea Wheat-grass * Threlkeldia diffusa Coast Bonefruit Trifolium angustifolium Narrow-leaf Clover * Trifolium arvense var. arvense Hare's-foot Clover * Trifolium campestre Hop Clover * Trifolium scabrum Rough Clover * Typha domingensis Narrow-leaf Bulrush Velleia arguta Toothed Velleia R Velleia paradoxa Spur Velleia U Vulpia myuros f. myuros Rat's-tail Fescue * Watsonia sp. Watsonia * Wilsonia rotundifolia Round-leaf Wilsonia V Zygophyllum confluens Forked Twinleaf R Zygophyllum glaucum Pale Twinleaf T

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 17 Results – MA1 Sellicks Beach

Weeds

# Non-indigenous Flora in cell 81 (41% of total cell flora) Red Alert Weeds Species Common Name Acacia cyclops Western coastal wattle Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. monilifera Boneseed Euphorbia paralias Sea Spurge Galenia pubescens var. pubescens Coastal Galenia Gazania sp. Gazania Lycium ferocissimum African Boxthorn Marrubium vulgare Horehound Mesembryanthemum crystallinum Common Iceplant Oxalis pes-caprae Soursob Declared Weeds Species Common Name Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. monilifera Boneseed Cynara cardunculus ssp. flavescens Artichoke Thistle Echium plantagineum Salvation Jane Lycium ferocissimum African Boxthorn Marrubium vulgare Horehound Olea europaea ssp. europaea Olive Oxalis pes-caprae Soursob Pinus halepensis Aleppo Pine Reseda lutea Cut-leaf Mignonette

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 18 Results – MA1 Sellicks Beach

Fauna

# Fauna in cell 114 (Surveys undertaken; 3 opportunistic survey points. Additional record pers. comm. Emma Stephens 2008) # Conservation Rated Fauna in cell 20 (11 state, 19 regional) Significant Fauna Species Common Name Rating Anas rhynchotis Australasian Shoveler SA: R Cereopsis novaehollandiae Cape Barren Goose SA: R Egretta garzetta Little Egret SA: R Falcunculus frontatus Crested Shrike-tit SA: R Gallinago hardwickii Latham's Snipe SA: R Oxyura australis Blue-billed Duck SA: R Porzana tabuensis Spotless Crake SA: R Melanodryas cucullata Hooded Robin SA: ssp Calyptorhynchus funereus Yellow-tailed Black-Cockatoo SA: V Neophema chrysostoma Blue-winged Parrot SA: V Thinornis rubricollis Hooded Plover SA: V # Non-indigenous Fauna 9

All Fauna in cell

Species Common Name Class Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Crinia signifera Common Froglet Amphibia Limnodynastes tasmaniensis Spotted Grass Frog Amphibia Neobatrachus pictus Painted Frog Amphibia Acanthiza chrysorrhoa Yellow-rumped Thornbill Aves Acanthiza lineata Striated Thornbill Aves Accipiter cirrhocephalus Collared Sparrowhawk Aves U Alauda arvensis Eurasian Skylark * Aves Anas castanea Chestnut Teal Aves U Anas gracilis Grey Teal Aves Anas platyrhynchos Mallard * Aves Anas rhynchotis Australasian Shoveler Aves R R Anas superciliosa Pacific Black Duck Aves Anthochaera carunculata Red Wattlebird Aves Anthus novaeseelandiae Richard's Pipit Aves Ardea alba Great Egret, (White Egret) Aves Ardea pacifica White-necked Heron Aves U Artamus personatus Masked Woodswallow Aves Aythya australis Hardhead (White-eyed Duck) Aves U Cacatua galerita Sulphur-crested Cockatoo Aves U Cacatua roseicapilla Galah Aves Cacatua sanguinea Little Corella Aves Calidris acuminata Sharp-tailed Sandpiper Aves Calidris ruficollis Red-necked Stint Aves Calyptorhynchus funereus Yellow-tailed Black-Cockatoo Aves V V Carduelis carduelis European Goldfinch * Aves

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 19 Results – MA1 Sellicks Beach

Species Common Name Class Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Carduelis chloris European Greenfinch * Aves Cereopsis novaehollandiae Cape Barren Goose Aves R R Chenonetta jubata Australian Wood Duck, (Maned Aves

Duck) Chlidonias hybridus Whiskered Tern Aves Chrysococcyx basalis Horsfield's Bronze-cuckoo Aves Cincloramphus cruralis Brown Songlark Aves Circus approximans Swamp Harrier Aves Cisticola exilis Golden-headed Cisticola Aves R Columba livia Rock Dove * Aves Coracina novaehollandiae Black-faced Cuckoo-shrike Aves Corvus mellori Little Raven Aves Coturnix pectoralis Stubble Quail Aves Cuculus pallidus Pallid Cuckoo Aves Cygnus atratus Black Swan Aves Daphoenositta chrysoptera Varied Sittella Aves Egretta garzetta Little Egret Aves R Egretta novaehollandiae White-faced Heron Aves Elanus axillaris Black-shouldered Kite Aves Elseyornis melanops Black-fronted Dotterel Aves Epthianura albifrons White-fronted Chat Aves Erythrogonys cinctus Red-kneed Dotterel Aves Eudyptula minor Little Penguin Aves Falco berigora Brown Falcon Aves Falco cenchroides Nankeen Kestrel Aves Falco longipennis Australian Hobby Aves U Falcunculus frontatus Crested Shrike-tit Aves R V Gallinago hardwickii Latham's Snipe Aves R V Gallinula ventralis Black-tailed Native-hen Aves Geopelia placida Peaceful Dove Aves V Glossopsitta porphyrocephala Purple-crowned Lorikeet Aves Grallina cyanoleuca Magpie-lark Aves Gymnorhina tibicen Australian Magpie Aves Halobaena caerulea Blue Petrel Aves Himantopus himantopus Black-winged Stilt Aves Hirundo neoxena Welcome Swallow Aves Larus novaehollandiae Silver Gull Aves Lichenostomus penicillatus White-plumed Honeyeater Aves Lichenostomus virescens Singing Honeyeater Aves Lugensa brevirostris Kerguelen Petrel Aves Megalurus gramineus Little Grassbird Aves Melanodryas cucullata Hooded Robin Aves ssp Melopsittacus undulatus Budgerigar Aves Neophema chrysostoma Blue-winged Parrot Aves V V Ninox novaeseelandiae Southern Boobook Aves Ocyphaps lophotes Crested Pigeon Aves Oxyura australis Blue-billed Duck Aves R U Pachycephala pectoralis Golden Whistler Aves C

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 20 Results – MA1 Sellicks Beach

Species Common Name Class Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Pachycephala rufiventris Rufous Whistler Aves C Pachyptila belcheri Slender-billed Prion Aves Pachyptila desolata Antarctic Prion Aves Pardalotus striatus Striated Pardalote Aves Passer domesticus House Sparrow * Aves Pelecanus conspicillatus Australian Pelican Aves Petrochelidon ariel Fairy Martin Aves Petrochelidon nigricans Tree Martin Aves Phalacrocorax carbo Great Cormorant Aves Phalacrocorax melanoleucos Little Pied Cormorant Aves Phalacrocorax sulcirostris Little Black Cormorant Aves Phalacrocorax varius Pied Cormorant Aves Phylidonyris novaehollandiae New Holland Honeyeater Aves Platalea flavipes Yellow-billed Spoonbill Aves Platalea regia Royal Spoonbill Aves U Platycercus elegans Crimson Rosella Aves Poliocephalus poliocephalus Hoary-headed Grebe Aves Porzana tabuensis Spotless Crake Aves R U Psephotus haematonotus Red-rumped Parrot Aves C Pterodroma lessonii White-headed Petrel Aves Puffinus tenuirostris Short-tailed Shearwater Aves Rhipidura albiscapa Grey Fantail Aves Rhipidura leucophrys Willie Wagtail Aves Sterna bergii Crested Tern Aves Sterna caspia Caspian Tern Aves Sterna striata White-fronted Tern Aves Streptopelia chinensis Spotted Turtle-dove * Aves Sturnus vulgaris Common Starling * Aves Tachybaptus novaehollandiae Australasian Grebe, (Little Grebe) Aves Tadorna tadornoides Australian Shelduck Aves Thinornis rubricollis Hooded Plover Aves V V Threskiornis molucca Australian White Ibis Aves Threskiornis spinicollis Straw-necked Ibis Aves Trichoglossus haematodus Rainbow Lorikeet Aves C Tringa nebularia Common Greenshank Aves Turdus merula Eurasian Blackbird * Aves Vanellus miles Masked Lapwing Aves Vanellus tricolor Banded Lapwing Aves Zosterops lateralis Silvereye Aves Anisynta cynone gracilis Cynone Grass-skipper Invertebrate Antipodia atralba Black and White Sedge-skipper Invertebrate Pseudonaja textilis Eastern Brown Snake Reptilia

Note: * = Non-indigenous species, ж = Non-local species, (NC) = Name change

Rating: EX = Extinct, EW = Extinct in the Wild, CR = Critically Endangered, E/ EN = Endangered, ssp = Significant species; V/VU = Vulnerable, R/ RA: Rare, K = Indeterminate/ Possibly threatened, NT = Near Threatened, T = Threatened, Q = Possible significance, U = Uncommon, N = Not significant, LC = Least Concern.

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 21 Results – MA1 Sellicks Beach

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 22 Results – MA2 Silver Sands

7.3.2. Silver Sands

Cell Detail Cell MA2 extends in a north south alignment, from The Washpool to Palmer Street, within the City of Onkaparinga. It is approximately 3.9 kilometres in length and 456.6 hectares in area.

Landforms The beach is a moderate energy, straight, west-facing beach, it is composed of a variety of grade size mineral sands, with two bars, the inner being a low tide terrace. Sands grade from medium/coarse in the south to medium/fine in the north and beach angle flattens with the reduction in grade size moving north. South of the Lower Esplanade the dunes are naturally connected to the beach, the cobble ridge declines in elevation and is buried under the backshore as far as Sheoak Avenue. From Loongana Road to Norman Road and from Wattle Avenue to the boat ramp, the Esplanade has a number of residential streets constructed within the former dunes, compromising the beach-dune connection to Aldinga Scrub.

At the Aldinga Scrub, Holocene sands extend inland as an irregular low (<10 m) dunefield for some 2 km from the shore. Within and at the edges of the dunefield, there are small degraded wetland areas. Figure 4. Cell MA2 Location Map

The Washpool, Button Road. (Photograph Coast Protection Board, 2008)

South and east of the Aldinga Scrub, the Washpool Lagoon is an intermittently flooded coastal lagoon, records suggest that this was formerly lower in elevation and much more extensive. Land clearance within the catchment, together with farm drainage, has resulted in considerable sedimentation of this low-lying area over the last 70 years. The Lagoon is flooded by run off in winter and intermittently by storm tides.

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 23 Results – MA2 Silver Sands

Aldinga Beach access ramp, Aldinga Scrub. (Photograph Coast Protection Board, 2008)

Figure 5. Conservation Priority: Detailed Summary Map (Note: Red represents highest conservation total in region, Blue is the lowest)

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 24 Results – MA2 Silver Sands

Benthic Habitat Nearshore is a broad band of bare sandy seafloor, with a 500 metre wide low platform reef running parallel to the shoreline. There is further bare sand outside the reef system. Posidonia coriacea, a high-energy coast seagrass species, is sparsely located in the near-shore bare sand.

Terrestrial Biota 230ha or 50% cell is remnant vegetation. The total number of native plant and animal species recorded is 731, total threatened species is 147. This diversity reflects the great variation of habitat within the cell.

Land Use/ Land Ownership 58% of the cell falls within the Aldinga Scrub Conservation Park, 10% of the cell is within Crown Land Act reserve. (The proposed Washpool and Environs Management Plan involve land owned by Council, DEH Crown Lands, Coast Protection Board, DPLG and SA Water).

Values (Field visits and local reports) (including current usage) Coastal open space is seen as part of the Adelaide Metropolitan Coast Park Concept Plan, (PPK 2001), a guide to strategy and action from Sellicks Beach to Largs Bay. The concept plan has guided effort towards the creation of coastal foot and cycle ways, as well as amenity plantings and recreational facilities.

Aldinga Scrub contains a great variety of vegetation types (SA Parks & Wildlife, 1992): closed heath, low shrubland, tall shrubland, fernland, sedgeland, low open shrubland, low woodland, low open forest, low closed forest, open scrub and grassland. The Washpool is a coastal wetland, filtering sediment and providing bird habitat, there is potential for waterbird nesting and rearing when the lagoon is flooded in spring and early summer. The Washpool and waterholes within the Aldinga Scrub are valuable Aboriginal sites, used traditionally for camping and for treating possum-skin cloaks.

The beach is used for recreation and for vehicle access, at the Aldinga ramp, non- residents are charged for beach access during peak summer periods by volunteer community groups.

Threats (Field visits and local reports) Studies in other states (see Schlacher et.al. 2008), suggest that cars on the beach leads to reduction in microscopic life forms within the beach sands through compaction, thus threatening shorebird food and numbers, however, this is not replicated locally. Vehicle traffic also poses an obvious potential accident threat and harassment to other beach users1.

The Washpool coastal wetland depends on sustainable catchment management practices to control water and sediment flows from upstream.

Continued urban development adjacent to the Aldinga Scrub threatens its values due to pressure of use, fire, weeds and feral animals.

Opportunities The current Washpool Lagoon and Environs Management Plan (QED 2007), aims to enhance wading bird habitat and to create habitat linkages with Aldinga Scrub. The plan aims to enlarge the current extent of samphire (see Washpool photo above) to the northeast, increasing the saltmarsh area by about 40%. Some minor deepening and re-shaping of the lagoon is proposed, together with closure of the western part of Button Road to create a refuge island. It is envisaged that low (3.0 metres AHD) flood banks will define the western edge of the seasonal wetland, and the weir and sill at the seaward end of The Washpool will be maintained. This plan has involved considerable public consultation: in 2008 it awaits implementation, and refinement to adjust to changed climate conditions.

Conservation Analysis (GIS) Based on summary conservation means, this cell scores 107.80: the only high value cell south of the Barker Inlet. These values are highest in the Aldinga Scrub and the backshore dunes, (see map ‘Detailed summary of conservation priority, above): this cell is rich in sand dune species and displays a variety of habitats; it is unique within the region.

Outstanding values are found for listed European natural heritage (Aldinga Scrub is listed on the Register of the National Estate) and Aboriginal heritage, vegetation block metrics (patch size, patch shape and connectivity), butterfly habitat

1 The City of Onkaparinga has commissioned a three year study of the environmental, social and economic impacts of vehicles on beaches by Flinders University Research Centre for Coastal & Catchment Environments. Council is currently considering this report, November 2008.

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 25 Results – MA2 Silver Sands

(the most significant for the MACCA region), reptile habitat (both within the Scrub and the dunes), total number of flora and fauna species within the whole cell, total number of threatened species. The endemic floristic community Beyeria lechenaultii/ Acrotriche patula is found in the large clifftop dunes seaward of Aldinga Scrub. High values for scenic amenity and sea views are found throughout this cell.

The Focal Species - Hooded Plover (beach), Yellowish Sedge-skipper (dunes and Scrub) and Painted Dragon (dunes and Scrub) are all recorded in this cell. High scores also accrue for threatened bird species: there are 23 recorded in this cell, including state endangered White-Bellied Sea Eagle. State vulnerable Australasian Bittern, Banded Stilt, Blue- winged Parrot, Brown Quail, Hooded Plover, Painted Snipe and Yellow-tailed Black Cockatoo are all recorded.

For the following butterflies, sightings of adults (and larval host plants) have been recorded in Aldinga Scrub: Black and White Sedge Skipper (Gahnia lanigera), Cynone Grass Skipper (Austrostipa sp.), the Wood White (requires mistletoe host plants, e.g. Amyema meleleucae) and Amaryllis azure (Amyema miqueli). Larval host plants for the Bitter Bush Blue, Yellowish Sedge-skipper and the Small Copper are recorded in the cell.

Threat Analysis (GIS) The threat analysis gives the third lowest threat total in the region: only the proportion of exotic plants (vegetation block degradation), stormwater drains and viewscape make moderate to high contributions to a total threat score of 38. The pattern of total analysed threats displays moderate to high values in the dunes at Silver Sands, and moderate to low elsewhere. However, past residential development on the fringes of the Scrub has meant that this significant conservation area is largely un-buffered.

The main threats for this cell: climate change, ground water levels and quality change, and catchment management – are not part of the GIS analysis.

Possible Climate Change Threats [This local projection is based on the regional scenario set out in section 4.10 in Volume 1.] a) Sea level rise and Storm magnitude Beach and dune recession due to sea level rise will be slowed in the southern part of the cell by the partly buried cobble ridge. Sea level rise will impact on the Lower Esplanade north of Wattle Avenue through erosion, and on the Washpool by salt water incursion at times of storm surge, (depending on the height of the sill following reconstruction).

The pressure of saltwater incursion into Port Willunga Beds, which underlie the shallow sands and clays of the Aldinga Scrub, will rise with sea level and will need to be balanced by replenishment of the surface water tables, (Hart Road stormwater storage could be important in this respect). The Hindmarsh Clay forms a shallow hydrological cap to the Port Willunga Beds, and the Aldinga Scrub survives on the water table above the clay in the sands, (see Ecological Associates, 2003, pp 3-3 and 3-6). b) Increasing average temperatures and aridity Increasing aridity will challenge the plant associations of the Scrub, while knowledge of response of individual species is not available, it is clear that the wetland species within the complex of associations will be markedly affected. High local development pressure, together with increased drought, will increase fire risk for the Scrub. c) Changed run-off regimes Occasional high peak storm run off will deliver sediment to The Washpool, the quantities of sediment involved will largely depend on the quality of land management practices within the catchment. There is the possibility that sediment infill and brackish soil water, could return this to an inter-tidal and supra-tidal samphire saltmarsh, (assuming contemporary excavation) cf. Buckland Lake. d) Nearshore marine changes Long period swell from the Southern Ocean will maintain the slow northerly drift of beach sediments in this cell.

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 26 Results – MA2 Silver Sands

Actions and Priority

Table 4. Recommended Actions and Priority for MA2 – Silver Sands

Component Issue Proposed Action Priority of Key Players Action Beach Vehicles and unleashed Hooded Plover Watch, including High (Cons./ Community/ dogs on beaches threaten fencing of nests and monitoring Threat) Council/ NRM Hooded Plover habitat Reduce pressure on habitat at nesting High (Cons./ Community/ times by a seasonal vehicle ban, and Threat) Council enforcing dogs on leash rule Raising community awareness High (Cons./ Community/ through signage at major beach Threat Council/ NRM access points – Sellicks Shingle ridge degraded by Signage: - at shingle ridges, High (Cons./ Council/ NRM vehicle activity highlighting their values, at vehicle Threat) ramps pointing out access is to the beach, not the ridges. Monitoring and enforcement Coastal dunes High proportion of exotic Weed control and re-planting of local High (Cons./ Community/ plants species. Education regarding garden Threat) Council/ NRM plants becoming weeds and benefits of locally indigenous gardens. Domestic animals in Interpretive signage, dogs on leashes Medium Community/ dunes threaten lizard (Cons.) Council/ NRM habitats, including Painted Dragon (focal species) Rabbit populations Rabbit control Medium Council / NRM Clarification of liability issues in rabbit (Cons.) control Sub-coastal dune - Reductions in water table Monitoring of water table levels (tube Medium DEH - RCD/ Aldinga Scrub in superficial sands. wells) and wetland species (Cons.) Friends of Salt water pressure on the Aldinga Scrub / groundwater of the Port NRM Willunga beds Domestic animals in Interpretive signage, dogs on leashes Medium DEH - RCD/ Scrub threaten lizard (Cons.) Friends of habitat, including Painted Aldinga Scrub/ Dragon (focal species) NRM Rare habitat for butterflies Planting of larval host plants Medium DEH - RCD/ within the Scrub (Cons.) Friends of Aldinga Scrub/ NRM Analysis shows the Scrub Continue to support key players in High (Cons./ NRM/ Council/ to be a significant area raising the awareness of the value of Threat) Community/ DEH within the study region, unique sites within the region with high total conservation values Support Council planning efforts to High (Cons./ Council/ DPLG/ (a) prevent sub-division within the Threat) NRM/ Community residential area to the immediate NW of the Scrub, (b) establish buffer areas against new residential development north of the Scrub Potential for increased Develop and distribute educational High (Cons./ Council/ NRM/ weed invasion within the materials about garden escapes and Threat) Community reserve from surrounding weeds and alternative local species housing that can be planted in gardens

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 27 Results – MA2 Silver Sands

Component Issue Proposed Action Priority of Key Players Action Coastal Wetland – Sediment from catchment Catchment management and local run Medium NRM/ DEH/ Washpool Reserve infilling re-instated off control: implementation of (KP.) Council wetland Washpool Lagoon & Environs Management Plan, including construction of sedimentation pond Weed infestations Weed management Medium NRM/ DEH/ (KP.) Council Domestic animals Education regarding wetland birds, Medium NRM/ DEH/ threaten migratory birds dogs on leashes (KP.) Council / Community Vehicles and unleashed Hooded Plover Watch, including High (Cons./ Community/ dogs on beaches threaten fencing of nests and monitoring Threat) Council/ NRM Hooded Plover habitat Reduce pressure on habitat at nesting High (Cons./ Community/ times by a seasonal vehicle ban, and Threat) Council enforcing dogs on leash rule Raising community awareness High (Cons./ Community/ through signage at major beach Threat Council/ NRM access points Coastal slopes Control of stormwater, in [cf. Palmer Street detention pond.] Medium Council order to prevent loss to (KP.) Scrub ground waters. Coastal slopes eroding Investigate erosion control measures High (Cons./ NRM/ DEH/ due to runoff and on lower esplanade, Aldinga Scrub Threat) Council / unauthorised public CP and erosion corner (Lower Community access within high Esplanade and Morgan Street) conservation priority native vegetation Whole cell Aboriginal heritage sites Consultation to appropriately manage Medium Kaurna Heritage recorded in this cell: need sites in this area (Cons.) Board/ NRM/ for appropriate and Council/ sustainable management Aboriginal Heritage Branch – DPC/ RCD - Aboriginal Partnership Unit – DEH Green Environmental Support Council in future conservation High (Cons./ Community Consultants have and management Threat) Group/ Council/ investigated the NRM preliminary threats and key management issues to the coastal vegetation for Council owned reserves in this cell

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 28 Results – MA2 Silver Sands

BIOTA

Flora

Remnant Vegetation Area 230 hectares (50% of the cell). This cell has mixed habitats with open ephemeral wetland and samphire habitat of The Washpool, coastal dune plant communities, extensive sub-coastal woodlands and mallee adjacent the sands of Aldinga Scrub and other cliff plant communities on elevated sand ramps. Vegetation Block Metrics 9 mapped vegetation remnants. A large remnant but a linear barrier of roadways and housing setback from the coast reduces the connectivity. Terrestrial Habitat Description/s (Ron Taylor description) Washpool: Sedgeland with Gahnia filum +/- Bolboschoenus caldwellii plus a saline ephemeral wetland Tecticornia pergranulata ssp. pergranulata over Suaeda australis. Silver Sands Dunes: Coastal very open dunal shrubland with Olearia axillaris. (NVIS description) Aldinga Scrub: Eucalyptus fasciculosa (mixed) low woodland over Acacia pycnantha low trees and Leptospermum myrsinoides mid shrubs and Astroloma conostephioides (mixed) low shrubs +/- Allocasuarina verticillata +/- Santalum acuminatum +/- Alyxia buxifolia, Banksia marginata, Xanthorrhoea semiplana ssp. tateana low woodland. Allocasuarina verticillata (mixed) low woodland over Grevillea lavandulacea var. lavandulacea (NC) low shrubs. Eucalyptus porosa low open forest over Pittosporum angustifolium (mixed) tall shrubs and *Bromus diandrus (mixed) low tussock grasses. # Flora in cell 544 (Surveys undertaken; 8 surveys, 8 opportunistic surveys. Taylor has undertaken ‘walk over’ summer time surveys for the coastal dune areas of this cell with these records used in the analysis). # Conservation Rated Flora in cell 104 (9 state, 103 regional) Significant Flora Species Common Name Rating Dampiera lanceolata var. intermedia Aldinga Dampiera SA: E Aristida australis SA: R Austrostipa multispiculis SA: R Calochilus campestris (NC) Plains Beard-orchid SA: R Eucalyptus fasciculosa Pink Gum SA: R Myoporum parvifolium Creeping Boobialla SA: R Olearia passerinoides ssp. Sticky Daisy-bush SA: R glutescens Xanthorrhoea semiplana ssp. Tate's Grass-tree SA: R tateana Corybas expansus Dune Helmet-orchid SA: V Significant CDCS Floristic Community Beyeria lechenaultii / Acrotriche patula is recorded within the cell. Refer to Appendix 8 in Volume 1 for plant community information. Protected Area Aldinga Scrub Conservation Park (265.7 hectares) Vegetation Comments The Aldinga Scrub has been well surveyed due to its established standing as an important remnant. It is noted for its unusual association of plants as described above. City of Onkaparinga has vegetation management plans and detailed surveys available for the Aldinga Beach Reserve and The Washpool. Most of the remnant vegetation is in a combination of public ownerships. City of Onkaparinga has been active in extensive woody weed control programs and revegetation in the cell. There is a significant stand of Lignum associated with a former wetland known as the Blue Lagoon adjacent to Norman Road. Very important wetland habitats. Thatching grass is important for the regionally extinct Yellowish Sedge-skipper butterfly. Additional resources: Green Environmental Consultants 2005-07. Coastal Vegetation Survey of land in the care of the City of Onkaparinga (Stage 1, Stage 2 – and Stage 3 is still Draft). Comment: Green Environmental Consultants have prepared (draft) comprehensive

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 29 Results – MA2 Silver Sands

species lists for priority sites at Aldinga Beach, Port Willunga, Maslin Beach, Moana, Seaford, Port Noarlunga and Christies Beach and others. Exclusively for coastal sites (dune, wetland and cliff areas) under Council care it identifies the condition, native and non-indigenous species, and threats to the vegetation and key management issues. Management plans of coastal relevance to the cell: City of Onkaparinga 2006. Cliff Stability Long Term Action Plan 2006 – 2011. URS. Detailed Cliff Stability Investigations Stage 2 Report. City of Onkaparinga October 2006 Cliff Stability Urgent Action Plan. QED Pty Ltd 2006. Aldinga Washpool Management Plan (Draft), City of Onkaparinga, Adelaide. Ecological Evaluation 2001. Vegetation Management Plan for Aldinga Beach Reserve (2001), City of Onkaparinga, Adelaide. QED Pty Ltd 2007. Washpool Lagoon and Environs Management Plan, City of Onkaparinga and DPLG Adelaide.

All Flora in cell

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Acacia acinacea Wreath Wattle N Acacia cupularis Cup Wattle R Acacia cyclops Western Coastal Wattle ж Acacia longifolia ssp. longifolia Sallow Wattle * Acacia longifolia ssp. sophorae Coastal Wattle N Acacia paradoxa Kangaroo Thorn Acacia pycnantha Golden Wattle Acacia saligna Golden Wreath Wattle * Acacia spinescens Spiny Wattle Acaena echinata Sheep's Burr Acaena echinata var. (NC) Sheep's Burr Acetosella vulgaris Sorrel * Acianthus caudatus Mayfly Orchid Acianthus caudatus var. caudatus (NC) Mayfly Orchid N Acianthus pusillus Mosquito Orchid Acrotriche affinis Ridged Ground-berry R Acrotriche patula Prickly Ground-berry R Actinobole uliginosum Flannel Cudweed U Actites megalocarpa Coast Sow-thistle K Adriana klotzschii (NC) Coast Bitter-bush U Adriana quadripartita Coast Bitter-bush U Adriana quadripartita (NC) Rare Bitter-bush Aira cupaniana Small Hair-grass * Allocasuarina verticillata Drooping Sheoak Alternanthera denticulata Lesser Joyweed U Alyxia buxifolia Sea Box R Ammophila arenaria Marram Grass * Amyema miquelii Box Mistletoe Anagallis arvensis Pimpernel * Angianthus preissianus Salt Angianthus R Apalochlamys spectabilis Showy Firebush V

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 30 Results – MA 2 Silver Sands

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Apium prostratum var. Native Celery N Arctotheca calendula Cape Weed * Arctotis stoechadifolia White Arctotis * Aristida australis R K Aristida personata Purple Wire-grass K Arthropodium fimbriatum Nodding Vanilla-lily Arthropodium strictum Common Vanilla-lily Arundo donax Giant Reed * Asparagus asparagoides (NC) Bridal Creeper * Asparagus asparagoides f. asparagoides Bridal Creeper * Asperula conferta Common Woodruff Asphodelus fistulosus Onion Weed * Aster subulatus Aster-weed * Astroloma conostephioides Flame Heath Astroloma humifusum Cranberry Heath Atriplex cinerea Coast Saltbush Atriplex paludosa ssp. cordata Marsh Saltbush Atriplex paludosa ssp. paludosa Marsh Saltbush K Atriplex prostrata Creeping Saltbush * Atriplex semibaccata Berry Saltbush Atriplex suberecta Lagoon Saltbush Austrodanthonia caespitosa Common Wallaby-grass Austrodanthonia geniculata Kneed Wallaby-grass Austrodanthonia pilosa Velvet Wallaby-grass Austrodanthonia racemosa var. racemosa Slender Wallaby-grass Austrodanthonia setacea Small-flower Wallaby-grass Austrodanthonia sp. Austrostipa drummondii Cottony Spear-grass Austrostipa elegantissima Feather Spear-grass U Austrostipa eremophila Rusty Spear-grass U Austrostipa flavescens Coast Spear-grass Austrostipa mollis Soft Spear-grass Austrostipa multispiculis R R Austrostipa nodosa Tall Spear-grass Austrostipa scabra ssp. falcata Slender Spear-grass Austrostipa sp. Spear-grass Avellinia michelii Avellinia * Avena barbata Bearded Oat * Banksia marginata Silver Banksia Baumea juncea Bare Twig-rush Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima Sea Beet * Beyeria lechenaultii Pale Turpentine Bush Billardiera cymosa (NC) Sweet Apple-berry Billardiera cymosa ssp.

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 31 Results – MA 2 Silver Sands

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Billardiera sericophora Silky Apple-berry Billardiera sp. Apple-berry Blennospora drummondii Dwarf Button-flower Bolboschoenus caldwellii Salt Club-rush Brachypodium distachyon False Brome * Brachyscome lineariloba Hard-head Daisy V Brachyscome perpusilla Tiny Daisy Brassica tournefortii Wild Turnip * Briza maxima Large Quaking-grass * Briza minor Lesser Quaking-grass * Bromus catharticus Prairie Grass * Bromus diandrus Great Brome * Bulbine bulbosa Bulbine-lily Bulbine semibarbata Small Leek-lily R Bupleurum semicompositum Hare's Ear * Burchardia umbellata Milkmaids Bursaria spinosa ssp. spinosa Sweet Bursaria Caesia calliantha Blue Grass-lily Cakile maritima ssp. maritima Two-horned Sea Rocket * Caladenia carnea Pink Fingers Caladenia latifolia Pink Caladenia U Caladenia sp. Spider-orchid Calandrinia calyptrata Pink Purslane U Calandrinia eremaea Dryland Purslane U Calandrinia granulifera Pigmy Purslane U Calochilus campestris (NC) Plains Beard-orchid R E Calochilus cupreus Copper Beard-orchid E X Calostemma purpureum Pink Garland-lily Calytrix tetragona Common Fringe-myrtle Carex bichenoviana Notched Sedge U Carex breviculmis Short-stem Sedge Carpobrotus edulis ssp. edulis Hottentot Fig * Carpobrotus rossii Native Pigface Carpobrotus rossii (NC) Native Pigface Carpobrotus sp. Pigface Carthamus lanatus Saffron Thistle * Cassytha glabella f. dispar Slender Dodder-laurel Cassytha pubescens Downy Dodder-laurel Catapodium rigidum Rigid Fescue * Centaurea calcitrapa Star Thistle * Centaurium erythraea Common Centaury * Centaurium sp. Centaury * Centaurium tenuiflorum Branched Centaury * Centrolepis aristata Pointed Centrolepis

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 32 Results – MA 2 Silver Sands

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Centrolepis polygyna Wiry Centrolepis Centrolepis strigosa ssp. strigosa Hairy Centrolepis Cerastium glomeratum Common Mouse-ear Chickweed * Chamaescilla corymbosa var. corymbosa Blue Squill Chasmanthe floribunda var. floribunda African Corn-flag * Cheilanthes austrotenuifolia Annual Rock-fern Chenopodium album Fat Hen * Chenopodium pumilio Clammy Goosefoot Chloris truncata Windmill Grass Chorizandra enodis Black Bristle-rush Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. monilifera Boneseed * Chrysocephalum apiculatum Common Everlasting Chrysocephalum semipapposum Clustered Everlasting R Citrullus lanatus Bitter Melon * Cladia aggregata Cladonia sp. Clematis microphylla var. microphylla Old Man's Beard Comesperma calymega Blue-spike Milkwort Comesperma volubile Love Creeper Convolvulus angustissimus ssp. Convolvulus erubescens (NC) Australian Bindweed Convolvulus remotus Grassy Bindweed Coprosma repens New Zealand Mirror-bush * Correa reflexa var. reflexa (NC) Common Correa Correa reflexa var. scabridula Common Correa Cortaderia selloana Common Pampas Grass * Corybas despectans Coast Helmet-orchid R Corybas diemenicus Veined Helmet-orchid Corybas dilatatus (NC) Common Helmet-orchid Corybas expansus Dune Helmet-orchid V E Corybas incurvus Slaty Helmet-orchid U Cotula australis Common Cotula Cotula coronopifolia Water Buttons * Craspedia glauca (NC) Billy-buttons Craspedia variabilis Billy-buttons Crassula closiana Stalked Crassula N Crassula colligata ssp. Crassula colorata var. acuminata Dense Crassula Crassula decumbens var. decumbens Spreading Crassula Crassula natans var. minus Water Crassula * Crassula sieberiana ssp. tetramera (NC) Australian Stonecrop Cryptandra tomentosa (NC) Heath Cryptandra Cymbonotus preissianus Austral Bear's-ear U Cynara cardunculus ssp. flavescens Artichoke Thistle *

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 33 Results – MA 2 Silver Sands

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Cynodon dactylon (NC) Couch * Cynodon dactylon var. dactylon Couch * Cynoglossum suaveolens Sweet Hound's-tongue U Cyperus gymnocaulos Spiny Flat-sedge Cyperus tenellus Tiny Flat-sedge Cyperus vaginatus Stiff Flat-sedge Cyrtostylis robusta Robust Gnat-orchid Dactylis glomerata Cocksfoot * Dampiera lanceolata var. intermedia Aldinga Dampiera E E Dampiera rosmarinifolia Rosemary Dampiera R Danthonia pilosa var. paleacea (NC) Velvet Wallaby-grass Daucus glochidiatus Native Carrot Dianella brevicaulis Short-stem Flax-lily Dianella revoluta (NC) Dianella revoluta var. revoluta Black-anther Flax-lily Dichelachne crinita Long-hair Plume-grass Dichelachne micrantha Short-hair Plume-grass Q Dichondra repens Kidney Weed Digitaria sanguinalis Crab Grass * Dillwynia hispida Red Parrot-pea Dipodium roseum Pink Hyacinth Orchid Disphyma crassifolium ssp. clavellatum Round-leaf Pigface Distichlis distichophylla Emu-grass N Dittrichia graveolens Stinkweed * Diuris orientis Wallflower Donkey-orchid Diuris palustris Little Donkey-orchid V Dodonaea viscosa ssp. spatulata Sticky Hop-bush Drosera auriculata Tall Sundew Drosera glanduligera Scarlet Sundew Drosera macrantha ssp. planchonii Climbing Sundew Drosera peltata Pale Sundew Drosera whittakeri ssp. whittakeri Echium plantagineum Salvation Jane * Ehrharta calycina Perennial Veldt Grass * Ehrharta longiflora Annual Veldt Grass * Ehrharta sp. Veldt Grass * Ehrharta villosa var. maxima Pyp Grass * Einadia nutans ssp. nutans Climbing Saltbush Elymus scaber var. scaber Native Wheat-grass Elymus scaber var. scaber (NC) Native Wheat-grass Emex australis Three-corner Jack * Enchylaena tomentosa var. tomentosa Ruby Saltbush Enneapogon nigricans Black-head Grass Eragrostis cilianensis Stink Grass *

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 34 Results – MA 2 Silver Sands

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Erodium botrys Long Heron's-bill * Erodium moschatum Musky Herons-bill * Eucalyptus camaldulensis var. camaldulensis River Red Gum Eucalyptus fasciculosa Pink Gum R Eucalyptus microcarpa Grey Box U Eucalyptus odorata Peppermint Box N Eucalyptus porosa Mallee Box U Eucalyptus sp. Euchiton collinus Creeping Cudweed Euchiton sphaericus Annual Cudweed Euphorbia lathyrus Caper Spurge * Euphorbia paralias Sea Spurge * Euphorbia terracina False Caper * Eutaxia diffusa Large-leaf Eutaxia V Eutaxia microphylla Common Eutaxia Eutaxia microphylla var. microphylla (erect) (NC) Common Eutaxia Exocarpos cupressiformis Native Cherry Ficus carica Edible Fig * Foeniculum vulgare Fennel * Frankenia pauciflora var. gunnii Southern Sea-heath Frankenia pulverulenta Mediterranean Sea-heath * Fumaria capreolata White-flower Fumitory * Gahnia deusta Limestone Saw-sedge R Gahnia filum Thatching Grass R Gahnia lanigera Black Grass Saw-sedge R Galenia pubescens var. pubescens Coastal Galenia * Gazania linearis Gazania * Geranium retrorsum Grassland Geranium Geranium solanderi var. solanderi Austral Geranium N Gladiolus undulatus Wild Gladiolus * Glossodia major Purple Cockatoo Glycine rubiginosa Twining Glycine Gnaphalium indutum Tiny Cudweed R Gomphocarpus cancellatus Broad-leaf Cotton-bush * Gonocarpus mezianus Broad-leaf Raspwort Gonocarpus tetragynus Small-leaf Raspwort Goodenia amplexans Clasping Goodenia U Goodenia pinnatifida Cut-leaf Goodenia U Goodenia varia Sticky Goodenia K Goodenia willisiana Silver Goodenia R Grevillea lavandulacea ssp. lavandulacea Spider-flower Grevillea lavandulacea var. lavandulacea (NC) Spider-flower Grevillea lavandulacea var. sericea (NC) Spider-flower U Gyrostemon australasicus Buckbush Wheel-fruit U

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 35 Results – MA 2 Silver Sands

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Hakea carinata Erect Hakea Hakea mitchellii Heath Needlebush R Hakea rugosa Dwarf Hakea Haloragis aspera Rough Raspwort R Haloragis heterophylla Variable Raspwort U Hardenbergia violacea Native Lilac Hedypnois rhagadioloides (NC) Cretan Weed * Hedypnois rhagadioloides ssp. rhagadioloides Cretan Weed * Helichrysum leucopsideum Satin Everlasting U Heliotropium supinum Creeping Heliotrope * Helminthotheca echioides Ox-tongue * Hemichroa pentandra Trailing Hemichroa R Heterodea muelleri Hibbertia crinita N Hibbertia glabriuscula * Hibbertia riparia Bristly Guinea-flower Hibbertia riparia (NC) Guinea-flower Hibbertia virgata Twiggy Guinea-flower Holcus lanatus Yorkshire Fog * Hordeum marinum Sea Barley-grass * Hyalosperma demissum Dwarf Sunray Hydrocotyle callicarpa Tiny Pennywort Hydrocotyle capillaris Thread Pennywort R Hydrocotyle foveolata Yellow Pennywort Hypochaeris glabra Smooth Cat's Ear * Hypochaeris radicata Rough Cat's Ear * Hypoxis glabella var. glabella Tiny Star Imperata cylindrica Blady Grass R Isolepis cernua Nodding Club-rush Isolepis marginata Little Club-rush Isolepis nodosa Knobby Club-rush Isopogon ceratophyllus Horny Cone-bush Juncus kraussii Sea Rush Juncus pallidus Pale Rush Juncus sarophorus N Juncus subsecundus Finger Rush Juncus usitatus Common Rush Kennedia prostrata Scarlet Runner Kickxia elatine ssp. crinita Twining Toadflax * Kunzea pomifera Muntries U Lachnagrostis billardierei ssp. billardierei Coast Blown-grass Lactuca serriola f. serriola Prickly Lettuce * Lagenophora huegelii Coarse Bottle-daisy Lagurus ovatus Hare's Tail Grass *

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 36 Results – MA 2 Silver Sands

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Lampranthus glaucus Noon-flower * Lepidium africanum Common Peppercress * Lepidosperma carphoides Black Rapier-sedge Lepidosperma concavum Spreading Sword-sedge N Lepidosperma congestum Lepidosperma congestum (NC) Clustered Sword-sedge N Lepidosperma semiteres Wire Rapier-sedge Lepidosperma sp. Sword-sedge/Rapier-sedge Lepidosperma viscidum Sticky Sword-sedge Leptorhynchos squamatus ssp. squamatus Scaly Buttons Leptospermum continentale Prickly Tea-tree Leptospermum laevigatum Coast Tea-tree * Leptospermum myrsinoides Heath Tea-tree Leucophyta brownii Coast Cushion Bush Leucopogon lanceolatus (NC) Leucopogon lanceolatus var. lanceolatus Lance Beard-heath R Leucopogon parviflorus Coast Beard-heath Leucopogon rufus Ruddy Beard-heath R Levenhookia dubia Hairy Stylewort Lichen sp. Limonium companyonis Sea-lavender * Linum marginale Native Flax Linum strictum ssp. strictum Upright Yellow Flax * Lobelia anceps Angled Lobelia Lobelia gibbosa Tall Lobelia Lolium rigidum Wimmera Ryegrass * Lomandra collina Sand Mat-rush R Lomandra densiflora Soft Tussock Mat-rush Lomandra effusa Scented Mat-rush R Lomandra juncea Desert Mat-rush U Lomandra leucocephala ssp. robusta Woolly Mat-rush R Lomandra micrantha ssp. Small-flower Mat-rush Lomandra micrantha ssp. micrantha Small-flower Mat-rush Lomandra multiflora ssp. dura Hard Mat-rush Lotus australis Austral Trefoil U Lupinus cosentinii Blue Lupin * Luzula meridionalis Common Wood-rush Lycium ferocissimum African Boxthorn * Lysiana exocarpi ssp. exocarpi Harlequin Mistletoe Lythrum hyssopifolia Lesser Loosestrife Maireana brevifolia Short-leaf Bluebush Maireana enchylaenoides Wingless Fissure-plant U Marrubium vulgare Horehound * Marsilea drummondii Common Nardoo R

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 37 Results – MA 2 Silver Sands

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Medicago minima var. minima Little Medic * Medicago polymorpha var. polymorpha Burr-medic * Medicago sativa Lucerne * Medicago sativa ssp. sativa (NC) Lucerne * Melaleuca lanceolata Dryland Tea-tree U Melaleuca lanceolata ssp. lanceolata (NC) Dryland Tea-tree U Melilotus indicus King Island Melilot * Mentha sp. Mint Microseris lanceolata Yam Daisy Microtis arenaria Notched Onion-orchid Microtis unifolia complex Onion-orchid Millotia muelleri Common Bow-flower Millotia tenuifolia var. tenuifolia Soft Millotia Minuria leptophylla Minnie Daisy Moenchia erecta Erect Chickweed * Muehlenbeckia adpressa Climbing Lignum Muehlenbeckia florulenta Lignum R Muehlenbeckia gunnii Coastal Climbing Lignum Myoporum insulare Common Boobialla Myoporum parvifolium Creeping Boobialla R V Neurachne alopecuroidea Fox-tail Mulga-grass Nicotiana glauca Tree Tobacco * Nicotiana maritima Coast Tobacco R Nitraria billardierei Nitre-bush Oenothera stricta ssp. stricta Common Evening Primrose * Olea europaea ssp. europaea Olive * Olearia axillaris Coast Daisy-bush Olearia passerinoides ssp. glutescens Sticky Daisy-bush R V Olearia ramulosa Twiggy Daisy-bush Olearia sp. Daisy-bush Opercularia scabrida Stalked Stinkweed Opercularia turpis Twiggy Stinkweed Opercularia varia Variable Stinkweed Ophioglossum lusitanicum Austral Adder's-tongue U Orchidaceae sp. Orchid Family Orthoceras strictum Horned Orchid R Osteospermum fruticosum * Oxalis corniculata ssp. corniculata Creeping Wood-sorrel * Oxalis perennans Native Sorrel Oxalis perennans (NC) Native Sorrel Oxalis pes-caprae Soursob * Ozothamnus retusus Notched Bush-everlasting R Panicum capillare var. brevifolium Witch-grass * Panicum effusum var. effusum Hairy Panic K

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 38 Results – MA 2 Silver Sands

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Parapholis incurva Curly Ryegrass * Paraserianthes lophantha Cape Leeuwin Wattle Parietaria debilis Smooth-nettle Parietaria debilis (NC) Smooth-nettle Paspalum dilatatum Paspalum * Pelargonium littorale Native Pelargonium Pennisetum clandestinum Kikuyu * Pennisetum villosum Feather-top * Periballia minuta Small Hair-grass * Phalaris aquatica Phalaris * Phalaris minor Lesser Canary-grass * Pheladenia deformis Bluebeard Orchid Phragmites australis Common Reed Phyllangium divergens Wiry Mitrewort Pimelea flava ssp. dichotoma Diosma Riceflower Pimelea glauca Smooth Riceflower Pimelea humilis Low Riceflower Pimelea micrantha Silky Riceflower R Pimelea serpyllifolia ssp. serpyllifolia Thyme Riceflower Pimelea stricta Erect Riceflower Pinus halepensis Aleppo Pine * Piptatherum miliaceum Rice Millet * Pittosporum angustifolium Native Apricot R Pittosporum undulatum Sweet Pittosporum * Plantago coronopus ssp. coronopus Bucks-horn Plantain * Plantago lanceolata var. dubia Ribwort * Plantago lanceolata var. lanceolata Ribwort * Plantago varia Variable Plantain Poa poiformis var. poiformis Coast Tussock-grass N Podolepis tepperi Delicate Copper-wire Daisy R Podotheca angustifolia Sticky Long-heads Pogonolepis muelleriana Stiff Cup-flower U Polycarpon tetraphyllum Four-leaf Allseed * Polygonum aviculare (NC) Wireweed * Polypogon monspeliensis Annual Beard-grass * Pomaderris paniculosa ssp. paniculosa Mallee Pomaderris U Poranthera microphylla (NC) Small Poranthera Poranthera triandra Three-petal Poranthera R Portulaca oleracea Common Purslane Prasophyllum elatum Tall Leek-orchid Prasophyllum odoratum (NC) Scented Leek-orchid Prunus dulcis Almond * Pseudognaphalium luteoalbum Jersey Cudweed Pteridium esculentum Bracken Fern

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 39 Results – MA 2 Silver Sands

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Pterostylis nana Dwarf Greenhood Pterostylis pedunculata Maroon-hood Pterostylis sanguinea Blood Greenhood Pterostylis sp. Greenhood Pterostylis vittata (NC) Banded Greenhood Puccinellia stricta var. stricta Australian Saltmarsh-grass Pultenaea tenuifolia Narrow-leaf Bush-pea R Pyrorchis nigricans Black Fire-orchid Rapistrum rugosum ssp. rugosum Turnip Weed * Reichardia tingitana False Sowthistle * Rhagodia candolleana ssp. candolleana Sea-berry Saltbush Rhagodia parabolica Mealy Saltbush V Rhagodia sp. Saltbush Rhamnus alaternus Blowfly Bush * Rhodanthe pygmaea Pigmy Daisy U Romulea minutiflora Small-flower Onion-grass * Romulea rosea var. australis Common Onion-grass * Rosa canina Dog Rose * Rostraria cristata Annual Cat's-tail * Rumex brownii Slender Dock Rumex crispus Curled Dock * Rumex pulcher ssp. pulcher Fiddle Dock * Ruppia sp. Water-tassel Sagina apetala Annual Pearlwort * Salsola tragus Buckbush Salvia verbenaca var. verbenaca Wild Sage * Samolus repens Creeping Brookweed U Santalum acuminatum Quandong V Santalum murrayanum Bitter Quandong R Sarcocornia quinqueflora Beaded Samphire Scabiosa atropurpurea Pincushion * Scaevola albida Pale Fanflower Scaevola angustata Coast Fanflower V Scaevola crassifolia Cushion Fanflower R Schoenoplectus pungens Spiky Club-rush U Schoenus apogon Common Bog-rush Schoenus breviculmis Matted Bog-rush Schoenus nitens Shiny Bog-rush R Sclerolaena diacantha Grey Bindyi R Senecio picridioides Purple-leaf Groundsel Senecio pinnatifolius Variable Groundsel Senecio pterophorus African Daisy * Senecio quadridentatus Cotton Groundsel Silene gallica var. gallica French Catchfly *

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 40 Results – MA 2 Silver Sands

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Silene nocturna Mediterranean Catchfly * Siloxerus multiflorus Small Wrinklewort Sisymbrium orientale Indian Hedge Mustard * Solanum linnaeanum Apple Of Sodom * Solanum nigrum Black Nightshade * Sonchus oleraceus Common Sow-thistle * Sonchus oleraceus (NC) Common Sow-thistle * Spergularia media (NC) Coast Sand-spurrey * Spinifex hirsutus Rolling Spinifex Spinifex sericeus (NC) Rolling Spinifex Sporobolus virginicus Salt Couch Stackhousia aspericocca ssp. One-sided One-sided Candles inflorescence (W.R.Barker 697) Stackhousia monogyna Creamy Candles Stenotaphrum secundatum Buffalo Grass * Stuartina muelleri Spoon Cudweed Suaeda australis Austral Seablite Tecticornia pergranulata ssp. pergranulata Black-seed Samphire Tetragonia decumbens Sea Spinach * Tetragonia implexicoma Bower Spinach Tetraria capillaris Hair Sedge V Thelymitra nuda Scented Sun-orchid Thelymitra nuda (NC) Scented Sun-orchid Thelymitra pauciflora Slender Sun-orchid Thelymitra pauciflora (NC) Slender Sun-orchid Thelymitra rubra Salmon Sun-orchid Themeda triandra Kangaroo Grass Thinopyrum junceiforme Sea Wheat-grass * Thomasia petalocalyx Paper-flower Threlkeldia diffusa Coast Bonefruit Thysanotus juncifolius Rush Fringe-lily Thysanotus patersonii Twining Fringe-lily Trachymene pilosa Dwarf Trachymene N Tricoryne tenella Tufted Yellow Rush-lily N Trifolium angustifolium Narrow-leaf Clover * Trifolium arvense var. arvense Hare's-foot Clover * Trifolium campestre Hop Clover * Trifolium scabrum Rough Clover * Trifolium subterraneum Subterranean Clover * Trifolium tomentosum Woolly Clover * Triglochin calcitrapum (NC) Spurred Arrowgrass R Triglochin centrocarpum (NC) Dwarf Arrowgrass Triglochin sp. Arrowgrass/Water-ribbons Triglochin sp. B (J.Z.Weber 1330) Spurred Arrowgrass

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 41 Results – MA 2 Silver Sands

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Triglochin striatum Streaked Arrowgrass N Triglochin trichophorum K Triptilodiscus pygmaeus Small Yellow-heads U Typha domingensis Narrow-leaf Bulrush Unidentified sp. Urospermum picroides False Hawkbit * Urtica urens Small Nettle * Velleia arguta Toothed Velleia R Verbascum virgatum Twiggy Mullein * Vicia monantha Spurred Vetch * Vicia monantha ssp. monantha One-flower Vetch * Vicia sativa ssp. sativa Common Vetch * Vittadinia gracilis Woolly New Holland Daisy Vulpia bromoides Squirrel-tail Fescue * Vulpia fasciculata Sand Fescue * Vulpia myuros f. Fescue * Wahlenbergia communis Tufted Bluebell Wahlenbergia gracilenta Annual Bluebell Wahlenbergia littoricola Coast Bluebell R Wahlenbergia stricta ssp. stricta Tall Bluebell Watsonia meriana cv. bbillifera (NC) Bulbil Watsonia * Watsonia sp. Watsonia * Wilsonia humilis Silky Wilsonia U Wilsonia rotundifolia Round-leaf Wilsonia V Wurmbea dioica ssp. Wurmbea dioica ssp. dioica (NC) Early Nancy Xanthorrhoea semiplana ssp. Yacca Xanthorrhoea semiplana ssp. semiplana Yacca Xanthorrhoea semiplana ssp. tateana Tate's Grass-tree R U Zaluzianskya divaricata Spreading Night-phlox * Zygophyllum confluens Forked Twinleaf R Zygophyllum glaucum Pale Twinleaf T

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 42 Results – MA 2 Silver Sands

Weeds

# Non-indigenous Flora in cell 159 (29% of total cell flora) Red Alert Weeds Species Common Name Acacia cyclops Western Coastal Wattle Arctotis stoechadifolia White Arctotis Asparagus asparagoides f. asparagoides Bridal Creeper Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. monilifera Boneseed Coprosma repens New Zealand Mirror-bush Ehrharta calycina Perennial Veldt Grass Ehrharta villosa var. maxima Pyp Grass Euphorbia paralias Sea Spurge Euphorbia terracina False Caper Galenia pubescens var. pubescens Coastal Galenia Gazania sp. Gazania Leptospermum laevigatum Coast Tea-tree Lycium ferocissimum African Boxthorn Marrubium vulgare Horehound Olea europaea ssp. europaea Olive Oxalis pes-caprae Soursob Pennisetum clandestinum Kikuyu Rhamnus alaternus Blowfly Bush Declared Weeds Species Common Name Asparagus asparagoides f. asparagoides Bridal Creeper Asphodelus fistulosus Onion Weed Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. monilifera Boneseed Cynara cardunculus ssp. flavescens Artichoke Thistle Echium plantagineum Salvation Jane Emex australis Three-corner Jack Euphorbia terracina False Caper Lycium ferocissimum African Boxthorn Marrubium vulgare Horehound Olea europaea ssp. europaea Olive Oxalis pes-caprae Soursob Pinus halepensis Aleppo Pine Watsonia meriana cv. bulbillifera (NC) Bulbil Watsonia

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 43 Results – MA 2 Silver Sands

Fauna

# Fauna in cell 187 (Surveys undertaken; 1 survey, 35 opportunistic surveys. Additional records Aldinga Scrub CP, Wollaston 1989, Aldinga Scrub CP Management Plan 1992, Tim. Fulbohm pers. comm. 2008 and Frog Census 2000.) # Conservation Rated Fauna in 43 (21 state, 22 regional) cell Significant Fauna Species Common Name Rating Haliaeetus leucogaster White-bellied Sea-Eagle SA: E Actitis hypoleucos Common Sandpiper SA: R Anas rhynchotis Australasian Shoveler SA: R Anhinga melanogaster Darter SA: R Ardea ibis Cattle Egret SA: R Cereopsis novaehollandiae Cape Barren Goose SA: R Egretta garzetta Little Egret SA: R Falco peregrinus Peregrine Falcon SA: R Falcunculus frontatus Crested Shrike-tit SA: R Gallinago hardwickii Latham's Snipe SA: R Gerygone olivacea White-throated Gerygone SA: R Neophema elegans Elegant Parrot SA: R Numenius phaeopus Whimbrel SA: R Porzana tabuensis Spotless Crake SA: R Trichosurus vulpecula Common Brushtail Possum SA: R Turnix varia Painted Button-quail SA: R Melanodryas cucullata Hooded Robin SA: ssp Botaurus poiciloptilus Australasian Bittern SA: V Coturnix ypsilophora Brown Quail SA: V Rostratula benghalensis Painted Snipe SA: V Thinornis rubricollis Hooded Plover SA: V # Non-indigenous Fauna 14

All Fauna in cell

Species Common Name Class Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Crinia signifera Common Froglet Amphibia Limnodynastes tasmaniensis Spotted Grass Frog Amphibia Neobatrachus pictus Painted Frog Amphibia Acanthagenys rufogularis Spiny-cheeked Honeyeater Aves Acanthiza chrysorrhoa Yellow-rumped Thornbill Aves Acanthiza lineata Striated Thornbill Aves Acanthiza nana Yellow Thornbill Aves Acanthiza pusilla Brown Thornbill Aves Acanthiza reguloides Buff-rumped Thornbill Aves Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris Eastern Spinebill Aves

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 44 Results – MA 2 Silver Sands

Species Common Name Class Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Accipiter cirrhocephalus Collared Sparrowhawk Aves U Accipiter fasciatus Brown Goshawk Aves Acrocephalus australis Australian Reed Warbler, (Clamorous Aves Reed-Warbler) Actitis hypoleucos Common Sandpiper Aves R Alauda arvensis Eurasian Skylark * Aves Anas castanea Chestnut Teal Aves U Anas gracilis Grey Teal Aves Anas platyrhynchos Mallard * Aves Anas rhynchotis Australasian Shoveler Aves R R Anas superciliosa Pacific Black Duck Aves Anhinga melanogaster Darter Aves R U Anthochaera carunculata Red Wattlebird Aves Anthochaera chrysoptera Little Wattlebird Aves Anthus novaeseelandiae Richard's Pipit Aves Ardea alba Great Egret, ( White Egret) Aves Ardea ibis Cattle Egret Aves R Ardea pacifica White-necked Heron Aves U Artamus cinereus Black-faced Woodswallow Aves Artamus cyanopterus Dusky Woodswallow Aves Botaurus poiciloptilus Australasian Bittern Aves V V Cacatua galerita Sulphur-crested Cockatoo Aves U Cacatua roseicapilla Galah Aves Cacatua sanguinea Little Corella Aves Cacatua tenuirostris Long-billed Corella Aves I Cacomantis flabelliformis Fan-tailed Cuckoo Aves Calidris acuminata Sharp-tailed Sandpiper Aves Carduelis carduelis European Goldfinch * Aves Carduelis chloris European Greenfinch * Aves Cereopsis novaehollandiae Cape Barren Goose Aves R R Charadrius ruficapillus Red-capped Plover Aves Chenonetta jubata Australian Wood Duck, (Maned Duck) Aves Chlidonias hybridus Whiskered Tern Aves Chrysococcyx basalis Horsfield's Bronze-cuckoo Aves Chrysococcyx lucidus Shining Bronze-Cuckoo Aves R Cincloramphus cruralis Brown Songlark Aves Cincloramphus mathewsi Rufous Songlark Aves Circus approximans Swamp Harrier Aves Circus assimilis Spotted Harrier Aves Cisticola exilis Golden-headed Cisticola Aves R Colluricincla harmonica Grey Shrike-thrush Aves Columba livia Rock Dove * Aves Coracina novaehollandiae Black-faced Cuckoo-shrike Aves Cormobates leucophaeus White-throated Treecreeper Aves

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 45 Results – MA 2 Silver Sands

Species Common Name Class Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Corvus coronoides Australian Raven Aves Corvus mellori Little Raven Aves Coturnix pectoralis Stubble Quail Aves Coturnix ypsilophora Brown Quail Aves V V Cuculus pallidus Pallid Cuckoo Aves Cygnus atratus Black Swan Aves Dacelo novaeguineae Laughing Kookaburra Aves C Daphoenositta chrysoptera Varied Sittella Aves Dicaeum hirundinaceum Mistletoebird Aves Egretta garzetta Little Egret Aves R Egretta novaehollandiae White-faced Heron Aves Elanus axillaris Black-shouldered Kite Aves Epthianura albifrons White-fronted Chat Aves Erythrogonys cinctus Red-kneed Dotterel Aves Eudyptula minor Little Penguin Aves Falco berigora Brown Falcon Aves Falco cenchroides Nankeen Kestrel Aves Falco longipennis Australian Hobby Aves U Falco peregrinus Peregrine Falcon Aves R R Falco subniger Black Falcon Aves U Falcunculus frontatus Crested Shrike-tit Aves R V Fulica atra Eurasian Coot Aves Gallinago hardwickii Latham's Snipe Aves R V Geopelia placida Peaceful Dove Aves V Gerygone olivacea White-throated Gerygone Aves R R Glareola maldivarum Oriental Pratincole Aves Gliciphila melanops Tawny-crowned Honeyeater Aves U Glossopsitta concinna Musk Lorikeet Aves C Glossopsitta porphyrocephala Purple-crowned Lorikeet Aves Grallina cyanoleuca Magpie-lark Aves Gymnorhina tibicen Australian Magpie Aves Haematopus longirostris Pied Oystercatcher Aves U Haliaeetus leucogaster White-bellied Sea-Eagle Aves E V Haliastur sphenurus Whistling Kite Aves U Hieraaetus morphnoides Little Eagle Aves U Himantopus himantopus Black-winged Stilt Aves Hirundo neoxena Welcome Swallow Aves Larus novaehollandiae Silver Gull Aves Larus pacificus Pacific Gull Aves U Lichenostomus chrysops Yellow-faced Honeyeater Aves Lichenostomus ornatus Yellow-plumed Honeyeater Aves Lichenostomus penicillatus White-plumed Honeyeater Aves Lichenostomus virescens Singing Honeyeater Aves Malurus cyaneus Superb Fairy-wren Aves C

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 46 Results – MA 2 Silver Sands

Species Common Name Class Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Malurus lamberti Variegated Fairy-wren Aves Malurus leucopterus White-winged Fairy-wren Aves Manorina melanocephala Noisy Miner Aves C Megalurus gramineus Little Grassbird Aves Melanodryas cucullata Hooded Robin Aves ssp Melithreptus lunatus White-naped Honeyeater Aves C Mirafra javanica Horsfield's Bushlark Aves Morus serrator Australasian Gannet Aves Myiagra rubecula Leaden Flycatcher Aves Neochmia temporalis Red-browed Finch Aves Neophema elegans Elegant Parrot Aves R K Ninox novaeseelandiae Southern Boobook Aves Numenius phaeopus Whimbrel Aves R Nycticorax caledonicus Nankeen Night Heron Aves U Ocyphaps lophotes Crested Pigeon Aves Pachycephala pectoralis Golden Whistler Aves C Pachycephala rufiventris Rufous Whistler Aves C Pardalotus punctatus Spotted Pardalote Aves U Pardalotus striatus Striated Pardalote Aves Passer domesticus House Sparrow * Aves Pelecanus conspicillatus Australian Pelican Aves Petrochelidon ariel Fairy Martin Aves Petrochelidon nigricans Tree Martin Aves Phalacrocorax melanoleucos Little Pied Cormorant Aves Phalacrocorax sulcirostris Little Black Cormorant Aves Phalacrocorax varius Pied Cormorant Aves Phaps chalcoptera Common Bronzewing Aves Phaps elegans Brush Bronzewing Aves U Phylidonyris novaehollandiae New Holland Honeyeater Aves Phylidonyris pyrrhoptera Crescent Honeyeater Aves Platalea flavipes Yellow-billed Spoonbill Aves Platalea regia Royal Spoonbill Aves U Platycercus elegans Crimson Rosella Aves Podargus strigoides Tawny Frogmouth Aves C Poliocephalus poliocephalus Hoary-headed Grebe Aves Pomatostomus superciliosus White-browed Babbler Aves U Porphyrio porphyrio Purple Swamphen Aves Porzana pusilla Baillon's Crake Aves R Porzana tabuensis Spotless Crake Aves R U Psephotus haematonotus Red-rumped Parrot Aves C Recurvirostra novaehollandiae Red-necked Avocet Aves Rhipidura albiscapa Grey Fantail Aves Rhipidura leucophrys Willie Wagtail Aves Rostratula benghalensis Painted Snipe Aves V R

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 47 Results – MA 2 Silver Sands

Species Common Name Class Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Sericornis frontalis White-browed Scrubwren Aves U Smicrornis brevirostris Weebill Aves C Sterna bergii Crested Tern Aves Streptopelia chinensis Spotted Turtle-dove * Aves Sturnus vulgaris Common Starling * Aves Tachybaptus novaehollandiae Australasian Grebe, (Little Grebe) Aves Thinornis rubricollis Hooded Plover Aves V V Threskiornis molucca Australian White Ibis Aves Threskiornis spinicollis Straw-necked Ibis Aves Trichoglossus haematodus Rainbow Lorikeet Aves C Turdus merula Eurasian Blackbird * Aves Turnix varia Painted Button-quail Aves R V Tyto alba Barn Owl Aves Vanellus miles Masked Lapwing Aves Zosterops lateralis Silvereye Aves Anisynta cynone gracilis Cynone Grass-skipper Invertebrate Antipodia atralba Black and White Sedge-skipper Invertebrate Delias aganippe Wood White Invertebrate Ogyris amaryllis meridionalis Amaryllis Azure Invertebrate Canis sp. Mammalia Chalinolobus gouldii Gould's Wattled Bat Mammalia Chalinolobus morio Chocolate Wattled Bat Mammalia Felis catus Cat * Mammalia Macropus fuliginosus Western Grey Kangaroo Mammalia Mormopterus species 4 "big dick" Southern Freetail-bat Mammalia Mus musculus House Mouse * Mammalia Nyctophilus geoffroyi Lesser Long-eared Bat Mammalia Oryctolagus cuniculus Rabbit * Mammalia Phascolarctos cinereus Koala Mammalia Rattus rattus Black Rat * Mammalia Tadarida australis White-striped Freetail-bat Mammalia Trichosurus vulpecula Common Brushtail Possum Mammalia R Vespadelus vulturnus Little Forest Bat Mammalia Vulpes vulpes Fox * Mammalia Aprasia striolata Lined Worm-lizard Reptilia Christinus marmoratus Marbled Gecko Reptilia Hemiergis decresiensis Three-toed Earless Skink Reptilia Hemiergis peronii Four-toed Earless Skink Reptilia Lampropholis guichenoti Garden Skink Reptilia Lerista dorsalis Southern Four-toed Slider Reptilia Morethia obscura Mallee Snake-eye Reptilia Nephrurus milii Barking Gecko Reptilia Pseudonaja textilis Eastern Brown Snake Reptilia Pygopus lepidopodus Common Scaly-foot Reptilia

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 48 Results – MA 2 Silver Sands

Species Common Name Class Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Suta flagellum Little Whip Snake Reptilia Tiliqua rugosa Sleepy Lizard Reptilia

Note: * = Non-indigenous species, ж = Non-local species, (NC) = Name change

Rating: EX = Extinct, EW = Extinct in the Wild, CR = Critically Endangered, E/ EN = Endangered, ssp = Significant species, V/VU = Vulnerable, R/ RA: Rare, K = Indeterminate/ Possibly threatened, NT = Near Threatened, T = Threatened, Q = Possible significance, U = Uncommon, N = Not significant, LC = Least Concern

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 49 Results – MA 2 Silver Sands

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 50 Results – MA3 Snapper Point

7.3.3. Snapper Point

Cell Detail Cell MA3 extends from Palmer Street to Martin Road, within the City of Onkaparinga. It is approximately 2.5 kilometres in length 145.5 hectares in area.

Landforms There is a wide, low tide Tertiary limestone reef, that extends <1200 m offshore at Snapper Point, terminating in a spectacular drop-off with an underwater cliff of 10 m. The medium to coarse sand beach varies considerably in width, and is at its widest where the reef affords most protection, at Snapper Point. Here a 15 m sloping, mid to high tide beach, fronts a wedge shaped dunefield, approximately 200 m long by up to 50 m wide. The dune and beach narrow sharply on both sides of the Point as protection from the low tide reef decreases. In turn, the cliff steepens and shows less vegetation cover as wave trimming increases at its base with distance from the point. The low (15 m) cliff is in Tertiary limestones and marls, with some evidence of kunkar at the top surface. These materials underlie a nearly flat coastal plain.

Figure 6. Cell MA3 Location Map

Snapper Point. (Photograph Coast Protection Board 1995)

Benthic Habitat Aldinga Reef has been set aside as an Aquatic Reserve to protect an intertidal rock reef habitat and as a sanctuary for local reef inhabitants. Protected within the reserve is the intertidal limestone reef platform, which extends approximately

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 51 Results – MA3 Snapper Point

500 metres offshore. The reef contains a wide range of marine organisms living in an exposed shallow intertidal zone. One of the major features of the reserve is the “drop-off”, a spectacular underwater cliff, popular with divers. Here Gorgonian Sea Fans (Melithaea species), rare Gorgonian corals, sponges, kelp plants, and a wide variety of reef fish, including the locally endangered Blue Groper (Achoerodus gouldii), may be found. Offshore from the reef system is mainly a bare sandy seafloor.

Terrestrial Biota 9 hectares of remnant vegetation occupies 6% of the area of this cell. The total number of native plant and animal species recorded is 149, total threatened species is 45. A high number of non indigenous species has been recorded, 94.

Land Use/ Land Ownership In all 10% of the cell is Crown Land Act Reserve: the narrow coastal reserve from the Esplanade Road to the shoreline is under care and control of City of Onkaparinga. None of the cell is protected in the reserve system.

Aldinga Reef Aquatic Reserve, which borders the seaward side of the cell, was established in 1971 for the protection of aquatic plants and animals associated with the large intertidal limestone reef and the spectacular precipitous underwater cliff known as the ‘drop-off’ and the surrounding sandy substrate for the purposes of education and recreation.

Values (Field visits and local reports) (including current usage) The coastal plain is used for residential development.

Coastal open space is seen as part of the Adelaide Metropolitan Coast Park Concept Plan, (PPK 2001), a guide to strategy and action from Sellicks Beach to Largs Bay. The concept plan has guided effort towards the creation of coastal foot and cycle ways, as well as amenity plantings and recreational facilities. The cliff top reserve is a small buffer against erosion and cliff recession, the cliff top is heavily used by walkers and cyclists.

The Aldinga Reef Aquatic Reserve is popular with scuba divers and snorkelers. There is access to the foreshore and reef by constructed path and steps at Snapper Point.

Vehicle traffic on the beach, from Aldinga ramp, extends 100 m into the southern edge of the cell.

Threats (Field visits and local reports) At least one major stormwater pipe discharges to the base of the cliff near Snapper Point, encouraged weedy grasses, notably Kikuyu. This outlet also transports water to the cliff base increasing erosion and instability, especially during rain events. Nutrient, sediment and heavy metal pollution of the reef through stormwater discharge is a possibility, though this is not clarified by the data available to this assessment.

There is the likelihood of long term cliff instability due to gullying and storm undercutting.

There is impact of BMX bike activity at Snapper Point.

Illegal removal of reef fauna for bait, occurs at reef locations. Site monitoring, as part of Reef Watch Intertidal Monitoring Program, is carried out at this site.

Opportunities Opportunities for further inclusion of water sensitive urban design in local development.

Council Cliff Stability Program annual audit provides opportunity for careful monitoring of this site.

Conservation Analysis (GIS) There is 1 opportunistic flora survey point and 6 opportunistic fauna survey points in this cell.

The sum of means for all conservation layers is 58.90, which is a low total within the region. The detailed conservation summary map shows there are small areas of high value, within the beaches, dunes and cliffs. These small areas pick up values for vegetation communities (with 50% of records being within these patches), all reptile habitat (high values), including Painted Dragon (focal species) habitat, sightings of Hooded Plover (focal species), viewscape and viewshed (whole cell), connectivity of dune plants (medium values), and – north of Snapper Point – geological and natural heritage values. For the suburbs across the coastal plain, values in the rest of the cell are low.

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 52 Results – MA3 Snapper Point

The foreshore and cliffs from Snapper Point north (and through cells MA4 and 5) are listed as places of significant natural value on the State Heritage Register, the same areas are listed as geological monuments. This is Geological Monument M6, including Tortachilla Limestone and Port Willunga Limestone.

15 threatened bird species have been recorded in this cell, including state endangered Fairy Tern and White-bellied Sea Eagle, State vulnerable Banded Stilt and Hooded Plover (focal species).

Threat Analysis (GIS) The total of threat summary scores is medium to high for this cell, 52. The most substantial contributions to this score are viewscape and viewshed, zoning, ownership and land use, percentage of exotic plants and numbers of dangerous weeds in the dunes, stormwater drain discharge (although potential contribution to the reef pollution is not clarified because of the lack of water quantity data).

Within this cell little land remains available for development. At the current scale of residential subdivision, intensification of threats, through pressure on reserves and stormwater volume, would arise if urban density were increased through zoning.

Possible Climate Change Threats [This local projection is based on the regional scenario set out in section 4.10 in Volume 1.] a) Sea level rise and Storm magnitude Higher storms will extend the areas where talus is trimmed back from the cliff base, currently this is at ends of cell MA3, but these areas will extend nearer to Snapper Point. b) Increasing average temperatures and aridity Increasing aridity may see slower recovery of dunes following damage (by fire or storm). Weed invasion of such areas will increase. c) Changed run-off regimes Infrequent but more intense rainstorms may well be significant in accelerating gully development on these cliffs. Stormwater outflow to the base of this cliff increases the erosive effects of storms and high tides at the time of stormwater flow. d) Nearshore marine changes Intertidal species on the reef will be critically affected by changing exposure and light levels due to deepening water at the reef, and some species will be lost.

Gulf warming and fall in pH also pose a threat to many marine species which are specific in their temperature needs, or fix carbonate from sea water in constructing their shell or skeleton. Changes in reef species are to be expected, but detail is not available.

Long period swell from the Southern Ocean will maintain the slow northerly drift of sediments in this cell, this littoral drift may well become more effective in moving coastal sediment as sea level rises: this could increase the exposure of Snapper Point.

Actions and Priority

Table 5. Recommended Actions and Priority for MA3 – Snapper Point

Component Issue Proposed Action Priority of Key Players Action Beach Vehicle use and unleashed Hooded Plover Watch, High (Cons./ Council/ Community/ dogs threaten shorebird including fencing of nests Threat) NRM activity, notably the Hooded and monitoring Plover Reduce pressure on High (Cons./ Council/ Community habitat at nesting times Threat) by a seasonal vehicle ban.

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 53 Results – MA3 Snapper Point

Component Issue Proposed Action Priority of Key Players Action Raising community High (Cons./ Council/ Community/ awareness through Threat) NRM signage at major access points Dune Numbers of weeds, including Weed control and re- Medium Council/ Community/ aggressive priority weeds planting of local native (Threat) NRM species Cliff, slopes and Storm drains deliver weeds to Examination of Medium Council/ NRM crest the dune, has the potential to alternatives to reduce/ (Threat) pollute nearshore reef waters, eliminate storm water and the potential to exacerbate discharge. storm erosion of talus slope and cliff. Continued cliff erosion, gullying Continue support for Medium Council/ CPB and slumping Council Cliff Stability (Threat) Program Cliff top reserve Sealed surfaces on the reserve Take opportunities to Medium Council increase amounts and speed of undertake minor works to (Threat) run-off, increasing cliff gullying reduce or slow run-off. Dumping of cuttings, garden Weed control Medium Council/ NRM/ escapes Education (Threat) Community Uncontrolled access causing Review paths and fencing Medium Council/ NRM/ erosion issues and vegetation requirements (Threat) Community damage Install signage to advise of access paths Intertidal Reef Survey shows that turbidity is a Continue intertidal High (Cons./ Conservation Council significant threat to reef health monitoring. Threat) of SA/ Community/ Support council initiatives NRM/ Council to reduce stormwater flows to the marine environment Whole cell Aboriginal heritage sites Consultation to Medium Kaurna Heritage recorded in this cell: need for appropriately manage (Cons.) Board/ NRM/ Council/ appropriate and sustainable sites in this area Aboriginal Heritage management Branch – DPC/ RCD - Aboriginal Partnership Unit – DEH

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 54 Results – MA3 Snapper Point

BIOTA

Fauna

Remnant Vegetation Area 9 ha (6% of the cell).Shrublands vegetation is very restricted and occurs mainly where the cliff slope soils are less friable. The clifftops have limited vegetation. At Snapper Point the dunes are partially vegetated and are semi stable. Vegetation Block Metrics 2 mapped vegetation remnants. Very narrow and precipitous coastal reserve restricted by the esplanade road and carparking. Terrestrial Habitat Description/s Snapper Point dune is a mid open shrubland of Nitraria billardierei, Atriplex cinerea over (Ron Taylor description) Tetragonia implexicoma, on the cliff and cliff slope is a very open shrubland of Nitraria billardierei over Beyeria lechenaulti is found. # Flora in cell 182 (Surveys undertaken; 1 opportunistic survey. Taylor has undertaken ‘walk over’ summer time surveys of this cell with these records used in the analysis). # Conservation Rated Flora in cell 35 (2 state, 35 regional) Significant Flora Species Common Name Rating Myoporum parvifolium Creeping Boobialla SA: R Podolepis muelleri Button Podolepis SA: V Significant CDCS Floristic Nil Community/ies Protected Area Nil Vegetation Comments Despite the restricted nature of the coastal corridor there is a large number of regionally rated plants. Taylor reported that many of species have limited populations. The Snapper Point dune vegetation is impacted by stormwater disposal that has encouraged aggressive weeds. Pyp grass is also present in the dunes. Additional vegetation resources: Green Environmental Consultants 2005-07. Coastal Vegetation Survey of land in the care of the City of Onkaparinga (Stage 1, Stage 2 – and Stage 3 is still Draft). Comment: Green Environmental Consultants have prepared (draft) comprehensive species lists for priority sites at Aldinga Beach, Port Willunga, Maslin Beach, Moana, Seaford, Port Noarlunga and Christies Beach and others. Exclusively for coastal sites (dune, wetland and cliff areas) under Council care it identifies the condition, native and non-indigenous species, and threats to the vegetation and key management issues. Other management plans of coastal relevance: City of Onkaparinga 2006. Cliff Stability Long Term Action Plan 2006 – 2011. URS. Detailed Cliff Stability Investigations Stage 2 Report. City of Onkaparinga October 2006. Cliff Stability Urgent Action Plan.

All Flora in cell

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Acacia acinacea Wreath Wattle N Acacia cupularis Cup Wattle R Acacia cyclops Western Coastal Wattle ж Acacia pycnantha Golden Wattle Acrotriche patula Prickly Ground-berry R Aeonium arboreum * Agapanthus praecox ssp. orientalis * Agave americana Century Plant *

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 55 Results – MA3 Snapper Point

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status Regional NPW Act EPBC Act indigenous

Allocasuarina verticillata Drooping Sheoak Aloe arborescens * Aloe sp. Aloe * Alyxia buxifolia Sea Box R Anagallis arvensis Pimpernel * Angianthus tomentosus Hairy Angianthus K Arctotheca calendula Cape Weed * Argyranthemum frutescens ssp. Marguerite Daisy * Aristida behriana Brush Wire-grass U Artemisia arborescens Silver Wormwood * Arthropodium fimbriatum Nodding Vanilla-lily Arundo donax Giant Reed * Asphodelus fistulosus Onion Weed * Aster subulatus Aster-weed * Atriplex cinerea Coast Saltbush Atriplex nummularia ssp. nummularia Old-man Saltbush T Atriplex paludosa ssp. cordata Marsh Saltbush Atriplex prostrata Creeping Saltbush * Atriplex suberecta Lagoon Saltbush Austrodanthonia caespitosa Common Wallaby-grass Austrodanthonia setacea Small-flower Wallaby-grass Austrodanthonia sp. Austrostipa drummondii Cottony Spear-grass Austrostipa elegantissima Feather Spear-grass U Austrostipa flavescens Coast Spear-grass Austrostipa puberula Fine-hairy Spear-grass R Austrostipa sp. Spear-grass Avena barbata Bearded Oat * Beyeria lechenaultii Pale Turpentine Bush Billardiera cymosa ssp. Brachypodium distachyon False Brome * Brachyscome lineariloba Hard-head Daisy V Brassica tournefortii Wild Turnip * Briza maxima Large Quaking-grass * Bromus diandrus Great Brome * Bulbine bulbosa Bulbine-lily Cakile maritima ssp. maritima Two-horned Sea Rocket * Calytrix tetragona Common Fringe-myrtle Carpobrotus edulis ssp. edulis Hottentot Fig * Carthamus lanatus Saffron Thistle * Cassytha glabella f. dispar Slender Dodder-laurel Catapodium rigidum Rigid Fescue * Centaurea melitensis Malta Thistle *

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 56 Results – MA3 Snapper Point

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status Regional NPW Act EPBC Act indigenous

Chenopodium album Fat Hen * Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. monilifera Boneseed * Comesperma volubile Love Creeper Convolvulus angustissimus ssp. angustissimus Australian Bindweed Convolvulus remotus Grassy Bindweed Conyza albida Tall Fleabane * Coprosma repens New Zealand Mirror-bush * Crassula tetragona ssp. robusta Crassula * Cynara cardunculus ssp. flavescens Artichoke Thistle * Cynodon dactylon var. dactylon Couch * Dianella brevicaulis Short-stem Flax-lily Dianella revoluta var. revoluta Black-anther Flax-lily Distichlis distichophylla Emu-grass N Echium plantagineum Salvation Jane * Ehrharta calycina Perennial Veldt Grass * Ehrharta villosa var. maxima Pyp Grass * Enchylaena tomentosa var. tomentosa Ruby Saltbush Enteropogon ramosus Umbrella Grass Erodium botrys Long Heron's-bill * Eucalyptus platypus var. heterophylla (NC) Eucalyptus porosa Mallee Box U Eucalyptus sp. Euphorbia paralias Sea Spurge * Euphorbia terracina False Caper * Eutaxia microphylla Common Eutaxia Fraxinus angustifolia Desert Ash * Gahnia lanigera Black Grass Saw-sedge R Galenia pubescens var. pubescens Coastal Galenia * Gazania linearis Gazania * Goodenia pinnatifida Cut-leaf Goodenia U Goodenia willisiana Silver Goodenia R Hakea rugosa Dwarf Hakea Hedypnois rhagadioloides ssp. rhagadioloides Cretan Weed * Helichrysum leucopsideum Satin Everlasting U Heliotropium europaeum Common Heliotrope Helminthotheca echioides Ox-tongue * Hordeum glaucum Blue Barley-grass * Hypochaeris radicata Rough Cat's Ear * Isolepis nodosa Knobby Club-rush Kickxia elatine ssp. crinita Twining Toadflax * Lagunaria patersonii Pyramid Tree * Lagurus ovatus Hare's Tail Grass * Lampranthus glaucus Noon-flower *

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 57 Results – MA3 Snapper Point

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status Regional NPW Act EPBC Act indigenous

Lavandula dentata var. candicans French Lavender * Lepidosperma congestum Lepidosperma viscidum Sticky Sword-sedge Leptorhynchos squamatus ssp. squamatus Scaly Buttons Leptospermum laevigatum Coast Tea-tree * Leucopogon parviflorus Coast Beard-heath Limonium companyonis Sea-lavender * Linum marginale Native Flax Lomandra collina Sand Mat-rush R Lomandra densiflora Soft Tussock Mat-rush Lomandra effusa Scented Mat-rush R Lomandra micrantha ssp. Small-flower Mat-rush Lotus australis Austral Trefoil U Lycium australe Australian Boxthorn E Lycium ferocissimum African Boxthorn * Maireana enchylaenoides Wingless Fissure-plant U Maireana trichoptera Hairy-fruit Bluebush E Malva parviflora Small-flower Marshmallow * Medicago polymorpha var. polymorpha Burr-medic * Melaleuca lanceolata Dryland Tea-tree U Melilotus indicus King Island Melilot * Mesembryanthemum crystallinum Common Iceplant * Microtis unifolia complex Onion-orchid Minuria leptophylla Minnie Daisy Muehlenbeckia gunnii Coastal Climbing Lignum Myoporum insulare Common Boobialla Myoporum parvifolium Creeping Boobialla R V Myoporum sp. Nitraria billardierei Nitre-bush Oenothera stricta ssp. stricta Common Evening Primrose * Olea europaea ssp. europaea Olive * Olearia axillaris Coast Daisy-bush Olearia ramulosa Twiggy Daisy-bush Opercularia turpis Twiggy Stinkweed Opuntia sp. * Osteospermum fruticosum * Parapholis incurva Curly Ryegrass * Paspalum dilatatum Paspalum * Pennisetum clandestinum Kikuyu * Pennisetum villosum Feather-top * Phalaris aquatica Phalaris * Phoenix canariensis Canary Island Palm * Pimelea flava ssp. dichotoma Diosma Riceflower

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 58 Results – MA3 Snapper Point

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status Regional NPW Act EPBC Act indigenous

Pimelea glauca Smooth Riceflower Pimelea serpyllifolia ssp. serpyllifolia Thyme Riceflower Pinus halepensis Aleppo Pine * Piptatherum miliaceum Rice Millet * Plantago drummondii Dark Plantain T Plantago lanceolata var. lanceolata Ribwort * Poa poiformis var. poiformis Coast Tussock-grass N Podolepis muelleri Button Podolepis V E Podolepis rugata var. littoralis Coast Copper-wire Daisy T Pogonolepis muelleriana Stiff Cup-flower U Pomaderris paniculosa ssp. paniculosa Mallee Pomaderris U Portulaca oleracea Common Purslane Pultenaea tenuifolia Narrow-leaf Bush-pea R Rapistrum rugosum ssp. rugosum Turnip Weed * Reichardia tingitana False Sowthistle * Rhagodia candolleana ssp. candolleana Sea-berry Saltbush Ricinus communis Castor Oil Plant * Romulea sp. Onion-grass * Rumex crispus Curled Dock * Salvia verbenaca var. verbenaca Wild Sage * Scabiosa atropurpurea Pincushion * Scaevola crassifolia Cushion Fanflower R Sclerolaena diacantha Grey Bindyi R Sclerolaena uniflora Small-spine Bindyi K Sonchus oleraceus Common Sow-thistle * Spinifex hirsutus Rolling Spinifex Stackhousia monogyna Creamy Candles Tamarix sp. * Tetragonia implexicoma Bower Spinach Themeda triandra Kangaroo Grass Thinopyrum junceiforme Sea Wheat-grass * Threlkeldia diffusa Coast Bonefruit Thysanotus patersonii Twining Fringe-lily Tragopogon porrifolius Salsify * Tribulus terrestris Caltrop * Trifolium campestre Hop Clover * Trifolium scabrum Rough Clover * Velleia paradoxa Spur Velleia U Vicia sp. Vetch * Vulpia fasciculata Sand Fescue * Vulpia myuros f. Fescue * Watsonia sp. Watsonia * Wilsonia backhousei Narrow-leaf Wilsonia V

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 59 Results – MA3 Snapper Point

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Zygophyllum confluens Forked Twinleaf R Zygophyllum glaucum Pale Twinleaf T

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 60 Results – MA3 Snapper Point

Weeds

# Non-indigenous Flora in cell 86 (47% of total flora) Red Alert Weeds Species Common Name Argyranthemum frutescens ssp. Marguerite Daisy Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. monilifera Boneseed Coprosma repens New Zealand Mirror-bush Ehrharta villosa var. maxima Pyp Grass Euphorbia paralias Sea Spurge Euphorbia terracina False Caper Galenia pubescens var. pubescens Coastal Galenia Gazania linearis Gazania Leptospermum laevigatum Coast Tea-tree Lycium ferocissimum African Boxthorn Mesembryanthemum crystallinum Common Iceplant Olea europaea ssp. europaea Olive Pennisetum clandestinum Kikuyu Declared Weeds Species Common Name Asphodelus fistulosus Onion Weed Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. monilifera Boneseed Echium plantagineum Salvation Jane Euphorbia terracina False Caper Lycium ferocissimum African Boxthorn Olea europaea ssp. europaea Olive Opuntia sp. Pinus halepensis Aleppo Pine Tribulus terrestris Caltrop Watsonia sp. Watsonia

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 61 Results – MA3 Snapper Point

Fauna

# Fauna in cell 61 (Surveys undertaken; 4 opportunistic surveys) # Conservation Rated Fauna in cell 10 (8 state, 8 regional) Significant Fauna Species Common Name Rating Haliaeetus leucogaster White-bellied Sea-Eagle SA: E Ardea ibis Cattle Egret SA: R Calidris alba Sanderling SA: R Falco peregrinus Peregrine Falcon SA: R Larus dominicanus Kelp Gull SA: R Neophema petrophila Rock Parrot SA: R Sterna hirundo Common Tern SA: R Thinornis rubricollis Hooded Plover SA: V # Non-indigenous Fauna 8

All Fauna in cell

Species Common Name Class Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Acanthiza lineata Striated Thornbill Aves Acanthiza nana Yellow Thornbill Aves Accipiter fasciatus Brown Goshawk Aves Agapornis roseicollis Peach-faced Lovebird * Aves Anas superciliosa Pacific Black Duck Aves Anthochaera carunculata Red Wattlebird Aves Apus pacificus Fork-tailed Swift Aves Ardea ibis Cattle Egret Aves R Artamus cyanopterus Dusky Woodswallow Aves Cacatua roseicapilla Galah Aves Cacomantis flabelliformis Fan-tailed Cuckoo Aves Calidris alba Sanderling Aves R Carduelis carduelis European Goldfinch * Aves Carduelis chloris European Greenfinch * Aves Chrysococcyx basalis Horsfield's Bronze-cuckoo Aves Columba livia Rock Dove * Aves Coracina novaehollandiae Black-faced Cuckoo-shrike Aves Corvus sp. Aves Dacelo novaeguineae Laughing Kookaburra Aves C Daphoenositta chrysoptera Varied Sittella Aves Dicaeum hirundinaceum Mistletoebird Aves Egretta novaehollandiae White-faced Heron Aves Elanus axillaris Black-shouldered Kite Aves Falco berigora Brown Falcon Aves Falco cenchroides Nankeen Kestrel Aves

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 62 Results – MA3 Snapper Point

Species Common Name Class Non- Status Status Status Regional NPW Act EPBC Act indigenous

Falco longipennis Australian Hobby Aves U Falco peregrinus Peregrine Falcon Aves R R Glossopsitta porphyrocephala Purple-crowned Lorikeet Aves Grallina cyanoleuca Magpie-lark Aves Gymnorhina tibicen Australian Magpie Aves Haliaeetus leucogaster White-bellied Sea-Eagle Aves E V Halobaena caerulea Blue Petrel Aves Hirundo neoxena Welcome Swallow Aves Larus dominicanus Kelp Gull Aves R O Lichenostomus penicillatus White-plumed Honeyeater Aves Neophema petrophila Rock Parrot Aves R R Ocyphaps lophotes Crested Pigeon Aves Pachycephala pectoralis Golden Whistler Aves C Pachycephala rufiventris Rufous Whistler Aves C Pardalotus punctatus Spotted Pardalote Aves U Passer domesticus House Sparrow * Aves Phalacrocorax melanoleucos Little Pied Cormorant Aves Phaps chalcoptera Common Bronzewing Aves Phylidonyris novaehollandiae New Holland Honeyeater Aves Pterodroma lessonii White-headed Petrel Aves Puffinus huttoni Hutton's Shearwater Aves Rhipidura albiscapa Grey Fantail Aves Rhipidura leucophrys Willie Wagtail Aves Smicrornis brevirostris Weebill Aves C Sterna hirundo Common Tern Aves R R Sterna nilotica Gull-billed Tern Aves Streptopelia chinensis Spotted Turtle-dove * Aves Sturnus vulgaris Common Starling * Aves Tachybaptus novaehollandiae Australasian Grebe, (Little Grebe) Aves Thinornis rubricollis Hooded Plover Aves V V Trichoglossus haematodus Rainbow Lorikeet Aves C Turdus merula Eurasian Blackbird * Aves Vanellus miles Masked Lapwing Aves Zosterops lateralis Silvereye Aves Anisynta cynone gracilis Cynone Grass-skipper Invertebrate Antipodia atralba Black and White Sedge-skipper Invertebrate

Note: * = Non-indigenous species, ж = Non-local species, (NC) = Name change

Rating: EX = Extinct, EW = Extinct in the Wild, CR = Critically Endangered, E/ EN = Endangered, ssp = Significant species, V/VU = Vulnerable, R/ RA: Rare, K = Indeterminate/ Possibly threatened, NT = Near Threatened, T = Threatened, Q = Possible significance, U = Uncommon, N = Not significant, LC = Least Concern .

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 63 Results – MA3 Snapper Point

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 64 Results – MA4 Port Willunga

7.3.4. Port Willunga

Cell Detail Cell MA4 extends from Martin Road to Blanche Point, within the City of Onkaparinga. It is approximately 2.5 kilometres in length and 113.25 hectares in area.

Landforms The beach south of Willunga Creek is narrow and the highest tides reach the base of the cliffs, here the lower cliffs are near vertical, with little talus at the base. This beach faces northwest to west and waves drive a net slow movement of sand north along this section. Willunga Creek flows (seasonally) through a broad gap between bluffs, and here a small dunefield has accumulated. North of Willunga Creek to Gull Rock the beach widens and faces due west. There is some protection from an inshore reef and littoral drift is slow in this section. The cliffs in this cell are limestone in the lower part, with marls, sands, clays and calcrete above. The limestone maintains high slope angles, while the upper part of the cliff is heavily gullied and has been worn back to gentler slopes.

Willunga Creek is classified as an estuary in the AMLR Estuaries Information Package with a measured catchment size of 30 km2. The creek is Figure 7. Cell MA4 Location Map ephemeral, with no flow for long periods: it occasionally flows in winter and following storm events (see Wilkinson et al. 2005).

Port Willunga and the lower floodplain of the Willunga Creek. (Photograph Coast Protection Board, 2003.)

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 65 Results – MA4 Port Willunga

Benthic Habitat Inshore is mainly bare sand, but limestone reefs found off Gull Rock and patchy small limestone reefs immediately north and south of Willunga Creek.

Terrestrial Biota The total number of native plant and animal species recorded is 149, total threatened species is 24. A high number of non-indigenous species has been recorded, 63.

Land Use/ Land Ownership The cliffs and much of the Port Willunga floodplain is Crown Lands Act Reserve. The rest of the cell is in private ownership.

Values (Field visits and local reports) (including current usage) Coastal open space is seen as part of the Adelaide Metropolitan Coast Park Concept Plan, (PPK 2001), a guide to strategy and action from Sellicks Beach to Largs Bay. The concept plan has guided effort towards the creation of coastal foot and cycle ways, as well as amenity planting and recreational facilities.

There is a well used recreational beach near the Willunga Creek mouth. Historic jetty piles and storage caves can be found within the adjacent cliffs. ‘Star of Greece’ shipwreck is a tourist attraction. Considerable community effort has been invested in the vegetation of the lower floodplain of the Pt Willunga Creek. North of the creek is farmed land with isolated dwellings.

There are small reserves along the cliff top and along the lower creek course. Significant heritage sites are found along this part of the coast, a Tjilbruke spring site is located within the intertidal zone, near the boundary with cell MA3.

Gull Rock. (Photograph Coast Protection Board, 2003.)

Threats (Field visits and local reports) The creek floodplain has been significantly modified. *Ehrharta villosa var. maxima (Pyp grass) has infested the whole dune remnant. Other pest plant problems occur in the estuary area.

Beach access along the northern estuary is not sufficiently formalized.

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 66 Results – MA4 Port Willunga

Storm water drains are a source of gross pollutants to beach and near shore zone, adding nutrient loads and increasing turbidity at the nearby Aldinga Reef, cell MA3.

Opportunities There is potential for the development of wetlands within the lower floodplain of the Willunga Creek, and opportunity for continued promotion and regulation of water sensitive urban design within the catchment.

A major improvement in the lower floodplain and dunes is a result of efforts to eradicate threatening weeds and replacement of exotic plants. The small discreet dune area could be a suitable site for experiment in methods to eradicate Pyp grass, compared with Minda Dunes.

There are further opportunities for estuarine plantings in the riparian zone.

Conservation Analysis (GIS) Total of summary means, 55.04, gives the cell as a whole low priority. However, the combined detailed conservation summary shows average values near the creek mouth and along the northern cliffs. There are some values for threatened fauna sites and sea views and scenic amenity. The open space layer highlights the potential value of the cliff and cliff slope reserves.

The foreshore and cliffs throughout this cell are listed as a state natural heritage area, there are also five protected wrecks located within this cell. The cliffs and the headland have been listed as a geological monument.

A Tjilbruke spring site exists in the intertidal zone at the southern boundary of this cell: the cell contains listed Aboriginal heritage sites.

The state vulnerable Hooded Plover (focal species) is recorded here, as nesting occurs along the beach in the northern half of the cell. Small areas of Painted Dragon (focal species) habitat are recorded in the dunes of the creek mouth.

Threat Analysis (GIS) The total summary threat score, following analysis was 48.32, an average value.

Large contributors to this value are land use, land ownership, percentage of exotic weeds, viewscape and viewshed, lesser, but still significant contributors are the distribution of dangerous weeds, development zoning, and stormwater drains.

Possible Climate Change Threats [This local projection is based on the regional scenario set out in section 4.10 in Volume 1.] a) Sea level rise and Storm magnitude The narrow sections of beach in the southern end of the cell will be further reduced by accelerated sea level rise by 2030, and the current concerns over cliff undercutting and limestone block collapse will be increased. Near the river mouth and to the southern end of the cell, there is much more sand in store in the beach and dune and the impact of beach narrowing will be less in the short term. b) Increasing average temperatures and aridity Vegetated areas in the public land – cliff tops and slopes, the creek flood plain and the dunes – will be stressed by isolation and climatic change, creating further opportunities for weed invasion. c) Changed run-off regimes Extensive cliff slope gullying north of Willunga Creek at base of long cultivated slopes may well suffer dramatic change following peak rainfall events.

The Port Willunga Creek will be impacted by rare peak rainfall intensity events, challenging channel and pipe capacity.

Cliff face gully development is a potential impact in all parts of this cell. d) Nearshore marine changes A continuation or increase in the influence of long period swell under climate change will ensure the prevalence of slow northerly littoral drift of sediments along the shore of this cell.

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 67 Results – MA4 Port Willunga

Actions and Priority

Table 6. Recommended Actions and Priority for MA4 – Port Willunga

Component Issue Proposed Action Priority of Key Players Action Beach and dune Threats to Hooded Plover Hooded Plover Watch, High (Cons./ Council/ NRM/ nesting including fencing of nests Threat) Community and monitoring Raising community High (Cons./ Council/ NRM/ awareness through Threat) Community signage at major beach access points Aggressive weeds in dunes Pyp grass eradication Medium Council/ NRM/ near creek should be considered (Threat) Community because of the isolated nature of the dune Cliffs Maintenance of cliff stability. Continue support for Medium Council/ CPB Council Cliff Stability (Threat) Program to monitor this issue Lack of awareness of / Interpretive signage Medium Council/ NRM Perception of geological and (Threat) Geological Society historic value of the cliffs SA Dumping of garden prunings, Weed control, Medium Council/ NRM/ weed invasion, plantings of revegetation with local (Threat) Community exotic species species Education on garden escapes & appropriate plantings Creek floodplain Exotic plant species in lower Weed control, Medium Council/ NRM/ floodplain revegetation with local (Threat) Community species Education on garden escapes & appropriate plantings Coastal slopes Flow of stormwater to coastal Continuation and Medium Council waters in peak flows extension of water (Threat) sensitive urban design practices Whole City of Aboriginal heritage sites Consultation to Medium Kaurna Heritage Onkaparinga recorded in this cell: need for appropriately manage (Cons.) Board/ NRM/ Council/ coastal area appropriate and sustainable sites in this area Aboriginal Heritage management Branch – DPC/ RCD - Aboriginal Partnership Unit – DEH Green Environmental Support Council in future High (Cons./ Community Group/ Consultants have investigated conservation and Threat) Council/ NRM the preliminary threats and key management management issues to the coastal vegetation for Council owned reserves in this cell

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 68 Results – MA4 Port Willunga

BIOTA

Flora

Remnant Vegetation Area No vegetation has been mapped for this cell. Friable cliff slope soils limits vegetation coverage with only remnants on the clifftop on the southern end of the cell. In the northern end the lower slopes have greater heath shrubland coverage that appears intact. Vegetation Block Metrics No vegetation has been mapped for this cell. In the southern end of the cell is a very narrow coastal reserve with only clifftop vegetation. The reserve widens to the north after the creek dunefield where the lower cliff slope has only pockets of vegetation. Terrestrial Habitat Description/s Very open clifftop shrubland Nitraria billardierei above a cliff slope shrubland of Beyeria (Ron Taylor descriptions) lechenaultii +/- Acrotriche patula +/- Atriplex paludosa ssp. cordata grading to Tecticornia pergranulata ssp. pergranulata around the confines of Blanche Point. Some beach grassland and very open dune shrubland occurs north of Willunga Creek. # Flora in cell 118 (Surveys undertaken; 2 opportunistic surveys. Taylor has undertaken ‘walk over’ summer time surveys of this cell with these records used in the analysis). # Conservation Rated Flora in cell 21 (1 state, 21 regional)

Significant Flora Species Common Name Rating Myoporum parvifolium Creeping Boobialla SA: R Significant CDCS Floristic Nil Community/ies Protected Area Nil Vegetation Comments All of the coastal reserve vegetation is in public ownership. Taylor reported some of the regionally significant species were present in large populations. Inaccessibility and the lack of close settlement in the northern end of the cell is a protection factor. The dunes at the entrance to Willunga Creek have been heavily modified. Additional vegetation resources: Green Environmental Consultants 2005-07. Coastal Vegetation Survey of land in the care of the City of Onkaparinga (Stage 1, Stage 2 – and Stage 3 is still Draft). Comment: Green Environmental Consultants have prepared (draft) comprehensive species lists for priority sites at Aldinga Beach, Port Willunga, Maslin Beach, Moana, Seaford, Port Noarlunga and Christies Beach and others. Exclusively for coastal sites (dune, wetland and cliff areas) under Council care it identifies the condition, native and non-indigenous species, and threats to the vegetation and key management issues. Management plans of coastal relevance in the cell: City of Onkaparinga 2006. Cliff Stability Long Term Action Plan 2006 – 2011. URS. Detailed Cliff Stability Investigations Stage 2 Report. City of Onkaparinga October 2006. Cliff Stability Urgent Action Plan.

All Flora in cell

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Acacia cupularis Cup Wattle R Acacia cyclops Western Coastal Wattle ж Acacia longifolia ssp. sophorae Coastal Wattle N Acrotriche patula Prickly Ground-berry R Aeonium arboreum * Agave americana Century Plant * Aloe sp. Aloe *

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 69 Results – MA4 Port Willunga

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Alyxia buxifolia Sea Box R Ammophila arenaria Marram Grass * Anagallis arvensis Pimpernel * Arctotheca calendula Cape Weed * Arctotis stoechadifolia White Arctotis * Artemisia arborescens Silver Wormwood * Asphodelus fistulosus Onion Weed * Atriplex cinerea Coast Saltbush Atriplex paludosa ssp. cordata Marsh Saltbush Atriplex prostrata Creeping Saltbush * Austrodanthonia caespitosa Common Wallaby-grass Austrostipa drummondii Cottony Spear-grass Avena barbata Bearded Oat * Beyeria lechenaultii Pale Turpentine Bush Billardiera cymosa ssp. Briza maxima Large Quaking-grass * Bromus diandrus Great Brome * Bupleurum semicompositum Hare's Ear * Cakile maritima ssp. maritima Two-horned Sea Rocket * Carpobrotus rossii Native Pigface Cassytha glabella f. dispar Slender Dodder-laurel Chenopodium album Fat Hen * Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. monilifera Boneseed * Convolvulus angustissimus ssp. angustissimus Australian Bindweed Cynara cardunculus ssp. flavescens Artichoke Thistle * Cynodon dactylon var. dactylon Couch * Dianella brevicaulis Short-stem Flax-lily Diplotaxis muralis var. muralis Wall Rocket * Disphyma crassifolium ssp. clavellatum Round-leaf Pigface Distichlis distichophylla Emu-grass N Ehrharta villosa var. maxima Pyp Grass * Einadia nutans ssp. nutans Climbing Saltbush Enchylaena tomentosa var. tomentosa Ruby Saltbush Euphorbia paralias Sea Spurge * Gazania linearis Gazania * Goodenia pinnatifida Cut-leaf Goodenia U Hakea rugosa Dwarf Hakea Hedypnois rhagadioloides ssp. rhagadioloides Cretan Weed * Helminthotheca echioides Ox-tongue * Hordeum glaucum Blue Barley-grass * Hypochaeris radicata Rough Cat's Ear * Isolepis nodosa Knobby Club-rush Kickxia elatine ssp. crinita Twining Toadflax *

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 70 Results – MA4 Port Willunga

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Lachnagrostis billardierei ssp. billardierei Coast Blown-grass Lagurus ovatus Hare's Tail Grass * Lepidosperma congestum Leptorhynchos squamatus ssp. squamatus Scaly Buttons Leucophyta brownii Coast Cushion Bush Leucopogon parviflorus Coast Beard-heath Lolium rigidum Wimmera Ryegrass * Lomandra effusa Scented Mat-rush R Lomandra micrantha ssp. Small-flower Mat-rush Lotus australis Austral Trefoil U Lycium ferocissimum African Boxthorn * Lythrum junceum Mediterranean Loosestrife * Maireana enchylaenoides Wingless Fissure-plant U Maireana trichoptera Hairy-fruit Bluebush E Malva parviflora Small-flower Marshmallow * Medicago polymorpha var. polymorpha Burr-medic * Medicago truncatula Barrel Medic * Melaleuca lanceolata Dryland Tea-tree U Melilotus indicus King Island Melilot * Mesembryanthemum crystallinum Common Iceplant * Minuria leptophylla Minnie Daisy Moraea setifolia Thread Iris * Muehlenbeckia gunnii Coastal Climbing Lignum Myoporum insulare Common Boobialla Myoporum parvifolium Creeping Boobialla R V Nicotiana maritima Coast Tobacco R Nitraria billardierei Nitre-bush Olea europaea ssp. europaea Olive * Olearia axillaris Coast Daisy-bush Olearia ramulosa Twiggy Daisy-bush Opercularia turpis Twiggy Stinkweed Osteospermum fruticosum * Parapholis incurva Curly Ryegrass * Pennisetum clandestinum Kikuyu * Pimelea flava ssp. dichotoma Diosma Riceflower Pimelea glauca Smooth Riceflower Pimelea serpyllifolia ssp. serpyllifolia Thyme Riceflower Pinus halepensis Aleppo Pine * Plantago coronopus ssp. coronopus Bucks-horn Plantain * Plantago lanceolata var. lanceolata Ribwort * Poa poiformis var. poiformis Coast Tussock-grass N Podolepis rugata var. littoralis Coast Copper-wire Daisy T Pogonolepis muelleriana Stiff Cup-flower U

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 71 Results – MA4 Port Willunga

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Polygonum aviculare Wireweed * Pomaderris paniculosa ssp. paniculosa Mallee Pomaderris U Pultenaea tenuifolia Narrow-leaf Bush-pea R Rapistrum rugosum ssp. rugosum Turnip Weed * Reichardia tingitana False Sowthistle * Rhagodia candolleana ssp. candolleana Sea-berry Saltbush Rostraria cristata Annual Cat's-tail * Salvia verbenaca var. verbenaca Wild Sage * Scabiosa atropurpurea Pincushion * Scaevola crassifolia Cushion Fanflower R Sclerolaena diacantha Grey Bindyi R Senecio pinnatifolius Variable Groundsel Sonchus oleraceus Common Sow-thistle * Spinifex hirsutus Rolling Spinifex Tamarix ramosissima * Tecticornia pergranulata ssp. pergranulata Black-seed Samphire Tetragonia decumbens Sea Spinach * Tetragonia implexicoma Bower Spinach Thinopyrum junceiforme Sea Wheat-grass * Threlkeldia diffusa Coast Bonefruit Trifolium scabrum Rough Clover * Velleia paradoxa Spur Velleia U Wilsonia backhousei Narrow-leaf Wilsonia V Wilsonia humilis Silky Wilsonia U Zygophyllum confluens Forked Twinleaf R

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 72 Results – MA4 Port Willunga

Weeds

# Non-indigenous Flora in cell 56 (47% of total cell flora) Red Alert Weeds Species Common Name Acacia cyclops Western coastal wattle Arctotis stoechadifolia White Arctotis Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. monilifera Boneseed Ehrharta villosa var. maxima Pyp Grass Euphorbia paralias Sea Spurge Gazania linearis Gazania Lycium ferocissimum African Boxthorn Mesembryanthemum crystallinum Common Iceplant Olea europaea ssp. europaea Olive Pennisetum clandestinum Kikuyu Declared Weeds Species Common Name Asphodelus fistulosus Onion Weed Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. monilifera Boneseed Cynara cardunculus ssp. flavescens Artichoke Thistle Lycium ferocissimum African Boxthorn Olea europaea ssp. europaea Olive Pinus halepensis Aleppo Pine

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 73 Results – MA4 Port Willunga

Fauna

# Fauna in cell 31 (Surveys undertaken; 7 opportunistic surveys. Additional records pers. comm. Emma Stephens 2008 and pers. comm. Mark Ellis 2008) # Conservation Rated Fauna in cell 3 (2 state, 3 regional) Significant Fauna Species Common Name Rating Falcunculus frontatus Crested Shrike-tit SA: R Thinornis rubricollis Hooded Plover SA: V # Non-indigenous Fauna 7

All Fauna in cell

Species Common Name Class Status EPBC Act NPW Act Status Regional Status Non-indigenous Anthochaera carunculata Red Wattlebird Aves Anthochaera chrysoptera Little Wattlebird Aves Cacatua roseicapilla Galah Aves Carduelis carduelis European Goldfinch * Aves Carduelis chloris European Greenfinch * Aves Columba livia Rock Dove * Aves Corvus mellori Little Raven Aves Egretta novaehollandiae White-faced Heron Aves Falco cenchroides Nankeen Kestrel Aves Falco longipennis Australian Hobby Aves U Falcunculus frontatus Crested Shrike-tit Aves R V Glossopsitta concinna Musk Lorikeet Aves C Grallina cyanoleuca Magpie-lark Aves Gymnorhina tibicen Australian Magpie Aves Hirundo neoxena Welcome Swallow Aves Larus novaehollandiae Silver Gull Aves Lichenostomus penicillatus White-plumed Honeyeater Aves Lichenostomus virescens Singing Honeyeater Aves Ocyphaps lophotes Crested Pigeon Aves Passer domesticus House Sparrow * Aves Pelecanus conspicillatus Australian Pelican Aves Phylidonyris novaehollandiae New Holland Honeyeater Aves Rhipidura leucophrys Willie Wagtail Aves Streptopelia chinensis Spotted Turtle-dove * Aves Sturnus vulgaris Common Starling * Aves Thinornis rubricollis Hooded Plover Aves V V Trichoglossus haematodus Rainbow Lorikeet Aves C Turdus merula Eurasian Blackbird * Aves Zosterops lateralis Silvereye Aves Anisynta cynone gracilis Cynone Grass-skipper Invertebrate Antipodia atralba Black and White Sedge-skipper Invertebrate

Note: * = Non-indigenous species, ж = Non-local species, (NC) = Name change

Rating: EX = Extinct, EW = Extinct in the Wild, CR = Critically Endangered, E/ EN = Endangered, ssp = Significant species, V/VU = Vulnerable, R/ RA: Rare, K = Indeterminate/ Possibly threatened, NT = Near Threatened, T = Threatened, Q = Possible significance, U = Uncommon, N = Not significant, LC = Least Concern

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 74 Results – MA5 Maslin Beach

7.3.5. Maslin Beach

Cell Detail Cell MA5 encompasses Maslin Beach, extending from Blanche Point to Ochre Point, within the City of Onkaparinga. It is approximately 3 kilometres in length and 170.9 hectares in area.

Landforms The long section of this embayment faces west: a sandy beach, composed of medium grade mineral sands, backed by cliffs < 40 m. The beach narrows towards both ends of the open embayment between the two headlands. In the sharp curve of the southern end, there is little to no beach under the north facing section of the cliff, it appears that any sand drifting from south of Blanche Point is quickly transported past this section by the west-south-westerly swell.

The cliffs show relatively steep slopes in the blocky limestone in the lower part, the more gently sloping middle to upper parts of the cliffs show marls, clays and sands, with a thin calcrete crust. The upper slopes are heavily gullied and show evidence of slumping, while the limestone of the lower cliff have been undercut at the base, especially at the southern end, and show evidence of block failure and collapse. The ephemeral Maslin Creek exits to the sea in the middle of the embayment, it is a state listed estuary, but its current Figure 8. Cell MA5 Location Map state is as a drain.

Blanche Point and the southern end of cell MA5, cliff instability through gullying, slumping and undercutting. (Photograph Coast Protection Board, 2005)

Benthic Habitat Bare sand areas predominate offshore, small limestone reefs are found off Gull Rock, Tortachilla and Maslin Beach.

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 75 Results – MA5 Maslin Beach

Terrestrial Biota 19 hectares or 11% of the cell is remnant vegetation. The total number of native plant and animal species recorded is 191 (63 non-indigenous) and total threatened species is 35.

Land Use/ Land Ownership Open cliffs slopes north of Maslin Beach car park is un-alloted Crown Land, 14% of cell in area, South to Blanche Point is Crown Lands Act Reserve, 15% of cell.

11.2% of this cell is in remnant vegetation. However, none of the cell is protected under the reserve system.

Hang gliding takes place at Ochre Point.

Values (Field visits and local reports) (including current usage) Coastal open space is seen as part of the Adelaide Metropolitan Coast Park Concept Plan, (PPK 2001), a guide to strategy and action from Sellicks Beach to Largs Bay. The concept plan has guided effort towards the creation of coastal foot and cycle ways, as well as amenity plantings and recreational facilities.

This is a well-known recreational beach with cliffs of high scenic value. The cliffs in the southern half of the cell are listed as a geological monument: the fossils of the Tertiary limestone have been significant in the study of the geological history of the region.

Threats (Field visits and local reports) Cliff instability, with safety issues, at the southern end of the cell. The hang gliding clubs use of cliffs at Ochre Point has led to compaction of clay soil surfaces and gullying in the cliff face. A multiplicity of access paths for gliders returning to cliff top is damaging the cliff face through erosion and damage to vegetation.

Potential threat from gully development and storm damage to the slopes below Maslin Beach Quarry: in the past this site has suffered poor management, including inadequate stormwater control. Significant recent remediation has taken place

Ochre Point. Maslin Beach quarry and cliff slope remediation. Gulf Reserve, Maslin Beach. (Photograph Coast Protection Board, 2008)

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 76 Results – MA5 Maslin Beach involving land contouring, rock battering, laying of weed matt and revegetation using ground covers, chenopods and a cereal rye cover crop. A remaining threat is storm wave damage potential following sea level rise. Some further maintenance is anticipated.

At Gulf Parade carpark the vegetation is in very poor condition, with infestation of Gazania and Western Coastal Wattle - a serious barrier to any natural regeneration. Gulf Reserve (see map above) is partly developed on top of fill that was laid over a former dump site, there are anecdotal reports of contamination of ground water.

There are high priority weeds including Boneseed, Olives and Scabiosa in numbers through out this cell. White Weeping Broom (*Retama raetam), a red alert listed weed is reported as emerging at Ochre Point.

Informal access paths are a threat to the biodiversity of the cliff face above the Maslin Beach nude beach.

Opportunities There is a proposal to attempt rehabilitation of the contaminated former rubbish site in the Reserve adjacent to Gulf Parade.

Conservation Analysis (GIS) The total of conservation summary means, 67.1, is low for the region. Layers highlighted by high summary scores include: Aboriginal heritage, viewscape, viewshed, threatened status of fauna and reptile habitat based on regional coastal dependency. The detailed summary map of conservation values show that high values are concentrated on the slopes to the south of Ochre Point and on the cliff slopes between the Maslin Beach car park and Tortachilla. Analysis shows that in these areas vegetation associations are significant for their endemicity (over 80% of these associations within the state are found within the MACCA region). These areas are significant for lizard habitat, notably the Painted Dragon (focal species). There are moderate totals for the lower Gulf Parade reserve. Over the rest of the cell combined scores are low.

In addition, the foreshore and cliffs from Blanche Point north to Maslin Creek is a Geological Monument and are listed on the State Heritage Register.

State vulnerable Hooded Plover (focal species) is recorded in this cell.

Threat Analysis (GIS) The summary threat score total is moderate for this cell, 51.1. A complex summary threat score distribution, including an accumulation of threats immediately south of Ochre Point and in the lower Gulf Parade reserve. High scores are found for land use, ownership, development zoning, viewshed, viewscape, proportion of exotic plants, numbers of aggressive weeds and cliff instability. A varied and disconnected pattern of ORV tracks also adds scores. Aggressive weeds found at various locations include: *Thinopyrum junceiforme on the beach, also Acacia cyclops, *Scabiosa atropurpurea, *Chrysanthemoides monilifera and *Olea europae.

There are mining tenements within this cell (and locality extend beyond the current and past quarries), including the coastal reserve north from Gulf Parade to Ochre Point and the southern side of the Aboriginal ochre mine and the local Tjilbruke spring site.

Stormwater discharge, which would have clear potential to impact the reef, is quite low from this cell, however, maintenance of remediation measures for the former quarry site is necessary to prevent stormwater transport of sediment to the nearshore coastal zone.

Possible Climate Change Threats [This local projection is based on the regional scenario set out in section 4.10 in Volume 1.] a) Sea level rise and Storm magnitude Beach recession of approximately 10 metres is likely following the slight rise to 2030: high tides and waves will actively clear rock debris from a larger extent of cliff base at both ends of the embayment. Undercutting and safety issues will extend in places. This process will continue and by 2070, only a beach in the centre of the embayment may remain. Further sea level rise will be a threat to the unstable cliff slopes south of Ochre Point.

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 77 Results – MA5 Maslin Beach b) Increasing average temperatures and aridity Increasing droughts and hot spells will challenge the resilience of vegetation communities, although detailed evidence in relation to species or communities is not available. Threat analysis shows exotic species and aggressive weeds are a potential threat in this area: these plants will be an increased threat under Greenhouse conditions. c) Changed run-off regimes The oblique aerial photograph of Blanche Point above clearly indicates the current importance of gullying and slumping on the top half of the cliff profile. Infrequent but more intense rainstorms may well be significant in accelerating gully development on these cliffs. Flows in the drain along the reserve by Gulf Parade and in Maslin Creek will be more infrequent, but may experience increased peak flows.

With regard to the Maslin Quarry on the southern side of Ochre Point: retention of water and sediment by the earth bank on the seaward side, could possibly be tested by peak storm events. Erosion, consequent on sea level rise, could pose a further threat to the retention arrangements at this unused quarry. Failure of the earth wall in storm conditions would result in the release of sediment potentially damaging to marine life within the nearshore zone. d) Nearshore marine changes Long period swell from the Southern Ocean will maintain the slow northerly drift of sediments in this cell, this littoral drift may well become more effective in moving coastal sediment as sea level rises.

Actions and Priority

Table 7. Recommended Actions and Priority for MA5 – Maslin Beach

Component Issue Proposed Action Priority of Key Players Action Beach Threats to Hooded Plover Hooded Plover Watch, High (Cons./ Community/ NRM/ nesting sites including fencing of nests Threat) Council and monitoring Raising community High (Cons./ Community/ NRM/ awareness through Threat) Council signage at major beach access points Cliff coastal Extent of mining tenement over Urgent need to review High (Cons./ PIRSA/ Heritage SA/ reserve significant heritage site (Ochre mining tenement Threat) DPLG/ Aboriginal Point) and valuable Heritage, Dept of conservation sites Premier and Cabinet/ Kaurna Heritage Board Weed infestation of cliff slopes Preparation of a weed High (Cons./ Council/ NRM/ north and south of Maslin management plan to Threat) Community/ Kaurna Beach car park mitigate the threat to Heritage Board valuable endemic communities Cliff tops and Dumping of garden prunings, Weed control, Medium Council/ NRM/ coastal slopes. weed invasion, planting of revegetation with local (Threat) Community exotic species, such as species, regeneration. succulents Education on garden escapes Cliffs at south end Uncontrolled access by Review fencing and path Medium Council/ NRM/ of Maslin Beach pedestrians and motorbikes, requirements. (Threat) Community leading to erosion and dumping Revegetation and cliff stability works Whole Cell Aboriginal heritage sites Consultation to Medium Kaurna Heritage recorded in this cell: need for appropriately manage (Cons.) Board/ NRM/ Council/ appropriate and sustainable sites in this area Aboriginal Heritage management Branch – DPC/ RCD - Aboriginal Partnership Unit – DEH Whole City of Green Environmental Support Council in future High (Cons./ Community Groups/

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 78 Results – MA5 Maslin Beach

Component Issue Proposed Action Priority of Key Players Action Onkaparinga Consultants have investigated conservation and Threat) Council/ NRM coastal area the preliminary threats and key management management issues to the coastal vegetation for Council owned reserves in this cell

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 79 Results – MA5 Maslin Beach

BIOTA

Flora

Remnant Vegetation Area 19 hectares (11% of the cell). Very good intact remnants occur on the escarpments in the north and south of the cell. Vegetation Block Metrics 3 mapped vegetation remnants. Wide cliff escarpment and creek area but Maslin Beach township and the Maslin quarry site reduce the connectivity. Terrestrial Habitat Descriptions Clifftop open shrubland of Nitraria billardierei and cliff slopes of Beyeria lechenaultii and (Ron Taylor description) Pomaderris paniculosa +/- Acrotriche patula, beachfront of Spinifex hirsutus +/- *Thinopyrum juncieforme +/- *Cakile maritima ssp. maritima. # Flora in cell 142 (Surveys undertaken; 1 opportunistic survey. Taylor has undertaken ‘walk over’ summer time surveys of this cell with these records used in the analysis). # Conservation Rated Flora in cell 30 (2 state, 29 regional) Significant Flora Species Common Name Rating Eucalyptus fasciculosa Pink Gum SA: R Myoporum parvifolium Creeping Boobialla SA: R Significant CDCS Floristic Community Nil Protected Area Nil Vegetation Comments Inaccessibility and the lack of close settlement at both ends of the cell is a protection factor. Vegetation around the lower Maslin Beach carpark has been badly modified and woody weeds have severely impacted. The seaward boundary of the Maslin Quarry site is subject to a rehabilitation plan with extensive earthworks and engineering measures, stabilising matting, cover crops and planting. A number of woody weed species are naturalising around the quarry site. The few steep dune ramps have been impacted by access and stormwater outlets. Revegetation projects have used a number of non-local species eg. Eucalyptus fasciculosa, Atriplex nummularia ssp. nummularia, Acacia acinacea and Melaleuca uncinata, all having a conservation rating in the region. Additional vegetation resources: Green Environmental Consultants 2005-07. Coastal Vegetation Survey of land in the care of the City of Onkaparinga (Stage 1, Stage 2 – and Stage 3 is still Draft). Comment: Green Environmental Consultants have prepared (draft) comprehensive species lists for priority sites at Aldinga Beach, Port Willunga, Maslin Beach, Moana, Seaford, Port Noarlunga and Christies Beach and others. Exclusively for coastal sites (dune, wetland and cliff areas) under Council care it identifies the condition, native and non-indigenous species, and threats to the vegetation and key management issues. Management plans of coastal relevance in the cell: City of Onkaparinga 2006. Cliff Stability Long Term Action Plan 2006 – 2011. URS. Detailed Cliff Stability Investigations Stage 2 Report. City of Onkaparinga October 2006. Cliff Stability Urgent Action Plan.

All Flora in cell

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Acacia acinacea Wreath Wattle N Acacia cyclops Western Coastal Wattle ж Acacia longifolia ssp. sophorae Coastal Wattle N Acacia saligna Golden Wreath Wattle * Acrotriche patula Prickly Ground-berry R Allocasuarina verticillata Drooping Sheoak Alyxia buxifolia Sea Box R

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 80 Results – MA5 Maslin Beach

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status Regional NPW Act EPBC Act indigenous

Anagallis arvensis Pimpernel * Arctotheca calendula Cape Weed * Asphodelus fistulosus Onion Weed * Astroloma humifusum Cranberry Heath Atriplex cinerea Coast Saltbush Atriplex nummularia ssp. nummularia Old-man Saltbush T Atriplex paludosa ssp. cordata Marsh Saltbush Atriplex semibaccata Berry Saltbush Austrodanthonia caespitosa Common Wallaby-grass Austrostipa curticoma Short-crest Spear-grass U Austrostipa drummondii Cottony Spear-grass Austrostipa elegantissima Feather Spear-grass U Austrostipa flavescens Coast Spear-grass Beyeria lechenaultii Pale Turpentine Bush Billardiera cymosa ssp. Bromus diandrus Great Brome * Bupleurum semicompositum Hare's Ear * Cakile maritima ssp. maritima Two-horned Sea Rocket * Calandrinia eremaea Dryland Purslane U Carex divisa Divided Sedge * Carpobrotus edulis ssp. edulis Hottentot Fig * Carpobrotus rossii Native Pigface Cassytha glabella f. dispar Slender Dodder-laurel Cheilanthes austrotenuifolia Annual Rock-fern Chenopodium album Fat Hen * Chloris truncata Windmill Grass Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. monilifera Boneseed * Comesperma volubile Love Creeper Convolvulus angustissimus ssp. angustissimus Australian Bindweed Coprosma repens New Zealand Mirror-bush * Cynodon dactylon var. dactylon Couch * Dianella brevicaulis Short-stem Flax-lily Disphyma crassifolium ssp. clavellatum Round-leaf Pigface Distichlis distichophylla Emu-grass N Dodonaea viscosa ssp. spatulata Sticky Hop-bush Einadia nutans ssp. nutans Climbing Saltbush Enchylaena tomentosa var. tomentosa Ruby Saltbush Eucalyptus camaldulensis var. camaldulensis River Red Gum Eucalyptus fasciculosa Pink Gum R Eucalyptus platypus var. heterophylla (NC) Euphorbia paralias Sea Spurge * Eutaxia microphylla Common Eutaxia Gahnia filum Thatching Grass R

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 81 Results – MA5 Maslin Beach

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status Regional NPW Act EPBC Act indigenous

Gahnia lanigera Black Grass Saw-sedge R Gazania linearis Gazania * Gomphocarpus cancellatus Broad-leaf Cotton-bush * Goodenia pinnatifida Cut-leaf Goodenia U Goodenia varia Sticky Goodenia K Goodenia willisiana Silver Goodenia R Grevillea lavandulacea ssp. lavandulacea Spider-flower Hakea rugosa Dwarf Hakea Helichrysum leucopsideum Satin Everlasting U Helminthotheca echioides Ox-tongue * Hordeum glaucum Blue Barley-grass * Isolepis nodosa Knobby Club-rush Kennedia prostrata Scarlet Runner Lagunaria patersonii Pyramid Tree * Lagurus ovatus Hare's Tail Grass * Lampranthus glaucus Noon-flower * Lepidosperma congestum Lepidosperma viscidum Sticky Sword-sedge Leptorhynchos squamatus ssp. squamatus Scaly Buttons Leptospermum laevigatum Coast Tea-tree * Leucophyta brownii Coast Cushion Bush Leucopogon parviflorus Coast Beard-heath Limonium companyonis Sea-lavender * Lolium rigidum Wimmera Ryegrass * Lomandra micrantha ssp. Small-flower Mat-rush Lotus australis Austral Trefoil U Lycium ferocissimum African Boxthorn * Maireana brevifolia Short-leaf Bluebush Maireana enchylaenoides Wingless Fissure-plant U Maireana trichoptera Hairy-fruit Bluebush E Medicago polymorpha var. polymorpha Burr-medic * Medicago sativa Lucerne * Melaleuca lanceolata Dryland Tea-tree U Melaleuca uncinata Broombush R Melilotus indicus King Island Melilot * Mesembryanthemum crystallinum Common Iceplant * Minuria leptophylla Minnie Daisy Muehlenbeckia gunnii Coastal Climbing Lignum Myoporum insulare Common Boobialla Myoporum parvifolium Creeping Boobialla R V Nitraria billardierei Nitre-bush Olea europaea ssp. europaea Olive * Olearia axillaris Coast Daisy-bush

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 82 Results – MA5 Maslin Beach

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status Regional NPW Act EPBC Act indigenous

Olearia ramulosa Twiggy Daisy-bush Osteospermum fruticosum * Parapholis incurva Curly Ryegrass * Paspalum dilatatum Paspalum * Paspalum vaginatum Salt-water Couch * Pennisetum clandestinum Kikuyu * Phragmites australis Common Reed Pimelea flava ssp. dichotoma Diosma Riceflower Pimelea serpyllifolia ssp. serpyllifolia Thyme Riceflower Pinus halepensis Aleppo Pine * Plantago coronopus ssp. coronopus Bucks-horn Plantain * Plantago lanceolata var. lanceolata Ribwort * Poa poiformis var. poiformis Coast Tussock-grass N Pogonolepis muelleriana Stiff Cup-flower U Polycarpon tetraphyllum Four-leaf Allseed * Pomaderris paniculosa ssp. paniculosa Mallee Pomaderris U Ptilotus spathulatus f. spathulatus Pussy-tails R Pultenaea tenuifolia Narrow-leaf Bush-pea R Rapistrum rugosum ssp. rugosum Turnip Weed * Reichardia tingitana False Sowthistle * Rhagodia candolleana ssp. candolleana Sea-berry Saltbush Rhagodia spinescens Spiny Saltbush E Salsola tragus Buckbush Salvia verbenaca var. verbenaca Wild Sage * Scabiosa atropurpurea Pincushion * Scaevola albida Pale Fanflower Scaevola crassifolia Cushion Fanflower R Sclerolaena diacantha Grey Bindyi R Senecio pinnatifolius Variable Groundsel Silene nocturna Mediterranean Catchfly * Solanum elaeagnifolium Silver-leaf Nightshade * Solanum nigrum Black Nightshade * Sonchus oleraceus Common Sow-thistle * Spergularia sp. Butchers Gap (P.Gibbons 234) Coast Sand-spurrey Spinifex hirsutus Rolling Spinifex Tecticornia halocnemoides ssp. Grey Samphire Tecticornia pergranulata ssp. pergranulata Black-seed Samphire Tetragonia implexicoma Bower Spinach Themeda triandra Kangaroo Grass Thinopyrum junceiforme Sea Wheat-grass * Threlkeldia diffusa Coast Bonefruit Trifolium angustifolium Narrow-leaf Clover * Trifolium campestre Hop Clover *

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 83 Results – MA5 Maslin Beach

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Velleia paradoxa Spur Velleia U Vulpia myuros f. Fescue * Watsonia meriana var. bulbillifera Bulbil Watsonia * Westringia sp. Native Rosemary Wilsonia backhousei Narrow-leaf Wilsonia V Wilsonia humilis Silky Wilsonia U Zygophyllum confluens Forked Twinleaf R

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 84 Results – MA5 Maslin Beach

Weeds

# Non-indigenous Flora in cell 52 (37% of total cell flora) Red Alert Weeds Species Common Name Acacia cyclops Western coastal wattle Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. monilifera Boneseed Coprosma repens New Zealand Mirror-bush Euphorbia paralias Sea Spurge Gazania sp. Gazania Leptospermum laevigatum Coast Tea-tree Lycium ferocissimum African Boxthorn Mesembryanthemum crystallinum Common Iceplant Olea europaea ssp. europaea Olive Pennisetum clandestinum Kikuyu Declared Weeds Species Common Name Asphodelus fistulosus Onion Weed Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. monilifera Boneseed Lycium ferocissimum African Boxthorn Olea europaea ssp. europaea Olive Pinus halepensis Aleppo Pine Watsonia meriana var. bulbillifera Bulbil Watsonia

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 85 Results – MA5 Maslin Beach

Fauna

# Fauna in cell 49 (Surveys undertaken; 5 opportunistic sites. Additional records pers. comms. Mark Ellis and Caroline McMahon) # Conservation Rated Fauna in cell 5 (2 state, 5 regional) Significant Fauna Species Common Name Rating Falcunculus frontatus Crested Shrike-tit SA: R Thinornis rubricollis Hooded Plover SA: V # Non-indigenous Fauna 11

All Fauna in cell

Species Common Name Class Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Alauda arvensis Eurasian Skylark * Aves Anthochaera carunculata Red Wattlebird Aves Aquila audax Wedge-tailed Eagle Aves Cacatua galerita Sulphur-crested Cockatoo Aves U Cacatua roseicapilla Galah Aves Carduelis carduelis European Goldfinch * Aves Carduelis chloris European Greenfinch * Aves Columba livia Rock Dove * Aves Corvus mellori Little Raven Aves Egretta novaehollandiae White-faced Heron Aves Elanus axillaris Black-shouldered Kite Aves Falco cenchroides Nankeen Kestrel Aves Falco longipennis Australian Hobby Aves U Falcunculus frontatus Crested Shrike-tit Aves R V Glossopsitta porphyrocephala Purple-crowned Lorikeet Aves Grallina cyanoleuca Magpie-lark Aves Gymnorhina tibicen Australian Magpie Aves Hirundo neoxena Welcome Swallow Aves Larus novaehollandiae Silver Gull Aves Larus pacificus Pacific Gull Aves U Lichenostomus penicillatus White-plumed Honeyeater Aves Lichenostomus virescens Singing Honeyeater Aves Ocyphaps lophotes Crested Pigeon Aves Passer domesticus House Sparrow * Aves Pelecanus conspicillatus Australian Pelican Aves Petrochelidon nigricans Tree Martin Aves Phalacrocorax fuscescens Black-faced Cormorant Aves Phalacrocorax melanoleucos Little Pied Cormorant Aves Phalacrocorax varius Pied Cormorant Aves Phaps chalcoptera Common Bronzewing Aves Phylidonyris novaehollandiae New Holland Honeyeater Aves

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 86 Results – MA5 Maslin Beach

Species Common Name Class Non- Status Status Status Regional NPW Act EPBC Act indigenous

Rhipidura leucophrys Willie Wagtail Aves Smicrornis brevirostris Weebill Aves C Streptopelia chinensis Spotted Turtle-dove * Aves Sturnus vulgaris Common Starling * Aves Thinornis rubricollis Hooded Plover Aves V V Threskiornis spinicollis Straw-necked Ibis Aves Trichoglossus haematodus Rainbow Lorikeet Aves C Turdus merula Eurasian Blackbird * Aves Anisynta cynone gracilis Cynone Grass-skipper Invertebrate Antipodia atralba Black and White Sedge-skipper Invertebrate Delias aganippe Wood White Invertebrate Ogyris amaryllis meridionalis Amaryllis Azure Invertebrate Felis catus Cat * Mammalia Oryctolagus cuniculus Rabbit * Mammalia Vulpes vulpes Fox * Mammalia Pogona barbata Eastern Bearded Dragon Reptilia Tiliqua rugosa Sleepy Lizard Reptilia Tiliqua scincoides Eastern Bluetongue Reptilia

Note: * = Non-indigenous species, ж = Non-local species, (NC) = Name change

Rating: EX = Extinct, EW = Extinct in the Wild, CR = Critically Endangered, E/ EN = Endangered, ssp = Significant species, V/VU = Vulnerable, R/ RA: Rare, K = Indeterminate/ Possibly threatened, NT = Near Threatened, T = Threatened, Q = Possible significance, U = Uncommon, N = Not significant, LC = Least Concern

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 87 Results – MA5 Maslin Beach

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 88 Results – MA6 Moana

7.3.6. Moana

Cell Detail Cell MA6 extends from Ochre Point to Robertson Road, within the City of Onkaparinga. The cell is approximately 3 kilometres in length and is 155.3 hectares in area.

Landforms This section includes the floodplain, creek line and lower slopes of the Pedlar Creek, Moana Beach and foreshore, and Moana Sands Conservation Park (CP) at the mouth of the creek. The cliffs and slopes rise to approximately 50 metres at Ochre Point.

Moana Beach is a 2 kilometre, west facing beach, between the headland slopes of Ochre Point, in the south, and Robinsons Point in the north. The fine mineral sands and medium wave energy of this section have led to the development of a flat beach with two nearshore bars. This is a safe swimming beach under normal conditions, but when waves exceed 1m rips in the outer bar can develop.

Figure 9. Cell MA6 Location Map

Moana Dunes Conservation Park. (Photograph Coast Protection Board 2003)

The foredune at Moana Sands CP forms a low to medium barrier, 2 to 5 m in height, the barrier and part of the backshore is underlain by a gravel deposit of large ABC Quartzite pebbles, apparently transported by wave action from the outcrop 1,500 m to the south. Additionally, a suite of heavy mineral sands, derived from the long term weathering of the quartzite is found in the backshore, together with the gravel, this is evidence of long term, slow movement of sediment north along this shore.

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 89 Results – MA6 Moana

The Pedler Creek is deemed an estuary (AMLR 2006) with a catchment size of 106 km2 (Table 2). The flood plain is low lying and vegetation indicates brackish soil water.

The Moana Dunes sands cover a small plain close to sea level. The dunes, which are of two ages (white Holocene sands and older red sands), do not constitute a large sand mass and have been heavily disturbed by mining, bulldozing for parking, vandalism and invasion by aggressive weeds. The dunes are in a poorly vegetated state, making them potentially unstable.

Benthic Habitat Inshore there is pocket of bare sand associated with Moana Beach but reef systems dominate offshore out to 1,200 metres and then grades further offshore into bare sand.

Terrestrial Biota 40 hectares or 26% of the cell is remnant vegetation. The total number of native plant and animal species recorded is 193; total threatened species is 43. A high number of non-indigenous species has been recorded, 101.

Land Use/ Land Ownership 21% of the cell is Crown Land Act Reserve (cliff slopes), 13.9% is in Moana Sands Conservation Park. Much of the rest of the cell is privately owned residential suburbs, with a section of farmed land at the southern end.

In the past, quantities of sand have been removed from the dunes (e.g. over 3,000 tonnes removed from the Moana Sands Sandpit, 1979). Tenement remains, but there are no signs of current activity.

Values (Field visits and local reports) (including current usage) Coastal open space is seen as part of the Adelaide Metropolitan Coast Park Concept Plan, (PPK 2001), a guide to strategy and action from Sellicks Beach to Largs Bay. The concept plan has guided effort towards the creation of coastal foot and cycle ways, as well as amenity planting and recreational facilities.

Moana is a popular recreational beach with facilities, coast walking at Moana Sands CP and to Ochre Point. Hang gliders have access to the cliffs near Ochre Point.

The farmed land backing Ochre Point headland has important visual amenity value for the area.

Threats (Field visits and local reports) Parts of this beach have incompatible uses: beach family recreation, fishing and road. Possible vehicle compaction of beach sands could result in reduction of beach meiofauna, hence reduction in feeding opportunities for shorebirds. Threats to Hooded Plover nesting is increased by vehicle activity.

Previous dune disturbance has not been thoroughly restored: many de-vegetated and weed infested areas remain. Moana Sands has serious aggressive weeds problems; Acacia cyclops, Boneseed, Poplar, Olives, Pampas grass, Bamboo, Pine (*Pinus halepensis), Victorian Coastal Tea-tree (*Leptospermum laevigatum), are all threats to biodiversity.

Moana Sands Conservation Park does not currently have a management plan.

There have been anecdotal reports of illegal dirt bike access at Ochre Point.

Opportunities NPWS Act obliges DEH to engage in a management plan process for Moana Sands CP.

Continuation and extension of the protection and remediation activities, including weed removal and planting of local species within and between the Conservation Park and the clifftop Crown Reserve could result in the creation of a contiguous area (c.60 ha.) of public land with high conservation value, as well as heritage value of great significance. The purchase of private land behind Moana Sands and a complete rehabilitation (including the introduction of lignum to the Pedler Creek floodplain) is also a significant current opportunity.

Conservation Analysis (GIS) The sum of conservation means gives Moana an average score, 86.06. However, the detailed summary shows that high values accrue to the middle section of the park and the cliff top reserve in the southern half of the cell. These locations

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 90 Results – MA6 Moana have high scores for: rarity of the plant community within the state, number of sites with threatened fauna across the whole cell, distribution of endemic plant communities (Beyeria lechenaultii/ Acrotriche patula is found in the cliff slopes immediately north of Ochre Cove), distribution of sites with species richness (cliff reserve only), habitat for reptiles (both in terms of conservation status, regional abundance and regional coastal abundance give high scores in the dune, habitat for coastal dependant reptiles is significant across the cliffs and dune, focal species are significant in this cell: Yellowish Sedge-skipper (cliffs only), also the state vulnerable Hooded Plover is recorded on this beach, views of the sea give high values across the cell, vegetation patch shape and the extent of public open space add some value, Aboriginal heritage is significant in this cell.

Threat Analysis (GIS) Total of threat summary layers is 53.62, an average value. When summarized in detail, high threat values are concentrated in the private land immediately east of the park and in the clifftop reserve. Moana Sands Conservation Park has a low total of threats.

Threatening processes which add significantly to the total include: the riverside campsite, ORV tracks along the southern cliffs and immediately east of the park, development zoning, land ownership, land use, the mining tenement for the ‘Sandpit’ east of the CP, visibility of the sea, visual amenity, dune instability, within the CP, and cliff instability along the southern cliffs. Percentage of exotic plant species is remarkably high: for example, the State Biological Survey flora list for the park records 27 native plants (coastal shrubs and grasses) and 37 exotic species. The distribution of dangerous weeds is the fifth highest total in the study area.

Possible Climate Change Threats [This local projection is based on the regional scenario set out in section 4.10 in Volume 1.] a) Sea level rise and Storm magnitude Beaches in this cell will be considerably narrowed by accelerated sea level rise and hard protection for the low lying part of the suburb, (including the esplanade and carpark) will become an issue within a decade, relatively flat beaches with low dunes in natural conditions suffer damage in storm surge through over-washing of beach sediments landward. Moana Sands will be partly protected by the backshore gravels, which will slow storm damage to the foredune. Marine flooding of low-lying land adjacent to the creek will increase in frequency. In the southern section of the cell sea level rise at 2030 and 2070 will remove cliff base talus and trim back the Tertiary marls of the lower cliffs, but the ancient ABC Quartzites of the shore platform at Ochre Point will provide some protection to slow what might otherwise be rapid erosion to these cliffs. b) Increasing average temperatures and aridity Storm foredune damage and increasing aridity will both work to de-stabilise the dunes, slowing plant recovery following storm, fire or foot traffic damage. c) Changed run-off regimes Pedlar Creek will suffer reduced winter flows, but peak flows in occasional high intensity rainstorms will increase in magnitude, (this is mitigated to the design level of the retention ponds below Seaford). The Ochre Cove cliffs are subject to severe gully erosion under current conditions, (although the gate at Karko Drive has greatly reduced the former damaging impact of trail and BMX bikes on this reserve), under the greenhouse scenario, there is a risk that intense drought breaking rains could initiate a new cycle of gully formation. d) Nearshore marine changes Steady northerly coastal sediment movement driven by long period swell waves from the Southern Ocean will remain and increase. Projected changes in sea temperatures and acidity will have similar impacts as throughout the rest of the region.

Actions and Priority

Table 8. Recommended Actions and Priority for MA6 - Moana

Component Issue Proposed Action Priority of Key Players Action Beach Threats to Hooded Plover nests Hooded Plover Watch, High (Cons./ NRM/ Community including fencing of nests Threat) Groups/ Council and monitoring

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 91 Results – MA6 Moana

Component Issue Proposed Action Priority of Key Players Action Vehicles on beach a threat to Support current High (Cons./ Council/ NRM/ beach meiofauna, shorebirds, investigation and Threat) Community Groups and a public safety issue research by council into vehicles on beaches. Consider seasonal banning of vehicles during Hooded Plover nesting season Raising community Council/ NRM/ awareness through Community Groups signage at major beach access points Moana Sands Reserves are both degraded. Creation of an overall High (Cons./ DEH/ Council/ NRM/ Conservation Park Remaining vegetation is Moana Sands Action Plan Threat) Community Groups and Moana Sands threatened by exotic species that outlines priority Biodiversity and dune instability restoration actions and Reserve timeframes Number of exotic and Develop and distribute High (Cons./ DEH/ Council/ NRM aggressive plants contained in educational resources to Threat) surrounding land and spreading local community about into reserve garden escapes/ weeds and provide alternative local species Authorised officers to High (Cons./ NRM liaise with landholders on Threat) eastern boundary re weed control Informal access is adding to Access to be clearly High (Cons./ DEH/ Council/ NRM/ dune instability defined with signage, Threat) Community Groups markers and access control fencing Many exotic plants and Weed management High (Cons./ DEH/ NRM/ aggressive weeds within all recovery and actions Threat) Community Groups/ dunes. plans in Moana Sands CP Council Develop and distribute educational resources to the local community about garden escapes / weeds and alternative local species that can be planted

Opportunity to rationalise Extension of park via High (Cons./ DEH/ Council Eastern border of CP, as the acquisition of mining Threat) ‘sand pit’ is now disused tenement land on eastern boundary Reported reptile site Reptile surveys and Medium Herpetology SA/ monitoring (Cons.) Community/ Friends Group/ NRM Moana South cliffs Former dump materials on cliff Annual program to Medium Council/ Aboriginal Ochre Point above Ochre Cove heritage remove debris coming to (Threat) Heritage, Dept of site, thinly covered by soil the surface Premier and Cabinet/ Kaurna Heritage Board Number of exotic and Develop and distribute High (Cons./ DEH/ Council/ NRM aggressive plants contained in educational resources to Threat) surrounding land and spreading local community about into reserve garden escapes/ weeds and provide alternative local species

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 92 Results – MA6 Moana

Component Issue Proposed Action Priority of Key Players Action Support Council effort to High (Cons./ DEH/ Council/ NRM undertake weed control Threat) and revegetation Remnant vegetation is Develop an Action Plan High (Cons./ Council/ NRM threatened by exotic species that outlines priority Threat) remnants and restoration areas with timeframes Whole Cell Aboriginal heritage sites Consultation to Medium Kaurna Heritage recorded in this cell: need for appropriately manage (Cons.) Board/ NRM/ Council/ appropriate and sustainable sites in this area Aboriginal Heritage management Branch – DPC/ RCD - Aboriginal Partnership Unit – DEH Whole City of Green Environmental Support Council in future High (Cons./ Community Group/ Onkaparinga Consultants have investigated conservation and Threat) Council/ NRM coastal area the preliminary threats and key management management issues to the coastal vegetation for Council owned reserves in this cell

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 93 Results – MA6 Moana

BIOTA

Flora

Remnant Vegetation Area 40 hectares (26 % of the cell). Remnants on upper cliff slopes with good patches of intact heath/shrubland. The Moana Sands dunes in the north of the cell have small vestiges of remnant vegetation. Vegetation Block Metrics 1 mapped vegetation remnant. Wide escarpment and good connectivity to the near full extent of the Moana Sands dune reserve area. Terrestrial Habitat Description Clifftop open shrubland Nitraria billardierei +/- Beyeria lechenaultii +/- Alyxia buxifolia (Ron Taylor description) intergrading with dunal open shrubland of Acacia cyclops +/- Myoporum insulare # Flora in cell 219 (Surveys undertaken; 1 survey, 2 opportunistic surveys. Taylor has undertaken ‘walk over’ summer time surveys of this cell with these records used in the analysis). # Conservation Rated Flora in cell 25 (2 state, 24 regional) Significant Flora Species Common Name Rating Cullen microcephalum Mountain Scurf-pea SA: E Myoporum parvifolium Creeping Boobialla SA: R Significant CDCS Floristic Community Beyeria lechenaultii/ Acrotriche patula is recorded within the cell. Refer to Appendix 8 in Volume 1 for plant community information. Protected Area Moana Sands Conservation Park (21.69 hectares) Vegetation Comments City of Onkaparinga has vegetation management plans or detailed surveys available for Ochre Point. Cullen microcephalum may be an erroneous record for this region. There is a dominant overstorey of Acacia cyclops in the Moana Sands dune reserve that is a serious barrier to any natural regeneration. Additional vegetation resources: Green Environmental Consultants 2005-07. Coastal Vegetation Survey of land in the care of the City of Onkaparinga (Stage 1, Stage 2 – and Stage 3 is still Draft). Comment: Green Environmental Consultants have prepared (draft) comprehensive species lists for priority sites at Aldinga Beach, Port Willunga, Maslin Beach, Moana, Seaford, Port Noarlunga and Christies Beach and others. Exclusively for coastal sites (dune, wetland and cliff areas) under Council care it identifies the condition, native and non-indigenous species, and threats to the vegetation and key management issues. Management plans of coastal relevance in the cell: City of Onkaparinga 2006. Cliff Stability Long Term Action Plan 2006 – 2011. URS. Detailed Cliff Stability Investigations Stage 2 Report. City of Onkaparinga October 2006. Cliff Stability Urgent Action Plan. Hassell Pty Ltd 1995. Ochre Point Management Plan, City of Noarlunga & City of Willunga, Coast Protection Board and DENR.

All Flora in cell

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Acacia acinacea Wreath Wattle N Acacia cupularis Cup Wattle R Acacia cyclops Western Coastal Wattle ж Acacia longifolia ssp. sophorae Coastal Wattle N Acacia paradoxa Kangaroo Thorn Acacia pycnantha Golden Wattle Acacia saligna Golden Wreath Wattle * Acetosella vulgaris Sorrel *

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 94 Results – MA6 Moana

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Acrotriche patula Prickly Ground-berry R Agave americana Century Plant * Aira elegantissima Delicate Hair-grass * Allocasuarina verticillata Drooping Sheoak Aloe arborescens * Aloe sp. Aloe * Alyxia buxifolia Sea Box R Anagallis arvensis Pimpernel * Angianthus tomentosus Hairy Angianthus K Apium prostratum var. Native Celery N Arctotheca calendula Cape Weed * Aristida behriana Brush Wire-grass U Arthropodium strictum Common Vanilla-lily Arundo donax Giant Reed * Asparagus asparagoides f. asparagoides Bridal Creeper * Asphodelus fistulosus Onion Weed * Astroloma humifusum Cranberry Heath Atriplex cinerea Coast Saltbush Atriplex paludosa ssp. cordata Marsh Saltbush Atriplex semibaccata Berry Saltbush Austrodanthonia caespitosa Common Wallaby-grass Austrodanthonia sp. Austrostipa drummondii Cottony Spear-grass Austrostipa elegantissima Feather Spear-grass U Austrostipa flavescens Coast Spear-grass Austrostipa mollis Soft Spear-grass Austrostipa scabra ssp. falcata Slender Spear-grass Austrostipa sp. Spear-grass Avellinia michelii Avellinia * Avena barbata Bearded Oat * Avena fatua Wild Oat * Beyeria lechenaultii Pale Turpentine Bush Billardiera cymosa ssp. Bolboschoenus caldwellii Salt Club-rush Brassica tournefortii Wild Turnip * Briza maxima Large Quaking-grass * Briza minor Lesser Quaking-grass * Burchardia umbellata Milkmaids Caesia calliantha Blue Grass-lily Cakile maritima ssp. maritima Two-horned Sea Rocket * Calostemma purpureum Pink Garland-lily Carpobrotus rossii Native Pigface Carpobrotus rossii (NC) Native Pigface Cassytha glabella f. dispar Slender Dodder-laurel

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 95 Results – MA6 Moana

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Centaurea calcitrapa Star Thistle * Chamaescilla corymbosa var. corymbosa Blue Squill Chasmanthe floribunda var. floribunda African Corn-flag * Chenopodium album Fat Hen * Chloris truncata Windmill Grass Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. monilifera Boneseed * Comesperma volubile Love Creeper Conyza albida Tall Fleabane * Conyza sp. Fleabane * Coprosma repens New Zealand Mirror-bush * Cortaderia selloana Common Pampas Grass * Cullen australasicum Tall Scurf-pea R Cullen microcephalum Mountain Scurf-pea E Cynara cardunculus ssp. flavescens Artichoke Thistle * Cynodon dactylon (NC) Couch * Cynodon dactylon var. dactylon Couch * Dampiera rosmarinifolia Rosemary Dampiera R Danthonia sp. (NC) Wallaby-grass Dianella brevicaulis Short-stem Flax-lily Dianella revoluta var. revoluta Black-anther Flax-lily Disphyma crassifolium ssp. clavellatum Round-leaf Pigface Distichlis distichophylla Emu-grass N Dodonaea viscosa ssp. spatulata Sticky Hop-bush Echium plantagineum Salvation Jane * Ehrharta longiflora Annual Veldt Grass * Ehrharta villosa var. maxima Pyp Grass * Enchylaena tomentosa var. tomentosa Ruby Saltbush Eucalyptus porosa Mallee Box U Euphorbia paralias Sea Spurge * Euphorbia terracina False Caper * Eutaxia microphylla Common Eutaxia Foeniculum vulgare Fennel * Gahnia filum Thatching Grass R Gahnia lanigera Black Grass Saw-sedge R Galenia pubescens var. pubescens Coastal Galenia * Gazania linearis Gazania * Geranium sp. Geranium Gomphocarpus cancellatus Broad-leaf Cotton-bush * Goodenia amplexans Clasping Goodenia U Goodenia pinnatifida Cut-leaf Goodenia U Goodenia willisiana Silver Goodenia R Grevillea lavandulacea ssp. lavandulacea Spider-flower Hakea rugosa Dwarf Hakea Hedypnois rhagadioloides (NC) Cretan Weed *

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 96 Results – MA6 Moana

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Hedypnois rhagadioloides ssp. rhagadioloides Cretan Weed * Helichrysum leucopsideum Satin Everlasting U Heliotropium europaeum Common Heliotrope Hordeum glaucum Blue Barley-grass * Hordeum leporinum Wall Barley-grass * Hypochaeris radicata Rough Cat's Ear * Isolepis nodosa Knobby Club-rush Juncus kraussii Sea Rush Kennedia prostrata Scarlet Runner Lachnagrostis billardierei ssp. billardierei Coast Blown-grass Lactuca serriola f. serriola Prickly Lettuce * Lagurus ovatus Hare's Tail Grass * Lepidosperma concavum Spreading Sword-sedge N Lepidosperma congestum Lepidosperma viscidum Sticky Sword-sedge Leptorhynchos squamatus ssp. squamatus Scaly Buttons Leptospermum laevigatum Coast Tea-tree * Leucophyta brownii Coast Cushion Bush Limonium companyonis Sea-lavender * Linum strictum ssp. strictum Upright Yellow Flax * Lolium perenne X Lolium rigidum Hybrid Ryegrass * Lomandra collina Sand Mat-rush R Lomandra densiflora Soft Tussock Mat-rush Lomandra effusa Scented Mat-rush R Lomandra micrantha ssp. Small-flower Mat-rush Lomandra nana Small Mat-rush N Lotus australis Austral Trefoil U Lycium australe Australian Boxthorn E Lycium ferocissimum African Boxthorn * Maireana enchylaenoides Wingless Fissure-plant U Medicago polymorpha var. polymorpha Burr-medic * Melaleuca lanceolata Dryland Tea-tree U Melaleuca lanceolata ssp. lanceolata (NC) Dryland Tea-tree U Melilotus indicus King Island Melilot * Mesembryanthemum crystallinum Common Iceplant * Mesembryanthemum nodiflorum Slender Iceplant * Mimulus repens Creeping Monkey-flower R Minuria leptophylla Minnie Daisy Muehlenbeckia florulenta Lignum R Muehlenbeckia gunnii Coastal Climbing Lignum Myoporum insulare Common Boobialla Myoporum parvifolium Creeping Boobialla R V Myosurus minimus var. australis Mousetail Nitraria billardierei Nitre-bush

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 97 Results – MA6 Moana

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Oenothera stricta ssp. stricta Common Evening Primrose * Olea europaea ssp. europaea Olive * Olearia axillaris Coast Daisy-bush Olearia ramulosa Twiggy Daisy-bush Opercularia varia Variable Stinkweed Orbea variegata Carrion-flower * Osteospermum fruticosum * Oxalis perennans Native Sorrel Oxalis perennans (NC) Native Sorrel Oxalis pes-caprae Soursob * Parapholis incurva Curly Ryegrass * Paraserianthes lophantha Cape Leeuwin Wattle Paspalum vaginatum Salt-water Couch * Pennisetum clandestinum Kikuyu * Phragmites australis Common Reed Pimelea flava ssp. dichotoma Diosma Riceflower Pimelea serpyllifolia ssp. serpyllifolia Thyme Riceflower Pinus halepensis Aleppo Pine * Piptatherum miliaceum Rice Millet * Pittosporum angustifolium Native Apricot R Plantago coronopus ssp. coronopus Bucks-horn Plantain * Plantago hispida Hairy Plantain Plantago lanceolata var. dubia Ribwort * Plantago lanceolata var. lanceolata Ribwort * Plantago varia Variable Plantain Poa poiformis var. poiformis Coast Tussock-grass N Poa sp. Meadow-grass/Tussock-grass Pogonolepis muelleriana Stiff Cup-flower U Pomaderris paniculosa ssp. paniculosa Mallee Pomaderris U Portulaca oleracea Common Purslane Pultenaea tenuifolia Narrow-leaf Bush-pea R Rapistrum rugosum ssp. rugosum Turnip Weed * Reichardia tingitana False Sowthistle * Retama raetam White Weeping Broom * Rhagodia candolleana ssp. candolleana Sea-berry Saltbush Romulea rosea var. australis Common Onion-grass * Rosa canina Dog Rose * Salsola tragus Buckbush Salvia verbenaca var. verbenaca Wild Sage * Santalum acuminatum Quandong V Sarcocornia quinqueflora Beaded Samphire Scabiosa atropurpurea Pincushion * Scaevola albida var. albida Pale Fanflower Scaevola crassifolia Cushion Fanflower R

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 98 Results – MA6 Moana

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Sclerolaena diacantha Grey Bindyi R Sebaea ovata Yellow Sebaea Senecio pinnatifolius Variable Groundsel Senecio pterophorus African Daisy * Silene nocturna Mediterranean Catchfly * Solanum linnaeanum Apple Of Sodom * Sonchus oleraceus Common Sow-thistle * Sonchus oleraceus (NC) Common Sow-thistle * Spergularia sp. Butchers Gap (P.Gibbons 234) Coast Sand-spurrey Spinifex hirsutus Rolling Spinifex Spinifex sericeus (NC) Rolling Spinifex Stackhousia monogyna Creamy Candles Suaeda australis Austral Seablite Tamarix ramosissima * Tecticornia pergranulata ssp. pergranulata Black-seed Samphire Tetragonia decumbens Sea Spinach * Tetragonia implexicoma Bower Spinach Themeda triandra Kangaroo Grass Thinopyrum junceiforme Sea Wheat-grass * Threlkeldia diffusa Coast Bonefruit Thysanotus patersonii Twining Fringe-lily Trifolium angustifolium Narrow-leaf Clover * Trifolium arvense var. arvense Hare's-foot Clover * Trifolium campestre Hop Clover * Trifolium scabrum Rough Clover * Trifolium striatum Knotted Clover * Triglochin striatum Streaked Arrowgrass N Typha domingensis Narrow-leaf Bulrush Velleia arguta Toothed Velleia R Velleia paradoxa Spur Velleia U Vicia monantha ssp. monantha One-flower Vetch * Vulpia fasciculata Sand Fescue * Vulpia myuros f. myuros Rat's-tail Fescue * Watsonia meriana var. bulbillifera Bulbil Watsonia * Watsonia sp. Watsonia *

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 99 Results – MA6 Moana

Weeds

# Non-indigenous Flora in cell 92 (42% of total cell flora) Red Alert Weeds Species Common Name Acacia cyclops Western Coastal Wattle Asparagus asparagoides f. asparagoides Bridal Creeper Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. monilifera Boneseed Coprosma repens New Zealand Mirror-bush Ehrharta villosa var. maxima Pyp Grass Euphorbia paralias Sea Spurge Galenia pubescens var. pubescens Coastal Galenia Gazania sp. Gazania Leptospermum laevigatum Coast Tea-tree Lycium ferocissimum African Boxthorn Mesembryanthemum crystallinum Common Iceplant Olea europaea ssp. europaea Olive Oxalis pes-caprae Soursob Pennisetum clandestinum Kikuyu Retama raetam White Weeping Broom Declared Weeds Species Common Name Asparagus asparagoides f. asparagoides Bridal Creeper Asphodelus fistulosus Onion Weed Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. monilifera Boneseed Cynara cardunculus ssp. flavescens Artichoke Thistle Echium plantagineum Salvation Jane Lycium ferocissimum African Boxthorn Olea europaea ssp. europaea Olive Oxalis pes-caprae Soursob Pinus halepensis Aleppo Pine Watsonia meriana var. bulbillifera Bulbil Watsonia

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 100 Results – MA6 Moana

Fauna

# Fauna in cell 75 (Surveys undertaken; 10 opportunistic surveys. Additional records pers. comm. Mark Ellis and Ochre Point Management Plan 1995) # Conservation Rated Fauna in cell 8 (3 state, 8 regional) Significant Fauna Species Common Name Rating Cereopsis novaehollandiae Cape Barren Goose SA: R Neophema elegans Elegant Parrot SA: R Thinornis rubricollis Hooded Plover SA: V # Non-indigenous Fauna 9

All Fauna in cell

Species Common Name Class Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Crinia signifera Common Froglet Amphibia Accipiter fasciatus Brown Goshawk Aves Acrocephalus australis Australian Reed Warbler, (Clamorous Aves Reed-Warbler) Alauda arvensis Eurasian Skylark * Aves Anas gracilis Grey Teal Aves Anas superciliosa Pacific Black Duck Aves Anthochaera carunculata Red Wattlebird Aves Aythya australis Hardhead (White-eyed Duck) Aves U Cacatua roseicapilla Galah Aves Cacatua sanguinea Little Corella Aves Carduelis carduelis European Goldfinch * Aves Cereopsis novaehollandiae Cape Barren Goose Aves R R Charadrius ruficapillus Red-capped Plover Aves Chenonetta jubata Australian Wood Duck, (Maned Duck) Aves Chrysococcyx basalis Horsfield's Bronze-cuckoo Aves Cincloramphus cruralis Brown Songlark Aves Cisticola exilis Golden-headed Cisticola Aves R Colluricincla harmonica Grey Shrike-thrush Aves Columba livia Rock Dove * Aves Corvus mellori Little Raven Aves Cygnus atratus Black Swan Aves Egretta novaehollandiae White-faced Heron Aves Elanus axillaris Black-shouldered Kite Aves Elseyornis melanops Black-fronted Dotterel Aves Falco berigora Brown Falcon Aves Falco cenchroides Nankeen Kestrel Aves Falco longipennis Australian Hobby Aves U Fulica atra Eurasian Coot Aves Gallinula tenebrosa Dusky Moorhen Aves Glossopsitta concinna Musk Lorikeet Aves C

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 101 Results – MA6 Moana

Species Common Name Class Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Glossopsitta porphyrocephala Purple-crowned Lorikeet Aves Grallina cyanoleuca Magpie-lark Aves Gymnorhina tibicen Australian Magpie Aves Himantopus himantopus Black-winged Stilt Aves Hirundo neoxena Welcome Swallow Aves Larus novaehollandiae Silver Gull Aves Lichenostomus penicillatus White-plumed Honeyeater Aves Lichenostomus virescens Singing Honeyeater Aves Megalurus gramineus Little Grassbird Aves Neophema elegans Elegant Parrot Aves R K Nycticorax caledonicus Nankeen Night Heron Aves U Ocyphaps lophotes Crested Pigeon Aves Passer domesticus House Sparrow * Aves Pelecanus conspicillatus Australian Pelican Aves Petrochelidon nigricans Tree Martin Aves Phalacrocorax fuscescens Black-faced Cormorant Aves Phalacrocorax melanoleucos Little Pied Cormorant Aves Phalacrocorax sulcirostris Little Black Cormorant Aves Phalacrocorax varius Pied Cormorant Aves Phylidonyris novaehollandiae New Holland Honeyeater Aves Poliocephalus poliocephalus Hoary-headed Grebe Aves Porzana pusilla Baillon's Crake Aves R Rhipidura leucophrys Willie Wagtail Aves Sterna bergii Crested Tern Aves Streptopelia chinensis Spotted Turtle-dove * Aves Sturnus vulgaris Common Starling * Aves Tachybaptus novaehollandiae Australasian Grebe, (Little Grebe) Aves Thinornis rubricollis Hooded Plover Aves V V Threskiornis molucca Australian White Ibis Aves Trichoglossus haematodus Rainbow Lorikeet Aves C Tringa nebularia Common Greenshank Aves Turdus merula Eurasian Blackbird * Aves Vanellus miles Masked Lapwing Aves Zosterops lateralis Silvereye Aves Anisynta cynone gracilis Cynone Grass-skipper Invertebrate Antipodia atralba Black and White Sedge-skipper Invertebrate Macropus fuliginosus Western Grey Kangaroo Mammalia Oryctolagus cuniculus Rabbit * Mammalia Tachyglossus aculeatus Short-beaked Echidna Mammalia Vulpes vulpes Fox * Mammalia Delma molleri Adelaide Snake-lizard Reptilia Pseudonaja textilis Eastern Brown Snake Reptilia Tiliqua rugosa Sleepy Lizard Reptilia Tiliqua scincoides Eastern Bluetongue Reptilia

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 102 Results – MA6 Moana

Species Common Name Class Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Tympanocryptis lineata Five-lined Earless Dragon Reptilia

Note: * = Non-indigenous species, ж = Non-local species, (NC) = Name change

Rating: EX = Extinct, EW = Extinct in the Wild, CR = Critically Endangered, E/ EN = Endangered, ssp = Significant species, V/VU = Vulnerable, R/ RA: Rare, K = Indeterminate/ Possibly threatened, NT = Near Threatened, T = Threatened, Q = Possible significance, U = Uncommon, N = Not significant, LC = Least Concern

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 103 Results – MA6 Moana

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 104 Results – MA7 Seaford

7.3.7. Seaford

Cell Detail Cell MA7 extends from Robertson Road (Seaford) to Penzance Street (Port Noarlunga South), within the City of Onkaparinga (includes Robertson Point, Onkaparinga Head and cliff face along Weatherald Terrace). It is approximately 4.3 kilometres in length and is 195.4 hectares in area.

Landforms Cliff elevation rises steadily from south to north, to near 40 m at Onkaparinga Head. Nearshore reefs and shore platforms and the cliff base are in resistant Tertiary limestones. These are overlain by marls, sands and clays, which display unstable gullying, together with minor slip and slump features. Narrow sand and pebble beaches backing the shore platforms are found throughout the cell, varying in width with reef protection. The coastal plateau slopes generally away from the cliff crest.

Figure 10. Cell MA7 Location Map

Seaford cliffs. (Photograph Coast Protection Board 2008)

Benthic Habitat The whole cell has low profile platform reef off shore to 1,500 metres, with bare sand along the shoreline adjacent to beaches and outside the reef system.

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 105 Results – MA7 Seaford

Terrestrial Biota The total number of native plant and animal species recorded is 142, total threatened species is 23. A high number of non indigenous species has been recorded, 57.

Land Use/ Land Ownership 9.85% of the land is Crown Land Act reserve. Privately owned residential suburb to the Esplanade, then narrow Crown land reserve to the cliff.

Values (Field visits and local reports) (including current usage) Coastal open space is seen as part of the Adelaide Metropolitan Coast Park Concept Plan, (PPK 2001), a guide to strategy and action from Sellicks Beach to Largs Bay. The concept plan has guided effort towards the creation of coastal foot and cycle ways, as well as amenity planting and recreational facilities.

Cliff crest reserve is heavily used by walkers, cyclists and surfers.

Threats (Field visits and local reports) Cliff top edge instability is visibly an issue throughout this cell, threatening the narrow coastal reserve through gully development and slumping.

Opportunities The council’s cliff stability annual audit provides the opportunity to record where cliff top run off leads to increased gully development.

Conservation Analysis (GIS) Summarised detailed conservation scores show low total values for the whole of this cell, with some areas of medium to low values along the cliffs. The total of mean conservation scores is 48.25, the third lowest in the region.

High scores are recorded for geological heritage (a Geological Monument is recorded for the cliff), for Aboriginal heritage, and for views of the sea (whole cell). Some limited moderate scores accrue for open space measure (cliffs), scenic amenity, and the threatened status of some small clifftop vegetation communities. No other variables added any scores.

Threat Analysis (GIS) Threat values total 52.11, moderate for the region. No part of the cell stood out on detailed summarized analysis: the majority of the cell showed medium to medium high total values, whilst small areas, such as the cliffs and some small urban reserves displayed low threat totals.

There are concerns over stormwater at the northern end of the cell, (as well as the cliff top). High threat scores for development zoning, land ownership, land use, sea views virtually cover this cell, cliff instability is recorded along all the cliffs, (this is significant as a hazard throughout the cell, but most important along Weatherald Terrace). ORV tracks are recorded in small cliff areas. As there are no remnant vegetation blocks recorded in this cell, vegetation metrics do not add to the threat score here, as small vegetated areas do in other cells, however significant weeds and a high percentage of exotic species are recorded within the cell.

Possible Climate Change Threats [This local projection is based on the regional scenario set out in section 4.10 in Volume 1.] a) Sea level rise and Storm magnitude At the 2030 scenario narrow sections of the beach will be lost, the talus or debris slope at the base of the cliff will be removed and the toe of the cliff trimmed. Current beach width appears to relate to the degree of protection by nearshore reef: protection approximating to reef width. Sea level rise will reduce reef protection and change beach and cliff base talus profile. Sea level rise will increase current high tide notching at the limestone cliff base, together with block collapse.

Where storm drains are located within the cliff face, these may be damaged by storm waves, or by erosion processes affecting the cliffs.

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 106 Results – MA7 Seaford b) Increasing average temperatures and aridity Isolated plant communities on the cliff are drought tolerant, other factors such as isolation are likely to be more significant. c) Changed run-off regimes Gullying in the unstable upper cliffs along the whole length of the cell will be increased by intense drought-breaking rains. Gullying of the cliff face near Weatherald Terrace, where the river removes debris from the toe of the cliff, may be more significant, because of the potential hazard. Erosion threats to this cliff are significant because of the lack of a buffer and the threat of impact on Weatherald Terrace, or the proposed coastal footpath at the top of the cliff. Thus, management to control any gully extension, including measures to divert stormwater away from the cliff, are critical in this location. d) Nearshore marine changes Some sub-tidal reef species will be displaced by reduced exposure and reduced light as the inshore reef experiences higher tides.

Persistent long period swell (see scenario) from the Southern Ocean is likely to be prevalent in this area, and increase its value to surfers.

Actions and Priority

Table 9. Recommended Actions and Priority for MA7 - Seaford

Component Issue Proposed Action Priority of Key Players Action Cliffs Major issues in this cell relate Continue support for High (Hazard) Council/ CPB to cliff stability and long term Council Cliff Stability hazard concerns: (i) control of Program, including works run-off; (ii) access control, both at Weatherald Terrace, presently actively managed by and the annual audit to the council. Almost any monitor this issue acceleration of sea level rise will threaten these cliffs and intensive hazard Dumping of garden prunings, Weed control, Medium Council weed invasion, planting of revegetation and (Threat) exotic succulents regeneration. Education on garden escapes Whole Cell Aboriginal heritage sites Consultation to Medium Kaurna Heritage recorded in this cell: need for appropriately manage (Cons.) Board/ NRM/ appropriate and sustainable sites in this area Council/ Aboriginal management Heritage Branch – DPC/ RCD - Aboriginal Partnership Unit – DEH Whole City of Green Environmental Support Council in future High (Cons./ Community Groups/ Onkaparinga Consultants have investigated conservation and Threat) Council/ NRM coastal area the preliminary threats and key management management issues to the coastal vegetation for Council owned reserves in this cell

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 107 Results – MA7 Seaford

BIOTA

Flora

Remnant Vegetation Area (Ha) No vegetation has been mapped for this cell. Steep and unstable cliff faces in this cell and any remnant vegetation occurs where the escarpment is wider and there is some soil stability. Vegetation Block Metrics No vegetation has been mapped for this cell. Narrow escarpment and restricted clifftop provides a very limited corridor. Terrestrial Habitat Description/s Very open coastal clifftop and cliff slope shrubland: Nitraria billlardieri +/- Atriplex (Ron Taylor description) paludosa ssp. cordata +/- Myoporum insulare +/- Alyxia buxifolia # Flora in cell 106 (Surveys undertaken; 2 opportunistic surveys. Taylor has undertaken ‘walk over’ summer time surveys of this cell with these records used in the analysis). # Conservation Rated Flora in cell 21 (All regional) Significant Flora Nil Significant CDCS Floristic Community Nil Protected Area Nil Vegetation Comments Non-local species have been planted eg. Rhagodia parabolica that is rated in the region. Additional vegetation resources: Green Environmental Consultants 2005-07. Coastal Vegetation Survey of land in the care of the City of Onkaparinga (Stage 1, Stage 2 – and Stage 3 is still Draft). Comment: Green Environmental Consultants have prepared (draft) comprehensive species lists for priority sites at Aldinga Beach, Port Willunga, Maslin Beach, Moana, Seaford, Port Noarlunga and Christies Beach and others. Exclusively for coastal sites (dune, wetland and cliff areas) under Council care it identifies the condition, native and non-indigenous species, and threats to the vegetation and key management issues. Management plans of coastal relevance in the cell: City of Onkaparinga 2006. Cliff Stability Long Term Action Plan 2006 – 2011. URS. Detailed Cliff Stability Investigations Stage 2 Report. City of Onkaparinga October 2006. Cliff Stability Urgent Action Plan.

All Flora in cell

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Acacia cupularis Cup Wattle R Acacia cyclops Western Coastal Wattle Acacia saligna Golden Wreath Wattle * Acrotriche patula Prickly Ground-berry R Agave americana Century Plant * Aloe sp. Aloe * Alyxia buxifolia Sea Box R Anagallis arvensis Pimpernel * Arctotheca calendula Cape Weed * Asphodelus fistulosus Onion Weed * Atriplex cinerea Coast Saltbush Atriplex paludosa ssp. cordata Marsh Saltbush Atriplex prostrata Creeping Saltbush * Austrodanthonia sp. Austrostipa elegantissima Feather Spear-grass U

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 108 Results – MA7 Seaford

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Austrostipa flavescens Coast Spear-grass Avena barbata Bearded Oat * Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima Sea Beet * Beyeria lechenaultii Pale Turpentine Bush Billardiera cymosa ssp. Bolboschoenus caldwellii Salt Club-rush Brachypodium distachyon False Brome * Brachyscome lineariloba Hard-head Daisy V Bromus diandrus Great Brome * Bupleurum semicompositum Hare's Ear * Cakile maritima ssp. maritima Two-horned Sea Rocket * Centaurium tenuiflorum Branched Centaury * Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. monilifera Boneseed * Conyza albida Tall Fleabane * Cullen australasicum Tall Scurf-pea R Cynara cardunculus ssp. flavescens Artichoke Thistle * Cynodon dactylon var. dactylon Couch * Dianella brevicaulis Short-stem Flax-lily Disphyma crassifolium ssp. clavellatum Round-leaf Pigface Distichlis distichophylla Emu-grass N Enchylaena tomentosa var. tomentosa Ruby Saltbush Euphorbia paralias Sea Spurge * Euphorbia terracina False Caper * Festuca arundinacea Tall Meadow Fescue * Foeniculum vulgare Fennel * Galenia pubescens var. pubescens Coastal Galenia * Gazania linearis Gazania * Goodenia pinnatifida Cut-leaf Goodenia U Hakea rugosa Dwarf Hakea Hedypnois rhagadioloides ssp. rhagadioloides Cretan Weed * Helminthotheca echioides Ox-tongue * Isolepis nodosa Knobby Club-rush Kickxia elatine ssp. crinita Twining Toadflax * Lachnagrostis billardierei ssp. billardierei Coast Blown-grass Lagunaria patersonii Pyramid Tree * Lawrencia squamata Thorny Lawrencia K Lepidosperma viscidum Sticky Sword-sedge Leucophyta brownii Coast Cushion Bush Limonium companyonis Sea-lavender * Limonium hyblaeum * Lolium rigidum Wimmera Ryegrass * Lomandra collina Sand Mat-rush R Lomandra effusa Scented Mat-rush R Lotus australis Austral Trefoil U

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 109 Results – MA7 Seaford

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Lycium ferocissimum African Boxthorn * Maireana enchylaenoides Wingless Fissure-plant U Maireana oppositifolia Salt Bluebush Maireana trichoptera Hairy-fruit Bluebush E Malva dendromorpha Tree Mallow * Malva parviflora Small-flower Marshmallow * Medicago polymorpha var. polymorpha Burr-medic * Melaleuca lanceolata Dryland Tea-tree U Melilotus indicus King Island Melilot * Mesembryanthemum crystallinum Common Iceplant * Muehlenbeckia gunnii Coastal Climbing Lignum Myoporum insulare Common Boobialla Nitraria billardierei Nitre-bush Oenothera stricta ssp. stricta Common Evening Primrose * Olea europaea ssp. europaea Olive * Olearia axillaris Coast Daisy-bush Olearia ramulosa Twiggy Daisy-bush Opuntia sp. * Osteospermum fruticosum * Parapholis incurva Curly Ryegrass * Pimelea serpyllifolia ssp. serpyllifolia Thyme Riceflower Pinus halepensis Aleppo Pine * Plantago lanceolata var. dubia Ribwort * Plantago lanceolata var. lanceolata Ribwort * Poa poiformis var. poiformis Coast Tussock-grass N Pogonolepis muelleriana Stiff Cup-flower U Pomaderris paniculosa ssp. paniculosa Mallee Pomaderris U Rapistrum rugosum ssp. rugosum Turnip Weed * Reichardia tingitana False Sowthistle * Rhagodia candolleana ssp. candolleana Sea-berry Saltbush Rhagodia parabolica Mealy Saltbush V Salsola tragus Buckbush Salvia verbenaca var. verbenaca Wild Sage * Sarcocornia quinqueflora Beaded Samphire Scabiosa atropurpurea Pincushion * Scaevola crassifolia Cushion Fanflower R Sclerolaena diacantha Grey Bindyi R Senecio pinnatifolius Variable Groundsel Setaria constricta Knotty-butt Paspalidium R Sonchus oleraceus Common Sow-thistle * Suaeda australis Austral Seablite Tamarix parviflora Athel Pine * Tecticornia pergranulata ssp. pergranulata Black-seed Samphire Tetragonia implexicoma Bower Spinach

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 110 Results – MA7 Seaford

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Thinopyrum junceiforme Sea Wheat-grass * Threlkeldia diffusa Coast Bonefruit Zygophyllum confluens Forked Twinleaf R

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 111 Results – MA7 Seaford

Weeds

# Non-indigenous Flora in cell 52 (49% of total cell flora) Red Alert Weeds Species Common Name Acacia cyclops Western Coastal Wattle Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. monilifera Boneseed Euphorbia paralias Sea Spurge Euphorbia terracina False Caper Galenia pubescens var. pubescens Coastal Galenia Gazania sp. Gazania Lycium ferocissimum African Boxthorn Mesembryanthemum crystallinum Common Iceplant Olea europaea ssp. europaea Olive Declared Weeds Species Common Name Asphodelus fistulosus Onion Weed Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. monilifera Boneseed Euphorbia terracina False Caper Lycium ferocissimum African Boxthorn Olea europaea ssp. europaea Olive Opuntia sp. Pinus halepensis Aleppo Pine

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 112 Results – MA7 Seaford

Fauna

# Fauna in cell 36 (Surveys undertaken; 6 opportunistic surveys. Additional records pers. comm. Edith St George, Fleurieu Birdwatcher Group.) # Conservation Rated Fauna in cell 2 (1 state, 2 regional) Significant Fauna Species Common Name Rating Egretta sacra Eastern Reef Egret SA: R # Non-indigenous Fauna 5

All Fauna in cell

Species Common Name Class Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Anthochaera carunculata carunculata Red Wattlebird Aves Ardea novaehollandiae novaehollandiae White-faced Heron Aves Cacatua roseicapilla Galah Aves Cacatua sanguinea Little Corella Aves Charadrius ruficapillus Red-capped Plover Aves Columba livia Rock Dove * Aves Corvus mellori Little Raven Aves Egretta sacra Eastern Reef Egret Aves R V Erythrogonys cinctus Red-kneed Dotterel Aves Falco cenchroides Nankeen Kestrel Aves Glossopsitta concinna Musk Lorikeet Aves C Grallina cyanoleuca Magpie-lark Aves Gymnorhina tibicen Australian Magpie Aves Hirundo neoxena Welcome Swallow Aves Larus novaehollandiae Silver Gull Aves Larus novaehollandiae novaehollandiae Silver Gull Aves Lichenostomus penicillatus White-plumed Honeyeater Aves Lichenostomus virescens Singing Honeyeater Aves Manorina melanocephala Noisy Miner Aves C Ocyphaps lophotes Crested Pigeon Aves Passer domesticus House Sparrow * Aves Phalacrocorax melanoleucos Little Pied Cormorant Aves Phalacrocorax varius hypoleucos (NC) Pied Cormorant Aves Phylidonyris novaehollandiae New Holland Honeyeater Aves Platalea regia Royal Spoonbill Aves U Rhipidura leucophrys leucophrys (NC) Willie Wagtail Aves Streptopelia chinensis Spotted Turtle-dove * Aves Sturnus vulgaris vulgaris (NC) Common Starling * Aves Thalasseus bergii cristatus (NC) Crested Tern Aves Threskiornis molucca Australian White Ibis Aves Trichoglossus haematodus Rainbow Lorikeet Aves C Tringa nebularia Common Greenshank Aves Turdus merula Eurasian Blackbird * Aves

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 113 Results – MA7 Seaford

Species Common Name Class Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Vanellus miles Masked Lapwing Aves Anisynta cynone gracilis Cynone Grass-skipper Invertebrate Antipodia atralba Black and White Sedge-skipper Invertebrate

Note: * = Non-indigenous species, ж = Non-local species, (NC) = Name change

Rating: EX = Extinct, EW = Extinct in the Wild, CR = Critically Endangered, E/ EN = Endangered, ssp = Significant species, V/VU = Vulnerable, R/ RA: Rare, K = Indeterminate/ Possibly threatened, NT = Near Threatened, T = Threatened, Q = Possible significance, U = Uncommon, N = Not significant, LC = Least Concern

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 114 Results – MA8 Port Noarlunga

7.3.8. Port Noarlunga

Cell Detail Cell MA8 extends from Penzance Street, Port Noarlunga South to Port Noarlunga Jetty, within the City of Onkaparinga. It includes the Southport Dunes and the Onkaparinga Estuary to Old Noarlunga. It is 442 hectares in area.

Landforms This section encompasses the sand spit known as the Southport Dune, the Onkaparinga River mouth and adjacent cliffs, the tidal section of the river (to Old Noarlunga), and the Onkaparinga River floodplain, including areas of samphire. The Onkaparinga is classified as a river dominated estuary, with a catchment area of 554 km2. The river is tidal to Old Noarlunga and in its natural state this is one of the largest estuaries of the region, However, river flow has been much reduced and the Onkaparinga River is primarily a tidal inlet in its lower course, flows to the estuary have on average been reduced by 75%, by the construction of reservoirs and dams within the catchment.

Figure 11. Cell MA8 Location Map

Onkaparinga Estuary, Southport Dune, Noarlunga Reef. (Photograph Coast Protection Board 1995)

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 115 Results – MA8 Port Noarlunga

Figure 12. Detailed Conservation Summary Map (Note: Red represents highest conservation total in region; Blue is the lowest)

Landforms cont. The Southport Dune is the largest dune landform in the region, being nearly 2 km long, 250 m at its widest, and rising to 20 m. The sand spit has diverted the river mouth towards the south, suggesting that, for this short section of the coast, littoral drift is north to south, a local reversal of the usual situation along the shores of the Gulf St Vincent. This is due to local inshore refraction of the west-south- westerly swell from the Southern Ocean. The beach is protected by the calcarenite Noarlunga reef near the jetty, but the beach is exposed and moderately energetic opposite the Southport Surf Lifesaving Club.

At Port Noarlunga the beach is reflective, without bars and subject to high tide changes. South of the reefs to the river mouth, a low tide terrace, two bars with transverse rips developing over one metre surf.

Extensive areas of samphire are found within the floodplain of the estuarine section of the river: these areas rely on frequent to rare inundation by salt water, and indicate the extent of occasional inundation by flood tide. The flood plain of the river is an extensive feature, with river terraces (former floodplains now abandoned due to slight river incision) in places at the edges.

The cliffs on the southern side of the Onkaparinga River, between the Saltfleet Bridge and the river mouth, are actively receding due to gullying on the cliff slopes and tidal removal of debris at the cliff toe: these should be regarded as unstable landforms.

Benthic Habitat The nearshore area is bare sand and heavy calcarenite reef.

Terrestrial Biota 110 hectares or 23% of the cell is remnant vegetation. The total number of native plant and animal species recorded is 350, total threatened species is 86.

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 116 Results – MA8 Port Noarlunga

(Very early photographs (c.1910) of the dunes show large un-vegetated areas, possibly due to cattle grazing, considerable stabilization and re-planting has occurred in the last 50 years).

Land Use/ Land Ownership Approximately 30% of the cell is in remnant vegetation; 61% of this is not protected by reservation. The dune and the samphire within the last 2 bends of the river are Crown Lands Act Reserve (11% cell) in the care of the Council, much of the rest of the floodplain is Recreation Park (38%), other parts of the floodplain are owned by SA Water (sludge ponds), Land Management Corporation, DTEI and the City of Onkaparinga. This complexity of ownership is an issue with regard to floodplain management. The Port Noarlunga Reef and Onkaparinga Estuary Aquatic Reserve includes the river channel and small slices of floodplain upstream to South Road, and the nearshore area from Onkaparinga Head to Horseshoe Reef.

Values (Field visits and local reports) (including current usage) Coastal open space is seen as part of the Adelaide Metropolitan Coast Park Concept Plan, (PPK 2001), a guide to strategy and action from Sellicks Beach to Largs Bay. The concept plan has guided effort towards the creation of coastal foot and cycle ways, as well as amenity planting and recreational facilities.

The area retains significant habitat and open space values and is heavily used for a number of recreational pursuits.

Information on the aquatic reserve available on the SARDI website (see bibliography) suggests there are 170,000 visitors per year to the Aquatic Reserve, which includes snorkelling and scuba on the reef and beach and aquatic activities near the river mouth to Port Noarlunga.

Threats (Field visits and local reports) There are a number of serious weed threats in the Southport Dune, including *Trachyandra divaricata*, *Ehrharta villosa ssp maxima, *Tamarix aphylla, *Arctotis stoechadifolia, *Acacia saligna, *Thinopyrum junceiforme and various common escapes.

Wading birds using the estuary and floodplain are disturbed by dogs and cats that can cause impacts on nesting and roosting.

Opportunities Significant recent research and consultation activity has created opportunity for important works within the floodplain, parts of which are underway: Hydro Tasmania Consulting 2006. Onkaparinga Estuary Rehabilitation Action Plan, A joint initiative of the Adelaide and Mount Lofty Ranges NRM Board, the Department for Water Land and Biodiversity Conservation and the City of Onkaparinga, DEH 2004. Onkaparinga River Reserve Management Plan, Green Environmental Consultants 2005-07. Coastal Vegetation Survey of Land in the Care of the City of Onkaparinga (Stage 1, Stage 2, and (draft) Stage 3), Cook & Coleman survey of saltmarsh ecology.

Ecosurf SLSA is a new initiative with active local community participation in Coastcare projects.

Conservation Analysis (GIS) The summarized means values score is 88.91, average for the region. However, detailed averages show that high values (compared with the rest of the region) are completely concentrated in the dune and samphire areas, with low total values in all other areas, see detailed conservation results map above.

The dunes shows high values for several variables: distribution of plant communities rare in SA and communities with more than 50% of their records in this region, sites with threatened fauna, significant reptiles, habitat for species with endangered status, regional abundance, regional coastal distribution, and for habitat for species with coastal dependence, focal species Gahnia lanigera is found in the dunes, views of the sea and scenic amenity, connectivity, patch shape, availability of publicly owned open space, Aboriginal heritage and European natural heritage are state listed.

The samphire of the floodplain has high values for threatened plant communities, sites with threatened fauna, sites with endemic plant communities and endemic saltmarsh habitat, habitat for coast dependent reptile species, habitat for the

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 117 Results – MA8 Port Noarlunga

Slender-billed Thornbill (focal species) and habitat for the Painted Dragon (focal species), vegetation connectivity and open space, also heritage listing for Aboriginal sites and natural heritage.

The cell has priority for a number of bird species: 30 threatened bird species have been recorded, including state endangered Fairy Tern, Osprey and White-bellied Sea Eagle, and state vulnerable Australasian Bittern, Banded Stilt, Black chinned Honeyeater, Blue-winged Parrot, Brown Quail, Crested Shrike-tit, Freckled Duck, Hooded Plover (focal species), and Painted Snipe.

Other than these two areas high values are noted for Geological heritage at the southern cliffs, and European heritage at the village of Old Noarlunga.

Threat Analysis (GIS) This cell has one of the lowest threat scores in the region, 40.91. It is low on viewshed and has only high threat scores for the proportion of exotic plants and distribution of dangerous weeds. Moderate threat scores are found for development zoning, Some threats recorded in the floodplain are stormwater flows, land use, and land ownership, wastewater ponds (these are about to be remediated), and moderate acid sulfate soil risk. In the Southport Dune the main threats identified are weeds, sea views, scenic amenity, and dune instability: the detailed summary map shows high to medium threat totals for the dune.

Although the detailed combined threat map shows generally low threats for the Onkaparinga floodplain, all estuarine characteristics are threatened by the lack of environmental flows in the river, and the topography of the cell means that wide areas are susceptible to projected sea level rise, see paragraph below.

Possible Climate Change Threats [This local projection is based on the regional scenario set out in section 4.10 in Volume 1.] a) Sea level rise and Storm magnitude Sea level rise will threaten some marine species at the reef through reduced light levels, sea level rise will lead to erosion and recession of Southport beach and dune, will increase the erosive trend of the river cliff south of the footbridge to the Southport SLSC, and will increase flood potential within the floodplain.

Within the sea level rise parameters of the scenario; the protective effect of the reef and inshore wave refraction may be reduced, with some loss of sand to the north by 2070. This is assumed to be slight, but there is uncertainty over this issue.

Estimates1 for simple recession of the beach and foredune due to sea level rise would place this at between 10 and 40 metres by 2070: this will pose a threat for the Southport Surf Lifesaving club. However, the amount of recession could be altered by loss of sand to the north, past Witton Bluff, increasing the speed of beach loss. Recession of the foredune will not be regular over time, but will occur with failure of the beach and foredune to fully recover from individual storms or a series of storm episodes, initiating blowouts and transgressive sand movement inland, across the dune to the river, (see (b) below). The likely extent of these impacts is hard to detail, highlighting the need for further vulnerability assessment of this significant area.

Sea level rise under the scenario will lead to more extensive flooding of the Onkaparinga floodplain, peak flood tides can be expected to exceed earlier peaks, flood frequency at lower levels will increase. The detail of this is significant to the area in a number of ways: in terms of the calculation of flood hazard to Port Noarlunga and Old Noarlunga, with appropriate present planning response, the calculation of loss of habitat for significant samphire communities and linked fauna species, the estimation of modification of the varied supra-tidal habitats within the floodplain, the calculation of groundwater changes within and adjacent to the floodplain.( In order to begin such analyses a digital terrain model of the Onkaparinga floodplain is necessary, to within a resolution of 10 – 20cm.) b) Increasing average temperatures and aridity Increasing aridity will slow dune plant recovery from storms, thus blowouts will extend landwards, leading to dune transgression, unless active dune management is maintained.

1 For sandy beaches with slight to no littoral drift, a calculation known as the Bruun Rule is used to estimate the response of the beach to sea level rise. The calculation is based on the observation that as sea level rises, beach and dune erosion takes place sufficient, over time, to maintain a constant depth in the nearshore active zone. That is, the volume of sand taken from the beach and dune and spread in the surf zone will be enough to compensate for the rise in water level.

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 118 Results – MA8 Port Noarlunga

The likely response of Southport dune to increased aridity is increased transgressive movement: the net transport of sand landwards, accentuating beach recession. (This would parallel the behaviour of many Australian coastal dunes during the dry, high sea level conditions of the major interglacial of c.120,000 BP.). Such movement would also deliver more windblown sand to the river immediately east of the dune. c) Changed run-off regimes Construction of storages in the Onkaparinga catchment has drastically reduced flows to the estuary; as a result the lower Onkaparinga can be regarded as a modified estuary, more akin to a tidal inlet. This situation is little altered by the scenario. Run off in creeks in the Mount Lofty Ranges will be reduced to low to non-existent levels2, with the exception of quick run-off following intense rainstorms: whether such storms lead to floods in the Lower Onkaparinga is uncertain. Climate change projections suggest such storms will be powerful but infrequent. It is therefore assumed that wind blown sand from the Southport dune will tend to accumulate inside the river mouth and not be returned to nearshore waters by occasional flows. Intervention, by dredging within the river mouth, to transport sand to the nearshore and beach, as occurred in the early 1980s, may well become necessary.

Were a river flood to result from a raised peak rainfall event, leading to a spill from Mt Bold reservoir, the impact in the Onkaparinga flood plain would be combined with the projected sea level rise. Whether a peak rainfall event within the catchment leads to a spill, also depends on the management of Mt Bold water levels, in particular the timing of pumping of River Murray water to the reservoir. The probability of land based flood in the Onkaparinga floodplain event will become clearer as climate change projections relating to peak storms improve over time. d) Nearshore marine changes By 2030 algal species at Noarlunga Reef will be affected by changing exposure and light levels due to deepening water at the reef. Reduced pH of Gulf waters will pose problems for the survival of molluscs, crustacean and corals.

Actions and Priority

Table 10. Recommended Actions and Priority for MA8 – Port Noarlunga

Component Issue Proposed Action Priority of Key Players Action Beach Hooded Plovers have been Hooded Plover Watch, High (Cons./ Community/ Council/ reported on this beach including fence nest Threat) NRM sites and monitoring Southport Dune High % of exotic plants, Update and implement High (Cons./ Community Groups/ presence of aggressive the Port Noarlunga Dune Threat) Ecosurf SLSA/ weeds Management Plan. Council/ NRM Maintain and extend effort in weed control, local species planting and access control Current instability, Monitor and actively deal High (Cons./ Council/ NRM (increasing with accelerated with blow out Threat) sea level rise) in an area of development using high conservation values brush matting, sand drift fences and seasonal planting Erosion and damage to Continue maintenance High (Cons./ Council/ NRM/ vegetation from informal of existing access Threat) Community Groups/ pedestrian access and controls and Ecosurf SLSA sandboarding boardwalk/steps. Install further fencing and signage to discourage inappropriate access and behaviour. Link in with Ecosurf SLSA education programs

2 This scenario was discussed by Dr John Hutson of Flinders University, at a public forum on the implications of greenhouse changes, organised by Onkaparinga City Council in October 2006.

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 119 Results – MA8 Port Noarlunga

Component Issue Proposed Action Priority of Key Players Action Domestic animals in dunes Interpretive signage, Medium (Cons.) Community Groups/ threaten fauna habitats dogs on leashes, Council/ NRM monitoring of native fauna Exotic weed infestation Weed removal and High (Cons./ DEH/ Community/ threatening remnant restoration program as Threat) Council/ NRM/ DTEI vegetation identified within Onkaparinga Estuary Management Plan Floodplain/ Damage to high value Build appropriate High (Cons./ Council/ NRM/ DEH Estuary intertidal samphire areas by boardwalks and define Threat) foot traffic access Education on value of samphire habitats Floodplain habitats Digital terrain model to High (Hazard) DEH – CPB/ Council/ threatened by sea level rise 15cm resolution needed Commonwealth to assess threat (and flood hazard planning issues). Commonwealth is currently funding such initiatives Incursion of residential Revision of development High (Hazard) Council development into floodplain plan to ensure that areas flooding hazard is not increased and saltmarsh areas are not lost River cliffs Currently unstable and highly Support Council Cliff High (Hazard) Council/ DEH -CPB adjacent vulnerable to early sea level Stability Program; Weatherald rise consider stabilization Terrace works for cliff base Whole Cell Aboriginal heritage sites Consultation to Medium (Cons.) Kaurna Heritage recorded in this cell: need for appropriately manage Board/ NRM/ appropriate and sustainable sites in this area Council/ Aboriginal management Heritage Branch – DPC/ RCD - Aboriginal Partnership Unit – DEH Exotic garden plantings Weed control and High (Cons./ Council/ DEH/ NRM either spreading into of being restoration with local Threat) deliberately planted within species. Education conservation areas regarding garden plants becoming weeds and benefits of locally indigenous gardens Whole City of Green Environmental Continued conservation High (Cons./ Community Groups/ Onkaparinga Consultants have and management Threat) Council/ NRM coastal area investigated the preliminary actions to minimise threats and key management threats and protect issues to the coastal vegetation values vegetation for Council owned reserves in this cell

Cell MA8 Actions: With regard to the floodplain, this area has been the subject of considerable recent inquiry, issue clarification, and public consultation reported in Hydro Tasmania Consulting and Ecosystem Management Services Pty Ltd, Onkaparinga Estuary Rehabilitation Action Plan, for Adelaide and Mt Lofty NRM Board, Dept Water Land and Biodiversity Conservation, City of Onkaparinga, June 2006. The issues and actions are supported by the analysis of this present study: it is believed the present study raises the priority and emphasis of the three points mentioned for floodplain above.

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 120 Results – MA8 Port Noarlunga

BIOTA

Flora

Remnant Vegetation Area 110 hectares (23% of the cell). Port Noarlunga dunes and the Onkaparinga Estuary provide significant remnant vegetation. The area of saltmarsh/mangrove is 105 hectares (22% of the cell). Vegetation Block Metrics 12 mapped vegetation remnants. The dunes are large but isolated systems with no connection to similar habitat. In low-lying areas of the Onkaparinga floodplain saltmarsh forms a patchwork. Terrestrial Habitat Description/s The floodplain is characterised by (relatively intact) intertidal and (degraded) supratidal (Ron Taylor description) chenopod shrubland Tecticornia pergranulata ssp. pergranulata +/- Atriplex paludosa ssp. paludosa over Sarcocornia quinqueflora +/- Frankenia pauciflora var. gunnii Port Noarlunga dunes: Coastal dunal open shrubland Acacia longifolia ssp. sophorae +/- Myoporum insulare +/- Olearia axillaris and incipient dune Spinifex hirsutus +/ *Thinopyrum junceiforme. Rear swales of the dune are recorded as ‘tall open shrubland’ dominated by Olearia axillaris and Leucopogon parviflorus with Dianella brevicaulis understorey. # Flora in cell 143 (Surveys undertaken; 2 surveys, 8 opportunistic surveys. Taylor has undertaken ‘walk over’ summer time surveys restricted to the coastal dunes and lower floodplain of this cell with these records used in the analysis). # Conservation Rated Flora in cell 27 (2 State, 26 Regional) Significant Flora Species Common Name Rating Orobanche cernua var. australiana Australian Broomrape SA: R Picris squarrosa Squat Picris SA: R Significant CDCS Floristic Spinifex hirsutus/ *Euphorbia paralias and Olearia axillaris/ Rhagodia candolleana Communities ssp.candolleana is recorded within the cell. Refer to Appendix 8 in Volume 1 for plant community information. Protected Area Onkaparinga River National Park (4 hectares) Onkaparinga River Recreation Park (172 hectares) Vegetation Comments City of Onkaparinga has vegetation management plans or detailed surveys available for the Port Noarlunga dunes. Important population of Gahnia filum on the fringes of the estuary. Large areas of revegetation has occurred in the Recreation Park focused on amenity planting. There are several weed threats in this cell. *Trachyandra divaricata has been located in the dunes but been subject to an intensive eradication program. There is a large population of *Casuarina glauca the swamp sheoak on the perimeter of the saltmarsh. Pyp grass and Arctotis have been reported in the dunes. The first record for the state of Spinifex longifolius was made in the Port Noarlunga dunes. Thought to have been introduced with dune stabilisation materials. Additional resources: Green Environmental Consultants 2005-07. Coastal Vegetation Survey of land in the care of the City of Onkaparinga (Stage 1, Stage 2 – and Stage 3 is still Draft). Comment: Green Environmental Consultants have prepared (draft) comprehensive species lists for priority sites at Aldinga Beach, Port Willunga, Maslin Beach, Moana, Seaford, Port Noarlunga and Christies Beach and others. Exclusively for coastal sites (dune, wetland and cliff areas) under Council care it identifies the condition, native and non-indigenous species, and threats to the vegetation and key management issues. Hydro Tasmania Consulting 2006. Onkaparinga Estuary Rehabilitation Action Plan, A joint initiative of the Adelaide and Mount Lofty Ranges NRM Board, the Department for Water Land and Biodiversity Conservation and the City of Onkaparinga. Edaw Landscape Architects & Environmental Planners 2003. Port Noarlunga Dunes. Vegetation Action Plan, City of Onkaparinga.

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 121 Results – MA8 Port Noarlunga

All Flora

Species Common Name Status EPBC Act NPW Act Status Regional Status Non-indigenous Acacia cyclops Western Coastal Wattle Acacia longifolia ssp. sophorae Coastal Wattle N Acacia rupicola Rock Wattle U Acacia saligna Golden Wreath Wattle * Acacia spinescens Spiny Wattle Acacia verniciflua Varnish Wattle U Actites megalocarpa Coast Sow-thistle K Adriana quadripartita (NC) Rare Bitter-bush Aeonium arboreum * Agave americana Century Plant * Allocasuarina striata Stalked Oak-bush Allocasuarina verticillata Drooping Sheoak Aloe sp. Aloe * Alternanthera denticulata Lesser Joyweed U Alyxia buxifolia Sea Box R Ammophila arenaria Marram Grass * Anagallis arvensis Pimpernel * Apium annuum Annual Celery R Arctotheca calendula Cape Weed * Arctotis stoechadifolia White Arctotis * Asphodelus fistulosus Onion Weed * Aster subulatus Aster-weed * Atriplex cinerea Coast Saltbush Atriplex paludosa ssp. cordata Marsh Saltbush Atriplex paludosa ssp. paludosa Marsh Saltbush K Atriplex semibaccata Berry Saltbush Atriplex suberecta Lagoon Saltbush Austrodanthonia caespitosa Common Wallaby-grass Austrofestuca littoralis Coast Fescue R Austrostipa drummondii Cottony Spear-grass Austrostipa flavescens Coast Spear-grass Avena barbata Bearded Oat * Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima Sea Beet * Billardiera cymosa (NC) Sweet Apple-berry Billardiera cymosa ssp. Boerhavia dominii Tar-vine Brassica tournefortii Wild Turnip * Bromus diandrus Great Brome * Cakile maritima ssp. maritima Two-horned Sea Rocket * Callistemon sp. Bottlebrush Callitris rhomboidea Oyster Bay Pine R Calostemma purpureum Pink Garland-lily

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 122 Results – MA8 Port Noarlunga

Species Common Name Status EPBC Act NPW Act Status Regional Status Non-indigenous Carpobrotus edulis ssp. edulis Hottentot Fig * Carpobrotus rossii Native Pigface Carpobrotus rossii (NC) Native Pigface Cassytha pubescens Downy Dodder-laurel Catapodium rigidum Rigid Fescue * Chenopodium glaucum Glaucous Goosefoot * Chloris gayana Rhodes Grass * Chondrilla juncea Skeleton Weed * Citrullus lanatus Bitter Melon * Convolvulus arvensis Field Bindweed * Cotula coronopifolia Water Buttons * Crassula colligata ssp. Crassula decumbens var. decumbens Spreading Crassula Crassula sieberiana ssp. tetramera (NC) Australian Stonecrop Cynodon dactylon var. dactylon Couch * Cynoglossum australe Australian Hound's-tongue R Cynoglossum suaveolens Sweet Hound's-tongue U Cyperus vaginatus Stiff Flat-sedge Daucus glochidiatus Native Carrot Dianella brevicaulis Short-stem Flax-lily Dianella revoluta var. revoluta Black-anther Flax-lily Diplotaxis tenuifolia Lincoln Weed * Disphyma crassifolium ssp. clavellatum Round-leaf Pigface Distichlis distichophylla Emu-grass N Ehrharta villosa var. maxima Pyp Grass * Enchylaena tomentosa var. tomentosa Ruby Saltbush Eremophila longifolia Weeping Emubush V Eucalyptus fasciculosa Pink Gum R Euphorbia paralias Sea Spurge * Euphorbia terracina False Caper * Foeniculum vulgare Fennel * Frankenia pauciflora var. gunnii Southern Sea-heath Fumaria densiflora Dense Fumitory * Gahnia filum Thatching Grass R Galenia pubescens var. pubescens Coastal Galenia * Gazania linearis Gazania * Goodenia albiflora White Goodenia U Hakea rostrata Beaked Hakea Halosarcia sp. (NC) Samphire Hedypnois rhagadioloides ssp. rhagadioloides Cretan Weed * Helichrysum leucopsideum Satin Everlasting U Helminthotheca echioides Ox-tongue * Hordeum marinum Sea Barley-grass *

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 123 Results – MA8 Port Noarlunga

Species Common Name Status EPBC Act NPW Act Status Regional Status Non-indigenous Isolepis nodosa Knobby Club-rush Kennedia prostrata Scarlet Runner Kunzea pomifera Muntries U Lactuca serriola f. serriola Prickly Lettuce * Lagunaria patersonii Pyramid Tree * Lagurus ovatus Hare's Tail Grass * Lampranthus glaucus Noon-flower * Lawrencia squamata Thorny Lawrencia K Lepidium draba (NC) Hoary Cress * Lepidium pseudohyssopifolium E Leptospermum laevigatum Coast Tea-tree * Leucopogon parviflorus Coast Beard-heath Limonium companyonis Sea-lavender * Lolium rigidum Wimmera Ryegrass * Lolium sp. Ryegrass * Lomandra collina Sand Mat-rush R Lomandra effusa Scented Mat-rush R Lotus australis Austral Trefoil U Lycium ferocissimum African Boxthorn * Lysiana exocarpi ssp. exocarpi Harlequin Mistletoe Maireana oppositifolia Salt Bluebush Malva dendromorpha Tree Mallow * Marrubium vulgare Horehound * Medicago polymorpha var. polymorpha Burr-medic * Medicago sp. Medic * Medicago truncatula Barrel Medic * Melaleuca brevifolia Short-leaf Honey-myrtle R Melaleuca decussata Totem-poles Melaleuca lanceolata Dryland Tea-tree U Melicytus dentatus Tree Violet R Mesembryanthemum crystallinum Common Iceplant * Muehlenbeckia adpressa Climbing Lignum Muehlenbeckia gunnii Coastal Climbing Lignum Mundulla yellows Myoporum insulare Common Boobialla Nitraria billardierei Nitre-bush Olea europaea ssp. europaea Olive * Olearia axillaris Coast Daisy-bush Olearia ramulosa Twiggy Daisy-bush Orobanche cernua var. australiana Australian Broomrape R E Osteospermum fruticosum * Oxalis perennans (NC) Native Sorrel Parapholis incurva Curly Ryegrass *

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 124 Results – MA8 Port Noarlunga

Species Common Name Status EPBC Act NPW Act Status Regional Status Non-indigenous Paspalum dilatatum Paspalum * Pelargonium australe Australian Pelargonium U Pennisetum clandestinum Kikuyu * Phoenix canariensis Canary Island Palm * Phragmites australis Common Reed Picris angustifolia ssp. angustifolia Coast Picris K Picris squarrosa Squat Picris R E Pimelea serpyllifolia ssp. serpyllifolia Thyme Riceflower Pinus halepensis Aleppo Pine * Piptatherum miliaceum Rice Millet * Pittosporum angustifolium Native Apricot R Plantago coronopus ssp. Bucks-horn Plantain * Plantago coronopus ssp. coronopus Bucks-horn Plantain * Plantago lanceolata var. dubia Ribwort * Platylobium obtusangulum Holly Flat-pea Pogonolepis muelleriana Stiff Cup-flower U Ptilotus nobilis var. nobilis Yellow-tails V Ptilotus polystachyus var. polystachyus Long-tails T Puccinellia stricta var. stricta Australian Saltmarsh-grass Rapistrum rugosum ssp. rugosum Turnip Weed * Reichardia tingitana False Sowthistle * Rhagodia candolleana ssp. candolleana Sea-berry Saltbush Rhagodia crassifolia Fleshy Saltbush Rhagodia parabolica Mealy Saltbush V Rumex conglomeratus Clustered Dock * Rumex crispus Curled Dock * Salsola tragus Buckbush Samolus repens Creeping Brookweed U Sarcocornia blackiana Thick-head Samphire Sarcocornia quinqueflora Beaded Samphire Scabiosa atropurpurea Pincushion * Scaevola crassifolia Cushion Fanflower R Sclerolaena diacantha Grey Bindyi R Scorzonera laciniata Scorzonera * Senecio pinnatifolius Variable Groundsel Setaria constricta Knotty-butt Paspalidium R Sida petrophila Rock Sida K Sonchus oleraceus Common Sow-thistle * Sonchus oleraceus (NC) Common Sow-thistle * Spergularia rubra (NC) Red Sand-spurrey * Spinifex hirsutus Rolling Spinifex Spinifex longifolius * Spinifex sericeus (NC) Rolling Spinifex

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 125 Results – MA8 Port Noarlunga

Species Common Name Status EPBC Act NPW Act Status Regional Status Non-indigenous Sporobolus virginicus Salt Couch Suaeda australis Austral Seablite Tamarix ramosissima * Tamarix sp. * Tecticornia arbuscula Shrubby Samphire Tecticornia pergranulata ssp. pergranulata Black-seed Samphire Tetragonia implexicoma Bower Spinach Thinopyrum junceiforme Sea Wheat-grass * Threlkeldia diffusa Coast Bonefruit Trachyandra divaricata Dune Onion weed * Trifolium tomentosum Woolly Clover * Vulpia fasciculata Sand Fescue * Wilsonia humilis Silky Wilsonia U Zygophyllum confluens Forked Twinleaf R

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 126 Results – MA8 Port Noarlunga

Weeds

# Non-indigenous Flora in cell 67 (47% of total cell flora) Red Alert Weeds Species Common Name Acacia cyclops Western Coastal Wattle Arctotis stoechadifolia White Arctotis Ehrharta villosa var. maxima Pyp Grass Euphorbia paralias Sea Spurge Euphorbia terracina False Caper Galenia pubescens var. pubescens Coastal Galenia Gazania sp. Gazania Leptospermum laevigatum Coast Tea-tree Lycium ferocissimum African Boxthorn Marrubium vulgare Horehound Mesembryanthemum crystallinum Common Iceplant Olea europaea ssp. europaea Olive Pennisetum clandestinum Kikuyu Trachyandra divaricata Dune Onion weed Declared Weeds Species Common Name Asphodelus fistulosus Onion Weed Convolvulus arvensis Field Bindweed Diplotaxis tenuifolia Lincoln Weed Euphorbia terracina False Caper Lycium ferocissimum African Boxthorn Marrubium vulgare Horehound Olea europaea ssp. europaea Olive Pinus halepensis Aleppo Pine

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 127 Results – MA8 Port Noarlunga

Fauna

# Fauna in cell 207 (Surveys undertaken; 38 opportunistic surveys. Additional records pers. comm. Edith St George, Fleurieu Birdwatcher Group.) # Conservation Rated Fauna in cell 59 (1 national, 37 state, 50 regional) Significant Fauna Species Common Name Rating Neophema chrysogaster Orange-bellied Parrot AUS: CR, SA: E Haliaeetus leucogaster White-bellied Sea-Eagle SA: E Pandion haliaetus Osprey SA: E Actitis hypoleucos Common Sandpiper SA: R Anas rhynchotis Australasian Shoveler SA: R Anhinga melanogaster Darter SA: R Ardea ibis Cattle Egret SA: R Ardea intermedia Intermediate Egret SA: R Biziura lobata Musk Duck SA: R Cereopsis novaehollandiae Cape Barren Goose SA: R Egretta garzetta Little Egret SA: R Egretta sacra Eastern Reef Egret SA: R Falco peregrinus Peregrine Falcon SA: R Falcunculus frontatus Crested Shrike-tit SA: R Gallinago hardwickii Latham's Snipe SA: R Gerygone olivacea White-throated Gerygone SA: R Haematopus fuliginosus Sooty Oystercatcher SA: R Limosa limosa Black-tailed Godwit SA: R Neophema elegans Elegant Parrot SA: R Neophema petrophila Rock Parrot SA: R Numenius phaeopus Whimbrel SA: R Oxyura australis Blue-billed Duck SA: R Pachycephala inornata Gilbert's Whistler SA: R Plegadis falcinellus Glossy Ibis SA: R Pluvialis fulva Pacific Golden Plover SA: R Podiceps cristatus Great Crested Grebe SA: R Porzana tabuensis Spotless Crake SA: R Melithreptus gularis Black-chinned Honeyeater SA: ssp Botaurus poiciloptilus Australasian Bittern SA: V Calyptorhynchus funereus Yellow-tailed Black-Cockatoo SA: V Cladorhynchus leucocephalus Banded Stilt SA: V Coturnix ypsilophora Brown Quail SA: V Neophema chrysostoma Blue-winged Parrot SA: V Rallus pectoralis Lewin's Rail SA: V Rostratula benghalensis Painted Snipe SA: V Stictonetta naevosa Freckled Duck SA: V Thinornis rubricollis Hooded Plover SA: V # Non-indigenous Fauna 11

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 128 Results – MA8 Port Noarlunga

All Fauna

Species Common Name Class Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Crinia signifera Common Froglet Amphibia Limnodynastes tasmaniensis Spotted Grass Frog Amphibia Acanthagenys rufogularis Spiny-cheeked Honeyeater Aves Acanthiza chrysorrhoa Yellow-rumped Thornbill Aves Acanthiza lineata Striated Thornbill Aves Acanthiza nana Yellow Thornbill Aves Acanthiza pusilla Brown Thornbill Aves Acanthiza reguloides Buff-rumped Thornbill Aves Acanthiza uropygialis Chestnut-rumped Thornbill Aves V Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris Eastern Spinebill Aves Accipiter cirrhocephalus Collared Sparrowhawk Aves U Accipiter fasciatus Brown Goshawk Aves Acrocephalus australis Australian Reed Warbler, (Clamorous Aves Reed-Warbler) Actitis hypoleucos Common Sandpiper Aves R Alauda arvensis Eurasian Skylark * Aves Anas castanea Chestnut Teal Aves U Anas gracilis Grey Teal Aves Anas platyrhynchos Mallard * Aves Anas rhynchotis Australasian Shoveler Aves R R Anas superciliosa Pacific Black Duck Aves Anas superciliosa x anas platyrhynchos Pacific Black Duck/Mallard Hybrid Aves Anhinga melanogaster Darter Aves R U Anthochaera carunculata Red Wattlebird Aves Anthochaera chrysoptera Little Wattlebird Aves Anthus novaeseelandiae Richard's Pipit Aves Aphelocephala leucopsis Southern Whiteface Aves V Apus pacificus Fork-tailed Swift Aves Aquila audax Wedge-tailed Eagle Aves Ardea alba Great Egret, ( White Egret) Aves Ardea ibis Cattle Egret Aves R Ardea intermedia Intermediate Egret Aves R R Ardea pacifica White-necked Heron Aves U Artamus cyanopterus Dusky Woodswallow Aves Artamus superciliosus White-browed Woodswallow Aves Aythya australis Hardhead (White-eyed Duck) Aves U Barnardius zonarius Australian Ringneck, (Ring-necked Aves Parrot) Biziura lobata Musk Duck Aves R U Botaurus poiciloptilus Australasian Bittern Aves V V Cacatua galerita Sulphur-crested Cockatoo Aves U Cacatua roseicapilla Galah Aves Cacatua sanguinea Little Corella Aves

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 129 Results – MA8 Port Noarlunga

Species Common Name Class Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Cacatua sp. Aves Cacatua tenuirostris Long-billed Corella Aves I Cacomantis flabelliformis Fan-tailed Cuckoo Aves Calidris acuminata Sharp-tailed Sandpiper Aves Calidris ruficollis Red-necked Stint Aves Calyptorhynchus funereus Yellow-tailed Black-Cockatoo Aves V V Carduelis carduelis European Goldfinch * Aves Carduelis chloris European Greenfinch * Aves Cereopsis novaehollandiae Cape Barren Goose Aves R R Charadrius ruficapillus Red-capped Plover Aves Chenonetta jubata Australian Wood Duck, (Maned Aves Duck) Chlidonias hybridus Whiskered Tern Aves Chrysococcyx basalis Horsfield's Bronze-cuckoo Aves Chrysococcyx osculans Black-eared Cuckoo Aves O Cincloramphus cruralis Brown Songlark Aves Cincloramphus mathewsi Rufous Songlark Aves Circus approximans Swamp Harrier Aves Circus assimilis Spotted Harrier Aves Cisticola exilis Golden-headed Cisticola Aves R Cladorhynchus leucocephalus Banded Stilt Aves V Climacteris picumnus Brown Treecreeper Aves Colluricincla harmonica Grey Shrike-thrush Aves Columba livia Rock Dove * Aves Coracina novaehollandiae Black-faced Cuckoo-shrike Aves Corvus coronoides Australian Raven Aves Corvus mellori Little Raven Aves Coturnix pectoralis Stubble Quail Aves Coturnix ypsilophora Brown Quail Aves V V Cracticus torquatus Grey Butcherbird Aves Cuculus pallidus Pallid Cuckoo Aves Cygnus atratus Black Swan Aves Dacelo novaeguineae Laughing Kookaburra Aves C Daphoenositta chrysoptera Varied Sittella Aves Dicaeum hirundinaceum Mistletoebird Aves Dromaius novaehollandiae Emu Aves X/I Egretta garzetta Little Egret Aves R Egretta novaehollandiae White-faced Heron Aves Egretta sacra Eastern Reef Egret Aves R V Elanus axillaris Black-shouldered Kite Aves Elseyornis melanops Black-fronted Dotterel Aves Eopsaltria griseogularis Western Yellow Robin Aves Epthianura albifrons White-fronted Chat Aves Erythrogonys cinctus Red-kneed Dotterel Aves

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 130 Results – MA8 Port Noarlunga

Species Common Name Class Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Falco berigora Brown Falcon Aves Falco cenchroides Nankeen Kestrel Aves Falco longipennis Australian Hobby Aves U Falco peregrinus Peregrine Falcon Aves R R Falco subniger Black Falcon Aves U Falcunculus frontatus Crested Shrike-tit Aves R V Fulica atra Eurasian Coot Aves Gallinago hardwickii Latham's Snipe Aves R V Gallinula tenebrosa Dusky Moorhen Aves Gallinula ventralis Black-tailed Native-hen Aves Gallirallus philippensis Buff-banded Rail Aves V Geopelia cuneata Diamond Dove Aves Geopelia placida Peaceful Dove Aves V Gerygone olivacea White-throated Gerygone Aves R R Gliciphila melanops Tawny-crowned Honeyeater Aves U Glossopsitta concinna Musk Lorikeet Aves C Glossopsitta porphyrocephala Purple-crowned Lorikeet Aves Grallina cyanoleuca Magpie-lark Aves Gymnorhina tibicen Australian Magpie Aves Haematopus fuliginosus Sooty Oystercatcher Aves R Haliaeetus leucogaster White-bellied Sea-Eagle Aves E V Haliastur sphenurus Whistling Kite Aves U Himantopus himantopus Black-winged Stilt Aves Hirundo neoxena Welcome Swallow Aves Lalage tricolor White-winged Triller Aves Larus novaehollandiae Silver Gull Aves Lichenostomus chrysops Yellow-faced Honeyeater Aves Lichenostomus ornatus Yellow-plumed Honeyeater Aves Lichenostomus penicillatus White-plumed Honeyeater Aves Lichenostomus virescens Singing Honeyeater Aves Limosa limosa Black-tailed Godwit Aves R Malacorhynchus membranaceus Pink-eared Duck Aves Malurus cyaneus Superb Fairy-wren Aves C Malurus lamberti Variegated Fairy-wren Aves Manorina melanocephala Noisy Miner Aves C Megalurus gramineus Little Grassbird Aves Melithreptus brevirostris Brown-headed Honeyeater Aves Melithreptus gularis Black-chinned Honeyeater Aves ssp Melithreptus lunatus White-naped Honeyeater Aves C Melopsittacus undulatus Budgerigar Aves Milvus migrans Black Kite Aves O Mirafra javanica Horsfield's Bushlark Aves Myiagra rubecula Leaden Flycatcher Aves Neochmia temporalis Red-browed Finch Aves

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 131 Results – MA8 Port Noarlunga

Species Common Name Class Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Neophema chrysogaster Orange-bellied Parrot Aves CR E E Neophema chrysostoma Blue-winged Parrot Aves V V Neophema elegans Elegant Parrot Aves R K Neophema petrophila Rock Parrot Aves R R Ninox novaeseelandiae Southern Boobook Aves Numenius phaeopus Whimbrel Aves R Nycticorax caledonicus Nankeen Night Heron Aves U Nymphicus hollandicus Cockatiel Aves Ocyphaps lophotes Crested Pigeon Aves Oreoica gutturalis Crested Bellbird Aves Oxyura australis Blue-billed Duck Aves R U Pachycephala inornata Gilbert's Whistler Aves R Pachycephala pectoralis Golden Whistler Aves C Pachycephala rufiventris Rufous Whistler Aves C Pandion haliaetus Osprey Aves E R Pardalotus striatus Striated Pardalote Aves Passer domesticus House Sparrow * Aves Pelecanus conspicillatus Australian Pelican Aves Petrochelidon ariel Fairy Martin Aves Petrochelidon nigricans Tree Martin Aves Petroica goodenovii Red-capped Robin Aves U Phalacrocorax carbo Great Cormorant Aves Phalacrocorax fuscescens Black-faced Cormorant Aves Phalacrocorax melanoleucos Little Pied Cormorant Aves Phalacrocorax sulcirostris Little Black Cormorant Aves Phalacrocorax varius Pied Cormorant Aves Phaps chalcoptera Common Bronzewing Aves Phylidonyris albifrons White-fronted Honeyeater Aves O Phylidonyris novaehollandiae New Holland Honeyeater Aves Phylidonyris pyrrhoptera Crescent Honeyeater Aves Platalea flavipes Yellow-billed Spoonbill Aves Platalea regia Royal Spoonbill Aves U Platycercus elegans Crimson Rosella Aves Platycercus eximius Eastern Rosella Aves Plegadis falcinellus Glossy Ibis Aves R R Pluvialis fulva Pacific Golden Plover Aves R Podargus strigoides Tawny Frogmouth Aves C Podiceps cristatus Great Crested Grebe Aves R R Poliocephalus poliocephalus Hoary-headed Grebe Aves Pomatostomus ruficeps Chestnut-crowned Babbler Aves Pomatostomus superciliosus White-browed Babbler Aves U Porphyrio porphyrio Purple Swamphen Aves Porzana fluminea Australian Spotted Crake Aves Porzana pusilla Baillon's Crake Aves R

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 132 Results – MA8 Port Noarlunga

Species Common Name Class Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Porzana tabuensis Spotless Crake Aves R U Psephotus haematonotus Red-rumped Parrot Aves C Psephotus varius Mulga Parrot Aves Rallus pectoralis Lewin's Rail Aves V V Recurvirostra novaehollandiae Red-necked Avocet Aves Rhipidura albiscapa Grey Fantail Aves Rhipidura leucophrys Willie Wagtail Aves Rostratula benghalensis Painted Snipe Aves V R Sericornis frontalis White-browed Scrubwren Aves U Smicrornis brevirostris Weebill Aves C Sterna bergii Crested Tern Aves Sterna caspia Caspian Tern Aves Stictonetta naevosa Freckled Duck Aves V V Stiltia isabella Australian Pratincole Aves Streptopelia chinensis Spotted Turtle-dove * Aves Sturnus vulgaris Common Starling * Aves Tachybaptus novaehollandiae Australasian Grebe, (Little Grebe) Aves Tadorna tadornoides Australian Shelduck Aves Thinornis rubricollis Hooded Plover Aves V V Threskiornis molucca Australian White Ibis Aves Threskiornis spinicollis Straw-necked Ibis Aves Todiramphus sanctus Sacred Kingfisher Aves C Trichoglossus haematodus Rainbow Lorikeet Aves C Tringa nebularia Common Greenshank Aves Tringa stagnatilis Marsh Sandpiper Aves Turdus merula Eurasian Blackbird * Aves Turnix velox Little Button-quail Aves Vanellus miles Masked Lapwing Aves Zosterops lateralis Silvereye Aves Mus musculus House Mouse * Mammalia Phascolarctos cinereus Koala Mammalia Rattus rattus Black Rat * Mammalia Acanthophis antarcticus Common Death Adder Reptilia Pseudechis porphyriacus Red-bellied Black Snake Reptilia Pseudonaja textilis Eastern Brown Snake Reptilia

Note: * = Non-indigenous species, ж = Non-local species, (NC) = Name change

Rating: EX = Extinct, EW = Extinct in the Wild, CR = Critically Endangered, E/ EN = Endangered, ssp = Significant species, V/VU = Vulnerable, R/ RA: Rare, K = Indeterminate/ Possibly threatened, NT = Near Threatened, T = Threatened, Q = Possible significance, U = Uncommon, N = Not significant, LC = Least Concern

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 133 Results – MA8 Port Noarlunga

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 134 Results – MA9 Christies Beach

7.3.9. Christies Beach

Cell Detail Cell MA9 extends from the Port Noarlunga Jetty, to Curlew Point near the O’ Sullivans Beach boat ramp. This cell is within the City of Onkaparinga. It is approximately 3.2 kilometres in length and 145.7 hectares in area.

Landforms From the breakwater and low headland at O’Sullivan Beach, the beach runs south to the steep headland at Witton Bluff. The beach is backed by a sloping coastal plain. Christies Creek is incised into a relatively narrow trench within this plain with a total catchment of 38 km2.

Christies Beach is a relatively flat, fine grained, mineral sand beach. It is backed by a low, 3 to 4 m bluff. The beach is divided into two embayments with a small foreland at the Surf Club, (see photograph below), the foreland appears to be caused by the protection from wave energy offered by Horseshoe Reef, some 300 m offshore.

Figure 13. Cell MA9 Location Map

Horseshoe Reef, Christies Beach north, Christies Creek, Christies Sewage Treatment Plant. The reef is at the northern end of the Port Noarlunga Aquatic Reserve. (Photograph Coast Protection Board, 1995)

Small dunal areas at the northern end of the section, near Christies Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) and Christies Creek, are stabilised with native and exotic grasses. Much of Witton Bluff has been modified by protection works. However, considerable gullying is evident towards the top of the Bluff and on its northern side. Erosion is seen on the whole of the southern side of the Bluff, including undercutting of the toe of the cliff.

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 135 Results – MA9 Christies Beach

Benthic Habitat Heavy limestone/ calcarenite reef off Witton Bluff, O’Sullivan Beach and adjacent to Horseshoe Reef, elsewhere bare sand.

Terrestrial Biota The total number of native plant and animal species recorded is 140, total threatened species is 33. A high number of non indigenous species has been recorded, 63.

No remnant vegetation blocks are recorded in this cell. However, small reserves and areas of roadside vegetation are recorded, (see lists below).

Land Use/ Land Ownership Other than the narrow Esplanade Reserve, no Crown land remains in this cell.

Values (Field visits and local reports) (including current usage) Coastal open space is seen as part of the Adelaide Metropolitan Coast Park Concept Plan, (PPK 2001), a guide to strategy and action from Sellicks Beach to Largs Bay. The concept plan has guided effort towards the creation of coastal foot and cycle ways, as well as amenity planting and recreational facilities.

Threats (Field visits and local reports) The movement of weeds through the creek line and the dunes appears rapid.

Opportunities The beach and protective wall appear to be at a state where review for protection and recreation is timely.

Conservation Analysis (GIS) The total of conservation means is 45.92, low. There are no vegetation blocks remaining in this cell. Summary detail analysis shows no part of this cell recording a high score: the entire cell has a low total, with some low to medium values at Christies Creek and Witton Bluff.

Examination of the individual layers shows that Witton Bluff has scores for European natural heritage and as a Geological Monument. Scenic amenity and sea views have values across much of the cell.

State vulnerable Hooded Plover (focal species) and the Black-chinned Honeyeater are recorded in this cell.

Threat Analysis (GIS) The total of threat means is 55.646, high for the region. The detailed summary shows that high to medium threat totals are widely distributed over the cell, with the exception of the cliffs at Witton Bluff, the foreshore, and near Christies Creek at the northern end of the cell, which are low to moderate total values.

Some individual threat areas stand out in the analysis for this area: the Christies Beach STP, the caravan park near the Yacht Club. Factors giving high threat values to most of the cell include development zoning, land use, land ownership, viewscape and viewshed, and vegetation degradation. Several significant weeds have been recorded here.

Possible Climate Change Threats [This local projection is based on the regional scenario set out in section 4.10 in Volume 1.] a) Sea level rise and Storm magnitude Christies Beach is a narrow, low beach with little to no sand storage in dunes, suburban infrastructure is protected by rock armouring only, and the Christies STP by an earth bank and low dune. Without remedial action this beach will be lost over the next two decades, the STP may require rock protection at that stage.

Because Christies Creek is incised in its lower course, flooding should not be an issue in this estuary. b) Increasing average temperatures and aridity c) Changed run-off regimes Infrequent but more intense rainstorms may well be significant in accelerating gully development on the cliffs at Witton Bluff. Council’s cliff stability long term action plan identifies the Bluff for immediate remedial action because of

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 136 Results – MA9 Christies Beach undercutting at the cliff base (south side) and gullying on the cliff face. Both these processes will be exacerbated under the climate change scenario. d) Nearshore marine changes By 2030 algal species at Horseshoe Reef will be affected by changing exposure and light levels due to deepening water at the reef. Reduced pH of Gulf waters may pose problems for the survival of molluscs and corals.

By 2070 further rise would be likely to reduce the protective effect of Horseshoe Reef against wave energy, leading to straightening of the plan form of the beach. The small foreland on which the Surf and Yacht clubs are located is protected by the influence of the reef on incoming waves. As the influence of the reefs is reduced by sea level rise, erosion will increase at the small foreland.

Actions and Priority

Table 11. Recommended Actions and Priority for MA9 - Christies Beach

Component Issue Proposed Action Priority of Key Players Action Beach Hooded Plover recorded in this Hooded Plover Watch, Medium Community/ NRM cell including fencing of nests (Cons.) Council and monitoring Dunes Many weeds within small dune Consider weed Medium Council/ Community/ areas remediation program (Threat) NRM Some areas at rear of Review existing protection Medium (Soc./ Council/ CPB recreation beach poorly Econ.) protected against storm damage Witton Bluff Gullying in upper cliff, Continue support for Medium Council/ CPB undercutting at base council cliff stabilization (Threat) program Lower Christies Quality of winter flows Continue creek and reef High (Cons./ AMLR NRM Creek potentially significant monitoring Threat) Creek a conduit for weeds Continue weed control Medium Council/ NRM/ programs along creek (Threat) Community banks Whole City of Green Environmental Support Council in future High (Cons./ Community/ Council/ Onkaparinga Consultants have investigated conservation and Threat) NRM coastal area the preliminary threats and key management management issues to the coastal vegetation for Council owned reserves in this cell

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 137 Results – MA9 Christies Beach

BIOTA

Flora

Remnant Vegetation Area (Ha) No vegetation blocks mapped. Little remnancy values left in this cell. Vegetation Block Metrics No vegetation blocks mapped. The coastal reserve is very limited and vegetation non existent in parts of the cell. Terrestrial Habitat Description Coastal clifftop and cliff slope shrubland - Nitraria billardierei +/- Myoporum insulare and (Ron Taylor description) beachfront very open Olearia axillaris shrubland. # Flora in cell 140 (Surveys undertaken; 2 opportunistic surveys. Taylor has undertaken ‘walk over’ summer time surveys of this cell with these records used in the analysis). # Conservation Rated Flora in cell 33 (3 state, 32 regional) Significant Flora Species Common Name Rating Correa alba var. pannosa White Correa SA: R Melaleuca nanophylla Dwarf-leaf Honey-myrtle SA: R Myoporum parvifolium Creeping Boobialla SA: R Significant CDCS Floristic Nil Community/ies Protected Area Nil Vegetation Comments City of Onkaparinga has vegetation management plans or detailed surveys available for Witton Bluff. Some of the rarer plants listed are likely to be historic records and suitable habitat would now be restricted in this cell. Additional resources: City of Onkaparinga 2006. Cliff Stability Long Term Action Plan 2006 – 2011 URS. Detailed Cliff Stability Investigations Stage 2 Report City of Onkaparinga October 2006. Cliff Stability Urgent Action Plan Green Environmental Consultants 2005-07. Coastal Vegetation Survey of land in the care of the City of Onkaparinga (Stage 1, Stage 2 – and Stage 3 is still Draft). Comment: Green Environmental Consultants have prepared (draft) comprehensive species lists for priority sites at Aldinga Beach, Port Willunga, Maslin Beach, Moana, Seaford, Port Noarlunga and Christies Beach and others. Exclusively for coastal sites (dune, wetland and cliff areas) under Council care it identifies the condition, native and non-indigenous species, and threats to the vegetation and key management issues.

All Flora

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous Acacia cupularis Cup Wattle R Acacia cyclops Western Coastal Wattle Acacia longifolia ssp. sophorae Coastal Wattle N Acacia saligna Golden Wreath Wattle * Aeonium arboreum * Agave americana Century Plant * Aloe sp. Aloe * Alyxia buxifolia Sea Box R Ammophila arenaria Marram Grass * Angianthus tomentosus Hairy Angianthus K Apium annuum Annual Celery R Arthropodium strictum Common Vanilla-lily

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 138 Results – MA9 Christies Beach

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous Asparagus densiflorus Asparagus Fern * Atriplex cinerea Coast Saltbush Atriplex nummularia ssp. nummularia Old-man Saltbush T Atriplex paludosa ssp. cordata Marsh Saltbush Atriplex prostrata Creeping Saltbush * Atriplex semibaccata Berry Saltbush Atriplex suberecta Lagoon Saltbush Austrostipa scabra ssp. falcata Slender Spear-grass Avena barbata Bearded Oat * Bolboschoenus caldwellii Salt Club-rush Bromus catharticus Prairie Grass * Bromus diandrus Great Brome * Bromus rubens Red Brome * Bupleurum semicompositum Hare's Ear * Cakile maritima ssp. maritima Two-horned Sea Rocket * Calostemma purpureum Pink Garland-lily Carpobrotus edulis ssp. edulis Hottentot Fig * Chloris truncata Windmill Grass Comesperma volubile Love Creeper Convolvulus arvensis Field Bindweed * Conyza albida Tall Fleabane * Coprosma repens New Zealand Mirror-bush * Correa alba var. pannosa White Correa R R Crassula tetragona ssp. robusta Crassula * Cynara cardunculus ssp. flavescens Artichoke Thistle * Cynodon dactylon var. dactylon Couch * Dianella brevicaulis Short-stem Flax-lily Diplotaxis tenuifolia Lincoln Weed * Disphyma crassifolium ssp. clavellatum Round-leaf Pigface Dissocarpus biflorus var. biflorus Two-horn Saltbush V Distichlis distichophylla Emu-grass N Drosanthemum candens Rodondo Creeper * Echium plantagineum Salvation Jane * Enchylaena tomentosa var. tomentosa Ruby Saltbush Eucalyptus leucoxylon ssp. pruinosa Inland South Australian Blue Gum Eucalyptus microcarpa Grey Box U Euphorbia paralias Sea Spurge * Euphorbia terracina False Caper * Gahnia filum Thatching Grass R Gahnia lanigera Black Grass Saw-sedge R Galenia pubescens var. pubescens Coastal Galenia * Gazania linearis Gazania * Gonocarpus mezianus Broad-leaf Raspwort Goodenia amplexans Clasping Goodenia U

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 139 Results – MA9 Christies Beach

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous Goodenia varia Sticky Goodenia K Halosarcia sp. (NC) Samphire Helichrysum leucopsideum Satin Everlasting U Helminthotheca echioides Ox-tongue * Hordeum glaucum Blue Barley-grass * Isolepis nodosa Knobby Club-rush Ixodia achillaeoides ssp. alata Hills Daisy Lactuca serriola f. serriola Prickly Lettuce * Lagunaria patersonii Pyramid Tree * Lagurus ovatus Hare's Tail Grass * Leptospermum laevigatum Coast Tea-tree * Leucophyta brownii Coast Cushion Bush Limonium companyonis Sea-lavender * Lolium rigidum Wimmera Ryegrass * Lomandra collina Sand Mat-rush R Lomandra effusa Scented Mat-rush R Lotus australis Austral Trefoil U Lycium ferocissimum African Boxthorn * Maireana oppositifolia Salt Bluebush Malva dendromorpha Tree Mallow * Malva parviflora Small-flower Marshmallow * Medicago polymorpha var. polymorpha Burr-medic * Melaleuca halmaturorum Swamp Paper-bark V Melaleuca lanceolata Dryland Tea-tree U Melaleuca nanophylla Dwarf-leaf Honey-myrtle R Mesembryanthemum crystallinum Common Iceplant * Mesembryanthemum nodiflorum Slender Iceplant * Minuria leptophylla Minnie Daisy Muehlenbeckia florulenta Lignum R Muehlenbeckia gunnii Coastal Climbing Lignum Myoporum insulare Common Boobialla Myoporum parvifolium Creeping Boobialla R V Nitraria billardierei Nitre-bush Oenothera stricta ssp. stricta Common Evening Primrose * Olea europaea ssp. europaea Olive * Olearia axillaris Coast Daisy-bush Olearia ramulosa Twiggy Daisy-bush Osteospermum fruticosum * Parapholis incurva Curly Ryegrass * Pennisetum clandestinum Kikuyu * Pennisetum setaceum Fountain Grass * Phalaris aquatica Phalaris * Phoenix canariensis Canary Island Palm * Physalis viscosa Sticky Cape Gooseberry *

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 140 Results – MA9 Christies Beach

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous Pimelea curviflora var. sericea Curved Riceflower Pimelea flava ssp. dichotoma Diosma Riceflower Pimelea serpyllifolia ssp. serpyllifolia Thyme Riceflower Piptatherum miliaceum Rice Millet * Plantago coronopus ssp. coronopus Bucks-horn Plantain * Podolepis rugata var. littoralis Coast Copper-wire Daisy T Podolepis rugata var. rugata Pleated Copper-wire Daisy E Pogonolepis muelleriana Stiff Cup-flower U Polygala myrtifolia Myrtle-leaf Milkwort * Polygonum aviculare (NC) Wireweed * Reichardia tingitana False Sowthistle * Rhagodia candolleana ssp. candolleana Sea-berry Saltbush Rhagodia parabolica Mealy Saltbush V Rhagodia spinescens Spiny Saltbush E Rhamnus alaternus Blowfly Bush * Rostraria cristata Annual Cat's-tail * Samolus repens Creeping Brookweed U Scabiosa atropurpurea Pincushion * Scaevola albida Pale Fanflower Scaevola angustata Coast Fanflower V Scaevola crassifolia Cushion Fanflower R Sclerolaena diacantha Grey Bindyi R Sclerolaena uniflora Small-spine Bindyi K Senecio pinnatifolius Variable Groundsel Senecio pterophorus African Daisy * Solanum elaeagnifolium Silver-leaf Nightshade * Sonchus oleraceus Common Sow-thistle * Spinifex hirsutus Rolling Spinifex Spinifex sericeus (NC) Rolling Spinifex Sporobolus virginicus Salt Couch Stenopetalum lineare Narrow Thread-petal R Tamarix ramosissima * Tecticornia pergranulata ssp. pergranulata Black-seed Samphire Tecticornia sp. Samphire Tetragonia implexicoma Bower Spinach Thinopyrum junceiforme Sea Wheat-grass * Threlkeldia diffusa Coast Bonefruit Thysanotus juncifolius Rush Fringe-lily Westringia sp. Native Rosemary Zygophyllum confluens Forked Twinleaf R

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 141 Results – MA9 Christies Beach

Weeds # Non-indigenous Flora in cell 63 (45 % of total cell flora) Red Alert Weeds Species Common Name Acacia cyclops Western Coastal Wattle Coprosma repens New Zealand Mirror-bush Euphorbia paralias Sea Spurge Euphorbia terracina False Caper Galenia pubescens var. pubescens Coastal Galenia Gazania sp Gazania Leptospermum laevigatum Coast Tea-tree Lycium ferocissimum African Boxthorn Mesembryanthemum crystallinum Common Iceplant Olea europaea ssp. europaea Olive Pennisetum clandestinum Kikuyu Polygala myrtifolia Myrtle-leaf Milkwort Rhamnus alaternus Blowfly Bush Declared Weeds Species Common Name Diplotaxis tenuifolia Lincoln Weed Echium plantagineum Salvation Jane Euphorbia terracina False Caper Lycium ferocissimum African Boxthorn Olea europaea ssp. europaea Olive Solanum elaeagnifolium Silver-leaf Nightshade

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 142 Results – MA9 Christies Beach

Fauna

# Fauna in cell 29 (Surveys undertaken; 5 opportunistic surveys.) # Conservation Rated Fauna in cell 4 (1 national and all state rated) Significant Fauna Species Common Name Rating Caretta caretta Loggerhead Turtle AUS: EN, SA: E Melithreptus gularis Black-chinned Honeyeater SA: ssp Botaurus poiciloptilus Australasian Bittern SA: V Thinornis rubricollis Hooded Plover SA: V # Non-indigenous Fauna 14

All Fauna

Species Common Name Class NPW Act Status Regional Status Non-indigenous EPBC Act Status Anthochaera carunculata Red Wattlebird Aves Anthochaera chrysoptera Little Wattlebird Aves Botaurus poiciloptilus Australasian Bittern Aves V V Cacatua roseicapilla Galah Aves Cacatua sanguinea Little Corella Aves Carduelis chloris European Greenfinch * Aves Columba livia Rock Dove * Aves Falco cenchroides Nankeen Kestrel Aves Grallina cyanoleuca Magpie-lark Aves Gymnorhina tibicen Australian Magpie Aves Hirundo neoxena Welcome Swallow Aves Larus novaehollandiae Silver Gull Aves Lichenostomus penicillatus White-plumed Honeyeater Aves Lichenostomus virescens Singing Honeyeater Aves Melithreptus gularis Black-chinned Honeyeater Aves ssp Nymphicus hollandicus Cockatiel Aves Ocyphaps lophotes Crested Pigeon Aves Passer domesticus House Sparrow * Aves Phalacrocorax melanoleucos Little Pied Cormorant Aves Phylidonyris novaehollandiae New Holland Honeyeater Aves Puffinus gavia Fluttering Shearwater Aves Rhipidura leucophrys Willie Wagtail Aves Sterna bergii Crested Tern Aves Streptopelia chinensis Spotted Turtle-dove * Aves Sturnus vulgaris Common Starling * Aves Thinornis rubricollis Hooded Plover Aves V V Trichoglossus haematodus Rainbow Lorikeet Aves C Vanellus miles Masked Lapwing Aves Caretta caretta Loggerhead Turtle Reptilia EN E

Note: * = Non-indigenous species, ж = Non-local species, (NC) = Name change

Rating: EX = Extinct, EW = Extinct in the Wild, CR = Critically Endangered, E/ EN = Endangered, ssp = Significant species, V/VU = Vulnerable, R/ RA: Rare, K = Indeterminate/ Possibly threatened, NT = Near Threatened, T = Threatened, Q = Possible significance, U = Uncommon, N = Not significant, LC = Least Concern

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 143 Results – MA9 Christies Beach

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 144 Results – MA10 Port Stanvac

7.3.10. Port Stanvac

Cell Detail Cell MA10 extends from the O’Sullivans Beach ramp (City of Onkaparinga) to south Hallett Cove (City of Marion). It is approximately 5.3 kilometres in length and 279 hectares in area.

Landforms The shore is of low cliffs and shore platforms, with small sand and shingle embayments. The cliffs and platforms are in resistant Adelaidean sedimentary rocks, platforms extend from low tide to high water. Mass movement is seen on cliff faces: rock fall following saturation has occurred in limited locations, however talus at the cliff base appears to be rapidly removed by storm wave action.

At the northern end of the cell the lower course of the Field River exits across a narrow platform, the flow regime of this creek has been substantially modified as a consequence of agricultural and urban development. River flow to the estuary is highly seasonal, with an average annual runoff of 5,100 ML from a catchment area of 55 km2.

Figure 14. Cell MA10 Location Map

Port Stanvac. (Photograph Coast Protection Board 2008)

Benthic Habitat Heavy limestone reef and bare sand are found together with patchy dense sea grass as far south as Port Stanvac jetty, then bare sand and inshore reef off O’Sullivans Beach.

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 145 Results – MA10 Port Stanvac

Figure 15. Detailed Conservation Summary Map; showing isolated, high priority, vegetated areas. (Note: Red represents highest conservation total in region, Blue is the lowest)

Terrestrial Biota 21 hectares or 7.5% of this cell is remnant vegetation. The total number of native plant and animal species recorded is 388, total threatened species is 75. 35% of the species recorded in this cell are non-indigenous, a lower proportion than in much of the region.

Land Use/ Land Ownership Less than 1% of this cell is Crown Land, none of the remnant vegetation is protected. More than half this land is industrial (former oil refinery) or open space zoned industrial. The remainder includes the residential suburbs of Hallett Cove and O’Sullivans Beach, and two notable coastal reserves, Tingira Reserve and the Hallett Headland Reserve.

Uses (Field visits and local reports) (including current usage)

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 146 Results – MA10 Port Stanvac

There is a trial desalination plant at the abandoned oil storage depot, north of the oil depot there is open land zoned industrial.

Coastal open space is seen as part of the Adelaide Metropolitan Coast Park Concept Plan, (PPK 2001), a guide to strategy and action from Sellicks Beach to Largs Bay. The concept plan has guided effort towards the creation of coastal foot and cycle ways, as well as amenity planting and recreational facilities. The scenic cliffs and shore platforms are used for walking and cycling, on a boardwalk within the Marion council area and a goat track within the Onkaparinga section, as far as the Mobil site fence.

Threats (Field visits and local reports) Native vegetation in the former refinery land has been protected from the usual coastal disturbances by security fences. Species of conservation significance have been recorded and currently no protection/ buffering, or indication of the significance of the vegetation is present. Development of former Mobil land and adjacent industrial zoned section, threatens to impact significant species.

The open land north of the Mobil site is zoned industrial on the Onkaparinga development plan, as far as the cliff top: there is no coastal zone in this section.

Opportunities Rezoning to obtain a coastal zone.

Use opportunity planned to extend the metropolitan coastal footpath linkages in front of the desalination site.

Local protection of small but significant reserves

Conservation Analysis (GIS) Summary mean conservation values total 74.05, which is medium to low for the region. The detailed summary conservation map (see above) shows 80% of this cell in low to medium low values, but with five discrete very high value areas: Hallett Headland Reserve, Tingira Drive Reserve, and three areas of cliff top slopes within the Mobil land. These five areas stand out as discrete high value areas for several variables:- vegetation communities with rarity (less than 20 records in SA), containing vegetation assemblages endemic to this region Beyeria lechenaultii/ Acrotriche patula), significant endemic habitat, sites with high species richness, reptile habitat, notably the Painted Dragon, and food plants for the Yellowish Sedge-skipper butterfly larvae.

Visual amenity values and registered Aboriginal heritage gave values to the whole cell. Geological heritage cliffs and platforms extend along the whole cell, from Curlew Point to the Field River.

The EPBC Act endangered listed Euphrasia collina ssp. osbornii (Osborn’s Eyebright) has been recorded at the Mobil land. The state endangered Osprey, the state vulnerable Blue-winged Parrot and the Black-chinned Honeyeater are recorded within the cell.

Threat Analysis (GIS) The total of threat summary layers, 53.58 is medium to high for the region. The detailed threat summary map shows a complex pattern of a full range of threat totals: but high threat values are concentrated around the five discrete high conservation value areas. Examination of the individual layers does not clarify the variety of values: except to show that the higher threat values at the five high conservation value vegetation blocks was a result of the poor connectivity, poor patch shape and patch size of those vegetated areas. High threat values for land ownership, land use and proportion of exotic plant species was spread through most, but not all the cell, although dangerous weeds did not rate highly.

Possible Climate Change Threats [This local projection is based on the regional scenario set out in section 4.10 in Volume 1.] a) Sea level rise and Storm magnitude Sea level rise scenarios within the projection, even at 0.5 m by 2070, are unlikely to cause widespread change to these stable cliffs. Shore platforms will become narrow to absent. b) Increasing average temperatures and aridity The shrubs and grasses of the coastal slopes and cliffs are not threatened by sea level rise or increasing aridity, since several species include more arid country within their range. Vegetation of the talus slopes will be lost through erosion during storms: these species have been in this situation for some time.

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 147 Results – MA10 Port Stanvac c) Changed run-off regimes Infrequent but larger peak flows will increase cliff face and cliff top gullying. (Further development of the stormwater system should avoid increasing run-off to the cliffs). d) Nearshore marine changes The persistent long period swell from the Southern Ocean will maintain or accelerate sediment movement to the north through this section, as increased sand supply is unlikely, accumulation remains unlikely. Tide-dependent organisms on reefs and platforms will suffer radical impact from sea level rise, organisms using calcium carbonate from sea water will suffer impact from raised acidity.

Actions and Priority

Table 12. Recommended Actions and Priority for MA10 – Port Stanvac

Component Issue Proposed Action Priority of Key Players Action Shore platforms, Lack of recognition of Interpretation Medium Council/ Geological pocket beaches Geological monument (Cons) Society SA/ NRM Cliff faces Lack of recognition of Interpretation Medium Council/ Geological Geological Monument (Cons) Society SA/ NRM Cliff tops Development of former Mobil Review of protection High (Cons/ DEH/ DPLG/ Council/ land and adjacent industrial alternatives for native Threat) NRM zoned section, threatens to vegetation within and impact pockets of remnant adjacent Mobil land, with vegetation containing national a view to reservation. and state threatened species Initially, temporary fencing is needed Two small reserves – Hallett Support council efforts to High (Cons./ NRM/ Council/ Headland Reserve and Tingira sustainably manage Threat) Community/DPLG Reserve – are of high these resources. Both conservation value (see maps have management plans above), but are under great that guide conservation pressure from weeds, heavy efforts use and domestic and feral animals Public access by foot along cliff Continue delineation and Council tops extension of coastal footpath Coastal slopes Lower slopes (and cliffs) north Consider re-zoning to High (Cons./ Council/ DPLG of the Mobil land are zoned ‘Coastal conservation’ to Threat) ‘Industrial’ on the development preserve pedestrian plan. access along cliff tops, protect the geological monument, and allow clifftop hazard buffer. Lack of recognition of native Local interpretation of High (Cons./ Council/ NRM/ vegetation significance. coastal slope vegetation Threat) Community Public access by foot along cliff Continue delineation and High (Cons./ NRM/ Council/ slopes. Number of informal extension of coastal Threat) Community/ DPLG access paths through sensitive footpath vegetation including the recently fenced Tingira Reserve Slope erosion due to increased Support Council efforts to High (Cons./ NRM/ Council/ runoff and informal pedestrian rehabilitate erosion gullies Threat) Community/ DPLG access within Tingira Reserve. Erosion gullies are deepening, degrading native vegetation and posing a public safety risk Inter-tidal reefs These reefs have high Local interpretation of High (Cons./ NRM/ Council/ Flinders biodiversity value (Beckendorf reef sites. Threat) University 2008), but are under threat Continued reef condition from development and turbidity. monitoring

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 148 Results – MA10 Port Stanvac

Component Issue Proposed Action Priority of Key Players Action Improved land management to reduce gullying and sheet erosion on cliffs and adjacent slopes Whole Cell Aboriginal heritage sites Consultation to Medium Kaurna Heritage Board/ recorded in this cell: need for appropriately manage (Cons.) NRM/ Council/ appropriate and sustainable sites in this area Aboriginal Heritage management Branch – DPC/ RCD - Aboriginal Partnership Unit – DEH

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 149 Results – MA10 Port Stanvac

BIOTA

Flora Remnant Vegetation Area (Ha) 21 hectares (7.5% of the cell). Areas of highly intact remnant vegetation along the cliffs and clifftops on the Oil refinery land and other good patches at the O’Sullivans Beach (Tingira Reserve) and the Headland Reserve at Hallett Cove. Vegetation Block Metrics 5 mapped remnant vegetation remnants. Good connections and an important corridor from O’Sullivans Beach to the northern boundary of the Oil Refinery. A narrow and degraded corridor with poor connection north of the Refinery boundary to the Headland Reserve. Terrestrial Habitat Description/s The O’Sullivans Beach coastal clifftop and cliff slope is shrubland Beyeria lechenaultii +/- (Ron Taylor description) Acrotriche patula +/- Alyxia buxifolia interspersed with Gahnia filum sedgeland and the Mobil Refinery and Headland Reserve sites are open coastal shrubland Nitraria billardierei on clifftops and low shrubland of Beyeria lechenaultii and Alyxia buxifolia +/- Acrotriche patula on the cliff slopes. # Flora in cell 327 (Surveys undertaken; 3 surveys, 3 opportunistic surveys. Taylor has undertaken ‘walk over’ summer time surveys other than the Oil Refinery site of this cell with these records used in the analysis). # Conservation Rated Flora in cell 75 (1 national, 4 state, 71 regional) Significant Flora Species Common Name Rating Euphrasia collina ssp. osbornii Osborn's Eyebright AUS: EN, SA: E Austrostipa densiflora Fox-tail Spear-grass SA: R Cardamine paucijuga Annual Bitter-cress SA: R Myoporum parvifolium Creeping Boobialla SA: R Significant CDCS Floristic Beyeria lechenaultii / Acrotriche patula is recorded within the cell. Community Refer to Appendix 8 in Volume 1 for plant community information. Protected Area Nil Vegetation Comments Low weed percentage in the cell. Gahnia filum found in gullies with soil structure. Friends of Port Stanvac are active in this important area. Additional resources: Green Environmental Consultants 2005-07. Coastal Vegetation Survey of land in the care of the City of Onkaparinga (Stage 1, Stage 2 – and Stage 3 is still Draft). Comment: Green Environmental Consultants have prepared (draft) comprehensive species lists for priority sites at Aldinga Beach, Port Willunga, Maslin Beach, Moana, Seaford, Port Noarlunga and Christies Beach and others. Exclusively for coastal sites (dune, wetland and cliff areas) under Council care it identifies the condition, native and non-indigenous species, and threats to the vegetation and key management issues. Ecological Evaluation 2001. Vegetation Management Plan for Tingira Reserve: Including Tingira Drive & Francis St Remnants and Surrounds, City of Onkaparinga, Adelaide.

All Flora

Species Common Name Status EPBC Act NPW Act Status Regional Status Non-indigenous Acacia cupularis Cup Wattle R Acacia cyclops Western Coastal Wattle Acacia ligulata Umbrella Bush K Acacia longifolia ssp. sophorae Coastal Wattle N Acacia paradoxa Kangaroo Thorn Acacia pycnantha Golden Wattle Acacia saligna Golden Wreath Wattle * Acacia spinescens Spiny Wattle

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 150 Results – MA10 Port Stanvac

Species Common Name Status EPBC Act NPW Act Status Regional Status Non-indigenous Acrotriche patula Prickly Ground-berry R Actinobole uliginosum Flannel Cudweed U Agave americana Century Plant * Aira elegantissima Delicate Hair-grass * Allocasuarina muelleriana ssp. muelleriana Common Oak-bush Allocasuarina verticillata Drooping Sheoak Alyxia buxifolia Sea Box R Ammophila arenaria Marram Grass * Anagallis arvensis Pimpernel * Arctotheca calendula Cape Weed * Aristida behriana Brush Wire-grass U Arthropodium fimbriatum Nodding Vanilla-lily Arthropodium strictum Common Vanilla-lily Asperula conferta Common Woodruff Asphodelus fistulosus Onion Weed * Astroloma humifusum Cranberry Heath Atriplex cinerea Coast Saltbush Atriplex paludosa ssp. cordata Marsh Saltbush Atriplex prostrata Creeping Saltbush * Atriplex semibaccata Berry Saltbush Atriplex suberecta Lagoon Saltbush Austrodanthonia caespitosa Common Wallaby-grass Austrodanthonia fulva Leafy Wallaby-grass U Austrodanthonia setacea Small-flower Wallaby-grass Austrodanthonia sp. Austrofestuca littoralis Coast Fescue R Austrostipa densiflora Fox-tail Spear-grass R R Austrostipa elegantissima Feather Spear-grass U Austrostipa eremophila Rusty Spear-grass U Austrostipa flavescens Coast Spear-grass Austrostipa hemipogon Half-beard Spear-grass U Austrostipa mollis Soft Spear-grass Austrostipa nitida Balcarra Spear-grass Austrostipa nodosa Tall Spear-grass Austrostipa platychaeta Flat-awn Spear-grass T Austrostipa puberula Fine-hairy Spear-grass R Austrostipa scabra ssp. falcata Slender Spear-grass Austrostipa sp. Spear-grass Avena barbata Bearded Oat * Beyeria lechenaultii Pale Turpentine Bush Billardiera cymosa ssp. Blennospora drummondii Dwarf Button-flower Boerhavia dominii Tar-vine

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 151 Results – MA10 Port Stanvac

Species Common Name Status EPBC Act NPW Act Status Regional Status Non-indigenous Bolboschoenus caldwellii Salt Club-rush Brachypodium distachyon False Brome * Brachyscome lineariloba Hard-head Daisy V Brassica tournefortii Wild Turnip * Briza maxima Large Quaking-grass * Briza minor Lesser Quaking-grass * Bromus diandrus Great Brome * Bromus madritensis Compact Brome * Bromus rubens Red Brome * Bulbine bulbosa Bulbine-lily Bursaria spinosa ssp. Bursaria Caesia calliantha Blue Grass-lily Cakile maritima ssp. maritima Two-horned Sea Rocket * Calandrinia eremaea Dryland Purslane U Calandrinia granulifera Pigmy Purslane U Calandrinia sp. Purslane/Parakeelya Calandrinia volubilis Twining Purslane T Calocephalus citreus Lemon Beauty-heads R Calostemma purpureum Pink Garland-lily Calytrix tetragona Common Fringe-myrtle Cardamine paucijuga Annual Bitter-cress R Carpobrotus edulis ssp. edulis Hottentot Fig * Carpobrotus rossii Native Pigface Cassytha glabella f. dispar Slender Dodder-laurel Catapodium rigidum Rigid Fescue * Centaurea melitensis Malta Thistle * Centaurium tenuiflorum Branched Centaury * Centaurium tenuiflorum (NC) Branched Centaury * Centranthus ruber ssp. ruber Red Valerian * Cheilanthes austrotenuifolia Annual Rock-fern Chenopodium album Fat Hen * Chenopodium pumilio Clammy Goosefoot Chloris truncata Windmill Grass Chloris virgata Feather-top Rhodes Grass * Chrysocephalum apiculatum Common Everlasting Citrullus lanatus Bitter Melon * Citrullus sp. Wild Melon * Comesperma calymega Blue-spike Milkwort Comesperma volubile Love Creeper Convolvulus angustissimus ssp. Convolvulus arvensis Field Bindweed * Convolvulus remotus Grassy Bindweed Conyza albida Tall Fleabane *

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 152 Results – MA10 Port Stanvac

Species Common Name Status EPBC Act NPW Act Status Regional Status Non-indigenous Coprosma repens New Zealand Mirror-bush * Crassula colligata ssp. Crassula colorata var. acuminata Dense Crassula Crassula decumbens var. decumbens Spreading Crassula Crassula tetragona ssp. robusta Crassula * Cymbopogon ambiguus Lemon-grass V Cynara cardunculus ssp. flavescens Artichoke Thistle * Cynodon dactylon var. dactylon Couch * Cynoglossum suaveolens Sweet Hound's-tongue U Cyperus gymnocaulos Spiny Flat-sedge Cyperus involucratus Dampiera rosmarinifolia Rosemary Dampiera R Danthonia sp. (NC) Wallaby-grass Daucus glochidiatus Native Carrot Dianella brevicaulis Short-stem Flax-lily Dianella brevicaulis/revoluta var. Black-anther Flax-lily Dianella revoluta var. revoluta Black-anther Flax-lily Dichanthium sericeum ssp. sericeum Silky Blue-grass V Digitaria sanguinalis Crab Grass * Disphyma crassifolium ssp. clavellatum Round-leaf Pigface Dissocarpus biflorus var. biflorus Two-horn Saltbush V Distichlis distichophylla Emu-grass N Dittrichia graveolens Stinkweed * Dodonaea hexandra Horned Hop-bush R Dodonaea viscosa ssp. spatulata Sticky Hop-bush Drosanthemum candens Rodondo Creeper * Drosera whittakeri ssp. whittakeri Echinochloa crus-galli Common Barnyard Grass * Echium plantagineum Salvation Jane * Ehrharta longiflora Annual Veldt Grass * Einadia nutans ssp. nutans Climbing Saltbush Enchylaena tomentosa var. tomentosa Ruby Saltbush Enneapogon nigricans Black-head Grass Enteropogon ramosus Umbrella Grass Eucalyptus porosa Mallee Box U Euphorbia paralias Sea Spurge * Euphorbia terracina False Caper * Euphrasia collina ssp. osbornii Osborn's Eyebright EN E E Eutaxia microphylla Common Eutaxia Ficus carica Edible Fig * Foeniculum vulgare Fennel * Gahnia deusta Limestone Saw-sedge R Gahnia filum Thatching Grass R

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 153 Results – MA10 Port Stanvac

Species Common Name Status EPBC Act NPW Act Status Regional Status Non-indigenous Gahnia lanigera Black Grass Saw-sedge R Galenia pubescens var. pubescens Coastal Galenia * Galenia secunda Galenia * Galium murale Small Bedstraw * Gazania linearis Gazania * Gazania sp. Gazania * Geranium sp. Geranium Glycine rubiginosa Twining Glycine Gomphocarpus cancellatus Broad-leaf Cotton-bush * Gonocarpus mezianus Broad-leaf Raspwort Goodenia albiflora White Goodenia U Goodenia amplexans Clasping Goodenia U Goodenia pinnatifida Cut-leaf Goodenia U Goodenia varia Sticky Goodenia K Grevillea lavandulacea ssp. lavandulacea Spider-flower Grevillea lavandulacea var. sericea (NC) Spider-flower U Hakea rugosa Dwarf Hakea Hardenbergia violacea Native Lilac Hedypnois rhagadioloides (NC) Cretan Weed * Hedypnois rhagadioloides ssp. rhagadioloides Cretan Weed * Helichrysum leucopsideum Satin Everlasting U Heliotropium europaeum Common Heliotrope Helminthotheca echioides Ox-tongue * Hibbertia riparia Bristly Guinea-flower Hibbertia sericea Silky Guinea-flower Hibbertia sp. Glabriuscula (D.J.Whibley 9012) Smooth Guinea-flower Hordeum glaucum Blue Barley-grass * Hordeum leporinum Wall Barley-grass * Hordeum marinum Sea Barley-grass * Hypochaeris radicata Rough Cat's Ear * Hypoxis glabella var. glabella Tiny Star Isoetopsis graminifolia Grass Cushion Isolepis nodosa Knobby Club-rush Juncus bufonius Toad Rush Juncus kraussii Sea Rush Juncus sp. Rush Kennedia prostrata Scarlet Runner Kickxia elatine ssp. crinita Twining Toadflax * Kunzea pomifera Muntries U Lachnagrostis billardierei ssp. billardierei Coast Blown-grass Lactuca serriola f. serriola Prickly Lettuce * Lagunaria patersonii Pyramid Tree * Lagurus ovatus Hare's Tail Grass *

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 154 Results – MA10 Port Stanvac

Species Common Name Status EPBC Act NPW Act Status Regional Status Non-indigenous Lampranthus glaucus Noon-flower * Lawrencia spicata Salt Lawrencia K Lawrencia squamata Thorny Lawrencia K Lepidosperma concavum Spreading Sword-sedge N Lepidosperma congestum Lepidosperma congestum (NC) Clustered Sword-sedge N Lepidosperma sp. Sword-sedge/Rapier-sedge Lepidosperma viscidum Sticky Sword-sedge Leptorhynchos squamatus ssp. squamatus Scaly Buttons Leptospermum laevigatum Coast Tea-tree * Leucophyta brownii Coast Cushion Bush Limonium companyonis Sea-lavender * Linum strictum ssp. strictum Upright Yellow Flax * Lobelia gibbosa Tall Lobelia Lolium rigidum Wimmera Ryegrass * Lolium sp. Ryegrass * Lomandra collina Sand Mat-rush R Lomandra densiflora Soft Tussock Mat-rush Lomandra effusa Scented Mat-rush R Lomandra micrantha ssp. Small-flower Mat-rush Lomandra micrantha ssp. micrantha Small-flower Mat-rush Lomandra sororia Sword Mat-rush U Lonicera japonica Japanese Honeysuckle * Lotus australis Austral Trefoil U Lycium ferocissimum African Boxthorn * Maireana brevifolia Short-leaf Bluebush Maireana enchylaenoides Wingless Fissure-plant U Malva parviflora Small-flower Marshmallow * Marrubium vulgare Horehound * Medicago polymorpha var. polymorpha Burr-medic * Medicago truncatula Barrel Medic * Melaleuca lanceolata Dryland Tea-tree U Melaleuca lanceolata ssp. lanceolata (NC) Dryland Tea-tree U Mesembryanthemum crystallinum Common Iceplant * Mesembryanthemum nodiflorum Slender Iceplant * Microseris lanceolata Yam Daisy Minuria leptophylla Minnie Daisy Moraea setifolia Thread Iris * Muehlenbeckia gunnii Coastal Climbing Lignum Myoporum insulare Common Boobialla Myoporum parvifolium Creeping Boobialla R V Neurachne alopecuroidea Fox-tail Mulga-grass Nicotiana maritima Coast Tobacco R

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 155 Results – MA10 Port Stanvac

Species Common Name Status EPBC Act NPW Act Status Regional Status Non-indigenous Nitraria billardierei Nitre-bush Oenothera stricta ssp. stricta Common Evening Primrose * Olea europaea ssp. europaea Olive * Olearia axillaris Coast Daisy-bush Olearia ramulosa Twiggy Daisy-bush Opercularia turpis Twiggy Stinkweed Osteospermum fruticosum * Oxalis perennans Native Sorrel Oxalis perennans (NC) Native Sorrel Oxalis pes-caprae Soursob * Panicum capillare var. brevifolium Witch-grass * Parapholis incurva Curly Ryegrass * Paspalidium sp. Summer-grass Paspalum dilatatum Paspalum * Paspalum vaginatum Salt-water Couch * Pennisetum clandestinum Kikuyu * Phoenix canariensis Canary Island Palm * Phragmites australis Common Reed Pimelea curviflora var. Curved Riceflower R Pimelea curviflora var. gracilis Curved Riceflower Pimelea flava ssp. Diosma Riceflower Pimelea glauca Smooth Riceflower Pimelea humilis Low Riceflower Pimelea micrantha Silky Riceflower R Pimelea serpyllifolia ssp. serpyllifolia Thyme Riceflower Pinus halepensis Aleppo Pine * Piptatherum miliaceum Rice Millet * Pittosporum angustifolium Native Apricot R Plantago coronopus ssp. coronopus Bucks-horn Plantain * Plantago lanceolata var. Ribwort * Plantago lanceolata var. dubia Ribwort * Plantago lanceolata var. lanceolata Ribwort * Plantago varia Variable Plantain Poa labillardieri var. labillardieri Common Tussock-grass Poa poiformis var. poiformis Coast Tussock-grass N Poa sp. Meadow-grass/Tussock-grass Poa tenera Slender Tussock-grass U Pogonolepis muelleriana Stiff Cup-flower U Polycarpon tetraphyllum Four-leaf Allseed * Polygala myrtifolia Myrtle-leaf Milkwort * Polygonum aviculare Wireweed * Pomaderris paniculosa ssp. paniculosa Mallee Pomaderris U Portulaca oleracea Common Purslane

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 156 Results – MA10 Port Stanvac

Species Common Name Status EPBC Act NPW Act Status Regional Status Non-indigenous Ptilotus nobilis var. nobilis Yellow-tails V Pultenaea tenuifolia Narrow-leaf Bush-pea R Rapistrum rugosum ssp. rugosum Turnip Weed * Reichardia tingitana False Sowthistle * Rhagodia candolleana ssp. candolleana Sea-berry Saltbush Rhagodia parabolica Mealy Saltbush V Rhagodia spinescens Spiny Saltbush E Romulea rosea var. australis Common Onion-grass * Rostraria cristata Annual Cat's-tail * Salsola tragus Buckbush Samolus repens Creeping Brookweed U Santalum acuminatum Quandong V Sarcocornia quinqueflora Beaded Samphire Scabiosa atropurpurea Pincushion * Scaevola albida Pale Fanflower Scaevola crassifolia Cushion Fanflower R Scaevola linearis ssp. confertifolia Bundled Fanflower R Schoenus breviculmis Matted Bog-rush Schoenus deformis Small Bog-rush R Schoenus nitens Shiny Bog-rush R Schoenus sp. Bog-rush Sclerolaena diacantha Grey Bindyi R Sclerolaena uniflora Small-spine Bindyi K Senecio pinnatifolius Variable Groundsel Setaria constricta Knotty-butt Paspalidium R Sida corrugata var. Corrugated Sida Sida corrugata var. angustifolia Grassland Sida R Silene nocturna Mediterranean Catchfly * Solanum linnaeanum Apple Of Sodom * Solanum nigrum Black Nightshade * Sonchus oleraceus Common Sow-thistle * Sonchus oleraceus (NC) Common Sow-thistle * Sonchus sp. Sow-thistle Spergularia sp. Butchers Gap (P.Gibbons 234) Coast Sand-spurrey Spinifex hirsutus Rolling Spinifex Stackhousia monogyna Creamy Candles Stenotaphrum secundatum Buffalo Grass * Tetragonia decumbens Sea Spinach * Tetragonia implexicoma Bower Spinach Themeda triandra Kangaroo Grass Thinopyrum elongatum Tall Wheat-grass * Thinopyrum junceiforme Sea Wheat-grass * Threlkeldia diffusa Coast Bonefruit

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 157 Results – MA10 Port Stanvac

Species Common Name Status EPBC Act NPW Act Status Regional Status Non-indigenous Thysanotus baueri Mallee Fringe-lily E Thysanotus patersonii Twining Fringe-lily Tribulus terrestris Caltrop * Tricoryne tenella Tufted Yellow Rush-lily N Trifolium arvense var. arvense Hare's-foot Clover * Trifolium glomeratum Cluster Clover * Trifolium scabrum Rough Clover * Urospermum picroides False Hawkbit * Velleia arguta Toothed Velleia R Vicia sativa ssp. Common Vetch * Vicia sativa ssp. nigra Narrow-leaf Vetch * Vittadinia megacephala Giant New Holland Daisy R Vulpia myuros f. myuros Rat's-tail Fescue * Westringia sp. Native Rosemary Wurmbea dioica ssp. Zygophyllum billardierei Coast Twinleaf R Zygophyllum confluens Forked Twinleaf R Zygophyllum glaucum Pale Twinleaf T

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 158 Results – MA10 Port Stanvac

Weeds

# Non-indigenous Flora in cell 116 (35% of total cell flora) Red Alert Weeds Species Common Name Acacia cyclops Western Coastal Wattle Coprosma repens New Zealand Mirror-bush Euphorbia paralias Sea Spurge Euphorbia terracina False Caper Galenia pubescens var. pubescens Coastal Galenia Gazania sp. Gazania Leptospermum laevigatum Coast Tea-tree Lycium ferocissimum African Boxthorn Marrubium vulgare Horehound Mesembryanthemum crystallinum Common Iceplant Olea europaea ssp. europaea Olive Oxalis pes-caprae Soursob Pennisetum clandestinum Kikuyu Polygala myrtifolia Myrtle-leaf Milkwort Declared Weeds Species Common Name Asphodelus fistulosus Onion Weed Convolvulus arvensis Field Bindweed Cynara cardunculus ssp. flavescens Artichoke Thistle Echium plantagineum Salvation Jane Euphorbia terracina False Caper Lycium ferocissimum African Boxthorn Olea europaea ssp. europaea Olive Oxalis pes-caprae Soursob Pinus halepensis Aleppo Pine

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 159 Results – MA10 Port Stanvac

Fauna

# Fauna in cell 61 (Surveys undertaken; 8 opportunistic surveys. Additional records pers. comm. Debbie Arnold and Vicki Hagen.) # Conservation Rated Fauna in cell 7 (1 state, 7 regional) Significant Fauna Species Common Name Rating Pandion haliaetus Osprey SA: E # Non-indigenous Fauna 11

All Fauna

Species Common Name Class Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Crinia signifera Common Froglet Amphibia Accipiter cirrhocephalus Collared Sparrowhawk Aves U Accipiter fasciatus Brown Goshawk Aves Acrocephalus australis Australian Reed Warbler, (Clamorous Aves Reed-Warbler) Alauda arvensis Eurasian Skylark * Aves Anas superciliosa Pacific Black Duck Aves Anthochaera carunculata Red Wattlebird Aves Anthochaera chrysoptera Little Wattlebird Aves Aythya australis Hardhead (White-eyed Duck) Aves U Cacatua roseicapilla Galah Aves Cacatua tenuirostris Long-billed Corella Aves I Carduelis carduelis European Goldfinch * Aves Carduelis chloris European Greenfinch * Aves Chrysococcyx basalis Horsfield's Bronze-cuckoo Aves Chrysococcyx lucidus Shining Bronze-Cuckoo Aves R Columba livia Rock Dove * Aves Coracina novaehollandiae Black-faced Cuckoo-shrike Aves Corvus coronoides Australian Raven Aves Corvus mellori Little Raven Aves Coturnix pectoralis Stubble Quail Aves Cuculus pallidus Pallid Cuckoo Aves Dromaius novaehollandiae Emu Aves X/I Egretta novaehollandiae White-faced Heron Aves Elanus axillaris Black-shouldered Kite Aves Falco cenchroides Nankeen Kestrel Aves Fulica atra Eurasian Coot Aves Gallinula tenebrosa Dusky Moorhen Aves Gallinula ventralis Black-tailed Native-hen Aves Glossopsitta concinna Musk Lorikeet Aves C Glossopsitta porphyrocephala Purple-crowned Lorikeet Aves Grallina cyanoleuca Magpie-lark Aves Gymnorhina tibicen Australian Magpie Aves Hirundo neoxena Welcome Swallow Aves

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 160 Results – MA10 Port Stanvac

Species Common Name Class Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Larus novaehollandiae Silver Gull Aves Lichenostomus penicillatus White-plumed Honeyeater Aves Lichenostomus virescens Singing Honeyeater Aves Manorina melanocephala Noisy Miner Aves C Ninox novaeseelandiae Southern Boobook Aves Ocyphaps lophotes Crested Pigeon Aves Pandion haliaetus Osprey Aves E R Passer domesticus House Sparrow * Aves Pelecanus conspicillatus Australian Pelican Aves Petroica goodenovii Red-capped Robin Aves U Phalacrocorax melanoleucos Little Pied Cormorant Aves Phalacrocorax sulcirostris Little Black Cormorant Aves Phalacrocorax varius Pied Cormorant Aves Phylidonyris novaehollandiae New Holland Honeyeater Aves Rhipidura leucophrys Willie Wagtail Aves Sterna bergii Crested Tern Aves Streptopelia chinensis Spotted Turtle-dove * Aves Sturnus vulgaris Common Starling * Aves Threskiornis molucca Australian White Ibis Aves Trichoglossus haematodus Rainbow Lorikeet Aves C Turdus merula Eurasian Blackbird * Aves Tyto alba Barn Owl Aves Vanellus miles Masked Lapwing Aves Felis catus Cat * Mammalia Oryctolagus cuniculus Rabbit * Mammalia Tachyglossus aculeatus Short-beaked Echidna Mammalia Vulpes vulpes Fox * Mammalia Tiliqua rugosa Sleepy Lizard Reptilia

Note: * = Non-indigenous species, ж = Non-local species, (NC) = Name change

Rating: EX = Extinct, EW = Extinct in the Wild, CR = Critically Endangered, E/ EN = Endangered, ssp = Significant species, V/VU = Vulnerable, R/ RA: Rare, K = Indeterminate/ Possibly threatened, NT = Near Threatened, T = Threatened, Q = Possible significance, U = Uncommon, N = Not significant, LC = Least Concern

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 161 Results – MA10 Port Stanvac

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 162 Results – MA11 Hallett Cove

7.3.11. Hallett Cove

Cell Detail Cell MA11 extends from Montague Drive Reserve (City of Marion) to Kingston Park Reserve (City of the Holdfast Bay). It is approximately 4.86 kilometres in length and 253 hectares in area.

Landforms The bulk of the cell MA11 is low undulating coastal plateau, with cliffs and shore platforms, in hard metamorphosed Adelaidean sediments. The Hallett Cove embayment encloses a small sand and gravel beach between headlands. This embayment preserves Adelaidean rocks with glacial markings, Permian glacial deposits and Tertiary sands, marls and clays. The shore platform is in places extensive, as at Marino, and frequently slopes from high water to well below low tide. There are pocket beach deposits at sheltered mid to high parts of the platform.

There are a number of small gullies dissecting Hallett Cove and the cliffs, the largest is Waterfall Gully. Sand movement along this coast is to the north, but very low in volume, and hence Marino, Kingston Park and Seacliff beaches receive little natural supply of beach materials. Hallett Cove beach loses sand to the north, but natural supply from the south is trapped at Figure 16. Cell MA11 Location Map O’Sullivan Beach boat ramp.

Hallett Cove North, Marino Conservation Park, Marino. (Photograph Coast Protection Board 2008)

Benthic Habitat Along this cliffed section of the coast is a narrow ribbon of sand in a near continuous band along the shoreline; offshore there is patchy dense sea grass beds, out to its growing limit in deeper waters.

Terrestrial Biota 32% of the total or 7% of the cell is remnant vegetation. The total number of native plant and animal species recorded is 654, total threatened species is 148. 177 non-indigenous species have been recorded,

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 163 Results – MA11 Hallett Cove

Figure 17. Detailed Summary Conservation Priority Map. (Note: Red represents highest conservation total in region, Blue is the lowest)

Land Use/ Land Ownership 24.6% is Conservation Park (CP) – Hallett Cove CP and Marino CP; a further 1% is Crown land; the rest is in private ownership, mainly residential suburbs.

Uses (Field visits and local reports, including current usage) Hallett Cove CP is of world significance as a geological site showing evidence of Permian glaciation and sea floor spreading. The upper (eastern) part of Marino CP is a remediated former dump site; the western part has long been recognised for its remnant coastal heathland.

Coastal open space is seen as part of the Adelaide Metropolitan Coast Park Concept Plan, (PPK 2001), a guide to strategy and action from Sellicks Beach to Largs Bay. The concept plan has guided effort towards the creation of coastal foot and cycle ways, as well as amenity planting and recreational facilities. In this cell the ‘Marion Coastal Footpath’ has been constructed as a clifftop-walking path.

Threats (Field visits and local reports) Where stormwater is led to the cliff top, gullying is exacerbated and potential cliff instability increased. Garden escapes and garden dumping in reserves adds to the weed pressure on community plantings. Pressure of recreational use at Hallett Cove CP creates management issues.

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 164 Results – MA11 Hallett Cove

Opportunities From the Jervois Road boat ramp at Marino Rocks to Hallett Cove CP. the Marion Coastal Footpath runs along the cliff top, immediately above the Geological Monument making up the cliff face and the shore platform. Paths to the foreshore from the cliff path provide opportunity to set up interpretation of the geology.

Conservation Analysis (GIS) The total of conservation means for the whole cell is 83.92, an average score. Generally values are low, except for two small areas with very high totals: the western end of Marino Conservation Park and the higher slopes of the amphitheatre and adjacent plateau at Hallett Cove CP, (see detailed total conservation values map, above). This pattern is maintained throughout almost all the conservation layers, with the exception of heritage.

All layers relating to threatened species or communities give high or medium to high values for this cell; communities with high state rarity (<20 records in SA) are concentrated into the parts of the CPs mentioned above. Significant endemic floristic community, Beyeria lechenaultii/ Acrotriche patula is located at cliff tops within Hallett Cove. The whole cell scores highly for species richness, with 563 plant and animal species being recorded for the cell.

The same parts of the two Conservation Parks are valuable within the four reptile layers, (with no values elsewhere). Habitat potential is available for the Cynone Grass Skipper (Anisynta cynone cynone) in small Austrostipa sp. sedgelands at Hallett Cove; also part of Marino CP, though this butterfly is not recorded here.

The cell gets values for viewshed and viewscape, for recorded Aboriginal heritage (whole cell), natural (Conservation Parks) and geological heritage (the cliffs from Black Cliff to Marino Rocks and the Amphitheatre), and also for open space.

The state endangered Osprey, and the state vulnerable Black-chinned Honeyeater have been recorded in this cell.

Threat Analysis (GIS) The total of threat summary layers is 47.59, an average score. The detailed summary map shows a complex pattern of medium to low values, with the lowest threats within the Conservation Parks. Major values within these totals are development zoning, land use, land ownership, vegetation degradation (proportion of exotic plant species), Some lesser but significant threatening values are found in the distribution of dangerous weeds, cliff instability (notable within the Amphitheatre at Hallett Cove) and ORV tracks (in the conservation parks).

Possible Climate Change Threats [This local projection is based on the regional scenario set out in section 4.10 in Volume 1.] a) Sea level rise and Storm magnitude Sea level rise will reduce the beach and dune at Hallett Cove, and attempts at replenishment will be difficult to maintain on the underlying sloping hard rock ramp which extends below low tide.

Storms will regularly extend across the sloping shore platforms by 2030, and as a result cliff talus, and sand and gravels in micro-embayments will be quickly removed. Resistance of the ancient Cambrian and Pre-Cambrian sediments and metamorphic of the cliffs, should mean that the natural processes of high tide notching and collapse will be very slow; on- going sea level rise will overtake this process. b) Increasing average temperatures and aridity The low coastal shrubland of the cliff top vegetation is drought resistant: however, the long term effect of more frequent and extended droughts on the plant communities and the habitats is uncertain. c) Changed run-off regimes Changed rainfall regime, including intense drought breaking rains, will tend to accentuate gullying in the reserves near the shore; the short suburban stormwater systems leading to the cliff tops could impact on this process unless careful water sensitive urban design is retrofitted, or ‘end-of-pipe’ management is undertaken. d) Nearshore marine changes The low tide exposure of the wide sloping shore platforms will be much reduced, and tide dependant life forms will be steadily reduced by increasing inundation. Small quantities of sand will continue to drift north from Hallett Cove following storms.

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 165 Results – MA11 Hallett Cove

Actions and Priority

Table 13. Recommended Actions and Priority for MA11 – Hallett Cove Component Issue Proposed Action Priority of Key Players Action Hallett Cove CP* The CP* has good biodiversity, Ongoing implementation High (Cons/ DEH – RCD/ NRM/ with a concentration of of the Draft Management Threat) Friends Groups conservation values within the Plan to minimise impacts slopes, gullies and plateau of and threats on flora and the Amphitheatre. fauna Continued reserve management/ maintenance Pressure of from numbers of Revision of track High (Cons/ DEH - NPW visitors and people not locations and continued Threat) following designated paths, trail maintenance should particularly around the minimise impact on amphitheatre and coastal cliff valuable flora and habitat slopes Weed invasion and garden On-going weed High (Cons/ DEH – RCD/ NRM/ escapes management program. Threat) Friends Groups Continued support for Friends Group. Education initiative targeting surrounding residents re: common garden species which become ‘weeds’ and alternatives for planting local native species Marino CP* Conservation values within the Ongoing implementation High (Cons/ DEH – RCD/ NRM/ CP* are concentrated within the of the Draft Management Threat) Friends Groups western end of the reserve Plan to minimise impacts and threats on flora and fauna Weed invasion and garden On-going weed High (Cons/ DEH – RCD/ NRM/ escapes management program. Threat) Friends Groups Continued support for Friends Group. Education initiative targeting surrounding residents re: common garden species that become ‘weeds’ and alternatives for planting local native species Informal paths and damage to Revision of track High (Cons./ DEH - RCD vegetation around paths and locations (and related Threat) access points access control), should minimise impact on valuable flora and habitat Coastal Path Lack of interpretation of the Interpretive signs where Low (Cons.) City of Marion/ Geol. Hallett Cove to Marino steps from the coastal Soc. Aust. (SA Geological Monument footpath lead down to the Branch) shore platform Whole cell Aboriginal heritage sites Consultation to Medium Kaurna Heritage recorded in this cell: need for appropriately manage (Cons.) Board/ NRM/ Council/ appropriate and sustainable sites in this area Aboriginal Heritage management Branch – DPC/ RCD - Aboriginal Partnership Unit – DEH Note: *The management plans for Hallett Cove CP (1989) and Marino CP (1992) are currently under revision.

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 166 Results – MA11 Hallett Cove

BIOTA

Flora

Remnant Vegetation Area (Ha) 18 hectares (7% of the cell). Vegetation Block Metrics 2 mapped vegetation remnants. Include the remnants of Hallett Cove and Marino Conservation Parks. Terrestrial Habitat Description/s For the northern section of the coast of Hallett Cove CP very open clifftop woodland of (Ron Taylor descriptions) Allocasuarina verticillata +/- Eucalyptus porosa over Acacia paradoxa and Acacia ligulata and cliff slope of very open low shrubland of Maireana brevifolia +/- Atriplex paludosa ssp. cordata +/- Olearia ramulosa over Salsola kali and Enteropogon ramosus grading to the south – clifftop low shrubland of Beyeria lechenaultii +/- Nitraria billardierei +/- Acrotriche patula +/- Acacia acinacea From the area west of Marino Conservation Park to Hallett Cove Conservation Park northern boundary cliff slope very open shrubland of Nitraria billardierei +/- Olearia ramulosa +/- Zygophyllum confluens +/- Atriplex paludoa ssp. cordata From old Marino Boatramp to cliff top west of Marino Conservation Park clifftop very open shrubland of Nitraria billardierei and cliffslopes very open shrubland of Nitraria billardierei +/- Zygophyllum confluens +/- Atriplex paludosa ssp. cordata grading to very open shrubland of Alyxia buxifolia +/- Atriplex paludosa ssp. cordata to the south. From Kingston Park to Old Marino boatramp: Coastal clifftop very open shrubland Nitraria billardierei +/- Atriplex paludosa ssp. cordata +/- Olearia ramulosa and coastal cliffslope very open Nitraria billardierei, +/-Beyeria lechenaultii +/- Alyxia buxifolia +/- Zygophyllum confluens with emergent Exocarpos aphyllus over Enchylaena tomentosa and Dissocarpus biflorus var. biflorus # Flora in cell 552 (Surveys undertaken; 2 surveys, 3 opportunistic surveys. Taylor has undertaken ‘walk over’ summer time surveys of this cell with these records used in the analysis). # Conservation Rated Flora in cell 148 (2 national, 19 state, 147 regional) Significant Flora Species Common Name Rating Euphrasia collina ssp. osbornii Osborn's Eyebright AUS: EN, SA: E Caladenia brumalis Winter Spider-orchid AUS: VU, SA: V Maireana decalvans Black Cotton-bush SA: E Galium propinquum Maori Bedstraw SA: E* Thelymitra aristata Great Sun-orchid SA: E* Acacia dodonaeifolia Hop-bush Wattle SA: R Austrodanthonia tenuior Short-awn Wallaby-grass SA: R Austrostipa breviglumis Cane Spear-grass SA: R Austrostipa densiflora Fox-tail Spear-grass SA: R Austrostipa multispiculis SA: R Eucalyptus fasciculosa Pink Gum SA: R Leptorhynchos elongatus Lanky Buttons SA: R Leptorhynchos orientalis Eastern Annual Buttons SA: R Maireana rohrlachii Rohrlach's Bluebush SA: R Myoporum parvifolium Creeping Boobialla SA: R Podolepis jaceoides Showy Copper-wire SA: R Daisy Diuris behrii Behr's Cowslip Orchid SA: V Podolepis muelleri Button Podolepis SA: V Swainsona behriana Behr's Swainson-pea SA: V Significant CDCS Floristic Beyeria lechenaultii/ Acrotriche patula is recorded within the cell. Community Refer to Appendix 8 in Volume 1 for plant community information. Protected Area Hallett Cove and Marino Conservation Parks (total 62.39 hectares)

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 167 Results – MA11 Hallett Cove

Vegetation Comments Additional resources: Management plans of coastal relevance in the cell: Kinhill Pty Ltd 1997. City of Marion Coastal Management Strategy Plan, City of Marion, Adelaide. Galley, J.M. 2006. Management Action Plan for the Lower Field River Hallett Cove, City of Marion. Greaves, Kerry 2002. Hallett Headland Reserve Hallett Cove Bush for Life Action Plan, Trees for Life, Adelaide. Management Plan for Hallett Cove CP. Management Plan for Marino CP.

All Flora

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Acacia acinacea Wreath Wattle N Acacia cupularis Cup Wattle R Acacia cyclops Western Coastal Wattle Acacia dodonaeifolia Hop-bush Wattle R R Acacia ligulata Umbrella Bush K Acacia longifolia ssp. sophorae Coastal Wattle N Acacia nematophylla Coast Wallowa K Acacia paradoxa Kangaroo Thorn Acacia paradoxa hybrid Kangaroo Thorn Hybrid Acacia pycnantha Golden Wattle Acacia saligna Golden Wreath Wattle * Acacia spinescens Spiny Wattle Acacia victoriae ssp. victoriae Elegant Wattle V Acrotriche patula Prickly Ground-berry R Actinobole uliginosum Flannel Cudweed U Adriana klotzschii (NC) Coast Bitter-bush U Adriana quadripartita Coast Bitter-bush U Agave americana Century Plant * Aira cupaniana Small Hair-grass * Aira elegantissima Delicate Hair-grass * Allium triquetrum Three-cornered Garlic * Allocasuarina muelleriana ssp. muelleriana Common Oak-bush Allocasuarina verticillata Drooping Sheoak Aloe sp. Aloe * Alyxia buxifolia Sea Box R Amyema melaleucae Tea-tree Mistletoe K Amyema preissii Wire-leaf Mistletoe Anagallis arvensis Pimpernel * Anthyllis barba-jovis * Arctotheca calendula Cape Weed * Arctotis stoechadifolia White Arctotis * Aristida behriana Brush Wire-grass U Arthropodium fimbriatum Nodding Vanilla-lily Arthropodium sp. Vanilla-lily

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 168 Results – MA11 Hallett Cove

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status Regional NPW Act EPBC Act indigenous Arthropodium strictum Common Vanilla-lily Asparagus asparagoides (NC) Bridal Creeper * Asparagus asparagoides f. asparagoides Bridal Creeper * Asperula conferta Common Woodruff Asphodelus fistulosus Onion Weed * Aster subulatus Aster-weed * Asteriscus spinosus Golden Pallensis * Astroloma humifusum Cranberry Heath Atriplex cinerea Coast Saltbush Atriplex paludosa ssp. cordata Marsh Saltbush Atriplex paludosa ssp. paludosa Marsh Saltbush K Atriplex prostrata Creeping Saltbush * Atriplex semibaccata Berry Saltbush Atriplex suberecta Lagoon Saltbush Austrodanthonia caespitosa Common Wallaby-grass Austrodanthonia fulva Leafy Wallaby-grass U Austrodanthonia pilosa Velvet Wallaby-grass Austrodanthonia racemosa var. racemosa Slender Wallaby-grass Austrodanthonia setacea Small-flower Wallaby-grass Austrodanthonia sp. Austrodanthonia tenuior Short-awn Wallaby-grass R R Austrostipa acrociliata Graceful Spear-grass R Austrostipa blackii Crested Spear-grass Austrostipa breviglumis Cane Spear-grass R R Austrostipa densiflora Fox-tail Spear-grass R R Austrostipa drummondii Cottony Spear-grass Austrostipa elegantissima Feather Spear-grass U Austrostipa eremophila Rusty Spear-grass U Austrostipa exilis Heath Spear-grass T Austrostipa flavescens Coast Spear-grass Austrostipa mollis Soft Spear-grass Austrostipa multispiculis R R Austrostipa nodosa Tall Spear-grass Austrostipa puberula Fine-hairy Spear-grass R Austrostipa scabra ssp. falcata Slender Spear-grass Austrostipa semibarbata Fibrous Spear-grass Austrostipa sp. Spear-grass Avellinia michelii Avellinia * Avena barbata Bearded Oat * Avena fatua Wild Oat * Banksia marginata Silver Banksia Baumea arthrophylla Swamp Twig-rush R Baumea rubiginosa Soft Twig-rush U Beyeria lechenaultii Pale Turpentine Bush

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 169 Results – MA11 Hallett Cove

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status Regional NPW Act EPBC Act indigenous Blennospora drummondii Dwarf Button-flower Boerhavia dominii Tar-vine Bolboschoenus caldwellii Salt Club-rush Brachypodium distachyon False Brome * Brachyscome ciliaris var. Variable Daisy Brachyscome ciliaris var. ciliaris Variable Daisy Brachyscome perpusilla Tiny Daisy Brassica tournefortii Wild Turnip * Briza maxima Large Quaking-grass * Briza minor Lesser Quaking-grass * Bromus arenarius Sand Brome K Bromus catharticus Prairie Grass * Bromus diandrus Great Brome * Bromus rubens Red Brome * Bromus sp. Brome Bulbine bulbosa Bulbine-lily Bulbine semibarbata Small Leek-lily R Bupleurum semicompositum Hare's Ear * Burchardia umbellata Milkmaids Bursaria spinosa ssp. Bursaria Bursaria spinosa ssp. spinosa Sweet Bursaria Caesia calliantha Blue Grass-lily Cakile maritima ssp. maritima Two-horned Sea Rocket * Caladenia brumalis Winter Spider-orchid VU V X Caladenia latifolia Pink Caladenia U Caladenia patersonii complex White Spider-orchid Calandrinia eremaea Dryland Purslane U Calandrinia volubilis Twining Purslane T Calocephalus citreus Lemon Beauty-heads R Calostemma purpureum Pink Garland-lily Calytrix tetragona Common Fringe-myrtle Carex breviculmis Short-stem Sedge Carpobrotus chilensis Angled Pigface * Carpobrotus edulis ssp. edulis Hottentot Fig * Carpobrotus rossii Native Pigface Carrichtera annua Ward's Weed * Carthamus lanatus Saffron Thistle * Cassinia arcuata Drooping Cassinia V Cassytha glabella f. dispar Slender Dodder-laurel Casuarina glauca Grey Buloak * Catapodium rigidum Rigid Fescue * Cenchrus incertus Spiny Burr-grass * Cenchrus longispinus Spiny Burr-grass * Centaurea cineraria Dusty Miller *

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 170 Results – MA11 Hallett Cove

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status Regional NPW Act EPBC Act indigenous Centaurea melitensis Malta Thistle * Centaurea solstitialis St Barnaby's Thistle * Centaurium erythraea Common Centaury * Centaurium tenuiflorum Branched Centaury * Centaurium tenuiflorum (NC) Branched Centaury * Centranthus ruber ssp. ruber Red Valerian * Centrolepidaceae sp. Centrolepis Family Centrolepis aristata Pointed Centrolepis Centrolepis polygyna Wiry Centrolepis Centrolepis strigosa ssp. strigosa Hairy Centrolepis Cerastium glomeratum Common Mouse-ear Chickweed * Chamaescilla corymbosa var. corymbosa Blue Squill Chamaesyce drummondii Chamaesyce drummondii (NC) Caustic Weed Chasmanthe floribunda var. floribunda African Corn-flag * Cheilanthes austrotenuifolia Annual Rock-fern Chenopodiaceae sp. Goosefoot Family Chenopodium album Fat Hen * Chenopodium desertorum ssp. Desert Goosefoot Chenopodium desertorum ssp. microphyllum Small-leaf Goosefoot Chloris truncata Windmill Grass Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. monilifera Boneseed * Chrysocephalum apiculatum Common Everlasting Chrysocephalum semipapposum Clustered Everlasting R Citrullus lanatus Bitter Melon * Comesperma volubile Love Creeper Convolvulaceae sp. Bindweed Family Convolvulus angustissimus ssp. Convolvulus angustissimus ssp. angustissimus Australian Bindweed Convolvulus erubescens (NC) Australian Bindweed Convolvulus remotus Grassy Bindweed Conyza albida Tall Fleabane * Cotula australis Common Cotula Cotula coronopifolia Water Buttons * Craspedia glauca (NC) Billy-buttons Craspedia haplorrhiza Billy-buttons Craspedia variabilis Billy-buttons Crassula colligata ssp. Crassula colorata var. Dense Crassula Crassula decumbens var. decumbens Spreading Crassula Crassula sieberiana ssp. tetramera (NC) Australian Stonecrop Crassula sp. Crassula/Stonecrop Crassula tetragona ssp. robusta Crassula * Cucumis myriocarpus Paddy Melon *

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 171 Results – MA11 Hallett Cove

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status Regional NPW Act EPBC Act indigenous Cucurbitaceae sp. Melon Family Cullen australasicum Tall Scurf-pea R Cymbonotus preissianus Austral Bear's-ear U Cymbopogon ambiguus Lemon-grass V Cymbopogon obtectus Silky-head Lemon-grass R Cynara cardunculus ssp. flavescens Artichoke Thistle * Cynodon dactylon (NC) Couch * Cynodon dactylon var. dactylon Couch * Cyperus gymnocaulos Spiny Flat-sedge Cyperus rotundus ssp. rotundus Nut-grass * Cyrtostylis robusta Robust Gnat-orchid Dampiera rosmarinifolia Rosemary Dampiera R Danthonia pilosa var. (NC) Velvet Wallaby-grass Danthonia sp. (NC) Wallaby-grass Daucus glochidiatus Native Carrot Dianella brevicaulis Short-stem Flax-lily Dianella revoluta var. revoluta Black-anther Flax-lily Dichelachne crinita Long-hair Plume-grass Dichondra repens Kidney Weed Dipsacaceae sp. Teasel Family * Disphyma crassifolium ssp. clavellatum Round-leaf Pigface Dissocarpus biflorus var. biflorus Two-horn Saltbush V Distichlis distichophylla Emu-grass N Dittrichia graveolens Stinkweed * Diuris behrii Behr's Cowslip Orchid V V Diuris palustris Little Donkey-orchid V Dodonaea hexandra Horned Hop-bush R Dodonaea viscosa ssp. spatulata Sticky Hop-bush Drosanthemum candens Rodondo Creeper * Drosera glanduligera Scarlet Sundew Drosera macrantha ssp. planchonii Climbing Sundew Drosera peltata Pale Sundew Drosera sp. Sundew Drosera whittakeri ssp. whittakeri Echium plantagineum Salvation Jane * Ehrharta longiflora Annual Veldt Grass * Einadia nutans ssp. nutans Climbing Saltbush Elachanthus pusillus Elachanth V Enchylaena tomentosa var. tomentosa Ruby Saltbush Enneapogon nigricans Black-head Grass Enteropogon acicularis Umbrella Grass Q Enteropogon ramosus Umbrella Grass Eragrostis cilianensis Stink Grass * Erodium botrys Long Heron's-bill *

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 172 Results – MA11 Hallett Cove

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status Regional NPW Act EPBC Act indigenous Eucalyptus camaldulensis var. camaldulensis River Red Gum Eucalyptus diversifolia ssp. diversifolia Coastal White Mallee R Eucalyptus fasciculosa Pink Gum R Eucalyptus gracilis Yorrell V Eucalyptus leptophylla Narrow-leaf Red Mallee R Eucalyptus leucoxylon ssp. South Australian Blue Gum Eucalyptus microcarpa Grey Box U Eucalyptus odorata Peppermint Box N Eucalyptus platypus var. heterophylla (NC) Eucalyptus porosa Mallee Box U Euchiton collinus Creeping Cudweed Euchiton sphaericus Annual Cudweed Euphorbia paralias Sea Spurge * Euphorbia terracina False Caper * Euphrasia collina ssp. osbornii Osborn's Eyebright EN E E Eutaxia microphylla Common Eutaxia Exocarpos aphyllus Leafless Cherry V Exocarpos cupressiformis Native Cherry Ficus carica Edible Fig * Foeniculum vulgare Fennel * Frankenia pauciflora var. gunnii Southern Sea-heath Freesia cultivar Freesia * Fumaria indica Indian Fumitory * Fumaria muralis ssp. Wall Fumitory * Gahnia ancistrophylla Curled Saw-sedge U Gahnia filum Thatching Grass R Gahnia lanigera Black Grass Saw-sedge R Galenia pubescens var. pubescens Coastal Galenia * Galenia secunda Galenia * Galium compactum Compact Bedstraw Galium migrans Loose Bedstraw Galium murale Small Bedstraw * Galium propinquum Maori Bedstraw E* X Gazania linearis Gazania * Gazania rigens Gazania * Geranium retrorsum Grassland Geranium Geranium solanderi var. solanderi Austral Geranium N Glycine clandestina var. (NC) Twining Glycine Glycine rubiginosa Twining Glycine Glycine sp. Glycine Gnaphalium indutum Tiny Cudweed R Gomphocarpus cancellatus Broad-leaf Cotton-bush * Gonocarpus mezianus Broad-leaf Raspwort Goodenia albiflora White Goodenia U

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 173 Results – MA11 Hallett Cove

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status Regional NPW Act EPBC Act indigenous Goodenia amplexans Clasping Goodenia U Goodenia pinnatifida Cut-leaf Goodenia U Goodenia pusilliflora Small-flower Goodenia Goodenia varia Sticky Goodenia K Grevillea lavandulacea ssp. lavandulacea Spider-flower Grevillea lavandulacea var. lavandulacea (NC) Spider-flower Hakea rugosa Dwarf Hakea Haloragaceae sp. Raspwort Hardenbergia violacea Native Lilac Hedypnois rhagadioloides (NC) Cretan Weed * Hedypnois rhagadioloides ssp. rhagadioloides Cretan Weed * Helichrysum leucopsideum Satin Everlasting U Heliotropium europaeum Common Heliotrope Helminthotheca echioides Ox-tongue * Hibbertia australis Stalked Guinea-flower Hibbertia glabriuscula * Hibbertia riparia (NC) Guinea-flower Hordeum glaucum Blue Barley-grass * Hordeum leporinum Wall Barley-grass * Hordeum sp. * Hyalosperma demissum Dwarf Sunray Hydrocotyle callicarpa Tiny Pennywort Hypochaeris radicata Rough Cat's Ear * Hypoxis glabella var. glabella Tiny Star Hypoxis vaginata var. vaginata Yellow Star N Isoetopsis graminifolia Grass Cushion Isolepis cernua Nodding Club-rush Isolepis marginata Little Club-rush Isolepis nodosa Knobby Club-rush Juncus capitatus Dwarf Rush * Juncus kraussii Sea Rush Juncus subsecundus Finger Rush Kennedia prostrata Scarlet Runner Kickxia elatine ssp. crinita Twining Toadflax * Kunzea pomifera Muntries U Lachnagrostis billardierei ssp. billardierei Coast Blown-grass Lachnagrostis filiformis Common Blown-grass Lactuca serriola f. serriola Prickly Lettuce * Lagunaria patersonii Pyramid Tree * Lagurus ovatus Hare's Tail Grass * Lampranthus glaucus Noon-flower * Lawrencia squamata Thorny Lawrencia K Lepidium africanum Common Peppercress * Lepidosperma concavum Spreading Sword-sedge N

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 174 Results – MA11 Hallett Cove

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous Lepidosperma congestum Lepidosperma congestum (NC) Clustered Sword-sedge N Lepidosperma sp. Sword-sedge/Rapier-sedge Lepidosperma viscidum Sticky Sword-sedge Leptorhynchos elongatus Lanky Buttons R E Leptorhynchos orientalis Eastern Annual Buttons R X Leptorhynchos squamatus ssp. squamatus Scaly Buttons Leucophyta brownii Coast Cushion Bush Leucopogon parviflorus Coast Beard-heath Limonium companyonis Sea-lavender * Linum strictum ssp. strictum Upright Yellow Flax * Linum trigynum French Flax * Lobelia gibbosa Tall Lobelia Logania linifolia Flax-leaf Logania R Lolium perenne Perennial Ryegrass * Lolium rigidum Wimmera Ryegrass * Lomandra collina Sand Mat-rush R Lomandra densiflora Soft Tussock Mat-rush Lomandra effusa Scented Mat-rush R Lomandra micrantha ssp. Small-flower Mat-rush Lomandra micrantha ssp. micrantha Small-flower Mat-rush Lomandra multiflora ssp. dura Hard Mat-rush Lomandra sp. Mat-rush Lotus australis Austral Trefoil U Lycium australe Australian Boxthorn E Lycium barbarum Chinese Boxthorn * Lycium ferocissimum African Boxthorn * Lysiana exocarpi ssp. exocarpi Harlequin Mistletoe Lythrum hyssopifolia Lesser Loosestrife Maireana aphylla Cotton-bush V Maireana brevifolia Short-leaf Bluebush Maireana decalvans Black Cotton-bush E E Maireana enchylaenoides Wingless Fissure-plant U Maireana oppositifolia Salt Bluebush Maireana rohrlachii Rohrlach's Bluebush R V Malva parviflora Small-flower Marshmallow * Malva preissiana Australian Hollyhock U Malva sp. Mallow * Marrubium vulgare Horehound * Medicago minima var. minima Little Medic * Medicago polymorpha var. polymorpha Burr-medic * Medicago truncatula Barrel Medic * Melaleuca lanceolata Dryland Tea-tree U Melaleuca lanceolata ssp. lanceolata (NC) Dryland Tea-tree U

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 175 Results – MA11 Hallett Cove

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous Melilotus indicus King Island Melilot * Microseris lanceolata Yam Daisy Microtis arenaria Notched Onion-orchid Microtis parviflora Slender Onion-orchid Microtis unifolia complex Onion-orchid Millotia tenuifolia var. tenuifolia Soft Millotia Mimulus repens Creeping Monkey-flower R Minuria leptophylla Minnie Daisy Moenchia erecta Erect Chickweed * Moraea setifolia Thread Iris * Muehlenbeckia gunnii Coastal Climbing Lignum Myoporaceae sp. Myoporum insulare Common Boobialla Myoporum montanum Native Myrtle K Myoporum parvifolium Creeping Boobialla R V Myoporum sp. Petiolatum (R.Taylor 484) Sticky Boobialla U Neatostema apulum Hairy Sheepweed * Neurachne alopecuroidea Fox-tail Mulga-grass Nicotiana excelsior Native Tobacco Nicotiana maritima Coast Tobacco R Nitraria billardierei Nitre-bush Oenothera stricta ssp. stricta Common Evening Primrose * Olea europaea ssp. cuspidata African Olive * Olea europaea ssp. europaea Olive * Olearia axillaris Coast Daisy-bush Olearia ramulosa Twiggy Daisy-bush Onopordum acaulon Horse Thistle * Opercularia turpis Twiggy Stinkweed Opercularia varia Variable Stinkweed Opuntia sp. * Orbea variegata Carrion-flower * Osteospermum fruticosum * Oxalis brasiliensis Brazil Wood-sorrel * Oxalis perennans Native Sorrel Oxalis perennans (NC) Native Sorrel Oxalis pes-caprae Soursob * Panicum capillare var. brevifolium Witch-grass * Parapholis incurva Curly Ryegrass * Paspalidium sp. Summer-grass Paspalum dilatatum Paspalum * Pennisetum clandestinum Kikuyu * Pennisetum setaceum Fountain Grass * Pentaschistis pallida Pussy Tail * Phalaris aquatica Phalaris *

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 176 Results – MA11 Hallett Cove

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous Pheladenia deformis Bluebeard Orchid Phragmites australis Common Reed Pimelea curviflora var. Curved Riceflower R Pimelea curviflora var. gracilis Curved Riceflower Pimelea curviflora var. sericea Curved Riceflower Pimelea glauca Smooth Riceflower Pimelea humilis Low Riceflower Pimelea micrantha Silky Riceflower R Pimelea serpyllifolia ssp. serpyllifolia Thyme Riceflower Pinus halepensis Aleppo Pine * Piptatherum miliaceum Rice Millet * Pittosporum angustifolium Native Apricot R Plantago bellardii Hairy Plantain * Plantago gaudichaudii Narrow-leaf Plantain U Plantago hispida Hairy Plantain Plantago lanceolata var. dubia Ribwort * Plantago lanceolata var. lanceolata Ribwort * Plantago scabra Rough Plantain * Plantago varia complex Native Plantain Pleurosorus rutifolius Blanket Fern U Poa labillardieri var. labillardieri Common Tussock-grass Poa poiformis var. poiformis Coast Tussock-grass N Poa tenera Slender Tussock-grass U Podolepis canescens Grey Copper-wire Daisy X Podolepis jaceoides Showy Copper-wire Daisy R E Podolepis muelleri Button Podolepis V E Pogonolepis muelleriana Stiff Cup-flower U Polygala myrtifolia Myrtle-leaf Milkwort * Polygonum aviculare Wireweed * Polygonum aviculare (NC) Wireweed * Polypogon monspeliensis Annual Beard-grass * Pomaderris paniculosa ssp. paniculosa Mallee Pomaderris U Pomaderris racemosa Cluster Pomaderris Poranthera triandra Three-petal Poranthera R Portulaca oleracea Common Purslane Potamogeton pectinatus Fennel Pondweed Prasophyllum odoratum Scented Leek-orchid Prasophyllum sp. Leek-orchid Proteaceae sp. Protea Family Pseudognaphalium luteoalbum Jersey Cudweed Psilurus incurvus Bristle-tail Grass * Ptilotus exaltatus var. exaltatus Pink Mulla Mulla K Ptilotus nobilis var. nobilis Yellow-tails V Ptilotus spathulatus f. spathulatus Pussy-tails R

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 177 Results – MA11 Hallett Cove

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous Pultenaea tenuifolia Narrow-leaf Bush-pea R Ranunculus pachycarpus Thick-fruit Buttercup R Rapistrum rugosum ssp. rugosum Turnip Weed * Reichardia tingitana False Sowthistle * Reseda lutea Cut-leaf Mignonette * Rhagodia candolleana ssp. candolleana Sea-berry Saltbush Rhagodia parabolica Mealy Saltbush V Rhagodia spinescens Spiny Saltbush E Rhamnus alaternus Blowfly Bush * Rhodanthe pygmaea Pigmy Daisy U Ricinus communis Castor Oil Plant * Romulea rosea var. australis Common Onion-grass * Rorippa microphylla One-row Watercress * Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum Watercress * Rostraria cristata Annual Cat's-tail * Rumex brownii Slender Dock Rumex conglomeratus Clustered Dock * Rumex pulcher ssp. pulcher Fiddle Dock * Sagina apetala Annual Pearlwort * Salsola tragus Buckbush Salvia verbenaca var. verbenaca Wild Sage * Samolus repens Creeping Brookweed U Santalum acuminatum Quandong V Scabiosa atropurpurea Pincushion * Scaevola albida Pale Fanflower Scaevola crassifolia Cushion Fanflower R Scaevola linearis ssp. confertifolia Bundled Fanflower R Schoenia ramosissima Dainty Everlasting Schoenoplectus litoralis Shore Club-rush U Schoenoplectus pungens Spiky Club-rush U Schoenus apogon Common Bog-rush Schoenus breviculmis Matted Bog-rush Scleranthus pungens Prickly Knawel R Sclerolaena clelandii Cleland's Bindyi Sclerolaena diacantha Grey Bindyi R Sclerolaena uniflora Small-spine Bindyi K Senecio pinnatifolius Variable Groundsel Senna artemisioides ssp. filifolia Fine-leaf Desert Senna Setaria basiclada Setaria constricta Knotty-butt Paspalidium R Sherardia arvensis Field Madder * Sida corrugata var. Corrugated Sida Sida corrugata var. angustifolia Grassland Sida R Sida intricata Twiggy Sida R

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 178 Results – MA11 Hallett Cove

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous Sida petrophila Rock Sida K Silene vulgaris Bladder Campion * Solanum laciniatum Cut-leaf Kangaroo-apple R Solanum linnaeanum Apple Of Sodom * Solanum nigrum Black Nightshade * Sonchus asper ssp. Rough Sow-thistle * Sonchus asper ssp. glaucescens Rough Sow-thistle * Sonchus oleraceus Common Sow-thistle * Sonchus oleraceus (NC) Common Sow-thistle * Sorghum halepense Johnson Grass * Spinifex hirsutus Rolling Spinifex Spinifex sericeus (NC) Rolling Spinifex Sporobolus virginicus Salt Couch Stackhousia monogyna Creamy Candles Stellaria angustifolia Swamp Starwort Swainsona behriana Behr's Swainson-pea V E Taraxacum officinale Dandelion * Tetragonia decumbens Sea Spinach * Tetragonia implexicoma Bower Spinach Teucrium racemosum Grey Germander T Thelymitra aristata Great Sun-orchid E* Thelymitra nuda Scented Sun-orchid Thelymitra nuda (NC) Scented Sun-orchid Themeda triandra Kangaroo Grass Threlkeldia diffusa Coast Bonefruit Thysanotus baueri Mallee Fringe-lily E Thysanotus juncifolius Rush Fringe-lily Thysanotus patersonii Twining Fringe-lily Tragopogon porrifolius Salsify * Tribulus terrestris Caltrop * Tricoryne elatior Yellow Rush-lily Tricoryne tenella Tufted Yellow Rush-lily N Trifolium angustifolium Narrow-leaf Clover * Trifolium arvense var. arvense Hare's-foot Clover * Trifolium campestre Hop Clover * Trifolium glomeratum Cluster Clover * Trifolium scabrum Rough Clover * Trifolium tomentosum Woolly Clover * Triglochin calcitrapum (NC) Spurred Arrowgrass R Triglochin centrocarpum (NC) Dwarf Arrowgrass Triglochin procerum Water-ribbons U Triglochin sp. Arrowgrass/Water-ribbons Triglochin sp. B (J.Z.Weber 1330) Spurred Arrowgrass Triglochin striatum Streaked Arrowgrass N

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 179 Results – MA11 Hallett Cove

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous Typha domingensis Narrow-leaf Bulrush Typha sp. Bulrush Urospermum picroides False Hawkbit * Velleia arguta Toothed Velleia R Velleia paradoxa Spur Velleia U Vicia monantha Spurred Vetch * Vicia monantha ssp. monantha One-flower Vetch * Vicia monantha ssp. triflora * Vicia sativa ssp. nigra Narrow-leaf Vetch * Vicia sp. Vetch * Vinca major Blue Periwinkle * Vittadinia australasica var. australasica Sticky New Holland Daisy R Vittadinia blackii Narrow-leaf New Holland Daisy R Vittadinia cuneata var. cuneata f. cuneata Fuzzy New Holland Daisy Vittadinia gracilis Woolly New Holland Daisy Vittadinia megacephala Giant New Holland Daisy R Vittadinia sp. New Holland Daisy Vittadinia sulcata Furrowed New Holland Daisy Vulpia bromoides/myuros Vulpia myuros f. Fescue * Vulpia myuros f. myuros Rat's-tail Fescue * Wahlenbergia gracilenta Annual Bluebell Wahlenbergia littoricola Coast Bluebell R Wahlenbergia luteola Yellow-wash Bluebell Wahlenbergia stricta ssp. stricta Tall Bluebell Westringia rigida Stiff Westringia R Westringia sp. Native Rosemary Whalleya proluta Rigid Panic R Wilsonia rotundifolia Round-leaf Wilsonia V Wurmbea dioica ssp. dioica Early Nancy Wurmbea dioica ssp. dioica (NC) Early Nancy Zygophyllum billardierei Coast Twinleaf R Zygophyllum confluens Forked Twinleaf R Zygophyllum glaucum Pale Twinleaf T

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 180 Results – MA11 Hallett Cove

Weeds

# Non-indigenous Flora in cell 177 (32% of total cell flora) Red Alert Weeds Species Common Name Arctotis stoechadifolia White Arctotis Asparagus asparagoides f. asparagoides Bridal Creeper Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. Boneseed monilifera Euphorbia paralias Sea Spurge Euphorbia terracina False Caper Galenia pubescens var. pubescens Coastal Galenia Gazania sp. Gazania Lycium ferocissimum African Boxthorn Marrubium vulgare Horehound Olea europaea ssp. cuspidata African Olive Olea europaea ssp. europaea Olive Oxalis pes-caprae Soursob Pennisetum clandestinum Kikuyu Polygala myrtifolia Myrtle-leaf Milkwort Rhamnus alaternus Blowfly Bush Declared Weeds Species Common Name Allium triquetrum Three-cornered Garlic Asparagus asparagoides f. asparagoides Bridal Creeper Asphodelus fistulosus Onion Weed Cenchrus incertus Spiny Burr-grass Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. Boneseed monilifera Cynara cardunculus ssp. flavescens Artichoke Thistle Echium plantagineum Salvation Jane Euphorbia terracina False Caper Lycium ferocissimum African Boxthorn Marrubium vulgare Horehound Olea europaea ssp. cuspidata African Olive Olea europaea ssp. europaea Olive Opuntia sp. Oxalis pes-caprae Soursob Pinus halepensis Aleppo Pine Reseda lutea Cut-leaf Mignonette Silene vulgaris Bladder Campion Tribulus terrestris Caltrop

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 181 Results – MA11 Hallett Cove

Fauna

# Fauna in cell 102 (Surveys undertaken; 21 opportunistic surveys. Additional records Marino CP website, pers. comm. Tim Fulbohm, SA Herpetological Soc. newsletter and B. Randell, Friends of Marino CP.) # Conservation Rated Fauna in cell 12 (7 state, 10 regional) Significant Fauna Species Common Name Rating Anhinga melanogaster Darter SA: R Cereopsis novaehollandiae Cape Barren Goose SA: R Falco hypoleucos Grey Falcon SA: R Falco peregrinus Peregrine Falcon SA: R Haematopus fuliginosus Sooty Oystercatcher SA: R Neophema petrophila Rock Parrot SA: R Sterna hirundo Common Tern SA: R # Non-indigenous Fauna 14

All Fauna

Species Common Name Class Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous Acanthiza chrysorrhoa Yellow-rumped Thornbill Aves Alauda arvensis Eurasian Skylark * Aves Anas platyrhynchos Mallard * Aves Anhinga melanogaster Darter Aves R U Anthochaera carunculata Red Wattlebird Aves Anthochaera chrysoptera Little Wattlebird Aves Anthus novaeseelandiae Richard's Pipit Aves Ardea alba Great Egret, ( White Egret) Aves Cacatua roseicapilla Galah Aves Cacatua sanguinea Little Corella Aves Cacatua sp. Aves Carduelis carduelis European Goldfinch * Aves Carduelis chloris European Greenfinch * Aves Catharacta skua Great Skua Aves Cereopsis novaehollandiae Cape Barren Goose Aves R R Chenonetta jubata Australian Wood Duck, (Maned Duck) Aves Cincloramphus cruralis Brown Songlark Aves Columba livia Rock Dove * Aves Coracina novaehollandiae Black-faced Cuckoo-shrike Aves Corvus coronoides Australian Raven Aves Corvus mellori Little Raven Aves Coturnix pectoralis Stubble Quail Aves Dicaeum hirundinaceum Mistletoebird Aves Egretta novaehollandiae White-faced Heron Aves Elanus axillaris Black-shouldered Kite Aves Epthianura albifrons White-fronted Chat Aves

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 182 Results – MA11 Hallett Cove

Species Common Name Class Non- Status Status Status Regional NPW Act EPBC Act indigenous Eudyptula minor Little Penguin Aves Eurostopodus argus Spotted Nightjar Aves V Falco berigora Brown Falcon Aves Falco cenchroides Nankeen Kestrel Aves Falco hypoleucos Grey Falcon Aves R Falco longipennis Australian Hobby Aves U Falco peregrinus Peregrine Falcon Aves R R Falco subniger Black Falcon Aves U Fulica atra Eurasian Coot Aves Gallinula tenebrosa Dusky Moorhen Aves Glossopsitta concinna Musk Lorikeet Aves LC Glossopsitta porphyrocephala Purple-crowned Lorikeet Aves Grallina cyanoleuca Magpie-lark Aves Gymnorhina tibicen Australian Magpie Aves Haematopus fuliginosus Sooty Oystercatcher Aves R Hirundo neoxena Welcome Swallow Aves Larus novaehollandiae Silver Gull Aves Larus pacificus Pacific Gull Aves U Lichenostomus penicillatus White-plumed Honeyeater Aves Lichenostomus virescens Singing Honeyeater Aves Malurus cyaneus Superb Fairy-wren Aves LC Manorina melanocephala Noisy Miner Aves LC Melopsittacus undulatus Budgerigar Aves Morus serrator Australasian Gannet Aves Neophema petrophila Rock Parrot Aves R R Ocyphaps lophotes Crested Pigeon Aves Pardalotus punctatus Spotted Pardalote Aves U Passer domesticus House Sparrow * Aves Pelecanus conspicillatus Australian Pelican Aves Phalacrocorax carbo Great Cormorant Aves Phalacrocorax fuscescens Black-faced Cormorant Aves Phalacrocorax melanoleucos Little Pied Cormorant Aves Phalacrocorax sulcirostris Little Black Cormorant Aves Phalacrocorax varius Pied Cormorant Aves Phylidonyris novaehollandiae New Holland Honeyeater Aves Platycercus elegans Crimson Rosella Aves Porphyrio porphyrio Purple Swamphen Aves Puffinus griseus Sooty Shearwater Aves Rhipidura leucophrys Willie Wagtail Aves Smicrornis brevirostris Weebill Aves LC Sterna bergii Crested Tern Aves Sterna caspia Caspian Tern Aves Sterna hirundo Common Tern Aves R R Streptopelia chinensis Spotted Turtle-dove * Aves

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 183 Results – MA11 Hallett Cove

Species Common Name Class Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous Sturnus vulgaris Common Starling * Aves Tadorna tadornoides Australian Shelduck Aves Trichoglossus haematodus Rainbow Lorikeet Aves LC Tringa nebularia Common Greenshank Aves Turdus merula Eurasian Blackbird * Aves Turnix velox Little Button-quail Aves Tyto alba Barn Owl Aves Vanellus miles Masked Lapwing Aves Zosterops lateralis Silvereye Aves Antipoda atralba Diamond Hedge-skipper Invertebrate Canis lupus familiaris Dog (domestic or feral) * Mammalia Felis catus Cat * Mammalia Mus musculus House Mouse * Mammalia Oryctolagus cuniculus Rabbit * Mammalia Phascolarctos cinereus Koala Mammalia Vulpes vulpes Fox * Mammalia Acanthophis antarcticus Common Death Adder Reptilia Christinus marmoratus Marbled Gecko Reptilia Ctenophorus decresii Tawny Dragon Reptilia Ctenotus robustus Eastern Striped Skink Reptilia Ctenotus sp. Reptilia Delma molleri Adelaide Snake-lizard Reptilia Hemiergis peronii Four-toed Earless Skink Reptilia Lampropholis guichenoti Garden Skink Reptilia Lerista bougainvillii Bougainville's Skink Reptilia Lerista dorsalis Southern Four-toed Slider Reptilia Menetia greyii Dwarf Skink Reptilia Nephrurus milii Barking Gecko Reptilia Pogona barbata Eastern Bearded Dragon Reptilia Pseudonaja textilis Eastern Brown Snake Reptilia Tiliqua rugosa Sleepy Lizard Reptilia Tiliqua scincoides Eastern Bluetongue Reptilia

Note: * = Non-indigenous species, ж = Non-local species, (NC) = Name change

Rating: EX = Extinct, EW = Extinct in the Wild, CR = Critically Endangered, E/ EN = Endangered, ssp = Significant species; V/VU = Vulnerable, R/ RA: Rare, K = Indeterminate/ Possibly threatened, NT = Near Threatened, T = Threatened, Q = Possible significance, U = Uncommon, N = Not significant, LC = Least Concern

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 184 Results – MA12 Holdfast Bay

7.3.12. Holdfast Bay

Cell Detail Cell MA12 extends from Kingston Park Caravan Park to the Patawalonga Creek, within the City of Holdfast Bay. It is approximately 7.2 kilometres in length and 402.6 hectares in area.

Landforms The majority of cell MA12 is within the low-lying Adelaide Plain: Holocene and Tertiary clays, sands and limestones, together with riverine sediments and Recent coastal dunes. The Recent dunes, which extend up to 200 m inland from the beach, have been extensively bulldozed and urbanised. The moderate energy, dissipative beach is predominantly of medium grade siliceous sands, with <10% carbonate content. The beach is in part a human construct, replenished from outside sources since 1975, following erosion due to net northerly drift and little supply from the south: replenishment has led to the growth of dunes between Seacliff and Brighton jetty. The Minda Dunes, between Brighton and Somerton, remain at a location where the beach is wide, and protected by an offshore reef.

Figure 18. Cell MA12 Location Map

Northern half of cell MA12; Patawalonga entrance, Glenelg jetty, the Broadway. (Photograph Coast Protection Board 1995)

Drainage on the plains is largely to the Sturt Creek, which exits to the Gulf through the Patawalonga and then Barcoo Outlet. However, there are a number of storm drain catchments that exit to the back of these beaches. The relict cliffs, in the southern corner of the cell, mark the southern boundary of the plains, in the Brownhill – Eden fault-line scarp. The catchment area of the Patawalonga basin is 212 km2.

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 185 Results – MA12 Holdfast Bay

Benthic Habitat Nearshore clear sand soft bottom, extending in a narrow band of approximately 300 metres then to patchy dense seagrass beds with a number of bare sand patches further offshore. [Inshore seagrass to low water mark, has been lost through land based nearshore marine pollution since the 1950’s].

Limestone reefs occur seaward of the offshore breakwater at Glenelg and irregular low profile platform reefs 1.5 kilometres off Brighton and Seacliff.

Terrestrial Biota The total number of native plant and animal species recorded is 331, total threatened species is 82, 68% of the plant species recorded are non-indigenous.

The plains are completely urbanised, leaving only beach grasses, shrubs and herbs in the narrow dunes. The relict coastal clifftop and cliff slope at Kingston show open woodland.

Sand management has led to the sand accumulation between Brighton and Seacliff, the build up occurring between 1980 and 1995. The accumulation, (and plantings) has led to the growth of narrow dune vegetated areas adjacent to the Esplanade.

Land Use/ Land Ownership The coastal plain is urbanized to the esplanade: sub-division occurred in the early part of the 20th century, with little public land left over for open space, or as a coastal buffer zone.

Uses (Field visits and local reports) (including current usage) The beach and esplanade are primarily recreational space, adjacent to residential land.

Threats (Field visits and local reports) All coastal open space, including dune vegetation, is under great visitation pressure: all sites require active on-going access and weed control. All dune areas are threatened over time by erosion and fire.

Pipeline burial, as part of State beach management, through backshore and dune areas will cause limited disturbance; the detail of pipeline track will depend on local management issues.

Opportunities The ‘man-made’ dunes between Seacliff and Brighton provide an opportunity for further re-introduction of indigenous dune plants to this part of the coast. Planting following pipeline burial could be an opportunity to add to this process.

The coastal open space is highly contested, by a range of uses: maintenance and extension of effort on interpretation of coastal biodiversity is important in this situation.

Continue efforts in Olive and Pine control as well as Pyp grass eradication at Minda Dunes will provide opportunity for indigenous plant restoration in this small area including potential to increase threatened plant distribution.

Bull (1995) highlights the ecological and heritage significance of the Kingston Park cliff face zone. Issues have been identified and ongoing collaboration and continuation of management is required. A revision of this plan may be warranted.

Barton Gully has opportunities to initiate small scale catchment management strategies reducing impacts onto the local marine environment.

Planting following pipeline burial could be an opportunity to add to remove alien species and the re-introduction of indigenous plants to the dune areas.

Conservation Analysis (GIS) Conservation layers total for this cell is 55.76 a low score within the region. The detailed conservation summary map shows no areas where totals are more than low (almost all), or medium to low (Kingston Park lower slopes and Minda Dunes).

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 186 Results – MA12 Holdfast Bay

There are some values across the whole cell for communities with rarity in SA, threatened status and total number of species; some communities endemic to the region also add values. Visual amenity layers also contribute some values. These values appear to come from plant records across the cell, although no vegetated areas of any size remain. There are almost no other values to emerge from the analysis. Vestigial dunes at Minda and between Seacliff and Brighton appear to have been so degraded, that they add little to the conservation assessment, except as publicly owned open space.

The state vulnerable Freckled Duck has been recorded in this cell.

Threat Analysis (GIS) Total of threat summary layers is 52.755, average within the region. The detailed threat summary map shows medium threat totals over the entire cell, except a medium- high threat area near to the Patawalonga; there are some narrow low threat totals along the foreshore.

The caravan park at Kingston Park stands out on layer 1A, though its presence may not be a threat in this context. Threat values over the whole cell are contributed by zoning (except heritage zones), land use, land ownership, sea views, landscape amenity, and distribution of dangerous weeds has the fourth highest total in the study area.

Possible Climate Change Threats [This local projection is based on the regional scenario set out in section 4.10 in Volume 1.] a) Sea level rise and Storm magnitude [Background: Recent modelled study of littoral drift (Coastal Engineering Solutions 2004, p.53) shows that wave driven sand transport to the north along this section of shore is of the order of 50,000 to 70,000 cubic metres per year. Very little sand is available for transport from the south past Marino; this negative sediment budget has led to an erosion hazard for residential development on foredunes at Seacliff, Brighton, Hove, Somerton and Glenelg .This hazard led to costly damage in the 1960’s. Since 1972 the South Australian Coast Protection Board (CPB) has been responsible for managing the erosion hazard, using a strategy of sand replenishment, with rock seawall as a reserve protection.

From 1975 to 2005 approximately 1 M cubic metres has been used to replenish Seacliff and Brighton beaches: this has been redistributed by waves along the beaches of the cell, throughout the active nearshore zone, and (in part) beyond the cell boundary to the north. Over the same time period sea level has risen 10 cm in this locality. The balance of sand volume currently remaining within the dunes, beach and active zone over this time is positive, as shown by CPB monitoring; at Brighton and Seacliff beaches are twice as wide now as in 1975, and vegetated dunes exist over a 1 km stretch of shore, where they were not seen in 1975. In the future the CPB intends to add pumping to the strategy, and re- cycle sand within this cell].

Greenhouse gas induced accelerated sea level rise of 15 cm by 2030 might lead to a beach recession of 15m. (Bruun), were all other things equal. If all intervention by the CPB were to cease, this would be accompanied by northerly transport of large volumes of sand within the active zone. Such a negative sand budget within the cell would lead to marked rise in storm damage, increasing over time. It can be concluded from the background experience that the impact of sea level rise and a small increase in peak storm magnitude, as per the scenario, will depend on the extent of intervention undertaken to manage the on-going erosion problem. b) Increasing average temperatures and aridity Many coastal plants within the remnant vegetated sand dunes of this cell are well adapted to arid conditions and may be little affected by the projected conditions. c) Changed run-off regimes Run-off within this cell is entirely from the urban stormwater system. The Adelaide Coastal Waters Study (Fox et al, 2007 Final Report vol.1, p.27.) has shown that stormwater contribution to the nutrient load of coastal water is minor, but is very significant with regard to inshore turbidity. As most particulate matter is delivered during peak storms, projected changes may not alter this situation, even following anticipated increases in stormwater retention. d) Nearshore marine changes The management of this, largely artificial, beach is closely linked to any variation in littoral transport driven by variations in wave energy. The scenario envisaged for this region would see the continuation of swell waves from the SW, and hence the continuation of northerly sand movement.

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 187 Results – MA12 Holdfast Bay

Actions and Priority

Table 14. Recommended Actions and Priority for MA12 – Holdfast Bay

Component Issue Proposed Action Priority of Key Players Action All dunes Limited biodiversity in dunes Extend and intensify Medium (Soc./ Council/ Community/ planting of native plant Econ.) NRM species, in tandem with removal of weed species. Need for ongoing dune restoration and maintenance to improve biodiversity Weeds and nutrients are Take opportunities to use Medium Council/ NRM introduced to the dunes by alternate stormwater (Threat) numerous (12 in this cell) storm strategies, in order to drains minimise the impact on dunes Coastal dunes Development of informal foot Continuation of effort to Medium Council/ Community Brighton Jetty to tracks in dunes damages reduce this through (Threat) Seacliff vegetation and introduces fencing at strategic weeds locations, interpretive signage, marking of the Multiple beach access points seaward end of paths Kingston Park cliff Kingston Park is a significant Consider a review of the High (Cons./ Council/ Community/ face reserve cliff habitat. Ongoing current 1997 management Threat NRM collaboration and continuation of plan management is required Erosion and weeds degrade Ongoing and intensified High (Cons./ Council/ Community/ earlier efforts to re-establish weed and erosion control Threat) NRM native vegetation using minimal disturbance techniques to facilitate natural regeneration Minda dunes Minda is a valuable remnant Develop an integrated site High (Cons./ Council/ NRM/ Minda with flora and fauna habitat with management plan Threat) Inc./ UBU conservation significant species Weeding and planting in dunes Ensure that alignment of High (Soc./ DEH – ALB/ DPLG/ are potentially impacted by sand sand pumping pipes (ALB) Econ.) NRM/ Council management infrastructure and and Coastal Park extension of coastal pathway development (DPLG) enhance effort to improve biodiversity High distribution and risk from Manage weeds through High (Threat) Council/ NRM weeds. Pyp grass remains a recovery and action plans. significant threat in this dune as Continue effort to control does Olive and Pine proclaimed and red alert weeds Many informal tracks impact on Pursue rehabilitating High (Threat) Council/ NRM/ the regeneration of plants and tracks and denuded areas community could be an erosion threat with indirect forms of access control such as brush, plantings and strategic fencing

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 188 Results – MA12 Holdfast Bay

Component Issue Proposed Action Priority of Key Players Action Tjilbruke Spring, Significant Aboriginal site Consultation, collaboration High (Soc./ NRM/ Council/ Kingston Park degraded by weeds, litter and and ongoing rehabilitation Econ.) Aboriginal Heritage neglect : need for appropriate / of the site Branch – DPC/ sustainable management action Interpretive signage Aboriginal Partnership plan and development of required to convey Unit – DEH/ interpretive signage for the site significance of site Kaurna community Some signage at Tjilbruke Additional signage to Medium monument convey heritage, (Soc./Econ) indigenous and environmental values of the site Barton Gully, Barton Gully contains several Develop an integrated Medium NRM/ Council/ Kingston Park threatened plants with potential management plan for the (Cons./ Community to increase their distribution site Threat) Stormwater outlets are resulting Assess and implement Medium NRM/ Council in local erosion with potential to remedial works (Cons./ increase if remediation work is accompanied with Threat) not addressed revegetation with riparian species Large mature woody weeds Manage weeds through Medium NRM/ Council/ throughout with Caltrop posing recovery and action plans (Cons./ Community significant threat Threat)

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 189 Results – MA12 Holdfast Bay

BIOTA

Flora

Remnant Vegetation Area (Ha) No vegetation has been mapped for this cell. Very limited remnant vegetation with vestiges on the Kingston Park escarpment and minor vestiges in the Minda dunes. Vegetation Block Metrics No vegetation has been mapped for this cell. Very limited vegetation connection. Extensive section with no corridor connections in areas of seawall rock protection. Terrestrial Habitat Description/s Predominantly a grassland with *Ammophila arenaria (Marram) +/- Spinifex hirsutus +/- *Thinopyrum junceiforme with *Cakile maritima low shrubs. # Flora in cell 208 (Surveys undertaken; 5 opportunistic surveys.) # Conservation Rated Flora in cell 57 (6 state, 57 regional) Significant Flora Species Common Name Rating Maireana decalvans Black Cotton-bush SA: E Maireana rohrlachii Rohrlach's Bluebush SA: R Myoporum parvifolium Creeping Boobialla SA: R Picris squarrosa Squat Picris SA: R Cullen parvum Small Scurf-pea SA: V Podolepis muelleri Button Podolepis SA: V Significant CDCS Floristic Nil Community/ies Protected Area Nil Vegetation Comments Without artificial replenishment there would be no dunes in this cell. All dune vegetation is a result of dune restoration projects. Marram grass used as the initial stabiliser. A number of listed significant flora are historic records with little likelihood that any relicts remain. Council is currently preparing a management plan for Minda dunes. Valuable additional resources: City of Holdfast Bay, Sustainable Futures Plan 2009 - 2012 : (Comment: Coastal actions featured, including: assisting Minda Incorporated to develop Management Plan, develop strategy for control of access. Also establish vegetation management plan for Seacliff/ Brighton dunes, undertake revegetation and weed control in high priority sites. Upgrade beach access points, encourage community involvement.). SA Urban Forest Biodiversity Program 2006. Report: Distribution and Infestation Density Mapping *Ehrharta villosa var. maxima (Pyp Grass) Minda Sand Dunes, DEH, Adelaide. SA Urban Forest Biodiversity Program 2006. Plant Species of Conservation Significance – Minda Sand Dunes, DEH, Adelaide. Bull et al. 1995. Kingston Park Cliff Face Management Plan prepared for the City of Brighton, DEH and the NCS.

All Flora

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Acacia cupularis Cup Wattle R Acacia cyclops Western Coastal Wattle Acacia ligulata Umbrella Bush K Acacia longifolia ssp. sophorae Coastal Wattle N Acacia paradoxa Kangaroo Thorn Acacia pycnantha Golden Wattle Acacia saligna Golden Wreath Wattle * Acrotriche patula Prickly Ground-berry R

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 190 Results – MA12 Holdfast Bay

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Agave americana Century Plant * Alcea rosea Hollyhock * Allocasuarina verticillata Drooping Sheoak Aloe sp. Aloe * Ammophila arenaria Marram * Amphibolis antarctica Sea Nymph Anagallis arvensis Pimpernel * Arctotheca calendula Cape Weed * Arctotis stoechadifolia White Arctotis * Arthropodium strictum Common Vanilla-lily Arundo donax Giant Reed * Asparagus asparagoides f. asparagoides Bridal Creeper * Asperula conferta Common Woodruff Asphodelus fistulosus Onion Weed * Asteriscus spinosus Golden Pallensis * Astroloma humifusum Cranberry Heath Atriplex cinerea Coast Saltbush Atriplex paludosa ssp. cordata Marsh Saltbush Atriplex semibaccata Berry Saltbush Atriplex suberecta Lagoon Saltbush Austrodanthonia caespitosa Common Wallaby-grass Austrodanthonia eriantha Hill Wallaby-grass U Austrodanthonia fulva Leafy Wallaby-grass U Austrodanthonia setacea Small-flower Wallaby-grass Austrostipa blackii Crested Spear-grass Austrostipa drummondii Cottony Spear-grass Austrostipa elegantissima Feather Spear-grass U Austrostipa nodosa Tall Spear-grass Austrostipa puberula Fine-hairy Spear-grass R Avena fatua Wild Oat * Banksia marginata Silver Banksia Baumea juncea Bare Twig-rush Beyeria lechenaultii Pale Turpentine Bush Bolboschoenus caldwellii Salt Club-rush Brassica X napus Rape * Briza maxima Large Quaking-grass * Bromus arenarius Sand Brome K Bromus catharticus Prairie Grass * Bromus diandrus Great Brome * Bursaria spinosa ssp. spinosa Sweet Bursaria Cakile maritima ssp. maritima Two-horned Sea Rocket * Callitris gracilis Southern Cypress Pine U Calostemma purpureum Pink Garland-lily Calytrix tetragona Common Fringe-myrtle

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 191 Results – MA12 Holdfast Bay

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Cardamine hirsuta Hairy Bitter-cress * Carpobrotus rossii Native Pigface Carpobrotus rossii (NC) Native Pigface Carpobrotus sp. Pigface Cassytha pubescens Downy Dodder-laurel Centaurea calcitrapa Star Thistle * Centaurium maritimum Sea Centaury * Centaurium sp. Centaury * Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. monilifera Boneseed * Ciclospermum leptophyllum Narrow-leaf Celery * Comesperma volubile Love Creeper Convolvulus sp. Bindweed Cotula coronopifolia Water Buttons * Croton setiger Doveweed * Cullen australasicum Tall Scurf-pea R Cullen parvum Small Scurf-pea V E Cynara cardunculus ssp. flavescens Artichoke Thistle * Dianella brevicaulis Short-stem Flax-lily Dianella revoluta var. revoluta Black-anther Flax-lily Disphyma crassifolium ssp. clavellatum Round-leaf Pigface Dissocarpus biflorus var. biflorus Two-horn Saltbush V Dodonaea viscosa ssp. spatulata Sticky Hop-bush Drosera whittakeri ssp. whittakeri Eclipta platyglossa Yellow Twin-heads E Ehrharta longiflora Annual Veldt Grass * Ehrharta villosa var. maxima Pyp Grass * Einadia nutans ssp. nutans Climbing Saltbush Enchylaena tomentosa var. tomentosa Ruby Saltbush Eragrostis cilianensis Stink Grass * Eragrostis curvula African Love-grass * Eremophila sp. Emubush/Turkey-bush Eucalyptus porosa Mallee Box U Eucalyptus sp. Euphorbia peplus Petty Spurge * Euphorbia terracina False Caper * Eutaxia microphylla Common Eutaxia Exocarpos aphyllus Leafless Cherry V Foeniculum vulgare Fennel * Freesia cultivar Freesia * Fumaria capreolata White-flower Fumitory * Gahnia lanigera Black Grass Saw-sedge R Galenia pubescens var. pubescens Coastal Galenia * Gazania linearis Gazania * Genista monspessulana Montpellier Broom *

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 192 Results – MA12 Holdfast Bay

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Goodenia albiflora White Goodenia U Goodenia pinnatifida Cut-leaf Goodenia U Hakea rugosa Dwarf Hakea Haloragis aspera Rough Raspwort R Helichrysum leucopsideum Satin Everlasting U Hordeum leporinum Wall Barley-grass * Hordeum sp. * Imperata cylindrica Blady Grass R Isolepis cernua Nodding Club-rush Isolepis marginata Little Club-rush Isolepis nodosa Knobby Club-rush Juncus bufonius Toad Rush Kennedia prostrata Scarlet Runner Lagunaria patersonii Pyramid Tree * Lagurus ovatus Hare's Tail Grass * Lepidosperma congestum Lepidosperma gladiatum Coast Sword-sedge U Leucophyta brownii Coast Cushion Bush Leucopogon parviflorus Coast Beard-heath Limonium binervosum Dwarf Sea-lavender * Lolium rigidum Wimmera Ryegrass * Lomandra collina Sand Mat-rush R Lomandra densiflora Soft Tussock Mat-rush Lomandra effusa Scented Mat-rush R Lomandra leucocephala ssp. robusta Woolly Mat-rush R Lomandra multiflora ssp. dura Hard Mat-rush Lotus australis Austral Trefoil U Lycium australe Australian Boxthorn E Lycium ferocissimum African Boxthorn * Lysiana exocarpi ssp. exocarpi Harlequin Mistletoe Maireana brevifolia Short-leaf Bluebush Maireana decalvans Black Cotton-bush E E Maireana enchylaenoides Wingless Fissure-plant U Maireana oppositifolia Salt Bluebush Maireana rohrlachii Rohrlach's Bluebush R V Malva dendromorpha Tree Mallow * Malva preissiana Australian Hollyhock U Matthiola incana Common Stock * Medicago truncatula Barrel Medic * Melaleuca halmaturorum Swamp Paper-bark V Melaleuca lanceolata Dryland Tea-tree U Melilotus indicus King Island Melilot * Mesembryanthemum crystallinum Common Iceplant * Minuria leptophylla Minnie Daisy

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 193 Results – MA12 Holdfast Bay

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Muehlenbeckia gunnii Coastal Climbing Lignum Myoporum insulare Common Boobialla Myoporum parvifolium Creeping Boobialla R V Myoporum sp. Petiolatum (R.Taylor 484) Sticky Boobialla U Nicotiana glauca Tree Tobacco * Nitraria billardierei Nitre-bush Oenothera stricta ssp. stricta Common Evening Primrose * Olea europaea ssp. europaea Olive * Olearia axillaris Coast Daisy-bush Olearia ramulosa Twiggy Daisy-bush Onopordum acaulon Horse Thistle * Opercularia varia Variable Stinkweed Opuntia sp. * Oxalis pes-caprae Soursob * Pelargonium australe Australian Pelargonium U Pennisetum clandestinum Kikuyu * Phragmites australis Common Reed Picris squarrosa Squat Picris R E Pimelea glauca Smooth Riceflower Pimelea serpyllifolia ssp. serpyllifolia Thyme Riceflower Pinus halepensis Aleppo Pine * Pittosporum angustifolium Native Apricot R Poa poiformis var. poiformis Coast Tussock-grass N Podolepis muelleri Button Podolepis V E Podolepis rugata var. rugata Pleated Copper-wire Daisy E Pomaderris paniculosa ssp. paniculosa Mallee Pomaderris U Potamogeton pectinatus Fennel Pondweed Ptilotus nobilis var. nobilis Yellow-tails V Ptilotus spathulatus f. spathulatus Pussy-tails R Pultenaea tenuifolia Narrow-leaf Bush-pea R Raphanus raphanistrum Wild Radish * Reichardia tingitana False Sowthistle * Rhagodia candolleana ssp. candolleana Sea-berry Saltbush Rhamnus alaternus Blowfly Bush * Romulea minutiflora Small-flower Onion-grass * Salsola tragus Buckbush Santalum acuminatum Quandong V Scaevola albida Pale Fanflower Scaevola angustata Coast Fanflower V Scaevola crassifolia Cushion Fanflower R Schinus molle Pepper-tree * Sclerolaena uniflora Small-spine Bindyi K Senecio cunninghamii var. cunninghamii Shrubby Groundsel E Senecio cunninghamii var. cunninghamii (NC) Shrubby Groundsel E

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 194 Results – MA12 Holdfast Bay

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Senecio glossanthus Annual Groundsel Senecio glossanthus (NC) Annual Groundsel Senecio pinnatifolius Variable Groundsel Senecio pterophorus African Daisy * Setaria constricta Knotty-butt Paspalidium R Sida corrugata var. angustifolia Grassland Sida R Silene vulgaris Bladder Campion * Sisymbrium orientale Indian Hedge Mustard * Sonchus oleraceus Common Sow-thistle * Spinifex hirsutus Rolling Spinifex Spinifex sericeus (NC) Rolling Spinifex Suaeda australis Austral Seablite Taraxacum officinale Dandelion * Tecticornia pergranulata ssp. pergranulata Black-seed Samphire Tetragonia implexicoma Bower Spinach Themeda triandra Kangaroo Grass Thinopyrum junceiforme Sea Wheat grass * Threlkeldia diffusa Coast Bonefruit Tricoryne elatior Yellow Rush-lily Tricoryne sp. Yellow Rush-lily Triglochin mucronatum Prickly Arrowgrass K Typha sp. Bulrush Velleia arguta Toothed Velleia R Vittadinia blackii Narrow-leaf New Holland Daisy R Vittadinia sp. New Holland Daisy Zygophyllum confluens Forked Twinleaf R Zygophyllum glaucum Pale Twinleaf T

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 195 Results – MA12 Holdfast Bay

Weeds

# Non-indigenous Flora in cell 68 (33% of total cell flora) Red Alert Weeds Species Common Name Arctotis stoechadifolia White Arctotis Asparagus asparagoides f. asparagoides Bridal Creeper Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. monilifera Boneseed Cynara cardunculus ssp. flavescens Artichoke Thistle Ehrharta villosa var. maxima Pyp Grass Euphorbia terracina False Caper Galenia pubescens var. pubescens Coastal Galenia Gazania sp. Gazania Lycium ferocissimum African Boxthorn Mesembryanthemum crystallinum Common Iceplant Olea europaea ssp. europaea Olive Oxalis pes-caprae Soursob Pennisetum clandestinum Kikuyu Rhamnus alaternus Blowfly Bush Declared Weeds Species Common Name Asparagus asparagoides f. asparagoides Bridal Creeper Asphodelus fistulosus Onion Weed Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. monilifera Boneseed Cynara cardunculus ssp. flavescens Artichoke Thistle Eragrostis curvula African Love-grass Euphorbia terracina False Caper Genista monspessulana Montpellier Broom Lycium ferocissimum African Boxthorn Olea europaea ssp. europaea Olive Opuntia sp. Oxalis pes-caprae Soursob Pinus halepensis Aleppo Pine Silene vulgaris Bladder Campion

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 196 Results – MA12 Holdfast Bay

Fauna

# Fauna in cell 123 (Surveys undertaken; 19 opportunistic surveys. Additional records pers. comm. Jason Tyndall and the Kingston Park Cliff Face Management Plan 1995.) # Conservation Rated Fauna in cell 20 (5 state, 20 regional) Significant Fauna Species Common Name Rating Actitis hypoleucos Common Sandpiper SA: R Biziura lobata Musk Duck SA: R Haematopus fuliginosus Sooty Oystercatcher SA: R Podiceps cristatus Great Crested Grebe SA: R Trichosurus vulpecula Common Brushtail Possum SA: R # Non-indigenous Fauna 14

All Fauna

Species Common Name Class Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Crinia signifera Common Froglet Amphibia LC Acanthiza chrysorrhoa Yellow-rumped Thornbill Aves LC Accipiter cirrhocephalus Collared Sparrowhawk Aves LC Actitis hypoleucos Common Sandpiper Aves R RA Alectura lathami Australian Brush-turkey Aves RE Anas gracilis Grey Teal Aves LC Anas platyrhynchos Mallard * Aves Anas superciliosa Pacific Black Duck Aves LC Anthochaera carunculata Red Wattlebird Aves LC Anthochaera chrysoptera Little Wattlebird Aves LC Anthochaera chrysoptera chrysoptera Little Wattlebird Aves U Anthus novaeseelandiae Richard's Pipit Aves LC Ardea alba Great Egret, ( White Egret) Aves LC Artamus cyanopterus Dusky Woodswallow Aves RA Biziura lobata Musk Duck Aves R RA Cacatua roseicapilla Galah Aves LC Cacatua sp. Aves Cacomantis flabelliformis Fan-tailed Cuckoo Aves RA Carduelis carduelis European Goldfinch * Aves Charadrius ruficapillus Red-capped Plover Aves LC Chenonetta jubata Australian Wood Duck, (Maned Duck) Aves LC Chrysococcyx basalis Horsfield's Bronze-cuckoo Aves LC Cincloramphus cruralis Brown Songlark Aves LC Cincloramphus mathewsi Rufous Songlark Aves LC Columba livia Rock Dove * Aves Coracina novaehollandiae Black-faced Cuckoo-shrike Aves LC Corvus coronoides Australian Raven Aves VU Coturnix pectoralis Stubble Quail Aves LC Cygnus atratus Black Swan Aves LC

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 197 Results – MA12 Holdfast Bay

Species Common Name Class Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Daption capense Cape Petrel Aves Egretta novaehollandiae White-faced Heron Aves LC Elanus axillaris Black-shouldered Kite Aves LC Epthianura albifrons White-fronted Chat Aves RA Eudyptula minor Little Penguin Aves Falco cenchroides Nankeen Kestrel Aves LC Falco longipennis Australian Hobby Aves NT Fulica atra Eurasian Coot Aves LC Gallinula ventralis Black-tailed Native-hen Aves LC Geopelia placida Peaceful Dove Aves VU Glossopsitta concinna Musk Lorikeet Aves LC Glossopsitta porphyrocephala Purple-crowned Lorikeet Aves LC Grallina cyanoleuca Magpie-lark Aves Grallina cyanoleuca Magpie-lark Aves LC Gymnorhina tibicen Australian Magpie Aves LC Haematopus fuliginosus Sooty Oystercatcher Aves R RA Halobaena caerulea Blue Petrel Aves Himantopus himantopus Black-winged Stilt Aves LC Hirundo neoxena Welcome Swallow Aves LC Larus novaehollandiae Silver Gull Aves Larus pacificus Pacific Gull Aves Larus pacificus Pacific Gull Aves U Lichenostomus ornatus Yellow-plumed Honeyeater Aves VU Lichenostomus penicillatus White-plumed Honeyeater Aves Lichenostomus penicillatus White-plumed Honeyeater Aves LC Lichenostomus virescens Singing Honeyeater Aves LC Lugensa brevirostris Kerguelen Petrel Aves Manorina melanocephala Noisy Miner Aves LC Morus serrator Australasian Gannet Aves LC Ninox novaeseelandiae Southern Boobook Aves VU Nycticorax caledonicus Nankeen Night Heron Aves LC Ocyphaps lophotes Crested Pigeon Aves LC Pachycephala pectoralis Golden Whistler Aves Pachycephala pectoralis Golden Whistler Aves C Pachyptila belcheri Slender-billed Prion Aves Pachyptila desolata Antarctic Prion Aves Pachyptila sp. Aves Pachyptila turtur Fairy Prion Aves Pardalotus striatus Striated Pardalote Aves LC Passer domesticus House Sparrow * Aves Passer domesticus House Sparrow * Aves LC Pelagodroma marina White-faced Storm-Petrel Aves Pelecanoides urinatrix Common Diving-Petrel Aves Pelecanus conspicillatus Australian Pelican Aves LC

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 198 Results – MA12 Holdfast Bay

Species Common Name Class Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Petrochelidon ariel Fairy Martin Aves RA Phalacrocorax carbo Great Cormorant Aves LC Phalacrocorax fuscescens Black-faced Cormorant Aves Phalacrocorax melanoleucos Little Pied Cormorant Aves LC Phalacrocorax sulcirostris Little Black Cormorant Aves Phalacrocorax varius Pied Cormorant Aves Phylidonyris novaehollandiae New Holland Honeyeater Aves LC Platycercus elegans Crimson Rosella Aves LC Platycercus eximius Eastern Rosella Aves Podiceps cristatus Great Crested Grebe Aves R RA Poliocephalus poliocephalus Hoary-headed Grebe Aves LC Porphyrio porphyrio Purple Swamphen Aves LC Pterodroma macroptera Great-winged Petrel Aves Puffinus tenuirostris Short-tailed Shearwater Aves Recurvirostra novaehollandiae Red-necked Avocet Aves Rhipidura fuliginosa alisteri (NC) Grey Fantail Aves Rhipidura leucophrys Willie Wagtail Aves Rhipidura leucophrys Willie Wagtail Aves LC Sterna bergii Crested Tern Aves Sterna caspia Caspian Tern Aves Sterna dougallii Roseate Tern Aves Sterna fuscata Sooty Tern Aves Streptopelia chinensis Spotted Turtle-dove * Aves Sturnus vulgaris Common Starling * Aves Tachybaptus novaehollandiae Australasian Grebe, (Little Grebe) Aves LC Taeniopygia guttata Zebra Finch Aves VU Threskiornis molucca Australian White Ibis Aves LC Todiramphus sanctus Sacred Kingfisher Aves RA Trichoglossus haematodus Rainbow Lorikeet Aves LC Turdus merula Eurasian Blackbird * Aves Vanellus miles Masked Lapwing Aves LC Zosterops lateralis Silvereye Aves LC Canis lupus familiaris Dog (domestic or feral) * Mammalia Felis catus Cat * Mammalia Hyperoodon sp. Mammalia Mus musculus House Mouse * Mammalia Oryctolagus cuniculus Rabbit * Mammalia Phascolarctos cinereus Koala Mammalia Rattus rattus Black Rat * Mammalia Rattus sp. Mammalia Trichosurus vulpecula Common Brushtail Possum Mammalia R EN Vulpes vulpes Fox * Mammalia Christinus marmoratus Marbled Gecko Reptilia LC Hemiergis decresiensis Three-toed Earless Skink Reptilia LC

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 199 Results – MA12 Holdfast Bay

Species Common Name Class Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Hemiergis peronii Four-toed Earless Skink Reptilia LC Lampropholis guichenoti Garden Skink Reptilia Lerista dorsalis Southern Four-toed Slider Reptilia LC Pseudonaja textilis Eastern Brown Snake Reptilia LC Tiliqua rugosa Sleepy Lizard Reptilia LC Tiliqua scincoides Eastern Bluetongue Reptilia RA

Note: * = Non-indigenous species, ж = Non-local species, (NC) = Name change

Rating: EX = Extinct, EW = Extinct in the Wild, CR = Critically Endangered, E/ EN = Endangered, ssp = Significant species; V/VU = Vulnerable, R/ RA: Rare, K = Indeterminate/ Possibly threatened, NT = Near Threatened, T = Threatened, Q = Possible significance, U = Uncommon, N = Not significant, LC = Least Concern

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 200 Results – MA13 Patawalonga – Point Malcolm

7.3.13. Patawalonga – Point Malcolm

Cell Detail Cell MA13 extends from the Patawalonga Creek to Point Malcolm and includes land within the Cities of Holdfast Bay, West Torrens and Charles Sturt and private land owned by the West Beach Trust. It is approximately 14.7 kilometres in length and 1,049 hectares in area.

Landforms Cell MA13 is within the low-lying Adelaide Plain: made up of Holocene and Tertiary clays, sands and limestones; together with riverine sediments and coastal dunes. The Recent, white sand dunes, which extend up to 200 m inland from the beach, have been extensively mined and bulldozed. Coastal wetlands at West Lakes and adjacent to the Port River, which formerly supported stands of Melaleuca halmaturorum and Avicennia marina (Kraehenbuehl, 1996), have been drained and urbanised, (see 1936 oblique aerial photo in cell MA14, below).

Figure 19. Cell MA13 Location Map

Torrens Outlet to West Beach. (Photograph Coast Protection Board 1995)

The moderate energy, dissipative beach is predominantly of medium grade siliceous sands, with <10% carbonate content. The beach is in part a human construct, replenished following northerly drift, since 1975. Sand has been brought in from outside sources, for example over 100,000 m3 was trucked from Torrens Island to North Glenelg in 1989; sand has also been moved within the area, for example sand has been frequently moved from the Torrens Mouth to mitigate the erosion at West Beach.

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 201 Results – MA13 Patawalonga – Point Malcolm

The dunes and beach are cut by the Torrens Outlet, excavated in the late 1930’s to drain the coastal swamps directly to the sea; previously the River Torrens had dissipated water and sediment in the Reed Beds behind the dunes, with only occasional flood flows reaching the Patawalonga or the Port River. Following construction of the Outlet and canalisation of the river, the suburbs of Fulham and Fulham Gardens were built in the 1950’s and 1960’s. To-day the Torrens drain delivers a large part of Adelaide’s stormwater straight to the Gulf, with fines and nutrients adding to Gulf waters; the Adelaide Coastal Waters Study has demonstrated that the turbidity component of these flows are a significant contributor to seagrass loss. Similarly, a little further south, the Barcoo Outlet near West Beach Harbour runs stormwater from southern Adelaide into the Gulf. The Torrens River catchment is 500 km2.

At the Torrens Outlet, and for about 1 km south, is an area of foredune progradation, which appears to have accumulated since the outlet was cut. (Elsewhere in this cell, beach and dune loss has occurred over the last century. Currently it is planned to utilise approximately half of the sand accumulation at the Torrens Outlet for sand replenishment further south on the Adelaide beaches.)

Benthic Habitat Nearshore clear sand soft bottom, extending from the shoreline to sea grass meadows from 1 kilometre to 1.5 kilometres offshore. Inshore seagrass to low water mark, has been lost through land based nearshore marine pollution since the 1950’s.

Terrestrial Biota 12.5 hectares or 1.19% of this cell is remnant vegetation. The total number of native plant and animal species recorded in this cell is 450, total threatened species is 94. 177 are non-indigenous.

Two areas contain old, well-established native vegetation: in the northern sector are the Semaphore Park Dunes and the Tennyson Dunes. The significant dune area at the Torrens Outlet is younger and less well established. The remnant dune at West Beach is much reduced following sand mining in the east and foreshore erosion in the west, the remaining large single line of dunes were de-vegetated due to recreational use. Subsequent re-vegetation has suffered invasion by exotic grasses.

Land Use/ Land Ownership The coastal plain is urbanised to the esplanade: sub-division occurred mainly in the early part of the 20th century, with little public land left over for open space, or as a coastal buffer zone. Tennyson Dunes and Semaphore Park are the exceptions to this: they remain as important remnants from a environmental, educational and heritage viewpoint. The small Fort Glanville Conservation Park, at the northern perimeter of the cell is managed as a heritage site, being the remains of an early colonial coastal fortification. Narrow coastal dunes have become established between Tennyson and West Beach: between Grange and Henley Jetties (Cordingley and Petherick, 2006) and Henley South and West Beach Dune Reserves (Cordingley and Petherick, 2005).

Uses (Field visits and local reports) (including current usage) Over 90% of the area of this cell is a coastal suburb, the coastal Crown land is narrow, and discontinuous, the majority being used for recreational purposes. Coastal open space is seen as part of the Adelaide Metropolitan Coast Park Concept Plan, (PPK 2001), a guide to strategy and action from Sellicks Beach to Largs Bay. The concept plan has guided effort towards the creation of coastal foot and cycle ways, as well as amenity planting and recreational facilities.

Beaches in this cell are a major recreation facility for the city of Adelaide and part of its civic image; they also, together with the narrow lines of dunes, serve as a first line of defence against coastal erosion.

Threats (Field visits and local reports) All coastal open space, including dune vegetation, is under great visitation pressure: all sites require active on-going access and weed control, as well as control of exotic fauna. Sand management has contributed to the sand accumulation at the Torrens mouth, but is a threat to the seaward half of the dunes, which are used as a sand store. All dune areas are threatened over time by erosion and fire.

Pipeline burial, as part of State beach management, through backshore and dune areas will cause limited disturbance; the detail of pipeline track will depend on local management issues. Disturbance to Tennyson Dunes is a potential concern because of the conservation values of the area, which can be minimised by placing the pipe under paths. The armouring of the offshore breakwater in its present location at the end of Bower Road at Semaphore should ensure some stability for the Semaphore Park dunes.

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 202 Results – MA13 Patawalonga – Point Malcolm

Opportunities Planting following pipeline burial could be an opportunity to add to the re-introduction of indigenous plants to the dune areas.

The coastal open space is highly contested, by a range of uses: maintenance and extension of effort on interpretation of coastal biodiversity is important in this situation.

Conservation Analysis (GIS) The detailed conservation analysis shows that much of the cell is low to medium in value. This is reflected in the total of means score of 73.46. The one exceptional area is Tennyson Dunes, which records high to medium scores. The narrow dunes at Grange, Henley Beach, Torrens Outlet and at West Beach all record low to medium scores.

Although totals for the areas of dune vegetation within the cell are low, the thorough records for these locations show that they contain plant communities that have threatened status and endemic value. Similarly, the total number of threatened species is high. Painted Dragon habitat values are high in the dunes. Values are also moderately high for records of threatened bird species. Much of the cell accrues conservation scores for viewscape and viewshed, as well as Aboriginal heritage. European heritage is identified at several sites, but most notably at Fort Glanville. The considerable area of dunes at the Torrens mouth accrues few values in the analysis, except as a potential habitat for the focal species, Painted Dragon. The open space layer records good scores for all the dune remnants, reflecting the community work to improve the biodiversity values of these areas, as well as the potential for further valuable effort.

Anisynta cynone cynone (Cynone Grass Skipper) has been reported in tussock grass at Tennyson Dunes; Theclinesthes albocincta (Bitterbush Blue) has potential for return following plantings of Adriana quadripartita

Threat Analysis (GIS) The total of threat summarized layers gives 53.123, a medium to high total. The highest totals are at Tennyson Dunes and more generally across the southern half of the cell. The main contributors to this total are stormwater, zoning, land ownership and land use, viewshed and viewscape, vegetation block degradation and weed distribution. Dune instability, Glenelg wastewater treatment plant and campsites (West Beach and adjacent Fort Glanville) add smaller scores.

Possible Climate Change Threats [This local projection is based on the regional scenario set out in section 4.10 of Volume 1.] a) Sea level rise and Storm magnitude [Background: Recent modelled study of littoral drift (Coastal Engineering Solutions, 2004, p.53) shows that wave driven sand transport to the north along this section of shore is of the order of 30,000 to 50,000 cubic metres per year. Smaller volumes have been by-passing the Patawalonga Mouth leaving this coastal cell in sand budget deficit. Storm erosion of beaches led to costly damage in the 1950’s and 1960’s. Since 1972 the South Australian Coast Protection Board (CPB) has been responsible for managing the erosion hazard, using a strategy of sand replenishment, with rip rap as a reserve protection].

Greenhouse gas induced accelerated sea level rise of 10 centimetres by 2030 might lead to a beach recession of 10 metres. (Bruun ‘Rule’), were all other things equal. If all intervention by the CPB were to cease, this would be accompanied by northerly transport of large volumes of sand within the active zone. Such a negative sand budget within the cell would lead to marked rise in storm damage, increasing over time. It can be concluded from the background experience that the impact of sea level rise and a small increase in peak storm magnitude, as per the scenario, will depend on the extent of intervention undertaken to manage the on-going erosion problem. b) Increasing average temperatures and aridity Many coastal plants within the remnant vegetated sand dunes of this cell are well adapted to arid conditions and may be little affected by the projected conditions. c) Changed run-off regimes Run-off within this cell is entirely from the urban stormwater system. The Adelaide Coastal Waters Study (Fox et al. 2007, Final Report vol.1, p.27.) has shown that stormwater contribution to the nutrient load of coastal water is minor, but is very significant with regard to inshore turbidity. As most particulate matter is delivered during peak storms, projected changes may not alter this situation, even following anticipated increases in stormwater retention.

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 203 Results – MA13 Patawalonga – Point Malcolm d) Nearshore marine changes The management of this, largely artificial, beach is closely linked to any variation in littoral transport driven by variations in wave energy. The scenario envisaged for this region would see the continuation of swell waves from the SW, and hence the continuation of northerly sand movement.

Actions and Priority

Table 15. Recommended Actions and Priority for MA13 - Patawalonga to Point Malcolm

Component Issue Proposed Action Priority of Key Players Action All dunes Limited biodiversity in dunes Extend and intensify planting High (Soc./ Council/ (except Tennyson) of local native species, in Econ) Community/ NRM tandem with removal of priority weeds Weeding and planting in dunes Ensure that alignment of sand High (Soc/ DEH – ALB/ are potentially impacted by pumping pipes (ALB) and Econ) Council/ DPLG sand management Coastal Park development infrastructure and extension of (DPLG) enhance efforts to coastal pathway improve biodiversity Weeds and nutrients are Take opportunities to use Medium Council/ NRM/ introduced to the dunes by alternate stormwater (Threat) Community/ DEH- numerous (27 in this cell) strategies, in order to ALB storm drains minimise the impact on dunes Creation of a corridor for the Continue to include Adriana Medium (Cons.) Council/ NRM/ Bitter Bush Blue Butterfly quadripartita in re-vegetation Community works Great need for re-introduction Focus on recovery of High (Cons/ Council/ of locally indigenous plant indigenous species in all local Threat) community species to dunes management plans Constant introduction of weeds Regular monitoring for red High (Cons/ Council/ from many sources alert weeds, listed below. Threat) Community Weed strategy development and action on weed removal for each dune area Development of informal foot Petherick, 2005, suggests Medium Council/ tracks in dunes damages strong continuation of effort to (Threat) Community vegetation and introduces reduce this through fencing at weeds strategic locations, interpretive signage, marking of the seaward end of paths and the clear delineation of dune frontage properties Potential for increased weed Develop and distribute High (Cons./ Council/ NRM/ invasion within the reserve educational materials about Threat) Community from surrounding housing garden escapes and weeds and alternative local species that can be planted in gardens Torrens Outlet to Planned and staged removal Active weed control to Medium Council/ NRM/ West Beach dune of 250,000 m3 sand to minimise spread into disturbed (Threat) Community/ DEH- reserve replenishment scheme areas. ALB Planting of colonising indigenous species in disturbed areas Adjustment of foredune shape Plantings to encourage low Medium Council/ following beach scraping foredune face angle (Threat) Community/ DEH- ALB Henley South to Narrowness of dune and sharp Sand drift fences to aid sand Medium Council/ Torrens Outlet. changes of shoreline position: accumulation; plantings to (Threat) Community/ DEH- Tennyson, Grange storm damage hazard encourage low foredune face ALB to Henley angle; (Cordingley and Petherick 2005)

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 204 Results – MA13 Patawalonga – Point Malcolm

Component Issue Proposed Action Priority of Key Players Action West Beach Dune Dune is infested with exotic Support for on-going efforts to Medium SA Water/ NRM / species and badly degraded remove weeds and re- (Threat) UBU by foot traffic vegetate Whole Cell Aboriginal heritage sites Consultation to appropriately Medium (Cons.) Kaurna Heritage recorded in this cell: need for manage sites in this area Board/ NRM/ appropriate and sustainable Council/ Aboriginal management Heritage Branch – DPC/ RCD - Aboriginal Partnership Unit – DEH

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 205 Results – MA13 Patawalonga – Point Malcolm

BIOTA

Flora

Remnant Vegetation Area 12.5 hectares (1% of the cell). Very limited remnant vegetation with vestiges in the Tennyson dunes and minor vestiges in the Semaphore Park dunes.

Vegetation Block Metrics 2 mapped vegetation remnants. Very limited vegetation connection. Extensive section with no corridor connections in areas of seawall rock protection. Some connection between Grange and Semaphore Park with Tennyson dunes as the hub. Terrestrial Habitat Description/s Much of the coastline is artificially replenished and any dune building is largely a grassland of *Thinopyrum junceiforme. Some traces of Olearia axillaris occurs. Tennyson is a *Thinopyrum junceiforme +/- Spinifex hirsutus grassland grading into a Olearia axillaris open shrubland over Rhagodia candolleana with the hind dune being Olearia axillaris/ Leucopogon parviflorus +/- Nitraria billardierie shrubland. # Flora in cell 307 (Surveys undertaken; 2 surveys, 13 opportunistic surveys.) # Conservation Rated Flora in cell 50 (5 state, 49 regional) Significant Flora Species Common Name Rating Maireana decalvans Black Cotton-bush SA: E Atriplex australasica SA: R Frankenia cupularis SA: R Haloragis brownii Swamp Raspwort SA: R Myoporum parvifolium Creeping Boobialla SA: R Picris squarrosa Squat Picris SA: R Significant Flora Olearia axillaris/ Rhagodia candolleana ssp.candolleana is recorded within the cell. Refer to Appendix 8 fin Volume 1 or plant community information. Protected Area Fort Glanville (5 hectares). Note: Protected for its heritage values. Vegetation Comments Henley and Grange Dunecare, Tennyson Tunes Group and Semaphore Dunes Group active in this area. A number of listed significant flora are historic records with little likelihood that any relicts remain. Eg. Picris squarrosa is the only rated species still known to exist in the cell. Vegetation sources and resources: Cordingley & Petherick 2005. Henley South to West Beach Vegetation Management Plan, SA Urban Forest Biodiversity Program. Cordingley & Petherick 2005. Henley Beach to Tennyson Vegetation Management Plan. Cordingley & Petherick 2006. Vegetation Management Plan Tennyson Dune Reserve. Cordingley & Petherick 2006. Semaphore Park Vegetation Management Plan. Petherick & Cordingley 2006. Vegetation Management Plan for the Adelaide Shores Dune Reserve (Draft), SA Urban Forest Biodiversity Program. Greening Australia 2001. Rehabilitation and Management Plan for the West Beach Dune System for Adelaide Shores. Petherick 2006. Vegetation Management Plan for the United Water Dunes, North Glenelg – SA Urban Forest Biodiversity Program. Management plan of coastal relevance in the cell: Kinhill Pty Ltd 1999. City of Charles Sturt Coastal Management Plan 2002 – 2007.

All Flora

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Acacia cupularis Cup Wattle R Acacia cyclops Western Coastal Wattle

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 206 Results – MA13 Patawalonga – Point Malcolm

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Acacia ligulata Umbrella Bush K Acacia longifolia ssp. longifolia Sallow Wattle * Acacia longifolia ssp. sophorae Coastal Wattle N Acacia nematophylla Coast Wallowa K Acacia saligna Golden Wreath Wattle * Actites megalocarpa Coast Sow-thistle K Adriana quadripartita Coast Bitter-bush U Adriana quadripartita (NC) Rare Bitter-bush Aeonium sp. * Agapanthus praecox ssp. orientalis * Allocasuarina sp. Sheoak/Oak-bush Allocasuarina verticillata Drooping Sheoak Alyxia buxifolia Sea Box R Amaranthus albus Stiff Tumbleweed * Ambrosia psilostachya Perennial Ragweed * Ammophila arenaria Marram Grass * Anagallis arvensis Pimpernel * Apium annuum Annual Celery R Arctotheca calendula Cape Weed * Arctotis stoechadifolia White Arctotis * Argyranthemum frutescens ssp. foeniculaceum Teneriffe Daisy * Artemisia arborescens Silver Wormwood * Arundo donax Giant Reed * Asparagus asparagoides (NC) Bridal Creeper * Asparagus asparagoides f. asparagoides Bridal Creeper * Asparagus sp. * Asphodelus fistulosus Onion Weed * Atriplex australasica R R Atriplex cinerea Coast Saltbush Atriplex paludosa ssp. paludosa Marsh Saltbush K Atriplex prostrata Creeping Saltbush * Atriplex semibaccata Berry Saltbush Atriplex sp. Saltbush Atriplex suberecta Lagoon Saltbush Austrodanthonia caespitosa Common Wallaby-grass Austrodanthonia setacea Small-flower Wallaby-grass Austrodanthonia sp. Austrostipa flavescens Coast Spear-grass Austrostipa scabra ssp. falcata Slender Spear-grass Avena barbata Bearded Oat * Avena sp. Oat * Batrachium trichophyllum Water Buttercup * Baumea juncea Bare Twig-rush Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima Sea Beet *

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 207 Results – MA13 Patawalonga – Point Malcolm

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Bolboschoenus caldwellii Salt Club-rush Bolboschoenus medianus Marsh Club-rush R Brassica tournefortii Wild Turnip * Briza maxima Large Quaking-grass * Bromus catharticus Prairie Grass * Bromus diandrus Great Brome * Bromus sp. Brome Bulbine bulbosa Bulbine-lily Bulbine semibarbata Small Leek-lily R Cakile maritima ssp. maritima Two-horned Sea Rocket * Calandrinia eremaea Dryland Purslane U Callitris gracilis Southern Cypress Pine U Calotis erinacea Tangled Burr-daisy E Capsella bursa-pastoris Shepherd's Purse * Carduus tenuiflorus Slender Thistle * Carex divisa Divided Sedge * Carpobrotus edulis ssp. edulis Hottentot Fig * Carpobrotus rossii Native Pigface Carpobrotus rossii (NC) Native Pigface Carpobrotus sp. Pigface Cassytha pubescens Downy Dodder-laurel Casuarina glauca Grey Buloak * Catapodium rigidum Rigid Fescue * Centaurea calcitrapa Star Thistle * Chasmanthe floribunda var. floribunda African Corn-flag * Chenopodium pumilio Clammy Goosefoot Chenopodium sp. Goosefoot Chloris truncata Windmill Grass Chondrilla juncea Skeleton Weed * Chrysocephalum apiculatum Common Everlasting Cichorium intybus Chicory * Citrullus lanatus Bitter Melon * Clematis microphylla var. microphylla Old Man's Beard Conyza bonariensis Flax-leaf Fleabane * Coprosma repens New Zealand Mirror-bush * Cotula australis Common Cotula Cotula bipinnata Ferny Cotula * Cotula coronopifolia Water Buttons * Cotula vulgaris var. australasica Slender Cotula K Cotyledon orbiculata var. Cotyledon * Cotyledon orbiculata var. oblonga Cotyledon * Crassula closiana Stalked Crassula N Crassula colligata ssp. lamprosperma Australian Stonecrop Crassula colorata var. colorata Dense Crassula

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 208 Results – MA13 Patawalonga – Point Malcolm

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Crassula sieberiana ssp. tetramera (NC) Australian Stonecrop Cucumis myriocarpus Paddy Melon * Cullen australasicum Tall Scurf-pea R Cymbonotus preissianus Austral Bear's-ear U Cynara cardunculus ssp. flavescens Artichoke Thistle * Cynodon dactylon (NC) Couch * Cynodon dactylon var. dactylon Couch * Cyperus congestus Dense Flat-sedge * Cyperus gymnocaulos Spiny Flat-sedge Cyperus vaginatus Stiff Flat-sedge Danthonia sp. (NC) Wallaby-grass Daucus glochidiatus Native Carrot Dianella brevicaulis Short-stem Flax-lily Dimorphotheca pluvialis Cape Marigold * Disphyma crassifolium ssp. clavellatum Round-leaf Pigface Distichlis distichophylla Emu-grass N Dodonaea viscosa ssp. spatulata Sticky Hop-bush Drosanthemum candens Rodondo Creeper * Ehrharta calycina Perennial Veldt Grass * Ehrharta longiflora Annual Veldt Grass * Ehrharta villosa var. maxima Pyp Grass * Eleocharis acuta Common Spike-rush Emex australis Three-corner Jack * Enchylaena tomentosa var. tomentosa Ruby Saltbush Erodium moschatum Musky Herons-bill * Euchiton sphaericus Annual Cudweed Euphorbia paralias Sea Spurge * Euphorbia terracina False Caper * Foeniculum vulgare Fennel * Frankenia cupularis R Fraxinus angustifolia Desert Ash * Fumaria capreolata White-flower Fumitory * Fumaria muralis ssp. muralis Wall Fumitory * Gahnia filum Thatching Grass R Galenia pubescens var. pubescens Coastal Galenia * Galenia secunda Galenia * Gazania sp. Gazania * Genista linifolia Flax-leaf Broom * Geranium potentilloides var. potentilloides Downy Geranium Q Geranium retrorsum Grassland Geranium Haloragis brownii Swamp Raspwort R V Helichrysum leucopsideum Satin Everlasting U Helminthotheca echioides Ox-tongue * Hemichroa pentandra Trailing Hemichroa R

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 209 Results – MA13 Patawalonga – Point Malcolm

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Hordeum marinum Sea Barley-grass * Hornungia procumbens Oval Purse * Hypochaeris glabra Smooth Cat's Ear * Hypochaeris sp. Cat's Ear * Isolepis cernua Nodding Club-rush Isolepis nodosa Knobby Club-rush Juncus acutus Sharp Rush * Juncus bufonius Toad Rush Kennedia prostrata Scarlet Runner Kunzea pomifera Muntries U Lactuca serriola (NC) Prickly Lettuce * Lactuca serriola f. serriola Prickly Lettuce * Lagunaria patersonii Pyramid Tree * Lagurus ovatus Hare's Tail Grass * Lepidium africanum Common Peppercress * Lepidium didymum Lesser Swine's-cress * Lepidium draba Hoary Cress * Lepidium draba (NC) Hoary Cress * Lepidium latifolium Perennial Peppercress * Lepidium perfoliatum * Lepidosperma gladiatum Coast Sword-sedge U Lepidosperma viscidum Sticky Sword-sedge Leptospermum laevigatum Coast Tea-tree * Leucophyta brownii Coast Cushion Bush Leucopogon parviflorus Coast Beard-heath Limonium binervosum Dwarf Sea-lavender * Limonium companyonis Sea-lavender * Limonium hyblaeum * Lobularia maritima Sweet Alyssum * Lolium perenne Perennial Ryegrass * Lolium perenne X Lolium rigidum Hybrid Ryegrass * Lolium rigidum Wimmera Ryegrass * Lomandra collina Sand Mat-rush R Lomandra effusa Scented Mat-rush R Lomandra leucocephala ssp. robusta Woolly Mat-rush R Lotus australis Austral Trefoil U Lupinus cosentinii Blue Lupin * Lycium ferocissimum African Boxthorn * Lythrum hyssopifolia Lesser Loosestrife Maireana brevifolia Short-leaf Bluebush Maireana decalvans Black Cotton-bush E E Maireana oppositifolia Salt Bluebush Malva dendromorpha Tree Mallow * Marsilea sp. Nardoo

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 210 Results – MA13 Patawalonga – Point Malcolm

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Matricaria recutita Wild Chamomile * Matthiola incana Common Stock * Medicago polymorpha var. polymorpha Burr-medic * Medicago truncatula Barrel Medic * Melaleuca lanceolata Dryland Tea-tree U Melia azedarach White Cedar * Melilotus albus Bokhara Clover * Melilotus indicus King Island Melilot * Mesembryanthemum crystallinum Common Iceplant * Microseris lanceolata Yam Daisy Moraea setifolia Thread Iris * Muehlenbeckia adpressa Climbing Lignum Muehlenbeckia gunnii Coastal Climbing Lignum Myoporum insulare Common Boobialla Myoporum parvifolium Creeping Boobialla R V Narcissus tazetta Polyanthus Narcissus * Nicotiana glauca Tree Tobacco * Nitraria billardierei Nitre-bush Oenothera drummondii * Oenothera stricta ssp. stricta Common Evening Primrose * Olea europaea ssp. europaea Olive * Olearia axillaris Coast Daisy-bush Olearia ramulosa Twiggy Daisy-bush Ophioglossum lusitanicum Austral Adder's-tongue U Opuntia stricta Erect Prickly Pear * Orobanche minor Lesser Broomrape * Osteospermum fruticosum * Oxalis flava Finger-leaf Oxalis * Oxalis hirta Hairy Wood-sorrel * Oxalis pes-caprae Soursob * Panicum effusum var. effusum Hairy Panic K Parapholis incurva Curly Ryegrass * Parietaria debilis Smooth-nettle Parietaria debilis (NC) Smooth-nettle Paspalum vaginatum Salt-water Couch * Pelargonium australe Australian Pelargonium U Pennisetum clandestinum Kikuyu * Pennisetum setaceum Fountain Grass * Pentaschistis airoides False Hair-grass * Persicaria lapathifolia Pale Knotweed T Pheladenia deformis Bluebeard Orchid Phoenix sp. Date Palm * Phragmites australis Common Reed Picris squarrosa Squat Picris R E

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 211 Results – MA13 Patawalonga – Point Malcolm

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Pimelea curviflora var. sericea Curved Riceflower Pimelea glauca Smooth Riceflower Pimelea serpyllifolia ssp. serpyllifolia Thyme Riceflower Pimelea stricta Erect Riceflower Plantago coronopus ssp. coronopus Bucks-horn Plantain * Plantago lanceolata var. Ribwort * Poa annua Winter Grass * Poa annua (NC) Winter Grass * Poa poiformis var. poiformis Coast Tussock-grass N Podolepis rugata var. rugata Pleated Copper-wire Daisy E Podotheca angustifolia Sticky Long-heads Pogonolepis muelleriana Stiff Cup-flower U Polypogon monspeliensis Annual Beard-grass * Polypogon viridis Water Bent * Portulaca oleracea Common Purslane Potamogeton pectinatus Fennel Pondweed Pseudognaphalium luteoalbum Jersey Cudweed Ptilotus polystachyus var. polystachyus Long-tails T Ranunculus muricatus Pricklefruit Buttercup * Raphanus sativus Radish * Reichardia tingitana False Sowthistle * Rhagodia candolleana ssp. candolleana Sea-berry Saltbush Rhagodia parabolica Mealy Saltbush V Rhamnus alaternus Blowfly Bush * Ricinus communis Castor Oil Plant * Rosmarinus officinalis Rosemary * Rostraria cristata Annual Cat's-tail * Rumex conglomeratus Clustered Dock * Rumex crispus Curled Dock * Salsola tragus Buckbush Samolus repens Creeping Brookweed U Sarcocornia blackiana Thick-head Samphire Sarcocornia quinqueflora Beaded Samphire Scabiosa atropurpurea Pincushion * Scaevola angustata Coast Fanflower V Scaevola crassifolia Cushion Fanflower R Schoenoplectus pungens Spiky Club-rush U Sclerolaena muricata var. muricata Five-spine Bindyi Scorzonera laciniata Scorzonera * Senecio angulatus Cape Ivy * Senecio cunninghamii var. cunninghamii Shrubby Groundsel E Senecio cunninghamii var. cunninghamii (NC) Shrubby Groundsel E Senecio glossanthus Annual Groundsel Senecio glossanthus (NC) Annual Groundsel

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 212 Results – MA13 Patawalonga – Point Malcolm

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Senecio pinnatifolius Variable Groundsel Senecio pterophorus African Daisy * Senecio sp. Groundsel Silene gallica var. gallica French Catchfly * Silene nocturna Mediterranean Catchfly * Sisymbrium officinale Hedge Mustard * Sisymbrium orientale Indian Hedge Mustard * Solanum elaeagnifolium Silver-leaf Nightshade * Solanum nigrum Black Nightshade * Sonchus asper ssp. Rough Sow-thistle * Sonchus oleraceus Common Sow-thistle * Sonchus oleraceus (NC) Common Sow-thistle * Sorghum halepense Johnson Grass * Spartium junceum Spanish Broom * Sphenopus divaricatus Wedge-foot Grass * Spinifex hirsutus Rolling Spinifex Spinifex sericeus (NC) Rolling Spinifex Sporobolus virginicus Salt Couch Stenotaphrum secundatum Buffalo Grass * Suaeda australis Austral Seablite Tamarix aphylla Athel Pine * Taraxacum officinale Dandelion * Tecticornia arbuscula Shrubby Samphire Tecticornia pergranulata ssp. pergranulata Black-seed Samphire Tetragonia decumbens Sea Spinach * Tetragonia implexicoma Bower Spinach Threlkeldia diffusa Coast Bonefruit Thysanotus baueri Mallee Fringe-lily E Trachyandra divaricata * Tragopogon porrifolius Salsify * Trifolium fragiferum var. fragiferum Strawberry Clover * Triglochin mucronatum Prickly Arrowgrass K Triglochin striatum Streaked Arrowgrass N Triglochin trichophorum K Tropaeolum majus Nasturtium * Urtica urens Small Nettle * Vicia monantha Spurred Vetch * Vicia monantha ssp. monantha One-flower Vetch * Vicia monantha ssp. triflora * Vulpia myuros f. myuros Rat's-tail Fescue * Vulpia sp. Fescue *

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 213 Results – MA13 Patawalonga – Point Malcolm

Weeds

# Non-indigenous Flora in cell 164 (53% of total cell flora) Red Alert Weeds Species Common Name Acacia cyclops Western Coastal Wattle Arctotis stoechadifolia White Arctotis Argyranthemum frutescens ssp. foeniculaceum Teneriffe Daisy Asparagus asparagoides f. asparagoides Bridal Creeper Coprosma repens New Zealand Mirror-bush Ehrharta calycina Perennial Veldt Grass Ehrharta villosa var. maxima Pyp Grass Euphorbia paralias Sea Spurge Euphorbia terracina False Caper Galenia pubescens var. pubescens Coastal Galenia Gazania sp. Gazania Juncus acutus Sharp Rush Leptospermum laevigatum Coast Tea-tree Lycium ferocissimum African Boxthorn Mesembryanthemum crystallinum Common Iceplant Olea europaea ssp. europaea Olive Oxalis pes-caprae Soursob Pennisetum clandestinum Kikuyu Rhamnus alaternus Blowfly Bush Trachyandra divaricata Dune Onion weed Declared Weeds Species Common Name Asparagus asparagoides f. asparagoides Bridal Creeper Asphodelus fistulosus Onion Weed Carduus tenuiflorus Slender Thistle Chondrilla juncea Skeleton Weed Emex australis Three-corner Jack Euphorbia terracina False Caper Lycium ferocissimum African Boxthorn Olea europaea ssp. europaea Olive Orobanche minor Lesser Broomrape Oxalis pes-caprae Soursob Solanum elaeagnifolium Silver-leaf Nightshade

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 214 Results – MA13 Patawalonga – Point Malcolm

Fauna

# Fauna in cell 143 (Surveys undertaken; 46 opportunistic surveys.) # Conservation Rated Fauna in cell 44 (15 state, 43 regional) Significant Fauna Species Common Name Rating Sterna nereis Fairy Tern SA: E Actitis hypoleucos Common Sandpiper SA: R Anhinga melanogaster Darter SA: R Biziura lobata Musk Duck SA: R Cereopsis novaehollandiae Cape Barren Goose SA: R Egretta garzetta Little Egret SA: R Falcunculus frontatus Crested Shrike-tit SA: R Gallinago hardwickii Latham's Snipe SA: R Haematopus fuliginosus Sooty Oystercatcher SA: R Larus dominicanus Kelp Gull SA: R Plegadis falcinellus Glossy Ibis SA: R Porzana tabuensis Spotless Crake SA: R Rallus pectoralis Lewin's Rail SA: V Stictonetta naevosa Freckled Duck SA: V Thinornis rubricollis Hooded Plover SA: V # Non-indigenous Fauna 13

All Fauna

Species Common Name Class Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Acanthiza chrysorrhoa Yellow-rumped Thornbill Aves LC Acanthiza lineata Striated Thornbill Aves Accipiter fasciatus Brown Goshawk Aves LC Acrocephalus australis Australian Reed Warbler, Aves (Clamorous Reed-Warbler) RA Actitis hypoleucos Common Sandpiper Aves R RA Agapornis roseicollis Peach-faced Lovebird * Aves Alauda arvensis Eurasian Skylark * Aves Anas castanea Chestnut Teal Aves LC Anas gracilis Grey Teal Aves LC Anas platyrhynchos Mallard * Aves Anas superciliosa Pacific Black Duck Aves LC Anas superciliosa x anas platyrhynchos Pacific Black Duck/Mallard Aves Hybrid Anhinga melanogaster Darter Aves R VU Anthochaera carunculata Red Wattlebird Aves LC Anthochaera chrysoptera Little Wattlebird Aves LC Anthus novaeseelandiae Richard's Pipit Aves LC Apus pacificus Fork-tailed Swift Aves RA Ardea alba Great Egret, ( White Egret) Aves LC

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 215 Results – MA13 Patawalonga – Point Malcolm

Species Common Name Class Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Ardea pacifica White-necked Heron Aves LC Aythya australis Hardhead (White-eyed Duck) Aves LC Biziura lobata Musk Duck Aves R RA Cacatua galerita Sulphur-crested Cockatoo Aves RA Cacatua roseicapilla Galah Aves LC Cacatua sanguinea Little Corella Aves LC Cacatua sp. Aves Calidris acuminata Sharp-tailed Sandpiper Aves LC Carduelis carduelis European Goldfinch * Aves Carduelis chloris European Greenfinch * Aves Cereopsis novaehollandiae Cape Barren Goose Aves R RA Charadrius ruficapillus Red-capped Plover Aves LC Chenonetta jubata Australian Wood Duck, (Maned Aves Duck) LC Chlidonias hybridus Whiskered Tern Aves LC Chrysococcyx basalis Horsfield's Bronze-cuckoo Aves LC Cincloramphus cruralis Brown Songlark Aves LC Cincloramphus mathewsi Rufous Songlark Aves LC Cisticola exilis Golden-headed Cisticola Aves VU Columba livia Rock Dove * Aves Coracina novaehollandiae Black-faced Cuckoo-shrike Aves LC Corvus coronoides Australian Raven Aves VU Corvus mellori Little Raven Aves LC Coturnix pectoralis Stubble Quail Aves LC Cuculus pallidus Pallid Cuckoo Aves Cygnus atratus Black Swan Aves LC Dicaeum hirundinaceum Mistletoebird Aves NT Egretta garzetta Little Egret Aves R LC Egretta novaehollandiae White-faced Heron Aves LC Elanus axillaris Black-shouldered Kite Aves LC Elseyornis melanops Black-fronted Dotterel Aves LC Erythrogonys cinctus Red-kneed Dotterel Aves LC Eudyptula minor Little Penguin Aves Falco berigora Brown Falcon Aves LC Falco cenchroides Nankeen Kestrel Aves LC Falco longipennis Australian Hobby Aves NT Falco subniger Black Falcon Aves RA Falcunculus frontatus Crested Shrike-tit Aves R RA Fulica atra Eurasian Coot Aves LC Gallinago hardwickii Latham's Snipe Aves R VU Gallinula tenebrosa Dusky Moorhen Aves NT Gallinula ventralis Black-tailed Native-hen Aves LC Gallirallus philippensis Buff-banded Rail Aves VU Geopelia placida Peaceful Dove Aves VU

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 216 Results – MA13 Patawalonga – Point Malcolm

Species Common Name Class Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Glossopsitta concinna Musk Lorikeet Aves LC Glossopsitta porphyrocephala Purple-crowned Lorikeet Aves LC Grallina cyanoleuca Magpie-lark Aves LC Gymnorhina tibicen Australian Magpie Aves LC Haematopus fuliginosus Sooty Oystercatcher Aves R RA Haliastur sphenurus Whistling Kite Aves EN Halobaena caerulea Blue Petrel Aves Himantopus himantopus Black-winged Stilt Aves LC Hirundo neoxena Welcome Swallow Aves LC Lalage tricolor White-winged Triller Aves RA Larus dominicanus Kelp Gull Aves R LC Larus novaehollandiae Silver Gull Aves Larus pacificus Pacific Gull Aves Lichenostomus penicillatus White-plumed Honeyeater Aves LC Lichenostomus virescens Singing Honeyeater Aves LC Malacorhynchus membranaceus Pink-eared Duck Aves RA Manorina melanocephala Noisy Miner Aves LC Megalurus gramineus Little Grassbird Aves NT Merops ornatus Rainbow Bee-eater Aves RA Ninox novaeseelandiae Southern Boobook Aves VU Nycticorax caledonicus Nankeen Night Heron Aves LC Nymphicus hollandicus Cockatiel Aves RA Ocyphaps lophotes Crested Pigeon Aves LC Pachyptila belcheri Slender-billed Prion Aves Pachyptila vittata Broad-billed Prion Aves Passer domesticus House Sparrow * Aves LC Pelecanus conspicillatus Australian Pelican Aves LC Petrochelidon ariel Fairy Martin Aves RA Petrochelidon nigricans Tree Martin Aves NT Petroica goodenovii Red-capped Robin Aves VU Phalacrocorax carbo Great Cormorant Aves LC Phalacrocorax fuscescens Black-faced Cormorant Aves Phalacrocorax melanoleucos Little Pied Cormorant Aves LC Phalacrocorax sulcirostris Little Black Cormorant Aves Phalacrocorax varius Pied Cormorant Aves Phylidonyris albifrons White-fronted Honeyeater Aves RA Phylidonyris novaehollandiae New Holland Honeyeater Aves LC Platalea regia Royal Spoonbill Aves LC Platycercus elegans Crimson Rosella Aves LC Platycercus eximius Eastern Rosella Aves Plegadis falcinellus Glossy Ibis Aves R RA Poliocephalus poliocephalus Hoary-headed Grebe Aves LC Porphyrio porphyrio Purple Swamphen Aves LC Porzana fluminea Australian Spotted Crake Aves VU

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 217 Results – MA13 Patawalonga – Point Malcolm

Species Common Name Class Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Porzana pusilla Baillon's Crake Aves VU Porzana tabuensis Spotless Crake Aves R VU Pterodroma lessonii White-headed Petrel Aves Puffinus puffinus gavia (NC) Fluttering Shearwater Aves Rallus pectoralis Lewin's Rail Aves V Recurvirostra novaehollandiae Red-necked Avocet Aves Rhipidura leucophrys Willie Wagtail Aves LC Sterna bergii Crested Tern Aves Sterna caspia Caspian Tern Aves Sterna nereis Fairy Tern Aves E EN Sterna striata White-fronted Tern Aves Stictonetta naevosa Freckled Duck Aves V VU Streptopelia chinensis Spotted Turtle-dove * Aves Sturnus vulgaris Common Starling * Aves Tachybaptus novaehollandiae Australasian Grebe, (Little Aves Grebe) LC Tadorna tadornoides Australian Shelduck Aves LC Thinornis rubricollis Hooded Plover Aves V EN Threskiornis molucca Australian White Ibis Aves LC Threskiornis spinicollis Straw-necked Ibis Aves LC Trichoglossus haematodus Rainbow Lorikeet Aves LC Tringa nebularia Common Greenshank Aves LC Turdus merula Eurasian Blackbird * Aves Tyto alba Barn Owl Aves NT Vanellus miles Masked Lapwing Aves LC Vanellus tricolor Banded Lapwing Aves RA Zosterops lateralis Silvereye Aves LC Anisynta cynone gracilis Cynone Grass-skipper Invertebrate Theclinesthes albocincta Bitter-bush Blue Invertebrate Canis lupus familiaris Dog (domestic or feral) * Mammalia Felis catus Cat * Mammalia Oryctolagus cuniculus Rabbit * Mammalia Acanthophis antarcticus Common Death Adder Reptilia VU Aprasia striolata Lined Worm-lizard Reptilia VU Christinus marmoratus Marbled Gecko Reptilia LC Ctenophorus pictus Painted Dragon Reptilia RA Pogona barbata Eastern Bearded Dragon Reptilia LC Pseudonaja textilis Eastern Brown Snake Reptilia LC

Note: * = Non-indigenous species, ж = Non-local species, (NC) = Name change

Rating: EX = Extinct, EW = Extinct in the Wild, CR = Critically Endangered, E/ EN = Endangered, ssp = Significant species; V/VU = Vulnerable, R/ RA: Rare, K = Indeterminate/ Possibly threatened, NT = Near Threatened, T = Threatened, Q = Possible significance, U = Uncommon, N = Not significant, LC = Least Concern

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 218 Results – MA14 Le Fevre Peninsula

7.3.14. Le Fevre Peninsula

Cell Detail Cell MA14 includes the whole peninsula north of Point Malcolm, within the City of Port Adelaide Enfield. It has a shoreline of approximately 26.7 kilometres in length and is 2,131 hectares in area.

Landforms The western half of the peninsula is a low beach ridge plain, Bowman and Harvey, 1986, have shown these sands were laid down at the culmination of the Post- Glacial transgression, between 7,000 and 3,000 BP. Beach ridge morphology and dated deposits show the construction of the spit extended from south to north. Prior to urban expansion across the peninsula, dunes showed the characteristic recurved form of spit construction, see 1936 aerial oblique photograph below.

The foreshore north of Semaphore Jetty has fine to medium sands, experiences low wave energy, and has 'ridge and runnel' features, with a reflective beach at high tide. The foreshore and shoreline plan has seen major alteration at the northern end of the peninsula, through the construction of North Haven and Outer Harbor. Figure 20. Cell MA14 Location Map

North Haven, Le Fevre Peninsula. (Photograph Coast Protection Board 2005)

Littoral drift from the south, together with onshore movement of sediments from degraded seagrass meadows, has resulted in rapid beach aggradation at Semaphore and Largs Bay. In the latter three decades of the 20th century, north of Point Malcolm there is a rapid reduction of wave power, and hence littoral sand movement. Two generations ago, storm tides reached the Esplanade seawall between Semaphore and Largs Bay, and since then a dune strip some three to four hundred metres wide has accumulated. The embayment north of Point Malcolm to Largs Bay, shown on the historic photograph below, appears to be in the process of slowly infilling.

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 219 Results – MA14 Le Fevre Peninsula

Le Fevre Peninsula, 1936, looking south. (Photograph courtesy Coast Protection Board)

Landform cont. On the sheltered eastern side of the peninsula little remains of the mangrove and samphire shown above, except an area of intertidal samphire at Mutton Cove and at the southern end of the Port River estuary at Mangrove Cove.

Benthic Habitat In-shore into Gulf St Vincent is bare sand between 600 and 1,700 metres from the shoreline then patchy dense seagrass beds. Largely bare sand associated with the Port River channel.

Terrestrial Biota 47 hectares or 2% of the cell is remnant vegetation. The total number of plant species recorded is 379, total threatened species is 58, a high number of non-indigenous species has been recorded within this total, 204.

Land Use/ Land Ownership 3.3% cell is Crown Lands Act reserve and Unallocated Crown Land is 0.45% of the cell, 3.5% (Mutton Cove) is within the Dolphin Sanctuary. The remainder of the cell is private residential or industrial land.

Uses (Field visits and local reports) Much of the area of this cell is residential land, in addition there is industrial and commercial land. At the northern end of the peninsula, there are areas zoned commercial, but currently unused. Wharves, docks and storage areas are found along the east bank of the Port River in the south of the cell. Near the northern tip of the peninsula is the Pelican Point Power Station and Outer Harbour passenger terminal. Cutting Largs Beach is Gulf Point Marina, together with North Haven residential development on reclaimed land.

Coastal open space is seen as part of the Adelaide Metropolitan Coast Park Concept Plan, (PPK 2001), a guide to strategy and action from Sellicks Beach to Largs Bay. The concept plan has guided effort towards the creation of coastal foot and cycle ways, as well as amenity planting and recreational facilities.

Threats (Field visits and local reports) Un-managed access within Semaphore and Largs Bay dunes remains an on-going problem.

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 220 Results – MA14 Le Fevre Peninsula

Opportunities The coastal open space is highly contested, by a range of uses: maintenance and extension of effort on interpretation of coastal biodiversity is important in this situation. An area known as Biodiversity Park north of Victoria Drive at Outer Harbor offers refuge potential.

The modern growth of the dunes at Semaphore and Largs provide an important opportunity to further re-introduction of indigenous dune plants to this part of the coast.

RB Connelly Reserve is a small pocket reserve in residential suburb of North Haven. It has remnant vegetation and its management is supported by Our Patch and the City of Port Adelaide Enfield. White Hollow is another remnant immediately north of the Fort Largs Police Academy that also has potential to be restored.

Conservation Analysis (GIS) There is a low total of conservation score means: 64.7. The entirety of this large cell shows low to low/medium total detailed scores, with the exception of the small areas of intertidal samphire at Mutton Cove, which has high to medium total values, see Figure XX, cell MA16, Torrens Island.

Although total conservation values are low, values for threatened plant communities and species are medium to high, (however, intensive sampling in this cell may have high total species numbers, which are not matched by areas of native vegetation of a sustainable size, see Terrestrial Biota above). Aboriginal heritage, viewshed, viewscape, number of threatened species, and species richness are the major contributors to this total. High scores in small areas are added for Painted Dragon habitat in Semaphore and Largs Bay dunes and at Mutton Cove, these areas also score open space values.

The area has moderate values for significant bird habitat and 22 rated bird species have been recorded. The state endangered Fairy Tern and White-bellied Sea Eagle, state vulnerable Banded Stilt, Blue-winged Parrot, and Slender- billed Thornbill have been recorded in this cell. The Bitter Bush Blue and the Cynone Grass skipper have been recorded (see below), but no significant butterfly habitat is identified by the GIS analysis.

Threat Analysis (GIS) At a score of 50.121 the total of threat values means is medium. The major contributors to this total are stormwater, development zoning, land ownership, land use, viewscape, viewshed, vegetation block degradation and distribution of aggressive weeds. Over half of the plant species recorded in this cell is exotic.

The detailed pattern of total threats is complex, but shows no areas of extreme high or low values, in the north some moderately high threat totals are found at Outer Harbor and the industrial land in the centre of the peninsula, as well as a small area of degraded intertidal samphire within Mutton Cove.

Distributions within individual threat layers show higher view threats on the Gulf side of Le Fevre, ORV impact in the industrial land in the north, also instability within Semaphore and Largs Bay Dunes.

Possible Climate Change Threats [This local projection is based on the regional scenario set out in section 4.10 in Volume 1.] a) Sea level rise and Storm magnitude [Background: Recent modelled study of littoral drift (Coastal Engineering Solutions, 2004, p.53) shows that wave driven sand transport to the north along this section of shore is of the order of 50,000 to 15,000 cubic metres/year. Wave energy within the shallow inshore zone north of Point Malcolm decreases sharply with a consequent fall in sand transport. Since monitoring began in the late 1970’s more sand arrives from the south of cell MA14 than leaves to the north. This has resulted in sand accumulation on the beach. In addition, volume calculations suggest that more sand has accumulated in this cell than is transported along the shore: some of the accumulation appears to have come from offshore, released by the dieback of sea grass meadows and subsequent erosion of the sea floor. The accumulation has been dramatic: prior to 1970 pictures show storms reaching the Esplanade at Semaphore, while to-day storms do not reach within 200 metres of the same developments. During this time sea level has risen in the locality by approximately 10 cm. and volumes of sand have been removed from Semaphore Beach by the Coast Protection Board for replenishment in cell MA13].

Greenhouse gas induced accelerated sea level rise of 10 cm by 2030 might lead to beach recession were all other things equal. However, supply of sediment from the south will continue and may continue to be supplemented by (reduced)

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 221 Results – MA14 Le Fevre Peninsula offshore supply: these factors make local recession unlikely at this scale of rise. Larger sea level rise to 2070, could reverse such a trend. This is uncertain until clarified by future monitoring. b) Increasing average temperatures and aridity Many coastal plants within the remnant vegetated sand dunes of this cell are well adapted to arid conditions and may be little affected by the projected conditions. c) Changed run-off regimes Run-off within this cell is entirely from the urban stormwater system. The Adelaide Coastal Waters Study (Fox et al. 2007, Final Report vol.1, p.27.) has shown that stormwater contribution to the nutrient load of coastal water is minor, but is very significant with regard to inshore turbidity. As most particulate matter is delivered during peak storms, projected changes may not alter this situation, even following anticipated increases in stormwater retention. d) Nearshore marine changes The management of this, largely artificial, beach is closely linked to any variation in littoral transport driven by variations in wave energy. The scenario envisaged for this region would see the continuation of swell waves from the southwest, and hence the continuation of the slow, decelerating, northerly sand movement.

Actions and Priority

Table 16. Recommended Actions and Priority for MA14 – Le Fevre Peninsula

Component Issue Proposed Action Priority of Key Players Action All coastal dune Limited biodiversity in Extend and intensify planting Medium (Soc./ Council/ NRM/ reserves dunes of native plant species, in Econ.) Community tandem with removal of dangerous weeds Weeds and litter are Councils should take Medium (Threat) Council introduced to the dunes opportunities to use alternate by numerous (32 in this stormwater strategies, in order cell) storm drains to minimise the impact on dunes. (Supports Port Adelaide Enfield Coastal Management Plan, ID&A 2000, goal for stormwater – note: this plan is under revision, 2008) Pressure of use has led to Petherick, 2005, suggest High Council/ NRM/ a major ongoing weed detection and removal of (Cons./Threat) Community threat to all dunes: 19 red *Trachyandra divaricata is the alert weeds detected in first priority for the Semaphore this cell Dunes Regular monitoring of all dune areas for red alert weeds. Weed strategy development and action on weed removal for each dune area Development of informal Continuation of effort to reduce Medium (Threat) Council/ Community foot tracks in dunes this through fencing at damages vegetation and strategic locations, interpretive introduces weeds signage, marking of the seaward end of paths Creation of a corridor for Continue to include Adriana Medium (Cons.) Community/ Council the Bitter Bush Blue quadripartita in re-vegetation butterfly works, (see Petherick, 2005) Semaphore and Adjustment of foredune Plantings to encourage low Medium (Threat) Council/ Community/ Largs Bay dunes shape following beach foredune face angle DEH- ALB scraping Mangrove Cove Mangrove Cove is a Continue protection and Medium (Cons.) Council/ Community valuable remnant support of management of mangroves and samphire

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 222 Results – MA14 Le Fevre Peninsula

Component Issue Proposed Action Priority of Key Players Action Mutton Cove A significant, partly Support and implement current High (Cons./ DEH – CMB/ NRM rehabilitated, remnant management plan (Coleman Threat) mangrove and saltmarsh and Cook, 2003) Shorebird feeding ground Maintain levee and seawater High (Cons./ DEH – CMB/ NRM disturbance and an deliver system Threat) unstable levee Whole Cell Aboriginal heritage sites Consultation to appropriately Medium (Cons.) Kaurna Heritage recorded in this cell: manage sites in this area Board/ NRM/ need for appropriate and Council/ Aboriginal sustainable management Heritage Branch – DPC/ RCD - Aboriginal Partnership Unit – DEH

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 223 Results – MA14 Le Fevre Peninsula

BIOTA

Flora

Remnant Vegetation Area (Ha) 47 hectares (2% of the cell). A largely depositional area that has had little time to develop any natural biodiversity which has not been mapped. There is remnant of saltmarsh and mangrove at Mutton Cove which is 38.92 hectares in area (2% of the cell). Vegetation Block Metrics 6 mapped vegetation remnants. The dunes gradually increase in width nearer North Haven where they are building up on the marina seawall. This area could become important as a wildlife corridor with good buffer distances. Terrestrial Habitat Description/s The cell is largely a *Thinopyrum junceiforme grassland with emergent Nitraria billardierei in the foredune. # Flora in cell 379 (Surveys undertaken; 19 opportunistic surveys. Additional records provided by Delta Environmental 2008 were used in the cell analysis) # Conservation Rated Flora in cell 58 (1 national, 5 State, 56 regional) Significant Flora Species Common Name Rating Euphrasia collina ssp. osbornii Osborn's Eyebright AUS: EN SA: E Acacia dodonaeifolia Hop-bush Wattle SA: R Atriplex australasica SA: R Melaleuca armillaris ssp. akineta Needle-leaf Honey-myrtle SA: R Melaleuca nanophylla Dwarf-leaf Honey-myrtle SA: R Significant CDCS Floristic Nil Community/ies Protected Area Mutton Cove – Dolphin Sanctuary Vegetation Comments A number of introduced species have colonised this area to the detriment of natural species regeneration. There has been a serious infestation of *Trachyandra divaricata which is thought to have been introduced from ship’s ballast being in close to the Port of Adelaide. A large area of sand pumping reclamation has occurred south of the North Haven breakwater and a variety of non-native and saltmarsh species were planted. Osborn's Eyebright was recorded at Taperoo in 1943. Mangrove Cove off Rennie Road at Port Adelaide has the most southern stand of the grey mangrove in the estuary. The RB Connelly Reserve off Sir Keith Smith Drive North Haven is a small but extremely important coastal remnant. It is currently managed by Our Patch and the City of Port Adelaide Enfield. White Hollow is disconnected from the coast but has remnant coastal vegetation. Additional vegetation sources and resources: Greening Australia 2001. Revegetation Action Plan for the Largs North Dunes. Delta Environmental Consulting 2002. Ecological Survey of Portion of Land Management Corporation Land at Taperoo, SA. Delta Environmental Consulting 2002. Ecological Survey - Title C and adjacent land, Outer Harbor, SA. Delta Environmental Consulting 2003. Mutton Cove Environmental Management Plan. Delta Environmental Consulting 2003. Vegetation Survey and Site History, Titles 5851/97, 5143/963 and 5646/917, North Haven, SA. Delta Environmental Consulting 2004. Rapid flora and tree assessment - Snowden's Beach and Davis Street. Delta Environmental Consulting 2006. Biological Surveys for the Common User Facility, SA. EBS & Connell Wagner 2004. Biodiversity Park Management Plan. Petherick C.E., 2004. Vegetation Management Plan for the Semaphore South Dune Reserve, SA Urban Forest Biodiversity Program, Adelaide. Petherick C.E., 2005. Vegetation Management Plan for the Semaphore Dune Reserve, SA Urban Forest Biodiversity Program, Adelaide. Delta Environmental Consulting 2005. Mangrove Cove Management Plan. Petherick, C.E., 2006. Vegetation Management Plan for the Taperoo Dune Reserve (Draft), SA Urban Forest Biodiversity Program, Adelaide. Greening Australia 2000. Rehabilitation and Management Plan for the Largs Bay Dune Reserve, GASA Inc, Adelaide. SA Urban Forest Biodiversity Program, White Hollow Coastal Management Plan (Draft)

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 224 Results – MA14 Le Fevre Peninsula

All Flora

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Acacia cupularis Cup Wattle R Acacia cyclops Western Coastal Wattle ж Acacia dodonaeifolia Hop-bush Wattle R R Acacia ligulata Umbrella Bush K Acacia longifolia ssp. sophorae Coastal Wattle N Acacia myrtifolia Narrow-leaf Myrtle Wattle Acacia myrtifolia var. myrtifolia (NC) Myrtle Wattle Acacia pycnantha Golden Wattle Acacia salicina Willow Wattle V Acacia saligna Golden Wreath Wattle * Acacia victoriae ssp. victoriae Elegant Wattle V Actites megalocarpa Coast Sow-thistle K Adenanthos terminalis Yellow Gland-flower U Adriana quadripartita Coast Bitter-bush U Aeonium sp. * Agapanthus praecox ssp. orientalis * Agave americana Century Plant * Allocasuarina verticillata Drooping Sheoak Aloe sp. Aloe * Alyxia buxifolia Sea Box R Amaranthus albus Stiff Tumbleweed * Amaryllis belladonna Belladonna Lily * Ambrosia psilostachya Perennial Ragweed * Ambrosia tenuifolia Lacy Ragweed * Ammophila arenaria Marram Grass * Anacyclus radiatus * Angianthus preissianus Salt Angianthus R Apium annuum Annual Celery R Arctotheca calendula Cape Weed * Arctotis sp. (NC) Arctotis stoechadifolia White Arctotis * Arenaria leptoclados Lesser Thyme-leaved Sandwort * Argentipallium obtusifolium Blunt Everlasting U Aristida behriana Brush Wire-grass U Arthropodium strictum Common Vanilla-lily Arundo donax Giant Reed * Asparagus asparagoides f. asparagoides Bridal Creeper * Asphodelus fistulosus Onion Weed * Aster subulatus Aster-weed * Atriplex australasica R R Atriplex cinerea Coast Saltbush Atriplex nummularia ssp. Old-man Saltbush

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 225 Results – MA14 Le Fevre Peninsula

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Atriplex paludosa ssp. cordata Marsh Saltbush Atriplex paludosa ssp. paludosa Marsh Saltbush K Atriplex prostrata Creeping Saltbush * Atriplex rhagodioides River Saltbush Atriplex semibaccata Berry Saltbush Atriplex suberecta Lagoon Saltbush Austrodanthonia caespitosa Common Wallaby-grass Austrodanthonia setacea Small-flower Wallaby-grass Austrostipa drummondii Cottony Spear-grass Austrostipa flavescens Coast Spear-grass Austrostipa nitida Balcarra Spear-grass Austrostipa nodosa Tall Spear-grass Austrostipa sp. Spear-grass Avena barbata Bearded Oat * Avicennia marina ssp. marina Grey Mangrove Banksia marginata Silver Banksia Baumea juncea Bare Twig-rush Boerhavia dominii Tar-vine Bolboschoenus caldwellii Salt Club-rush Brachypodium distachyon False Brome * Brassica tournefortii Wild Turnip * Briza minor Lesser Quaking-grass * Bromus diandrus Great Brome * Bromus madritensis Compact Brome * Bromus rubens Red Brome * Bromus sp. Brome Bupleurum semicompositum Hare's Ear * Cakile maritima ssp. maritima Two-horned Sea Rocket * Callistemon rugulosus Callistemon teretifolius Needle Bottlebrush R Callitris gracilis Southern Cypress Pine U Callitris sp. Native Pine Calotis erinacea Tangled Burr-daisy E Calytrix tetragona Common Fringe-myrtle Carpobrotus edulis ssp. edulis Hottentot Fig * Carpobrotus rossii Native Pigface Carpobrotus rossii (NC) Native Pigface Casuarina glauca Grey Buloak * Centaurea calcitrapa Star Thistle * Centaurium tenuiflorum (NC) Branched Centaury * Ceratonia siliqua Carob Tree * Chamaesyce hyssopifolia * Chasmanthe floribunda var. floribunda African Corn-flag * Cheiranthera alternifolia Hand-flower

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 226 Results – MA14 Le Fevre Peninsula

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Chenopodium album Fat Hen * Chenopodium multifidum Scented Goosefoot * Chenopodium sp. Goosefoot Chloris truncata Windmill Grass Chondrilla juncea Skeleton Weed * Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. monilifera Boneseed * Chrysanthemum coronarium * Cichorium intybus Chicory * Coleonema pulchellum Diosma * Comesperma volubile Love Creeper Conyza bonariensis Flax-leaf Fleabane * Cortaderia selloana Common Pampas Grass * Cotula australis Common Cotula Cotula bipinnata Ferny Cotula * Cotula coronopifolia Water Buttons * Cotula vulgaris var. australasica Slender Cotula K Cotyledon orbiculata var. Cotyledon * Crassula natans var. minus Water Crassula * Cucumis myriocarpus Paddy Melon * Cullen australasicum Tall Scurf-pea R Cupressus goveniana * Cynara cardunculus ssp. flavescens Artichoke Thistle * Cynodon dactylon var. dactylon Couch * Cynodon sp. Couch * Cyperus eragrostis Drain Flat-sedge * Daucus glochidiatus Native Carrot Daviesia leptophylla Narrow-leaf Bitter-pea Dianella brevicaulis Short-stem Flax-lily Digitaria sanguinalis Crab Grass * Dillwynia hispida Red Parrot-pea Dimorphotheca sp. Diplotaxis muralis var. muralis Wall Rocket * Diplotaxis tenuifolia Lincoln Weed * Disphyma crassifolium ssp. clavellatum Round-leaf Pigface Distichlis distichophylla Emu-grass N Dittrichia graveolens Stinkweed * Dodonaea viscosa ssp. angustissima Narrow-leaf Hop-bush Dodonaea viscosa ssp. spatulata Sticky Hop-bush Echium plantagineum Salvation Jane * Ehrharta longiflora Annual Veldt Grass * Ehrharta villosa var. maxima Pyp Grass * Emex australis Three-corner Jack * Enchylaena tomentosa var. tomentosa Ruby Saltbush Enneapogon nigricans Black-head Grass

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 227 Results – MA14 Le Fevre Peninsula

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Epilobium billardierianum ssp. billardierianum Robust Willow-herb N Epilobium hirtigerum Hairy Willow-herb Eremophila alternifolia Narrow-leaf Emubush Erodium botrys Long Heron's-bill * Erodium moschatum Musky Herons-bill * Euchiton sphaericus Annual Cudweed Euphorbia paralias Sea Spurge * Euphorbia segetalis Short-stem Carnation Weed * Euphorbia terracina False Caper * Euphrasia collina ssp. osbornii Osborn's Eyebright EN E E Exocarpos sp. Native Cherry/Ballart Ficus sp. (NC) Fig Foeniculum vulgare Fennel * Frankenia pauciflora var. Southern Sea-heath Fraxinus angustifolia Desert Ash * Fumaria capreolata White-flower Fumitory * Galenia pubescens var. pubescens Coastal Galenia * Galenia secunda Galenia * Galium murale Small Bedstraw * Gaura lindheimeri Clock Weed * Gazania linearis Gazania * Gazania sp. Gazania * Geranium retrorsum Grassland Geranium Geranium sp. Geranium Gnaphalium indutum Tiny Cudweed R Gomphocarpus cancellatus Broad-leaf Cotton-bush * Gramineae sp. Grass Family Hakea carinata Erect Hakea Halosarcia sp. (NC) Samphire Helichrysum leucopsideum Satin Everlasting U Heliotropium europaeum Common Heliotrope Hemichroa diandra Mallee Hemichroa V Hemichroa pentandra Trailing Hemichroa R Hordeum leporinum Wall Barley-grass * Hordeum marinum Sea Barley-grass * Hornungia procumbens Oval Purse * Hydrocotyle bonariensis Pennywort * Hydrocotyle medicaginoides Medic Pennywort E Hypochaeris glabra Smooth Cat's Ear * Hypochaeris radicata Rough Cat's Ear * Hypoxis glabella var. glabella Tiny Star Isolepis nodosa Knobby Club-rush Juncus acutus Sharp Rush * Juncus bufonius Toad Rush

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 228 Results – MA14 Le Fevre Peninsula

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Juncus kraussii Sea Rush Kennedia prostrata Scarlet Runner Kunzea pomifera Muntries U Lactuca serriola f. serriola Prickly Lettuce * Lagunaria patersonii Pyramid Tree * Lagurus ovatus Hare's Tail Grass * Lampranthus glaucus Noon-flower * Lavandula dentata var. candicans French Lavender * Lawrencia squamata Thorny Lawrencia K Lepidium africanum Common Peppercress * Lepidium pseudohyssopifolium E Lepidosperma gladiatum Coast Sword-sedge U Leptospermum laevigatum Coast Tea-tree * Leucophyta brownii Coast Cushion Bush Limonium binervosum Dwarf Sea-lavender * Limonium companyonis Sea-lavender * Limonium hyblaeum * Lolium multiflorum Italian Ryegrass * Lolium perenne Perennial Ryegrass * Lolium rigidum Wimmera Ryegrass * Lolium temulentum var. arvense Bearded Ryegrass * Lomandra collina Sand Mat-rush R Lomandra juncea Desert Mat-rush U Lomandra leucocephala ssp. robusta Woolly Mat-rush R Lotus australis Austral Trefoil U Lycium ferocissimum African Boxthorn * Lythrum hyssopifolia Lesser Loosestrife Maireana brevifolia Short-leaf Bluebush Maireana oppositifolia Salt Bluebush Malva dendromorpha Tree Mallow * Malva parviflora Small-flower Marshmallow * Matthiola incana Common Stock * Medicago minima var. minima Little Medic * Medicago polymorpha var. polymorpha Burr-medic * Medicago sativa Lucerne * Medicago sp. Medic * Medicago truncatula Barrel Medic * Melaleuca armillaris ssp. akineta Needle-leaf Honey-myrtle R Melaleuca halmaturorum Swamp Paper-bark V Melaleuca lanceolata Dryland Tea-tree U Melaleuca nanophylla Dwarf-leaf Honey-myrtle R Melaleuca sp. Tea-tree Melaleuca uncinata Broombush R Melilotus albus Bokhara Clover *

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 229 Results – MA14 Le Fevre Peninsula

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Melilotus indicus King Island Melilot * Mesembryanthemum aitonis Angled Iceplant * Mesembryanthemum crystallinum Common Iceplant * Mesembryanthemum nodiflorum Slender Iceplant * Microseris lanceolata Yam Daisy Millotia muelleri Common Bow-flower Millotia myosotidifolia Broad-leaf Millotia U Minuartia mediterranea Slender Sandwort * Modiola caroliniana Red-flowered Mallow * Moraea setifolia Thread Iris * Muehlenbeckia adpressa Climbing Lignum Muehlenbeckia gunnii Coastal Climbing Lignum Myoporum insulare Common Boobialla Narcissus tazetta Polyanthus Narcissus * Nerium oleander Oleander * Nicotiana glauca Tree Tobacco * Nitraria billardierei Nitre-bush Oenothera glazioviana * Oenothera sp. Evening Primrose * Oenothera stricta ssp. stricta Common Evening Primrose * Olea europaea ssp. europaea Olive * Olearia axillaris Coast Daisy-bush Opuntia ficus-indica Indian Fig * Opuntia stricta Erect Prickly Pear * Osteospermum fruticosum * Oxalis pes-caprae Soursob * Oxalis purpurea One-o'clock * Panicum capillare var. brevifolium Witch-grass * Panicum effusum var. effusum Hairy Panic K Panicum miliaceum ssp. miliaceum Broom Millet * Parapholis incurva Curly Ryegrass * Paspalum distichum Water Couch * Paspalum vaginatum Salt-water Couch * Pelargonium australe Australian Pelargonium U Pelargonium X domesticum Garden Geranium * Pennisetum clandestinum Kikuyu * Pennisetum setaceum Fountain Grass * Pennisetum villosum Feather-top * Pentaschistis airoides False Hair-grass * Phoenix dactylifera Date Palm * Phoenix sp. Date Palm * Pimelea phylicoides Heath Riceflower Pimelea serpyllifolia ssp. serpyllifolia Thyme Riceflower Pimelea stricta Erect Riceflower

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 230 Results – MA14 Le Fevre Peninsula

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Pinus halepensis Aleppo Pine * Pinus nigra Corsican Pine * Pinus radiata Radiata Pine * Piptatherum miliaceum Rice Millet * Pittosporum angustifolium Native Apricot R Plantago coronopus ssp. Bucks-horn Plantain * Plantago lanceolata var. Ribwort * Platylobium obtusangulum Holly Flat-pea Poa poiformis var. poiformis Coast Tussock-grass N Pogonolepis muelleriana Stiff Cup-flower U Polygonum aviculare Wireweed * Polypogon monspeliensis Annual Beard-grass * Populus nigra Lombardy Poplar * Poranthera huegelii Heath Poranthera R Prunus armeniaca Apricot * Prunus domestica ssp. Plum * Prunus persica var. Peach * Pseudognaphalium luteoalbum Jersey Cudweed Ptilotus polystachyus var. polystachyus Long-tails T Puccinellia stricta var. stricta Australian Saltmarsh-grass Pultenaea largiflorens Twiggy Bush-pea Pultenaea tenuifolia Narrow-leaf Bush-pea R Pyrus communis Pear * Rapistrum rugosum ssp. rugosum Turnip Weed * Reichardia tingitana False Sowthistle * Reseda lutea Cut-leaf Mignonette * Reseda luteola Wild Mignonette * Retama raetam White Weeping Broom * Rhagodia candolleana ssp. candolleana Sea-berry Saltbush Rhagodia spinescens Spiny Saltbush E Rhamnus alaternus Blowfly Bush * Ricinus communis Castor Oil Plant * Romulea rosea var. australis Common Onion-grass * Rostraria cristata Annual Cat's-tail * Rumex crispus Curled Dock * Salsola tragus Buckbush Samolus repens Creeping Brookweed U Santalum acuminatum Quandong V Sarcocornia quinqueflora Beaded Samphire Sarcocornia sp. Samphire Scaevola crassifolia Cushion Fanflower R Schinus molle Pepper-tree * Senecio glossanthus Annual Groundsel Senecio glossanthus (NC) Annual Groundsel

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 231 Results – MA14 Le Fevre Peninsula

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Senecio hypoleucus Pale Groundsel U Senecio lanibracteus Inland Shrubby Groundsel Senecio pinnatifolius Variable Groundsel Senecio quadridentatus Cotton Groundsel Senecio sp. Groundsel Senecio vulgaris Common Groundsel * Senna sp. Senna Setaria italica Fox-tail Millet * Silene nocturna Mediterranean Catchfly * Sisymbrium irio London Mustard * Sisymbrium orientale Indian Hedge Mustard * Sisymbrium sp. Wild Mustard * Solanum elaeagnifolium Silver-leaf Nightshade * Solanum linnaeanum Apple Of Sodom * Solanum nigrum Black Nightshade * Solidago canadensis Golden Rod * Sonchus asper ssp. Rough Sow-thistle * Sonchus oleraceus Common Sow-thistle * Sonchus oleraceus (NC) Common Sow-thistle * Spergularia marina Salt Sand-spurrey Spergularia marina (NC) Salt Sand-spurrey * Spergularia sp. Sand-spurrey * Sphenopus divaricatus Wedge-foot Grass * Spinifex hirsutus Rolling Spinifex Spinifex sericeus (NC) Rolling Spinifex Sporobolus virginicus Salt Couch Stenotaphrum secundatum Buffalo Grass * Suaeda australis Austral Seablite Suaeda baccifera Seablite * Tamarix aphylla Athel Pine * Taraxacum officinale Dandelion * Tecticornia arbuscula Shrubby Samphire Tecticornia disarticulata Tecticornia halocnemoides ssp. Grey Samphire Tecticornia indica ssp. bidens Brown-head Samphire K Tecticornia pergranulata ssp. pergranulata Black-seed Samphire Tecticornia pruinosa Bluish Samphire K Tecticornia sp. Samphire Tecticornia tenuis Slender Samphire Tetragonia decumbens Sea Spinach * Tetragonia implexicoma Bower Spinach Tetratheca pilosa ssp. pilosa Hairy Pink-bells Thinopyrum junceiforme Sea Wheat-grass * Threlkeldia diffusa Coast Bonefruit

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 232 Results – MA14 Le Fevre Peninsula

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Trachyandra divaricata * Tribolium acutiflorum * Tribulus terrestris Caltrop * Tricoryne tenella Tufted Yellow Rush-lily N Trifolium angustifolium Narrow-leaf Clover * Trifolium arvense var. arvense Hare's-foot Clover * Trifolium tomentosum Woolly Clover * Triglochin striatum Streaked Arrowgrass N Trigonella monspeliaca Fenugreek * Triticum aestivum Wheat * Typha sp. Bulrush Urtica urens Small Nettle * Vellereophyton dealbatum White Cudweed * Vicia monantha Spurred Vetch * Vicia sativa ssp. nigra Narrow-leaf Vetch * Vicia sativa ssp. sativa Common Vetch * Vitis vinifera Grape Vine * Vittadinia australasica var. australasica Sticky New Holland Daisy R Vittadinia blackii Narrow-leaf New Holland Daisy R Vittadinia cervicularis var. cervicularis Waisted New Holland Daisy Vittadinia cuneata var. cuneata f. cuneata Fuzzy New Holland Daisy Vittadinia gracilis Woolly New Holland Daisy Vulpia bromoides Squirrel-tail Fescue * Vulpia fasciculata Sand Fescue * Watsonia sp. Watsonia * Wedelia glauca Pascalia Weed * Wilsonia humilis Silky Wilsonia U Yucca gloriosa Yucca * Zygophyllum billardierei Coast Twinleaf R

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 233 Results – MA14 Le Fevre Peninsula

Weeds

# Non-indigenous Flora in cell 204 (54% of total cell flora) Red Alert Weeds Species Common Name Acacia cyclops Western Coastal Wattle Arctotis stoechadifolia White Arctotis Asparagus asparagoides f. asparagoides Bridal Creeper Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. monilifera Boneseed Euphorbia terracina False Caper Ehrharta villosa var. maxima Pyp Grass Euphorbia paralias Sea Spurge Euphorbia terracina False Caper Galenia pubescens var. pubescens Coastal Galenia Gazania sp. Gazania Juncus acutus Sharp Rush Leptospermum laevigatum Coast Tea-tree Lycium ferocissimum African Boxthorn Mesembryanthemum crystallinum Common Iceplant Olea europaea ssp. europaea Olive Oxalis pes-caprae Soursob Pennisetum clandestinum Kikuyu Retama raetam White Weeping Broom Trachyandra divaricata Dune Onion weed Declared Weeds Species Common Name Ambrosia tenuifolia Lacy Ragweed Asparagus asparagoides f. asparagoides Bridal Creeper Asphodelus fistulosus Onion Weed Chondrilla juncea Skeleton Weed Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. monilifera Boneseed Cynara cardunculus ssp. flavescens Artichoke Thistle Diplotaxis tenuifolia Lincoln Weed Echium plantagineum Salvation Jane Emex australis Three-corner Jack Euphorbia terracina False Caper Lycium ferocissimum African Boxthorn Olea europaea ssp. europaea Olive Opuntia stricta Erect Prickly Pear Oxalis pes-caprae Soursob Pinus halepensis Aleppo Pine Reseda lutea Cut-leaf Mignonette Solanum elaeagnifolium Silver-leaf Nightshade Tribulus terrestris Caltrop

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 234 Results – MA14 Le Fevre Peninsula

Fauna

# Fauna in cell 176 (Surveys undertaken; 6 opportunistic surveys. Additional records pers. comm. Nick Davies, Biodiversity Park Area, Survey 1999, Largs North Dunes Revegetation Action Plan 2001 and Semaphore South Dune Reserve Vegetation Management Plan 2004.) Fauna Comment The very lengthy bird list for this cell may be affected by the counting of ‘flyover’ sightings of species moving to and from feeding and roosting sites on nearby Section Banks, Barker Inlet, Torrens Island and the saltfields. # Conservation Rated Fauna in cell 63 (24 state, 63 regional) Significant Fauna Species Common Name Rating Haliaeetus leucogaster White-bellied Sea-Eagle SA: E Pandion haliaetus Osprey SA: E Sterna nereis Fairy Tern SA: E Actitis hypoleucos Common Sandpiper SA: R Arenaria interpres Ruddy Turnstone SA: R Biziura lobata Musk Duck SA: R Calidris melanotos Pectoral Sandpiper SA: R Cereopsis novaehollandiae Cape Barren Goose SA: R Charadrius mongolus Lesser Sand Plover SA: R Egretta garzetta Little Egret SA: R Egretta sacra Eastern Reef Egret SA: R Haematopus fuliginosus Sooty Oystercatcher SA: R Larus dominicanus Kelp Gull SA: R Neophema elegans Elegant Parrot SA: R Neophema petrophila Rock Parrot SA: R Numenius phaeopus Whimbrel SA: R Pluvialis fulva Pacific Golden Plover SA: R Podiceps cristatus Great Crested Grebe SA: R Sterna hirundo Common Tern SA: R Trichosurus vulpecula Common Brushtail Possum SA: R Tringa glareola Wood Sandpiper SA: R Acanthiza iredalei ssp rosinae Samphire Thornbill SA: V Cladorhynchus leucocephalus Banded Stilt SA: V Numenius madagascariensis Eastern Curlew SA: V # Non-indigenous Fauna 14

All Fauna

Species Common Name Class Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Limnodynastes tasmaniensis Spotted Grass Frog Amphibia LC Neobatrachus pictus Painted Frog Amphibia LC Acanthiza chrysorrhoa Yellow-rumped Thornbill Aves LC Acanthiza iredalei ssp. rosinae Samphire Thornbill Aves V VU Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris Eastern Spinebill Aves RA Accipiter fasciatus Brown Goshawk Aves LC

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 235 Results – MA14 Le Fevre Peninsula

Species Common Name Class Non- Status Status Status Regional NPW Act EPBC Act indigenous

Actitis hypoleucos Common Sandpiper Aves R RA Alauda arvensis Eurasian Skylark * Aves Anas castanea Chestnut Teal Aves LC Anas gracilis Grey Teal Aves LC Anas platyrhynchos Mallard * Aves Anas superciliosa Pacific Black Duck Aves LC Anthochaera carunculata Red Wattlebird Aves LC Anthochaera chrysoptera Little Wattlebird Aves LC Anthus novaeseelandiae Richard's Pipit Aves LC Apus pacificus Fork-tailed Swift Aves RA Aquila audax Wedge-tailed Eagle Aves VU Ardea alba Great Egret, ( White Egret) Aves LC Ardea pacifica White-necked Heron Aves LC Arenaria interpres Ruddy Turnstone Aves R RA Artamus personatus Masked Woodswallow Aves RA Biziura lobata Musk Duck Aves R RA Cacatua galerita Sulphur-crested Cockatoo Aves RA Cacatua roseicapilla Galah Aves LC Cacatua sanguinea Little Corella Aves LC Cacomantis flabelliformis Fan-tailed Cuckoo Aves RA Calidris acuminata Sharp-tailed Sandpiper Aves LC Calidris ferruginea Curlew Sandpiper Aves RA Calidris melanotos Pectoral Sandpiper Aves R RA Calidris ruficollis Red-necked Stint Aves LC Carduelis carduelis European Goldfinch * Aves Carduelis chloris European Greenfinch * Aves Cereopsis novaehollandiae Cape Barren Goose Aves R RA Charadrius bicinctus Double-banded Plover Aves RA Charadrius mongolus Lesser Sand Plover Aves R VU Charadrius ruficapillus Red-capped Plover Aves LC Cheramoeca leucosternus White-backed Swallow Aves RA Chlidonias hybridus Whiskered Tern Aves LC Chlidonias hybridus javanicus (NC) Whiskered (Marsh) Tern Aves Chrysococcyx basalis Horsfield's Bronze-cuckoo Aves LC Cincloramphus cruralis Brown Songlark Aves LC Circus approximans Swamp Harrier Aves EN Cladorhynchus leucocephalus Banded Stilt Aves V VU Colluricincla harmonica Grey Shrike-thrush Aves NT Columba livia Rock Dove * Aves Coracina novaehollandiae Black-faced Cuckoo-shrike Aves LC Corvus coronoides Australian Raven Aves VU Corvus mellori Little Raven Aves LC Corvus sp. Aves Cygnus atratus Black Swan Aves LC

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 236 Results – MA14 Le Fevre Peninsula

Species Common Name Class Non- Status Status Status Regional NPW Act EPBC Act indigenous

Egretta garzetta Little Egret Aves R LC Egretta novaehollandiae White-faced Heron Aves LC Egretta sacra Eastern Reef Egret Aves R VU Elanus axillaris Black-shouldered Kite Aves LC Epthianura albifrons White-fronted Chat Aves RA Erythrogonys cinctus Red-kneed Dotterel Aves LC Eudyptula minor Little Penguin Aves Falco berigora Brown Falcon Aves LC Falco cenchroides Nankeen Kestrel Aves LC Falco longipennis Australian Hobby Aves NT Falco subniger Black Falcon Aves RA Fulica atra Eurasian Coot Aves LC Gallinula ventralis Black-tailed Native-hen Aves LC Gallirallus philippensis Buff-banded Rail Aves VU Geopelia cuneata Diamond Dove Aves RA Geopelia placida Peaceful Dove Aves VU Glossopsitta concinna Musk Lorikeet Aves LC Grallina cyanoleuca Magpie-lark Aves LC Gymnorhina tibicen Australian Magpie Aves LC Haematopus fuliginosus Sooty Oystercatcher Aves R RA Haematopus longirostris Pied Oystercatcher Aves NT Haliaeetus leucogaster White-bellied Sea-Eagle Aves E CR Haliastur sphenurus Whistling Kite Aves EN Hieraaetus morphnoides Little Eagle Aves CR Himantopus himantopus Black-winged Stilt Aves LC Hirundapus caudacutus White-throated Needletail Aves RA Hirundo neoxena Welcome Swallow Aves LC Larus dominicanus Kelp Gull Aves R LC Larus novaehollandiae Silver Gull Aves Larus pacificus Pacific Gull Aves Lichenostomus penicillatus White-plumed Honeyeater Aves LC Lichenostomus versicolor Varied Honeyeater Aves Lichenostomus virescens Singing Honeyeater Aves LC Limicola falcinellus Broad-billed Sandpiper Aves Malurus cyaneus Superb Fairy-wren Aves RA Malurus leucopterus White-winged Fairy-wren Aves RA Manorina melanocephala Noisy Miner Aves LC Melopsittacus undulatus Budgerigar Aves RA Morus serrator Australasian Gannet Aves LC Neophema elegans Elegant Parrot Aves R RA Neophema petrophila Rock Parrot Aves R RA Ninox novaeseelandiae Southern Boobook Aves VU Numenius madagascariensis Eastern Curlew Aves V VU Numenius phaeopus Whimbrel Aves R RA

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 237 Results – MA14 Le Fevre Peninsula

Species Common Name Class Non- Status Status Status Regional NPW Act EPBC Act indigenous

Nycticorax caledonicus Nankeen Night Heron Aves LC Oceanites oceanicus Wilson's Storm-Petrel Aves Ocyphaps lophotes Crested Pigeon Aves LC Pachycephala pectoralis Golden Whistler Aves Pachyptila desolata Antarctic Prion Aves Pandion haliaetus Osprey Aves E EN Passer domesticus House Sparrow * Aves LC Pelagodroma marina White-faced Storm-Petrel Aves Pelecanus conspicillatus Australian Pelican Aves LC Petrochelidon nigricans Tree Martin Aves NT Phalacrocorax carbo Great Cormorant Aves LC Phalacrocorax fuscescens Black-faced Cormorant Aves Phalacrocorax melanoleucos Little Pied Cormorant Aves LC Phalacrocorax sulcirostris Little Black Cormorant Aves Phalacrocorax varius Pied Cormorant Aves Phylidonyris novaehollandiae New Holland Honeyeater Aves LC Platalea flavipes Yellow-billed Spoonbill Aves LC Platalea regia Royal Spoonbill Aves LC Platycercus elegans Crimson Rosella Aves LC Pluvialis fulva Pacific Golden Plover Aves R RA Pluvialis squatarola Grey Plover Aves NT Podiceps cristatus Great Crested Grebe Aves R RA Poliocephalus poliocephalus Hoary-headed Grebe Aves LC Porzana fluminea Australian Spotted Crake Aves VU Pterodroma lessonii White-headed Petrel Aves Puffinus gavia Fluttering Shearwater Aves Puffinus tenuirostris Short-tailed Shearwater Aves Recurvirostra novaehollandiae Red-necked Avocet Aves Rhipidura fuliginosa alisteri (NC) Grey Fantail Aves Rhipidura leucophrys Willie Wagtail Aves LC Sericornis frontalis White-browed Scrubwren Aves NT Stercorarius parasiticus Arctic Jaeger, (Arctic Skua) Aves Sterna bergii Crested Tern Aves Sterna caspia Caspian Tern Aves Sterna hirundo Common Tern Aves R RA Sterna nereis Fairy Tern Aves E EN Sterna striata White-fronted Tern Aves Streptopelia chinensis Spotted Turtle-dove * Aves Sturnus vulgaris Common Starling * Aves Tachybaptus novaehollandiae Australasian Grebe, (Little Grebe) Aves LC Tadorna tadornoides Australian Shelduck Aves LC Threskiornis molucca Australian White Ibis Aves LC Threskiornis molucca (NC) Sacred (White) Ibis Aves Todiramphus sanctus Sacred Kingfisher Aves RA

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 238 Results – MA14 Le Fevre Peninsula

Species Common Name Class Non- Status Status Status Regional NPW Act EPBC Act indigenous

Trichoglossus haematodus Rainbow Lorikeet Aves LC Tringa glareola Wood Sandpiper Aves R RA Tringa nebularia Common Greenshank Aves LC Tringa stagnatilis Marsh Sandpiper Aves RA Turdus merula Eurasian Blackbird * Aves Vanellus miles Masked Lapwing Aves LC Vanellus tricolor Banded Lapwing Aves RA Zosterops lateralis Silvereye Aves LC Anisynta cynone gracilis Cynone Grass-skipper Invertebrate Theclinesthes albocincta Bitter-bush Blue Invertebrate Canis lupus familiaris Dog (domestic or feral) * Mammalia Chalinolobus gouldii Gould's Wattled Bat Mammalia LC Hydromys chrysogaster Water-rat Mammalia VU Lepus capensis Brown Hare * Mammalia Mormopterus species 4 "big dick" Southern Freetail-bat Mammalia LC Mus musculus House Mouse * Mammalia Nyctophilus geoffroyi Lesser Long-eared Bat Mammalia LC Oryctolagus cuniculus Rabbit * Mammalia Scotorepens balstoni Inland Broad-nosed Bat Mammalia Tadarida australis White-striped Freetail-bat Mammalia LC Trichosurus vulpecula Common Brushtail Possum Mammalia R EN Vespadelus darlingtoni Large Forest Bat Mammalia RA Vespadelus regulus Southern Forest Bat Mammalia LC Vespadelus vulturnus Little Forest Bat Mammalia Vulpes vulpes Fox * Mammalia Aprasia striolata Lined Worm-lizard Reptilia VU Christinus marmoratus Marbled Gecko Reptilia LC Ctenophorus pictus Painted Dragon Reptilia RA Demansia psammophis Yellow-faced Whipsnake Reptilia VU Hemiergis peronii Four-toed Earless Skink Reptilia LC Lerista dorsalis Southern Four-toed Slider Reptilia LC Menetia greyii Dwarf Skink Reptilia LC Morethia adelaidensis Adelaide Snake-eye Reptilia LC Pogona barbata Eastern Bearded Dragon Reptilia LC Pseudonaja textilis Eastern Brown Snake Reptilia LC Suta suta Curl Snake Reptilia Tiliqua rugosa Sleepy Lizard Reptilia LC Tiliqua scincoides Eastern Bluetongue Reptilia RA

Note: * = Non-indigenous species, ж = Non-local species, (NC) = Name change

Rating: EX = Extinct, EW = Extinct in the Wild, CR = Critically Endangered, E/ EN = Endangered, ssp = Significant species, V/VU = Vulnerable, R/ RA: Rare, K = Indeterminate/ Possibly threatened, NT = Near Threatened, T = Threatened, Q = Possible significance, U = Uncommon, N = Not significant, LC = Least Concern

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 239 Results – MA14 Le Fevre Peninsula

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 240 Results – MA15 Port Adelaide

7.3.15. Port Adelaide

Cell Detail Cell MA15 takes in the eastern bank of the Port River from the Bower Road causeway to the bridge onto Torrens Island, within the City of Port Adelaide Enfield. It has a shoreline that is approximately 8.46 kilometres and is 356 hectares in area.

Landforms The natural landforms of Port Adelaide are saltmarsh swamps: low lying mangrove, samphire and sand ridges, along the banks of the Port River, (see 1936 oblique aerial photograph, cell MA14). This topography has been modified since European settlement, by fill and flattening, the river channel has been reduced in width by dock construction and fill. Draining and reclamation of these former tidal wetlands has lead to compaction of the surface sediments through loading and de-watering. This has resulted in the lowering of the land surface at Port Adelaide (effective sea level rise) of 10 cm over the period 1950 – 1990, (Belperio, 1989) this compaction is ongoing at present, (in addition to global sea level rise).

The Port River/ Barkers Inlet catchment area is 346 km2. Figure 21: Cell MA15 Location Map

Port River, Birkenhead. (Photograph Coast Protection Board 2005.)

Benthic Habitat Largely bare sand associated with the Port River and Angas Inlet channels.

Terrestrial Biota No remnant vegetation has been mapped in this cell. The total number of native plant and animal species recorded is 163, total threatened species is 25 and the majority are birds. A high number of non-indigenous species has been recorded, 96.

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 241 Results – MA15 Port Adelaide

Land Use/ Land Ownership Almost all the land in this cell is privately owned.

Uses (Field visits and local reports) (including current usage) Commercial, industrial and residential use.

Threats (Field visits and local reports) The functions of the area as a port and as the receptor of an extensive volume of urban stormwater is a threat to the conservation values of the cell.

Edyvane 2000 highlights a number of threats to the Port of Adelaide and environs and includes: Impact of marine pollution, sewage effluent (mangrove loss, seagrass loss, algal blooms), stormwater management, saltfields and adjoining land-use, dredging and spoil deposition, land use issues, recreation: water and land-based uses, mosquito control, sea level rise and land subsidence implications (ie. mangrove colonisation).

Opportunities Improvements in the complex of factors which contribute to the state of this area are reviewed within two recent studies: Environmental Management Review of the Barker Inlet and Port Estuary and Environs, Report to AGC Woodward-Clyde Pty Ltd and Dames & Moore NRM. Client: Barker Inlet / Port Estuary Committee. Consultant: Dr Karen Edyvane 28th April 2000. The Adelaide Coastal Waters Study (Fox et al. 2007)

Conservation Analysis (GIS) The total of conservation means is 36.05, the lowest in the region. The detailed conservation summary map shows all parts of the cell with low to very low totals: not even small areas of conservation priority emerge from this analysis.

Individual layers showed the basis of this summary: no conservation priority scores accrued from endemic plant communities, biodiversity, bird, reptile or butterfly habitat, vegetation metrics, Aboriginal, natural or geological heritage. Some low to medium scores for the presence of threatened plants and communities within the cell are found, while within the business centre of Port Adelaide many buildings and areas are listed as of European heritage significance, on the Register of the National Estate and/or the State Heritage List – many of these have a maritime connection.

The state vulnerable migratory wader Eastern Curlew has been reported in this region.

Threat Analysis (GIS) The total threat of mean values is moderate: 50.64. The detailed threat summary map shows a complex pattern of totals: generally these are medium to low, with the lowest threat at the dockside. One part of Birkenhead shows medium to high threat totals. While no threat values accrue for vegetation dynamics (other than weed numbers – 62% plant species are exotic), and hazards, planning values show visibility, viewscape, development zoning, land use and ownership contribute to the threat total.

Possible Climate Change Threats [This local projection is based on the regional scenario set out in section 4.10 in Volume 1.] a) Sea level rise and Storm magnitude Sea level rise locally is raised by depression of the land surface, see discussion of landforms above. (This is a serious issue for the lands of this cell, because of their low-lying condition: protection measures for urban infrastructure are addressed by the draft environmental policy of the City of Port Adelaide Enfield1 and the policies of the Coast Protection Board). b) Increasing average temperatures and aridity Many coastal plants amongst the dispersed remnant vegetation of this cell are well adapted to arid conditions and may be little affected by the projected conditions. c) Changed run-off regimes Run-off within this cell is entirely from the urban stormwater system. The Adelaide Coastal Waters Study (Fox et al. 2007, Final Report vol.1, p.27.) has shown that stormwater contribution to the nutrient load of coastal water is minor, but

1 City of Port Adelaide Enfield, Environmental Strategy for a Sustainable City, 2008 – 2012, Draft 2008.

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 242 Results – MA15 Port Adelaide is very significant with regard to inshore turbidity. As most particulate matter is delivered during peak storms, projected changes may not alter this situation, even following anticipated increases in stormwater retention. d) Nearshore marine changes Modified temperature regimes may alter the seasonal frequency of red tides (Alexandrium) within the Port River.

Actions and Priority

Table 17. Recommended Actions and Priority for MA15 – Port Adelaide

Component Issue Proposed Action Priority of Key Players Action Whole cell Aboriginal heritage sites Consultation to Medium Kaurna Heritage Board/ recorded in this cell: - need for appropriately manage (Cons.) NRM/ Council/ appropriate and sustainable sites in this area Aboriginal Heritage management Branch – DPC/ RCD - Aboriginal Partnership Unit – DEH

Note: the conservation analysis did not assign high or medium values in this cell.

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 243 Results – MA15 Port Adelaide

BIOTA

Flora

Remnant Vegetation Area (Ha) 0.2 hectares (0.05% of cell area). Negligible vegetation has been mapped for this cell. Highly modified port area. Vegetation Block Metrics 1 mapped vegetation remnants. Little connectivity. Terrestrial Habitat Description/s Little natural remnant remains to be described. # Flora in cell 87 (Surveys undertaken; 2 opportunistic surveys. Delta Environmental has undertaken ‘drive by’ surveys of this cell with these records used in the analysis.) # Conservation Rated Flora in cell 5 (1 state, 5 regional) Significant Flora Species Common Name Rating Myoporum parvifolium Creeping Boobialla SA: R Significant CDCS Floristic Nil Community/ies Protected Area Dolphin Sanctuary Vegetation Comments Large percentage of weeds in the cell due to dumping and disturbance. Additional vegetation source and resource: Delta Environmental Consulting 1999. Preliminary Environmental Study - Gillman SA (surveyed by Coleman and Randell).

All Flora in cell

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Acacia salicina Willow Wattle V Acacia saligna Golden Wreath Wattle * Acacia victoriae ssp. victoriae Elegant Wattle V Arctotheca calendula Cape Weed * Asphodelus fistulosus Onion Weed * Aster subulatus Aster-weed * Atriplex paludosa ssp. Marsh Saltbush Atriplex paludosa ssp. cordata Marsh Saltbush Atriplex prostrata Creeping Saltbush * Atriplex semibaccata Berry Saltbush Atriplex suberecta Lagoon Saltbush Austrostipa scabra ssp. Rough Spear-grass Avena barbata Bearded Oat * Avena sp. Oat * Avicennia marina ssp. marina Grey Mangrove Bromus diandrus Great Brome * Bromus rigidus Rigid Brome * Chenopodium multifidum Scented Goosefoot * Chloris truncata Windmill Grass Cuscuta campestris Golden Dodder * Cynara cardunculus ssp. flavescens Artichoke Thistle * Disphyma crassifolium ssp. clavellatum Round-leaf Pigface

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 244 Results – MA15 Port Adelaide

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Dittrichia graveolens Stinkweed * Einadia nutans ssp. nutans Climbing Saltbush Enchylaena tomentosa var. tomentosa Ruby Saltbush Erodium cicutarium Cut-leaf Heron's-bill * Euphorbia terracina False Caper * Foeniculum vulgare Fennel * Fumaria capreolata White-flower Fumitory * Galenia pubescens var. pubescens Coastal Galenia * Galenia sp. Galenia * Gastridium phleoides Nit-grass * Geranium molle var. molle Soft Geranium * Hibbertia virgata Twiggy Guinea-flower Hordeum leporinum Wall Barley-grass * Hordeum marinum Sea Barley-grass * Hornungia procumbens Oval Purse * Isolepis nodosa Knobby Club-rush Juncus acutus Sharp Rush * Kennedia prostrata Scarlet Runner Lactuca serriola f. serriola Prickly Lettuce * Lepilaena preissii Slender Water-mat Limonium sp. Sea-lavender * Limosella australis Australian Mudwort U Lolium sp. Ryegrass * Lycium ferocissimum African Boxthorn * Maireana brevifolia Short-leaf Bluebush Maireana oppositifolia Salt Bluebush Malva parviflora Small-flower Marshmallow * Medicago polymorpha var. polymorpha Burr-medic * Myoporum insulare Common Boobialla Myoporum parvifolium Creeping Boobialla R V Nitraria billardierei Nitre-bush Oenothera stricta ssp. stricta Common Evening Primrose * Olea europaea ssp. europaea Olive * Opuntia sp. * Oxalis pes-caprae Soursob * Parapholis incurva Curly Ryegrass * Phalaris canariensis Canary-grass * Pinus halepensis Aleppo Pine * Piptatherum miliaceum Rice Millet * Plantago major Greater Plantain * Plantago sp. Plantain Poa annua Winter Grass * Polygonum aviculare Wireweed * Polypogon monspeliensis Annual Beard-grass *

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 245 Results – MA15 Port Adelaide

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Potamogeton pectinatus Fennel Pondweed Rapistrum rugosum ssp. rugosum Turnip Weed * Rhagodia candolleana ssp. candolleana Sea-berry Saltbush Sagina maritima Sea Pearlwort Sarcocornia quinqueflora Beaded Samphire Sclerolaena diacantha Grey Bindyi R Sisymbrium orientale Indian Hedge Mustard * Solanum nigrum Black Nightshade * Sonchus oleraceus Common Sow-thistle * Stellaria media Chickweed * Suaeda australis Austral Seablite Tamarix aphylla Athel Pine * Tecticornia arbuscula Shrubby Samphire Tecticornia halocnemoides ssp. Grey Samphire Tecticornia halocnemoides ssp. halocnemoides Grey Samphire Tecticornia indica ssp. Brown-head Samphire Tecticornia pergranulata ssp. pergranulata Black-seed Samphire Trifolium campestre Hop Clover * Urtica urens Small Nettle * Vicia sativa ssp. Common Vetch * Vulpia muralis Wall Fescue *

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 246 Results – MA15 Port Adelaide

Weeds

# Non-indigenous Flora in cell 53 (61% of total cell flora) Red Alert Weeds Species Common Name Euphorbia terracina False Caper Juncus acutus Sharp Rush Lycium ferocissimum African Boxthorn Olea europaea ssp. europaea Olive Oxalis pes-caprae Soursob Declared Weeds Species Common Name Asphodelus fistulosus Onion Weed Cuscuta campestris Golden Dodder Cynara cardunculus ssp. flavescens Artichoke Thistle Euphorbia terracina False Caper Lycium ferocissimum African Boxthorn Olea europaea ssp. europaea Olive Oxalis pes-caprae Soursob Pinus halepensis Aleppo Pine

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 247 Results – MA15 Port Adelaide

Fauna

# Fauna in cell 76 (Surveys undertaken; 5 opportunistic surveys.) # Conservation Rated Fauna in cell 20 (10 state, 20 regional) Significant Fauna Species Common Name Rating Haliaeetus leucogaster White-bellied Sea-Eagle SA: E Actitis hypoleucos Common Sandpiper SA: R Cereopsis novaehollandiae Cape Barren Goose SA: R Egretta garzetta Little Egret SA: R Falco peregrinus Peregrine Falcon SA: R Haematopus fuliginosus Sooty Oystercatcher SA: R Neophema elegans Elegant Parrot SA: R Neophema petrophila Rock Parrot SA: R Podiceps cristatus Great Crested Grebe SA: R Numenius madagascariensis Eastern Curlew SA: V # Non-indigenous Fauna 12

All Fauna in cell

Species Common Name Class Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Crinia signifera Common Froglet Amphibia LC Limnodynastes dumerilii Bull Frog Amphibia LC Limnodynastes tasmaniensis Spotted Grass Frog Amphibia LC Acanthiza pusilla Brown Thornbill Aves VU Acanthogenys rufogularis Spiny-cheeked honeyeaters Aves Actitis hypoleucos Common Sandpiper Aves R RA Alauda arvensis Eurasian Skylark * Aves Anas castanea Chestnut Teal Aves LC Anas platyrhynchos Mallard * Aves Anas superciliosa Pacific Black Duck Aves LC Anthochaera carunculata Red Wattlebird Aves LC Ardea alba Great Egret, ( White Egret) Aves LC Cacatua roseicapilla Galah Aves LC Calidris acuminata Sharp-tailed Sandpiper Aves LC Calidris ruficollis Red-necked Stint Aves LC Cereopsis novaehollandiae Cape Barren Goose Aves R RA Charadrius ruficapillus Red-capped Plover Aves LC Chlidonias hybridus Whiskered Tern Aves LC Columba livia Rock Dove * Aves Corvus mellori Little Raven Aves LC Coturnix novaezelandiae pectoralis Stubble quail Aves Cygnus atratus Black Swan Aves LC Egretta garzetta Little Egret Aves R LC Egretta novaehollandiae White-faced Heron Aves LC Elanus axillaris Black-shouldered Kite Aves LC

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 248 Results – MA15 Port Adelaide

Species Common Name Class Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Falco cenchroides Nankeen Kestrel Aves LC Falco peregrinus Peregrine Falcon Aves R EN Glossopsitta concinna Musk Lorikeet Aves LC Glossopsitta porphyrocephala Purple-crowned Lorikeet Aves LC Grallina cyanoleuca Magpie-lark Aves LC Gymnorhina tibicen Australian Magpie Aves LC Haematopus fuliginosus Sooty Oystercatcher Aves R RA Haematopus longirostris Pied Oystercatcher Aves NT Haliaeetus leucogaster White-bellied Sea-Eagle Aves E CR Haliastur sphenurus Whistling Kite Aves EN Himantopus himantopus Black-winged Stilt Aves LC Hirundo neoxena Welcome Swallow Aves LC Holopteres miles novaehollandiae Spur-winged plover Aves Larus novaehollandiae Silver Gull Aves Lichenostomus penicillatus White-plumed Honeyeater Aves LC Lichenostomus virescens Singing Honeyeater Aves LC Malurus cyaneus Superb Fairy-wren Aves RA Malurus leucopterus White-winged Fairy-wren Aves RA Megalurus gramineus Little Grassbird Aves NT Neophema elegans Elegant Parrot Aves R RA Neophema petrophila Rock Parrot Aves R RA Numenius madagascariensis Eastern Curlew Aves V VU Nycticorax caledonicus Nankeen Night Heron Aves LC Ocyphaps lophotes Crested Pigeon Aves LC Passer domesticus House Sparrow * Aves LC Pelecanus conspicillatus Australian Pelican Aves LC Petrochelidon nigricans Tree Martin Aves NT Phalacrocorax carbo Great Cormorant Aves LC Phalacrocorax fuscescens Black-faced Cormorant Aves Phalacrocorax melanoleucos Little Pied Cormorant Aves LC Phalacrocorax sulcirostris Little Black Cormorant Aves Phalacrocorax varius Pied Cormorant Aves Phylidonyris novaehollandiae New Holland Honeyeater Aves LC Platalea regia Royal Spoonbill Aves LC Podiceps cristatus Great Crested Grebe Aves R RA Poliocephalus poliocephalus Hoary-headed Grebe Aves LC Recurvirostra novaehollandiae Red-necked Avocet Aves Rhipidura albiscapa Grey Fantail Aves NT Rhipidura leucophrys Willie Wagtail Aves LC Sericornis frontalis White-browed Scrubwren Aves NT Sterna bergii Crested Tern Aves Sterna caspia Caspian Tern Aves Streptopelia chinensis Spotted Turtle-dove * Aves Sturnus vulgaris Common Starling * Aves

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 249 Results – MA15 Port Adelaide

Species Common Name Class Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Threskiornis molucca Australian White Ibis Aves LC Todiramphus sanctus Sacred Kingfisher Aves RA Tringa nebularia Common Greenshank Aves LC Turdus merula Eurasian Blackbird * Aves Vanellus miles Masked Lapwing Aves LC Zosterops lateralis Silvereye Aves LC Anisynta cynone gracilis Cynone Grass-skipper Invertebrate Theclinesthes albocincta Bitter-bush Blue Invertebrate Canis familiaris Dog Mammalia Felis catus Cat * Mammalia Lepus capensis Brown Hare * Mammalia Mus musculus House Mouse * Mammalia Oryctolagus cuniculus Rabbit * Mammalia Vulpes vulpes Fox * Mammalia Hemiergis peronii Four-toed Earless Skink Reptilia LC Lerista dorsalis Southern Four-toed Slider Reptilia LC Pseudonaja textilis Eastern brown snake Reptilia Tiliqua rugosa Shingle back Reptilia

Note: * = Non-indigenous species, ж = Non-local species, (NC) = Name change

Rating: EX = Extinct, EW = Extinct in the Wild, CR = Critically Endangered, E/ EN = Endangered, ssp = Significant species, V/VU = Vulnerable, R/ RA: Rare, K = Indeterminate/ Possibly threatened, NT = Near Threatened, T = Threatened, Q = Possible significance, U = Uncommon, N = Not significant, LC = Least Concern

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 250 Results – MA16 Torrens Island

7.3.16. Torrens Island – Section Banks

Cell Detail Cell MA16 includes all of Torrens Island, Garden Island and an area known as the Section Bank. Torrens Island and Garden Island are within the City of Port Adelaide Enfield, the Section Bank is outside of these council boundaries. The cell is 1,425 hectares in area.

Landforms Cell MA16 comprises Garden and Torrens Islands, the accumulating sand bank of Section Bank, together with intertidal sand and mud flats. Along the eastern and southern sides of Torrens and Garden Islands (i.e. Barker Inlet) there are stands of mangroves, while along the Port River highly modified sand areas are found. Both islands show central areas of samphire and cyanobacterial mud, (though this has been covered by dumped urban waste materials on Garden Island).

Figure 22. Cell MA16 Location Map

Southern end of Torrens Island. (Photograph Coast Protection Board 2002.)

Port River/ Barker inlet has been classified as a tide dominated estuary (sub classification: tidal flat/ creek), Department of Environment & Heritage, 2007), i.e. the primary energy input is tidal and low tide mudflats are a significant part of the area. The estuary catchment is 346 km2, draining through storm drains, many small creeks and a flow- through system which draws in tidal water to West Lakes and discharges it through the Port River, thus changing the salinity and flow of the Port River, EPA (2000). Sediment, nutrient and heavy metal additions to these flows are documented by the Adelaide

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 251 Results – MA16 Torrens Island

Figure 23. Detailed Conservation Priority Summary Map (Note: Red represents highest conservation total in region, Blue is the lowest)

Landforms cont. Coastal Waters Study, (2007), notably, the significant contribution of Penrice Soda to nutrient levels within the estuary and Gulf. Accumulation of sediments has been active, with a near doubling in length of Section Banks in the last 30 years, this has resulted both from channel dredging and dumping, as well as accumulation of sediments driven north along the coast by wave energy, (see 1936 oblique aerial photo in cell MA14 above).

Benthic Habitat There is largely bare sand associated with Barkers Inlet and Port River channels which surround the island. Benthic surveys in the Barkers Inlet channel record Zostera seagrasses and razorfish beds.

Terrestrial Biota 822 hectares, or 58%, is remnant vegetation: mainly mangrove and saltmarsh. The total number of plant and animal species recorded is 339, including 96 non-indigenous species, total threatened species is 82.

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 252 Results – MA16 Torrens Island

Land Use/ Land Ownership 603 hectares, or 42% of the cell comprises the Torrens Island Conservation Park. The rest is privately owned or out of cadastre. The entire cell lies within the Dolphin Sanctuary, 45% of the cell lies within the Barker Inlet-St Kilda Aquatic Reserve, which extends to include the mangroves and parts of the supratidal samphire.

Barker Inlet and St Kilda are listed as a Wetland of National Importance.

Uses (Field visits and local reports) (including current usage) The Section Bank and adjoining revetment have significant value as a habitat for waterbirds: as a nesting site for ground nesting colonial species, e.g. Australian Pelicans and Black-faced Cormorant, and as a relatively safe high-tide roost for migratory and non-migratory waders. Its value as a roost reflects the productivity of the adjacent tidal flats of Barker Inlet as a feeding habitat for these birds.

The Torrens Island Power Station takes in cooling water from the Port River and discharges thermal effluent to the Angas Inlet. Garden Island has been used extensively as a garbage dump, and is now used for methane retrieval. A yacht marina and fisherman’s boardwalk fringe the island.

Threats (Field visits and local reports) Lack of cadastral status for Section Banks.

The nesting birds on the Section Bank are at risk from fox predation.

Edyvane 2000 highlights a number of threats to the Port of Adelaide and environs, including: impact of marine pollution - sewage effluent and Penrice outfall (mangrove loss, seagrass loss, algal blooms), stormwater management, dredging and spoil deposition, water and land-based recreational uses, public access, mosquito control, sea level rise and land subsidence implications (ie. mangrove colonisation), commercial fishing/recreational crabbing, sea level rise and land subsidence implication, contamination and waste management, commercial fishing, commercial port operation, bait digging, introduced flora and fauna

Opportunities NPWS Act obliges DEH to engage in a management plan process for Torrens Island CP.

Dolphin Sanctuary management provides a significant opportunity for integration of local and state authorities and agencies to co-ordinate effort in pollution control, and to manage the Barker Inlet as dolphin habitat and protected area.

Conservation Analysis (GIS) The sum of conservation means is high, 101.04. The detailed conservation layers summary (see above) shows some clear patterns in total detailed priority values: Section Banks and Garden Island showing low totals, whereas the Torrens Island Conservation Park shows some extensive very high priority intact intertidal samphire areas. The extensive mangroves of the eastern side of the island generally show medium to low priority values. (The Barker Inlet Aquatic Reserve describe the mangrove and samphire areas as vital in marine food chains).

Individual layers show that values are high for threatened flora, numbers of threatened species, for species richness, numbers of threatened birds, habitat for coastal dependent reptiles, and for the presence of Aboriginal heritage sites. [Note: the Ship’ Graveyard, on the southern side of Garden Island s not recorded on the heritage base data which underlies the analysis]. Smaller values for European and natural heritage, vegetation block metrics and open space, viewscape and viewshed, habitat for focal species – Coast bitter-bush, Painted Dragon, Samphire Thornbill, and Yellowish Sedge-skipper – and several endemic plant communities. However the areas involved in these habitats are relatively small, and thus the total is less than the very high value cells to the north.

The state endangered Fairy Tern, Osprey, and White-bellied Sea Eagle, the state vulnerable Banded Stilt and Eastern Curlew have been recorded in this cell. In all 22 threatened bird species are on the record. The national endangered Southern Giant Petrel and the state vulnerable Hooded Plover have been reported at Section Bank.

Threat Analysis (GIS) Torrens Island/ Section Bank has the lowest total threat score for any cell in the region at 33.28. The detailed threat total map shows low totals across all the habitats of the cell.

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 253 Results – MA16 Torrens Island

Many of the threats common in the northern area, such as mining, development zoning, land ownership and use, have low scores here. Only proportion of exotic species, viewscape and viewshed, and potential acid sulphate soils contribute relatively high scores to the threat total. Lesser threat scores for development zoning, land use, vegetation block degradation and weeds contribute

Possible Climate Change Threats [This local projection is based on the regional scenario set out in section 4.10 in Volume 1] a) Sea level rise and Storm magnitude Sea level rise in this cell is slightly increased by local depression of the land. The limit of the Aquatic (high water of the highest tides, blue line on the detailed conservation summary map, above) shows that much of the eastern half of the island will be inundated, unless the rise is offset by sedimentation within the saltmarsh areas. (Storm tide protection of the infrastructure will require upgrading). b) Increasing average temperatures and aridity Many saltmarsh species here flourish in northern Spencer Gulf: rising mean temperatures of the scenarios may not harm these species. c) Changed run-off regimes Surface run-off is limited in this cell. d) Nearshore marine changes Modified temperature regimes may alter the seasonal frequency of red tides (dinoflagellate blooms) within the Port River.

Actions and Priority

Table 18. Recommended Actions and Priority for MA16 – Torrens Island

Component Issue Proposed Action Priority of Key Players Action Torrens Island Torrens Island CP does not Undertake management High (Cons./ DEH – RCD, Dolphin have a management plan; plan process and action to Threat) Sanctuary/ NRM/ DTEI. Torrens Island CP includes protect high priority areas areas of high conservation priority within the region Torrens Island is subject to land Monitor response of High (Cons./ DEH – CPB subsidence saltmarsh and saltmarsh Threat) heath to accelerated sea level rise (indicator of saltmarsh response to climate change) Invasion of Pyp grass on Eradication High (Threat) DEH – RCD/ NRM western side of island Section Banks Recent monitoring shows Maintain isolation and High (Cons./ DEH – Dolphin Section Banks to have regional restrict access. Continue Threat) Sanctuary significance as a sanctuary for monitoring bird roosting and feeding Fox predation Fox control program High (Cons./ DEH – RCD, Dolphin Threat) Sanctuary/ NRM Garden Island The ships graveyard is a Continue protection and Medium DEH - Heritage significant heritage and interpretation of this site (Cons.) education site, signed by the ‘Garden Island Ships Graveyard Marine Heritage Interpretive Trail’. It is accessible to non- divers Whole cell Aboriginal heritage sites Consultation to Medium Kaurna Heritage Board/ recorded in this cell: need for appropriately manage (Cons.) NRM/ Council/ Aboriginal appropriate and sustainable sites in this area Heritage Branch – DPC/ management RCD - Aboriginal Partnership Unit – DEH

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 254 Results – MA16 Torrens Island

BIOTA

Flora

Remnant Vegetation Area 822 hectares (58% of the cell). Mangrove and saltmarsh vegetation remains relatively intact. Other areas of the island have been modified. The Section Bank is an area of accretion with a developing vegetation community of native colonising species. The area of saltmarsh/mangrove is 795 hectares (56% of the cell). Vegetation Block Metrics 7 mapped vegetation remnants. Large areas of mangrove and saltmarsh complex. Other than the power station and old quarantine sites there are good corridor values. The accreting area of the Section Bank remains isolated, at high tide, from Torrens Island. Terrestrial Habitat Description/s Torrens Island there is Avicennia marina ssp. marina low open forest and Tecticornia sp., Sarcocornia quinqueflora shrublands. There is small area of an unusual plant community of Sarcocornia quinqueflora (mixed) low shrubland over Atriplex paludosa ssp. (mixed) low shrubs on higher sand ridges. Section Bank is a Nitraria billardierei shrubland. # Flora in cell 187 (Surveys undertaken; 38 surveys, 9 opportunistic surveys. Extensively surveyed by DEH as a reference area for climate changes in saltmarsh habitats. # Conservation Rated Flora in cell 28 (1 national, 8 state, 28 regional) Significant Flora Species Common Name Rating Tecticornia flabelliformis Bead Samphire AUS: VU, SA: V Crassula sieberiana Sieber's Crassula SA: E Austrodanthonia laevis Smooth Wallaby-grass SA: R Calotis scapigera Tufted Burr-daisy SA: R Centrolepis cephaloformis ssp. Cushion Centrolepis SA: R cephaloformis Crassula exserta Large-fruit Crassula SA: R Rorippa laciniata Jagged Bitter-cress SA: R Sclerolaena muricata var. villosa Five-spine Bindyi SA: R Significant CDCS Floristic Olearia axillaris/ Rhagodia candolleana ssp.candolleana is recorded within the cell. Community Refer to Appendix 8 in Volume 1 for plant community information. Protected Area Torrens Island Conservation Park (602.72 hectares) Dolphin Sanctuary Vegetation Comments Relatively limited access to the island which offers some protection to the vegetation, although existing land uses require upgrading their infrastructure. Land filling may have introduced many weed species. Pyp grass has not been recorded on the island but is known to have naturalised there. Additional vegetation sources and resource: Fotheringham D 1994. A Vegetation Survey of Barker Inlet, Gulf St Vincent SA. DEH. Adelaide. (Delta Environmental used the Torrens Island Dunes list compiled from observations by Doug Fotheringham & ETSA). Delta Environmental Consulting 2006. Biological Surveys for the Common User Facility, SA.

All Flora in cell

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Acacia cupularis Cup Wattle R Acacia leiophylla Coast Golden Wattle Acacia ligulata Umbrella Bush K Acacia longifolia ssp. sophorae Coastal Wattle N

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 255 Results – MA16 Torrens Island

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Acacia paradoxa Kangaroo Thorn Acacia pycnantha Golden Wattle Acacia saligna Golden Wreath Wattle * Adriana klotzschii (NC) Coast Bitter-bush U Adriana quadripartita Coast Bitter-bush U Adriana quadripartita (NC) Rare Bitter-bush Agave americana Century Plant * Allocasuarina verticillata Drooping Sheoak Ambrosia psilostachya Perennial Ragweed * Anagallis arvensis Pimpernel * Angianthus preissianus Salt Angianthus R Apium annuum Annual Celery R Arctotheca calendula Cape Weed * Arenaria leptoclados Lesser Thyme-leaved Sandwort * Asparagus asparagoides (NC) Bridal Creeper * Asparagus asparagoides f. asparagoides Bridal Creeper * Asphodelus fistulosus Onion Weed * Atriplex cinerea Coast Saltbush Atriplex paludosa ssp. Marsh Saltbush Atriplex paludosa ssp. cordata Marsh Saltbush Atriplex semibaccata Berry Saltbush Atriplex suberecta Lagoon Saltbush Austrodanthonia caespitosa Common Wallaby-grass Austrodanthonia laevis Smooth Wallaby-grass R R Austrodanthonia setacea Small-flower Wallaby-grass Austrostipa drummondii Cottony Spear-grass Austrostipa flavescens Coast Spear-grass Austrostipa nodosa Tall Spear-grass Avena barbata Bearded Oat * Avicennia marina ssp. marina Grey Mangrove Bolboschoenus caldwellii Salt Club-rush Brassica tournefortii Wild Turnip * Bromus diandrus Great Brome * Bromus rubens Red Brome * Bromus sp. Brome Cakile maritima ssp. maritima Two-horned Sea Rocket * Calandrinia eremaea Dryland Purslane U Callitris gracilis Southern Cypress Pine U Calotis scapigera Tufted Burr-daisy R X Campanulaceae sp. Bluebell Family Carpobrotus edulis ssp. edulis Hottentot Fig * Carpobrotus rossii Native Pigface Carpobrotus rossii (NC) Native Pigface Centrolepis cephaloformis ssp. Cushion Centrolepis

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 256 Results – MA16 Torrens Island

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Centrolepis cephaloformis ssp. cephaloformis Cushion Centrolepis R K Centrolepis polygyna Wiry Centrolepis Chamaesyce drummondii Chondrilla juncea Skeleton Weed * Cirsium vulgare Spear Thistle * Clematis microphylla var. microphylla Old Man's Beard Compositae sp. Daisy Family Conyza albida Tall Fleabane * Cortaderia selloana Common Pampas Grass * Cotyledon orbiculata var. Cotyledon * Crassula exserta Large-fruit Crassula R R Crassula sieberiana Sieber's Crassula E E Cucumis myriocarpus Paddy Melon * Cynara cardunculus ssp. flavescens Artichoke Thistle * Dianella brevicaulis Short-stem Flax-lily Dianella revoluta var. revoluta Black-anther Flax-lily Disphyma crassifolium ssp. clavellatum Round-leaf Pigface Dittrichia graveolens Stinkweed * Dodonaea viscosa ssp. Sticky Hop-bush Dodonaea viscosa ssp. spatulata Sticky Hop-bush Ecballium elaterium Squirting Cucumber * Echium plantagineum Salvation Jane * Ehrharta calycina Perennial Veldt Grass * Ehrharta longiflora Annual Veldt Grass * Enchylaena tomentosa var. tomentosa Ruby Saltbush Enneapogon nigricans Black-head Grass Eragrostis cilianensis Stink Grass * Erodium botrys Long Heron's-bill * Eucalyptus leucoxylon ssp. leucoxylon South Australian Blue Gum Euphorbia terracina False Caper * Fimbristylis velata Veiled Fringe-rush Frankenia foliosa Leafy Sea-heath Frankenia pauciflora var. Southern Sea-heath Fumaria capreolata White-flower Fumitory * Fumaria muralis ssp. Wall Fumitory * Gahnia filum Thatching Grass R Galenia pubescens var. pubescens Coastal Galenia * Galenia secunda Galenia * Gomphocarpus cancellatus Broad-leaf Cotton-bush * Halosarcia sp. (NC) Samphire Heliotropium curassavicum Smooth Heliotrope * Hemichroa pentandra Trailing Hemichroa R Hypochaeris glabra Smooth Cat's Ear * Hypochaeris radicata Rough Cat's Ear *

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 257 Results – MA16 Torrens Island

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Hypoxis glabella var. glabella Tiny Star Isolepis marginata Little Club-rush Isolepis nodosa Knobby Club-rush Juncus acutus Sharp Rush * Kennedia prostrata Scarlet Runner Lactuca serriola f. serriola Prickly Lettuce * Lagurus ovatus Hare's Tail Grass * Lawrencia squamata Thorny Lawrencia K Lepilaena cylindrocarpa Long-fruit Water-mat Limonium companyonis Sea-lavender * Limonium sp. Sea-lavender * Lipocarpha microcephala Button Rush Lolium perenne Perennial Ryegrass * Lolium perenne X Lolium rigidum Hybrid Ryegrass * Lolium rigidum Wimmera Ryegrass * Lomandra juncea Desert Mat-rush U Lomandra leucocephala ssp. robusta Woolly Mat-rush R Lotus australis Austral Trefoil U Lycium ferocissimum African Boxthorn * Maireana brevifolia Short-leaf Bluebush Maireana oppositifolia Salt Bluebush Medicago minima var. minima Little Medic * Medicago polymorpha var. polymorpha Burr-medic * Medicago truncatula Barrel Medic * Melaleuca halmaturorum Swamp Paper-bark V Mesembryanthemum crystallinum Common Iceplant * Mesembryanthemum nodiflorum Slender Iceplant * Muehlenbeckia gunnii Coastal Climbing Lignum Myoporum insulare Common Boobialla Nicotiana glauca Tree Tobacco * Nitraria billardierei Nitre-bush Oenothera stricta ssp. stricta Common Evening Primrose * Olea europaea ssp. europaea Olive * Olearia axillaris Coast Daisy-bush Opuntia monacantha Drooping Prickly Pear * Opuntia stricta Erect Prickly Pear * Oxalis pes-caprae Soursob * Parapholis incurva Curly Ryegrass * Pelargonium australe Australian Pelargonium U Petrorhagia dubia Velvet Pink * Piptatherum miliaceum Rice Millet * Plantago coronopus ssp. Bucks-horn Plantain * Polypogon maritimus Coast Beard-grass * Polypogon monspeliensis Annual Beard-grass *

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 258 Results – MA16 Torrens Island

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Puccinellia stricta var. stricta Australian Saltmarsh-grass Reichardia tingitana False Sowthistle * Rhagodia candolleana ssp. candolleana Sea-berry Saltbush Rhagodia crassifolia Fleshy Saltbush Ricinus communis Castor Oil Plant * Rorippa laciniata Jagged Bitter-cress R X Rostraria cristata Annual Cat's-tail * Salsola tragus Buckbush Samolus repens Creeping Brookweed U Sarcocornia blackiana Thick-head Samphire Sarcocornia quinqueflora Beaded Samphire Schinus molle Pepper-tree * Schismus barbatus Arabian Grass * Sclerolaena muricata var. villosa Five-spine Bindyi R R Senecio glossanthus Annual Groundsel Senecio glossanthus (NC) Annual Groundsel Senecio pinnatifolius Variable Groundsel Senecio pterophorus African Daisy * Sonchus oleraceus Common Sow-thistle * Sonchus oleraceus (NC) Common Sow-thistle * Spergularia diandra Lesser Sand-spurrey * Spergularia marina Salt Sand-spurrey Spergularia media (NC) Coast Sand-spurrey * Spergularia sp. Sand-spurrey * Sporobolus virginicus Salt Couch Suaeda australis Austral Seablite Suaeda baccifera Seablite * Tecticornia arbuscula Shrubby Samphire Tecticornia flabelliformis Bead Samphire VU V V Tecticornia halocnemoides ssp. Grey Samphire Tecticornia indica ssp. Brown-head Samphire Tecticornia indica ssp. leiostachya Brown-head Samphire Tecticornia pergranulata ssp. Black-seed Samphire Tecticornia sp. Samphire Threlkeldia diffusa Coast Bonefruit Trifolium angustifolium Narrow-leaf Clover * Trifolium arvense var. arvense Hare's-foot Clover * Triglochin centrocarpum (NC) Dwarf Arrowgrass Triglochin mucronatum Prickly Arrowgrass K Triglochin striatum Streaked Arrowgrass N Typha domingensis Narrow-leaf Bulrush Urtica urens Small Nettle * Vittadinia cervicularis var. cervicularis Waisted New Holland Daisy Vittadinia gracilis Woolly New Holland Daisy

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 259 Results – MA16 Torrens Island

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Vulpia bromoides Squirrel-tail Fescue * Vulpia fasciculata Sand Fescue * Wahlenbergia communis Tufted Bluebell Wahlenbergia sp. Native Bluebell Wilsonia humilis Silky Wilsonia U Wilsonia rotundifolia Round-leaf Wilsonia V Wurmbea dioica ssp.

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 260 Results – MA16 Torrens Island

Weeds

# Non-indigenous Flora in cell 81 (43% of total cell flora) Red Alert Weeds Species Common Name Asparagus asparagoides f. asparagoides Bridal Creeper Euphorbia terracina False Caper Ehrharta calycina Perennial Veldt Grass Galenia pubescens var. pubescens Coastal Galenia Juncus acutus Sharp Rush Lycium ferocissimum African Boxthorn Mesembryanthemum crystallinum Common Iceplant Olea europaea ssp. europaea Olive Oxalis pes-caprae Soursob Declared Weeds Species Common Name Asparagus asparagoides f. asparagoides Bridal Creeper Asphodelus fistulosus Onion Weed Chondrilla juncea Skeleton Weed Cynara cardunculus ssp. flavescens Artichoke Thistle Echium plantagineum Salvation Jane Euphorbia terracina False Caper Lycium ferocissimum African Boxthorn Olea europaea ssp. europaea Olive Opuntia monacantha Drooping Prickly Pear Opuntia stricta Erect Prickly Pear Oxalis pes-caprae Soursob

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 261 Results – MA16 Torrens Island

Fauna

# Fauna in cell 152 (Surveys undertaken; 26 opportunistic surveys. Additional records pers. comms. C. Kemper (SAM), Graham Carpenter Section Bank visit Feb 2008) # Conservation Rated Fauna in cell 54 (25 state, 54 regional) Significant Fauna Species Common Name Rating Neophoca cinerea Australian Sea-lion AUS: VU, SA: V Haliaeetus leucogaster White-bellied Sea-Eagle SA: E Sterna nereis Fairy Tern SA: E Actitis hypoleucos Common Sandpiper SA: R Anas rhynchotis Australasian Shoveler SA: R Anhinga melanogaster Darter SA: R Calidris melanotos Pectoral Sandpiper SA: R Calidris subminuta Long-toed Stint SA: R Calidris tenuirostris Great Knot SA: R Egretta garzetta Little Egret SA: R Falco peregrinus Peregrine Falcon SA: R Haematopus fuliginosus Sooty Oystercatcher SA: R Larus dominicanus Kelp Gull SA: R Neophema elegans Elegant Parrot SA: R Numenius phaeopus Whimbrel SA: R Philomachus pugnax Ruff SA: R Plegadis falcinellus Glossy Ibis SA: R Pluvialis fulva Pacific Golden Plover SA: R Porzana tabuensis Spotless Crake SA: R Sterna hirundo Common Tern SA: R Tringa glareola Wood Sandpiper SA: R Xenus cinereus Terek Sandpiper SA: R Botaurus poiciloptilus Australasian Bittern SA: V Cladorhynchus Banded Stilt SA: V leucocephalus Numenius madagascariensis Eastern Curlew SA: V # Non-indigenous Fauna 15

All Fauna in cell

Species Common Name Class Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Acanthiza apicalis Inland Thornbill Aves NT Acanthiza pusilla Brown Thornbill Aves VU Acrocephalus australis Australian Reed Warbler, Aves RA (Clamorous Reed-Warbler) Actitis hypoleucos Common Sandpiper Aves R RA Alauda arvensis Eurasian Skylark * Aves Anas castanea Chestnut Teal Aves LC Anas gracilis Grey Teal Aves LC Anas rhynchotis Australasian Shoveler Aves R NT

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 262 Results – MA16 Torrens Island

Species Common Name Class Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Anas superciliosa Pacific Black Duck Aves LC Anhinga melanogaster Darter Aves R VU Anthochaera carunculata Red Wattlebird Aves LC Anthochaera chrysoptera Little Wattlebird Aves LC Ardea alba Great Egret, ( White Egret) Aves LC Ardea novaehollandiae White-faced Heron Aves novaehollandiae Botaurus poiciloptilus Australasian Bittern Aves V EN Cacatua roseicapilla Galah Aves LC Calidris acuminata Sharp-tailed Sandpiper Aves LC Calidris canutus Red Knot Aves LC Calidris ferruginea Curlew Sandpiper Aves RA Calidris melanotos Pectoral Sandpiper Aves R RA Calidris ruficollis Red-necked Stint Aves LC Calidris subminuta Long-toed Stint Aves R RA Calidris tenuirostris Great Knot Aves R RA Carduelis chloris European Greenfinch * Aves Charadrius ruficapillus Red-capped Plover Aves LC Chenonetta jubata Australian Wood Duck, (Maned Aves LC Duck) Chlidonias hybridus Whiskered Tern Aves LC Chlidonias leucopterus White-winged Black Tern Aves LC Chrysococcyx basalis Horsfield's Bronze-cuckoo Aves LC Chrysococcyx lucidus Shining Bronze-Cuckoo Aves RA Cincloramphus cruralis Brown Songlark Aves LC Circus approximans Swamp Harrier Aves EN Cladorhynchus leucocephalus Banded Stilt Aves V VU Colluricincla harmonica Grey Shrike-thrush Aves NT Columba livia Rock Dove * Aves Coracina novaehollandiae Black-faced Cuckoo-shrike Aves LC Corvus coronoides Australian Raven Aves VU Corvus mellori Little Raven Aves LC Corvus sp. Aves Coturnix pectoralis Stubble Quail Aves LC Cygnus atratus Black Swan Aves LC Egretta garzetta Little Egret Aves R LC Egretta garzetta (NC) Little Egret Aves U Egretta novaehollandiae White-faced Heron Aves LC Elanus axillaris Black-shouldered Kite Aves LC Elseyornis melanops Black-fronted Dotterel Aves LC Epthianura albifrons White-fronted Chat Aves RA Epthianura albifrons albifrons (NC) White-fronted Chat Aves Erythrogonys cinctus Red-kneed Dotterel Aves LC Falco berigora Brown Falcon Aves LC

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 263 Results – MA16 Torrens Island

Species Common Name Class Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Falco cenchroides Nankeen Kestrel Aves LC Falco peregrinus Peregrine Falcon Aves R EN Fulica atra Eurasian Coot Aves LC Gallinula tenebrosa Dusky Moorhen Aves NT Gallinula ventralis Black-tailed Native-hen Aves LC Glossopsitta concinna Musk Lorikeet Aves LC Glossopsitta porphyrocephala Purple-crowned Lorikeet Aves LC Grallina cyanoleuca Magpie-lark Aves LC Gymnorhina tibicen Australian Magpie Aves LC Haematopus fuliginosus Sooty Oystercatcher Aves R RA Haematopus fuliginosus fuliginosus Sooty Oystercatcher Aves (N Haematopus longirostris Pied Oystercatcher Aves NT Haliaeetus leucogaster White-bellied Sea-Eagle Aves E CR Haliastur sphenurus Whistling Kite Aves EN Himantopus himantopus Black-winged Stilt Aves LC Hirundo neoxena Welcome Swallow Aves LC Larus dominicanus Kelp Gull Aves R LC Larus novaehollandiae Silver Gull Aves Larus novaehollandiae Silver Gull Aves novaehollandiae Larus pacificus Pacific Gull Aves Larus pacificus Pacific Gull Aves U Lichenostomus leucotis White-eared Honeyeater Aves Lichenostomus penicillatus White-plumed Honeyeater Aves LC Lichenostomus virescens Singing Honeyeater Aves LC Limicola falcinellus Broad-billed Sandpiper Aves Malurus cyaneus Superb Fairy-wren Aves RA Malurus leucopterus White-winged Fairy-wren Aves RA Manorina melanocephala Noisy Miner Aves LC Megalurus gramineus Little Grassbird Aves NT Melithreptus lunatus White-naped Honeyeater Aves RA Neophema elegans Elegant Parrot Aves R RA Numenius madagascariensis Eastern Curlew Aves V VU Numenius minutus Little Curlew Aves Numenius phaeopus Whimbrel Aves R RA Nycticorax caledonicus Nankeen Night Heron Aves LC Ocyphaps lophotes Crested Pigeon Aves LC Pachycephala rufiventris Rufous Whistler Aves Pardalotus striatus Striated Pardalote Aves LC Passer domesticus House Sparrow * Aves LC Pelecanus conspicillatus Australian Pelican Aves LC Petrochelidon nigricans Tree Martin Aves NT Phalacrocorax carbo Great Cormorant Aves LC

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 264 Results – MA16 Torrens Island

Species Common Name Class Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Phalacrocorax fuscescens Black-faced Cormorant Aves Phalacrocorax melanoleucos Little Pied Cormorant Aves LC Phalacrocorax sulcirostris Little Black Cormorant Aves Phalacrocorax varius Pied Cormorant Aves Phalacrocorax varius hypoleucos Pied Cormorant Aves (NC) Phaps chalcoptera Common Bronzewing Aves RA Phaps elegans Brush Bronzewing Aves VU Philomachus pugnax Ruff Aves R RA Phylidonyris novaehollandiae New Holland Honeyeater Aves LC Platalea regia Royal Spoonbill Aves LC Platycercus elegans Crimson Rosella Aves LC Plegadis falcinellus Glossy Ibis Aves R RA Pluvialis fulva Pacific Golden Plover Aves R RA Pluvialis squatarola Grey Plover Aves NT Poliocephalus poliocephalus Hoary-headed Grebe Aves LC Porphyrio porphyrio Purple Swamphen Aves LC Porzana pusilla Baillon's Crake Aves VU Porzana tabuensis Spotless Crake Aves R VU Recurvirostra novaehollandiae Red-necked Avocet Aves Rhipidura albiscapa Grey Fantail Aves NT Rhipidura leucophrys Willie Wagtail Aves LC Sericornis frontalis White-browed Scrubwren Aves NT Sterna bergii Crested Tern Aves Sterna caspia Caspian Tern Aves Sterna hirundo Common Tern Aves R RA Sterna nereis Fairy Tern Aves E EN Streptopelia chinensis Spotted Turtle-dove * Aves Sturnus vulgaris Common Starling * Aves Sturnus vulgaris vulgaris (NC) Common Starling * Aves Tachybaptus novaehollandiae Australasian Grebe, (Little Aves Grebe) LC Tadorna tadornoides Australian Shelduck Aves LC Thalasseus bergii cristatus (NC) Crested Tern Aves Threskiornis molucca Australian White Ibis Aves LC Todiramphus sanctus Sacred Kingfisher Aves RA Trichoglossus haematodus Rainbow Lorikeet Aves LC Tringa glareola Wood Sandpiper Aves R RA Tringa nebularia Common Greenshank Aves LC Turdus merula Eurasian Blackbird * Aves Tyto alba Barn Owl Aves NT Vanellus miles Masked Lapwing Aves LC Xenus cinereus Terek Sandpiper Aves R RA Zosterops lateralis Silvereye Aves LC

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 265 Results – MA16 Torrens Island

Species Common Name Class Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Anisynta cynone gracilis Cynone Grass-skipper Invertebrate Theclinesthes albocincta Bitter-bush Blue Invertebrate Arctocephalus forsteri New Zealand Fur-seal Mammalia RA Felis catus Cat * Mammalia Lepus capensis Brown Hare * Mammalia Mus musculus House Mouse * Mammalia Neophoca cinerea Australian Sea-lion Mammalia VU V RA Oryctolagus cuniculus Rabbit * Mammalia Rattus norvegicus Brown Rat * Mammalia Rattus rattus Black Rat * Mammalia Vulpes vulpes Fox * Mammalia Christinus marmoratus Marbled Gecko Reptilia LC Ctenophorus pictus Painted Dragon Reptilia RA Hemiergis peronii Four-toed Earless Skink Reptilia LC Lerista bougainvillii Bougainville's Skink Reptilia LC Lerista dorsalis Southern Four-toed Slider Reptilia LC Menetia greyii Dwarf Skink Reptilia LC Pseudonaja textilis Eastern Brown Snake Reptilia LC

Note: * = Non-indigenous species, ж = Non-local species, (NC) = Name change

Rating: EX = Extinct, EW = Extinct in the Wild, CR = Critically Endangered, E/ EN = Endangered, ssp = Significant species, V/VU = Vulnerable, R/ RA: Rare, K = Indeterminate/ Possibly threatened, NT = Near Threatened, T = Threatened, Q = Possible significance, U = Uncommon, N = Not significant, LC = Least Concern

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 266 Results – MA17 Barkers Inlet

7.3.17. Barkers Inlet

Cell Detail Cell MA17 extends from the bridge to Torrens Island at Port Adelaide (City of Port Adelaide and Enfield) to St Kilda channel (City of Salisbury). The cell is approximately 2,551.8 hectares in area.

Landforms Cell MA17 includes the low energy shore of the eastern and southern side of the Angus and Barker Inlets. Extensive intertidal sand and mudflats together with stands of the Grey Mangrove, are protected from Gulf waves by Torrens Island and Section Banks. Landwards of the mangroves, extensive areas of cyanobacterial mats overlaying intertidal muds with samphire extend to the limit of the highest tides. However, the tidal boundaries separating these zones are migrating because of the combined impacts of ongoing and accelerating sea level rise, sediment accumulation, and local land subsidence. Regionally sea level is rising currently at 3 to 4 mm/yr, while in the immediate vicinity of Port Adelaide land subsidence due to local dewatering of shallow sediments by the reclamation of land using seawalls has lead to a cone of subsidence (Fitzpatrick et al. 2008).

Figure 24. Cell MA17 Location Map

Barker Inlet, Torrens Island, Le Fevre Peninsula and Section Banks. (Photograph Coast Protection Board 2005)

The Port River/ Barker Inlet is described by Gillanders et al. (2008, p.188) as a tide dominated, tidal flat estuary, with a catchment of 229 km2, it is described as extensively modified, due to its port function, and as receptor for and extensive area of urban stormwater drainage.

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 267 Results – MA17 Barkers Inlet

Benthic Habitat Dense seagrass beds fringe the mangrove forest dominated shoreline. There is a narrow band of bare sand on tidal flats and further bare sand the Barkers Inlet channel. Benthic surveys in the channel record Zostera seagrasses and razorfish beds.

Terrestrial Biota 1551 hectares or 60% of cell area is remnant vegetation, the majority is mangrove. The total number of plant and animal species recorded is 312, total threatened species is 74. Non-indigenous species total 95.

Land Use/ Land Ownership 53% of the cell is within the Dolphin Sanctuary, (includes mangroves to high tide): 51% is within the Barker Inlet and St Kilda Aquatic Reserve.

18% is Crown Land Act Reserve; 43% is un-alloted Crown Land.

Uses (Field visits and local reports) (including current usage) Barker Inlet and St Kilda are listed as a Wetland of National Importance.

61 species of fish have been recorded in the Barker Inlet estuary and adjacent mangroves, (Gillanders et al. 2008). Salt evaporation pans. Former Multi Function Polis land.

Threats (Field visits and local reports) Nutrient and heavy metal pollution (ACWS 2007) together with poor tidal circulation in the Angas and Barker Inlets. Heavy pressure for urban development is a major threat, (however, development is challenged by Potential Acid Sulfate Soils as well as local relative sea level rise).

Edyvane (2000) highlights a number of threats to the Port of Adelaide and environs, including: impact of marine pollution – and sewage effluent (mangrove loss, seagrass loss, algal blooms), stormwater management, dredging and spoil deposition, water and land-based recreational uses, public access, mosquito control, commercial fishing/recreational crabbing, sea level rise and land subsidence implication, contamination and waste management, commercial port operation, bait digging, introduced flora and fauna.

Opportunities Dolphin Sanctuary management provides a significant opportunity for integration of local and state authorities and agencies to co-ordinate effort in pollution control, and to manage the Barker Inlet as dolphin habitat and protected area. The valuable educational resource of the St Kilda Mangrove Boardwalk is located within the cell.

Conservation Analysis (GIS) Total conservation means is 92.02, medium (to high) priority for the region. The mangroves show total detailed conservation scores in the medium range, a number of small prograding intertidal samphire areas adjacent to the saltpan boundary show higher values (including values for the endemic low shrubland Threlkeldia diffusa), as does a stranded tidal flat samphire area in the south of the cell. Sections of saltpan within the cell give low to medium values.

Numbers of threatened birds stand out as a high value for this cell, as well as total number of threatened plant and animal species and species richness. Rarity of plant associations adds values. Vegetation block metrics, open space and Aboriginal heritage sites add to the score. Reptile and butterfly habitat are not significant (though remnant small areas of thatching grass in supratidal area in the north of the cell are a potential habitat for Yellowish Sedge-skipper larvae), nor does focal species habitat add to the conservation value.

The state endangered Fairy Tern and White-bellied Sea Eagle, state vulnerable Banded Stilt, Blue-winged Parrot, Brown Quail, Eastern Curlew, and Freckled Duck have been recorded, in total 42 local, regional and state threatened bird species have recorded here. Rix (1978) notes that many birds feed on the low tide mudflats of Barker Inlet, moving over the mangroves to roost in the saltfields at night and at high tide. Birds, notably the Banded Stilt and the Silver Gull, are attracted to the brine shrimps of the high salinity southern end of the saltfields.

Threat Analysis (GIS) Barker Inlet has a high total threat score in the region, 56.78. The pattern of detailed total threat values is complex: the highest values are in the saltfields and in the inner mangroves, towards the northern end of the cell.

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 268 Results – MA17 Barkers Inlet

As with all the northern saltmarsh cells, it has high threat values for mining and acid sulfate soils, for land use, zoning and distribution of dangerous weeds has the third highest total in the study area. Also, there are medium threat scores for land ownership, stormwater volumes and the presence of evaporation pans and a dump (Wingfield). ORV tracks do not feature as a threat in this cell.

Possible Climate Change Threats [This local projection is based on the regional scenario set out in section 4.10 in Volume 1.] a) Sea level rise and Storm magnitude Many parts of the cell outside the saltfield seawalls are subject to storm surge inundation: such areas cover more than half the cell. Under the scenario, storm surge inundation will become much more frequent, with occasional inundation of low lying sand ridge areas. Fotheringham (1996) and Delta (2008) have shown that samphire communities are sensitive to changes in salt flood frequency, a sea level rise of 10 cm by 2030 would lead to displacement of some supra-tidal communities by inter-tidal communities, some supra-tidal communities unable to migrate upslope will be lost. Increasing frequency of storm surge inundation is likely to lead to increased flood bank protection of farm and grazing land, creating a need for strategic regional decisions to be made to ensure that areas of significant supra-tidal habitat can survive through migration.

When storm surge frequency renders raising and repairing saltfield seawalls uneconomic, further radical change will occur, with area reverting to saline lakes, saltflats and inter-tidal samphire, oxidation of acid sulfate soils may become an issue in some areas. b) Increasing average temperatures and aridity In broad regional terms, good connectivity of saltmarsh vegetated areas should allow S->N migration of species along the eastern shore of Gulf St Vincent. However, the scale of climate change is likely to mean that the latitudinal range of the samphire coast may not be sufficient to accommodate migration of species in the long term, (100yrs+). Also, the latitudinal variation of saltmarsh environment is not sufficient for S -> N migration to be significant. c) Changed run-off regimes Occasional drought breaking intense rainfall episodes will lead to peaks of creek transport of sediment to low lying areas, it is possible that the sediment carried by the Little Para River to the mangroves may show significant increase. d) Gulf Waters Change Increasing acidity of Gulf St Vincent waters will reduce production of carbonate shell material and biogenic sediments. This will have many implications, including the reduction of sediment coming ashore in cells MA17 to 24. Modified temperature regimes may alter the seasonal frequency of red tides (Alexandrium) within the Port River.

Actions and Priority

Table 19. Recommended Actions and Priority for MA17 – Barkers Inlet

Component Issue Proposed Action Priority of Key Players Action Mangroves St Kilda Mangrove Interpretive Continue support and Medium Council Trail a significant educational maintenance (Cons.) and interpretive resource Intertidal samphire Degradation of intertidal Review opportunities to High (Cons./ NRM/ DEH - RCD samphire immediately west of protect this area Threat saltpans, by weed invasion and informal access Supratidal Very high threatened species Review opportunities to High (Cons./ NRM/ DEH - RCD samphire and and biodiversity values protect this area threat) grasslands in Presence of Gahnia filum, Implement recovery Medium NRM/ DEH - RCD northern corner of larval food plants for the strategies from the (Cons.) cell. Yellowish Sedge-skipper Yellowish Sedge-skipper Recovery Plan Mangrove to A number of significant habitats Support the vegetation High (Cons./ Landowners/ GA/ UBU/ Mallee have been identified in the management priorities Threat) NRM Mangrove to Mallee project identified in the report developed by Greening Australia

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 269 Results – MA17 Barkers Inlet

Component Issue Proposed Action Priority of Key Players Action Supratidal Ongoing and accelerating sea Monitoring of colonisation High (Cons/ UBU/ NRM samphire in the level rise will displace patterns and continue Threat) Little Para estuary supratidal samphire species remediation works Review of local floodbanks. Regional review to establish retreat buffer zones for saltmarsh Sub coastal Habitat losses have reduced Restoration of Gahnia Medium UBU/ NRM/ Community habitats the viability of the Yellowish filum sedgelands in the (Cons.) Sedge-skipper known limited remnant areas Whole cell Subject to land subsidence Monitor response of High (Cons./ DEH – CPB saltmarsh and saltmarsh Threat) heath to accelerated sea level rise (indicator of saltmarsh response to climate change sea level rise.) Cell is part of a Wetland of Review zoning of High (Cons./ Council/ NRM National Significance for bird adjacent land to buffer Threat) habitat; a state Aquatic high value areas Reserve, and the state Dolphin Sanctuary; threatened by stormwater quality, land use change in adjacent areas and mangrove dieback Patchy areas of mangrove Review mangrove High (Cons./ DEH - CPB dieback dieback as part of Threat) saltmarsh monitoring, above High distribution and risk from Manage weeds through High (Cons./ NRM/ Council weeds recovery and action plans Threat) Aboriginal heritage sites Consultation to Medium Kaurna Heritage Board/ recorded in this cell: need for appropriately manage (Cons.) NRM/ Council/ appropriate and sustainable sites in this area Aboriginal Heritage management Branch – DPC/ RCD - Aboriginal Partnership Unit – DEH

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 270 Results – MA17 Barkers Inlet

BIOTA

Flora

Remnant Vegetation Area 1551 hectares (60% of cell area). A relatively intact mangrove and a narrow corridor of saltmarsh vegetation are constrained by the saltfields. The area of mangrove/ saltmarsh is 1538 hectares. (60% of the cell) Vegetation Block Metrics 24 mapped vegetation remnants. Large areas of mangrove and saltmarsh complex. There are reduced corridor values. Terrestrial Habitat Description/s There is an Avicennia marina ssp. marina low open forest and low shrublands of Tecticornia sp. and Sarcocornia quinqueflora in tidal areas. # Flora in cell 195 (Surveys undertaken; 2 surveys, 3 opportunistic surveys. Additional records provided by Delta Environmental 2008 used in the cell analysis.) # Conservation Rated Flora in cell 34 (4 state, 33 regional) Significant Flora Species Common Name Rating Acacia iteaphylla Flinders Ranges Wattle SA: R Eragrostis infecunda Barren Cane-grass SA: R Prostanthera chlorantha Green Mintbush SA: R Sclerolaena muricata var. villosa Five-spine Bindyi SA: R Significant CDCS Floristic Threlkeldia diffusa and Avicennia marina var. marina communities have been recorded in Communities the cell. Refer to Appendix 8 in Volume 1 for reference information. Protected Area Nil, although the Aquatic Reserve and the Dolphin Sanctuary offer some protection. Recent Management Plans Additional vegetation sources and resources: Greening Australia 2004. Scoping Report Bolivar Wastewater Treatment Works, GASA, Adelaide. Greening Australia 2004. Mangroves to Mallee Multi-site Management Plan for the Northern Adelaide Coastal Plains Greening Australia 2004. Scoping Report – City of Salisbury Little Para River Reserve & Estuary, GASA, Adelaide. Eco Management Services 1997. Vegetation Projects at the MFP DC Site at Gillman, Vascular Flora Surveys Flora Database Vegetation and Habitat Development, EMS Adelaide Gillman/Dry Creek Urban Development Proposal, Assessment Report, Office of Planning and Urban Development 1992. Fotheringham D. 1994. A Vegetation Survey of Barker Inlet, Gulf St Vincent, SA Delta Environmental Consulting 2001. Herbarium Collection from Barker Inlet Wetlands, for PAE Council Delta Environmental Consulting (2003) Vegetation Survey, Dry Creek Explosives Magazine Delta Environmental Consulting 1999. Vegetation Survey, St Kilda tramway and adjacent lands Delta Environmental Consulting 1994-2008. Database of species recorded on the Dry Creek Saltfields between Dry Creek and Middle Beach Green P. 1996. Gillman Conservation Zone Vegetation Survey, for MFP Development Corporation, Adelaide

All Flora in cell

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Acacia iteaphylla Flinders Ranges Wattle R Acacia ligulata Umbrella Bush K Acacia pycnantha Golden Wattle

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 271 Results – MA17 Barkers Inlet

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Acacia saligna Golden Wreath Wattle * Adriana quadripartita Coast Bitter-bush U Alhagi maurorum Camel Thorn * Alyxia buxifolia Sea Box R Angianthus preissianus Salt Angianthus R Angianthus tomentosus Hairy Angianthus K Apium annuum Annual Celery R Arctotheca calendula Cape Weed * Arundo donax Giant Reed * Asphodelus fistulosus Onion Weed * Aster subulatus Aster-weed * Atriplex cinerea Coast Saltbush Atriplex paludosa ssp. cordata Marsh Saltbush Atriplex prostrata Creeping Saltbush * Atriplex rhagodioides River Saltbush Atriplex semibaccata Berry Saltbush Atriplex suberecta Lagoon Saltbush Austrodanthonia caespitosa Common Wallaby-grass Austrostipa drummondii Cottony Spear-grass Austrostipa elegantissima Feather Spear-grass U Austrostipa nitida Balcarra Spear-grass Austrostipa scabra ssp. falcata Slender Spear-grass Avena barbata Bearded Oat * Avena fatua Wild Oat * Avicennia marina ssp. marina Grey Mangrove Azolla filiculoides Pacific Azolla Bolboschoenus caldwellii Salt Club-rush Brassica tournefortii Wild Turnip * Bromus diandrus Great Brome * Bromus rubens Red Brome * Bupleurum semicompositum Hare's Ear * Carpobrotus rossii Native Pigface Casuarina glauca Grey Buloak * Centaurea melitensis Malta Thistle * Chenopodium sp. Goosefoot Chloris truncata Windmill Grass Comesperma volubile Love Creeper Cotula bipinnata Ferny Cotula * Cotula coronopifolia Water Buttons * Crassula colligata ssp. Crassula colorata var. colorata Dense Crassula Cynara cardunculus ssp. flavescens Artichoke Thistle * Cynodon dactylon var. dactylon Couch * Cyperus eragrostis Drain Flat-sedge *

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 272 Results – MA17 Barkers Inlet

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Cyperus gymnocaulos Spiny Flat-sedge Daucus glochidiatus Native Carrot Daviesia arenaria Sand Bitter-pea K Dianella brevicaulis Short-stem Flax-lily Dianella revoluta var. revoluta Black-anther Flax-lily Dillwynia hispida Red Parrot-pea Disphyma crassifolium ssp. clavellatum Round-leaf Pigface Distichlis distichophylla Emu-grass N Dittrichia graveolens Stinkweed * Dodonaea viscosa ssp. Sticky Hop-bush Echium plantagineum Salvation Jane * Ehrharta calycina Perennial Veldt Grass * Einadia nutans ssp. nutans Climbing Saltbush Enchylaena tomentosa var. tomentosa Ruby Saltbush Enneapogon nigricans Black-head Grass Eragrostis infecunda Barren Cane-grass R V Erodium botrys Long Heron's-bill * Eucalyptus camaldulensis var. camaldulensis River Red Gum Euphorbia terracina False Caper * Exocarpos aphyllus Leafless Cherry V Foeniculum vulgare Fennel * Frankenia pauciflora var. fruticulosa Southern Sea-heath Frankenia pauciflora var. gunnii Southern Sea-heath Gahnia filum Thatching Grass R Galenia pubescens var. pubescens Coastal Galenia * Galenia secunda Galenia * Galenia sp. Galenia * Gnaphalium indutum Tiny Cudweed R Gomphocarpus cancellatus Broad-leaf Cotton-bush * Heliotropium europaeum Common Heliotrope Helminthotheca echioides Ox-tongue * Hemichroa pentandra Trailing Hemichroa R Hordeum leporinum Wall Barley-grass * Hordeum marinum Sea Barley-grass * Hornungia procumbens Oval Purse * Hypochaeris glabra Smooth Cat's Ear * Hypochaeris radicata Rough Cat's Ear * Isolepis nodosa Knobby Club-rush Juncus acutus Sharp Rush * Juncus bufonius Toad Rush Lagunaria patersonii Pyramid Tree * Lagurus ovatus Hare's Tail Grass * Lavatera sp. Hollyhock Lawrencia squamata Thorny Lawrencia K

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 273 Results – MA17 Barkers Inlet

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Lepidium africanum Common Peppercress * Lepidium pseudohyssopifolium E Lepilaena cylindrocarpa Long-fruit Water-mat Leptochloa fusca ssp. Limonium lobatum Winged Sea-lavender * Limonium sp. Sea-lavender * Lolium rigidum Wimmera Ryegrass * Lomandra collina Sand Mat-rush R Lotus australis Austral Trefoil U Lycium ferocissimum African Boxthorn * Lysiana exocarpi ssp. exocarpi Harlequin Mistletoe Maireana aphylla Cotton-bush V Maireana brevifolia Short-leaf Bluebush Maireana oppositifolia Salt Bluebush Malva dendromorpha Tree Mallow * Malva parviflora Small-flower Marshmallow * Marrubium vulgare Horehound * Medicago minima var. minima Little Medic * Medicago polymorpha var. polymorpha Burr-medic * Melaleuca halmaturorum Swamp Paper-bark V Melaleuca lanceolata Dryland Tea-tree U Melilotus indicus King Island Melilot * Mesembryanthemum crystallinum Common Iceplant * Mesembryanthemum nodiflorum Slender Iceplant * Mimulus repens Creeping Monkey-flower R Moraea setifolia Thread Iris * Muehlenbeckia florulenta Lignum R Muehlenbeckia gunnii Coastal Climbing Lignum Myoporum insulare Common Boobialla Myoporum montanum Native Myrtle K Myoporum sp. Petiolatum (R.Taylor 484) Sticky Boobialla U Nitraria billardierei Nitre-bush Olea europaea ssp. europaea Olive * Olearia axillaris Coast Daisy-bush Opuntia stricta Erect Prickly Pear * Oxalis pes-caprae Soursob * Parapholis incurva Curly Ryegrass * Paspalum dilatatum Paspalum * Paspalum distichum Water Couch * Pelargonium australe Australian Pelargonium U Pennisetum clandestinum Kikuyu * Periballia minuta Small Hair-grass * Phragmites australis Common Reed Piptatherum miliaceum Rice Millet *

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 274 Results – MA17 Barkers Inlet

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Plantago coronopus ssp. Bucks-horn Plantain * Plantago lanceolata var. Ribwort * Pogonolepis muelleriana Stiff Cup-flower U Polypogon monspeliensis Annual Beard-grass * Prostanthera chlorantha Green Mintbush R R Puccinellia stricta var. stricta Australian Saltmarsh-grass Rapistrum rugosum ssp. rugosum Turnip Weed * Reichardia tingitana False Sowthistle * Rhagodia candolleana ssp. candolleana Sea-berry Saltbush Rhagodia crassifolia Fleshy Saltbush Ricinus communis Castor Oil Plant * Romulea minutiflora Small-flower Onion-grass * Rostraria cristata Annual Cat's-tail * Rumex crispus Curled Dock * Salsola tragus Buckbush Samolus repens Creeping Brookweed U Sarcocornia blackiana Thick-head Samphire Sarcocornia quinqueflora Beaded Samphire Schismus barbatus Arabian Grass * Sclerolaena muricata var. villosa Five-spine Bindyi R R Senecio glossanthus Annual Groundsel Senecio glossanthus (NC) Annual Groundsel Senecio pinnatifolius Variable Groundsel Setaria constricta Knotty-butt Paspalidium R Solanum nigrum Black Nightshade * Solanum sp. Nightshade/Potato-bush Sonchus oleraceus Common Sow-thistle * Sonchus oleraceus (NC) Common Sow-thistle * Spergularia diandra Lesser Sand-spurrey * Spergularia marina Salt Sand-spurrey Spergularia marina (NC) Salt Sand-spurrey * Sphenopus divaricatus Wedge-foot Grass * Sporobolus virginicus Salt Couch Suaeda australis Austral Seablite Suaeda baccifera Seablite * Tamarix aphylla Athel Pine * Tecticornia arbuscula Shrubby Samphire Tecticornia halocnemoides ssp. Grey Samphire Tecticornia halocnemoides ssp. halocnemoides Grey Samphire Tecticornia indica ssp. Brown-head Samphire Tecticornia pergranulata ssp. Black-seed Samphire Tecticornia pergranulata ssp. divaricata Black-seed Samphire Tecticornia pergranulata ssp. pergranulata Black-seed Samphire Tecticornia pruinosa Bluish Samphire K

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 275 Results – MA17 Barkers Inlet

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Tecticornia sp. Samphire Tecticornia syncarpa Fused Samphire Tecticornia tenuis Slender Samphire Tetragonia decumbens Sea Spinach * Tetragonia implexicoma Bower Spinach Threlkeldia diffusa Coast Bonefruit Trifolium arvense var. arvense Hare's-foot Clover * Trifolium campestre Hop Clover * Trifolium tomentosum Woolly Clover * Triglochin mucronatum Prickly Arrowgrass K Triglochin nanum Dwarf Arrowgrass Triglochin striatum Streaked Arrowgrass N Vicia sativa ssp. Common Vetch * Vittadinia gracilis Woolly New Holland Daisy Vulpia myuros f. Fescue * Wilsonia humilis Silky Wilsonia U

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 276 Results – MA17 Barkers Inlet

Weeds

# Non-indigenous Flora in cell 86 (44% of total cell flora) Red Alert Weeds Species Common Name Euphorbia terracina False Caper Galenia pubescens var. pubescens Coastal Galenia Juncus acutus Sharp Rush Lycium ferocissimum African Boxthorn Marrubium vulgare Horehound Olea europaea ssp. europaea Olive Oxalis pes-caprae Soursob Pennisetum clandestinum Kikuyu Declared Weeds Species Common Name Asphodelus fistulosus Onion Weed Cynara cardunculus ssp. flavescens Artichoke Thistle Echium plantagineum Salvation Jane Euphorbia terracina False Caper Lycium ferocissimum African Boxthorn Marrubium vulgare Horehound Olea europaea ssp. europaea Olive

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 277 Results – MA17 Barkers Inlet

Fauna

# Fauna in cell 117 (Surveys undertaken; 49 opportunistic surveys. Additional records pers. comm. Peri Coleman 2008) # Conservation Rated Fauna in cell 40 (12 state, 40 regional) Significant Fauna Species Common Name Rating Haliaeetus leucogaster White-bellied Sea-Eagle SA: E Actitis hypoleucos Common Sandpiper SA: R Anas rhynchotis Australasian Shoveler SA: R Anhinga melanogaster Darter SA: R Biziura lobata Musk Duck SA: R Egretta garzetta Little Egret SA: R Falco peregrinus Peregrine Falcon SA: R Neophema elegans Elegant Parrot SA: R Oxyura australis Blue-billed Duck SA: R Podiceps cristatus Great Crested Grebe SA: R Tringa glareola Wood Sandpiper SA: R Cladorhynchus leucocephalus Banded Stilt SA: V # Non-indigenous Fauna 9

All Fauna in cell

Species Common Name Class Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Limnodynastes dumerlii Bullfrog Amphibia Acanthiza apicalis Inland Thornbill Aves NT Acanthiza pusilla Brown Thornbill Aves VU Accipiter fasciatus Brown Goshawk Aves LC Acrocephalus australis Australian Reed Warbler, Aves RA (Clamorous Reed-Warbler) Actitis hypoleucos Common Sandpiper Aves R RA Alauda arvensis Eurasian Skylark * Aves Anas castanea Chestnut Teal Aves LC Anas gracilis Grey Teal Aves LC Anas platyrhynchos Mallard * Aves Anas rhynchotis Australasian Shoveler Aves R NT Anas superciliosa Pacific Black Duck Aves LC Anhinga melanogaster Darter Aves R VU Anthochaera carunculata Red Wattlebird Aves LC Anthochaera chrysoptera Little Wattlebird Aves LC Anthus novaeseelandiae Richard's Pipit Aves LC Ardea alba Great Egret, (White Egret) Aves LC Artamus superciliosus White-browed Woodswallow Aves RA Aythya australis Hardhead (White-eyed Duck) Aves LC Biziura lobata Musk Duck Aves R RA Cacatua galerita Sulphur-crested Cockatoo Aves RA

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 278 Results – MA17 Barkers Inlet

Species Common Name Class Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Cacatua roseicapilla Galah Aves LC Cacatua sp. Aves Calidris acuminata Sharp-tailed Sandpiper Aves LC Calidris ferruginea Curlew Sandpiper Aves RA Calidris ruficollis Red-necked Stint Aves LC Carduelis carduelis European Goldfinch * Aves Carduelis chloris European Greenfinch * Aves Charadrius ruficapillus Red-capped Plover Aves LC Chlidonias hybridus Whiskered Tern Aves LC Chrysococcyx basalis Horsfield's Bronze-cuckoo Aves LC Circus approximans Swamp Harrier Aves EN Cladorhynchus leucocephalus Banded Stilt Aves V VU Colluricincla harmonica Grey Shrike-thrush Aves NT Columba livia Rock Dove * Aves Coracina novaehollandiae Black-faced Cuckoo-shrike Aves LC Corvus coronoides Australian Raven Aves VU Corvus mellori Little Raven Aves LC Cracticus torquatus Grey Butcherbird Aves VU Cuculus pallidus Pallid Cuckoo Aves Cygnus atratus Black Swan Aves LC Egretta garzetta Little Egret Aves R LC Egretta novaehollandiae White-faced Heron Aves LC Elanus axillaris Black-shouldered Kite Aves LC Elseyornis melanops Black-fronted Dotterel Aves LC Epthianura albifrons White-fronted Chat Aves RA Erythrogonys cinctus Red-kneed Dotterel Aves LC Falco berigora Brown Falcon Aves LC Falco cenchroides Nankeen Kestrel Aves LC Falco longipennis Australian Hobby Aves NT Falco peregrinus Peregrine Falcon Aves R EN Falco subniger Black Falcon Aves RA Fulica atra Eurasian Coot Aves LC Gallinula tenebrosa Dusky Moorhen Aves NT Gallinula ventralis Black-tailed Native-hen Aves LC Glossopsitta concinna Musk Lorikeet Aves LC Grallina cyanoleuca Magpie-lark Aves LC Gymnorhina tibicen Australian Magpie Aves LC Haliaeetus leucogaster White-bellied Sea-Eagle Aves E CR Haliastur sphenurus Whistling Kite Aves EN Hieraaetus morphnoides Little Eagle Aves CR Himantopus himantopus Black-winged Stilt Aves LC Hirundo neoxena Welcome Swallow Aves LC Larus novaehollandiae Silver Gull Aves Lichenostomus penicillatus White-plumed Honeyeater Aves LC

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 279 Results – MA17 Barkers Inlet

Species Common Name Class Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Lichenostomus virescens Singing Honeyeater Aves LC Lugensa brevirostris Kerguelen Petrel Aves Malacorhynchus membranaceus Pink-eared Duck Aves RA Malurus cyaneus Superb Fairy-wren Aves RA Manorina melanocephala Noisy Miner Aves LC Megalurus gramineus Little Grassbird Aves NT Melithreptus lunatus White-naped Honeyeater Aves RA Milvus migrans Black Kite Aves RA Neophema elegans Elegant Parrot Aves R RA Ocyphaps lophotes Crested Pigeon Aves LC Oxyura australis Blue-billed Duck Aves R VU Pachycephala rufiventris Rufous Whistler Aves Pardalotus striatus Striated Pardalote Aves LC Passer domesticus House Sparrow * Aves LC Pelecanus conspicillatus Australian Pelican Aves LC Petrochelidon nigricans Tree Martin Aves NT Phalacrocorax carbo Great Cormorant Aves LC Phalacrocorax melanoleucos Little Pied Cormorant Aves LC Phalacrocorax sulcirostris Little Black Cormorant Aves Phalacrocorax varius Pied Cormorant Aves Phylidonyris novaehollandiae New Holland Honeyeater Aves LC Platalea flavipes Yellow-billed Spoonbill Aves LC Platalea regia Royal Spoonbill Aves LC Platycercus elegans Crimson Rosella Aves LC Podiceps cristatus Great Crested Grebe Aves R RA Poliocephalus poliocephalus Hoary-headed Grebe Aves LC Porphyrio porphyrio Purple Swamphen Aves LC Porzana fluminea Australian Spotted Crake Aves VU Recurvirostra novaehollandiae Red-necked Avocet Aves Rhipidura albiscapa Grey Fantail Aves NT Rhipidura leucophrys Willie Wagtail Aves LC Sericornis frontalis White-browed Scrubwren Aves NT Sterna bergii Crested Tern Aves Sterna caspia Caspian Tern Aves Sterna nilotica Gull-billed Tern Aves Streptopelia chinensis Spotted Turtle-dove * Aves Sturnus vulgaris Common Starling * Aves Tachybaptus novaehollandiae Australasian Grebe, (Little Aves LC Grebe) Tadorna tadornoides Australian Shelduck Aves LC Threskiornis molucca Australian White Ibis Aves LC Threskiornis spinicollis Straw-necked Ibis Aves LC Todiramphus sanctus Sacred Kingfisher Aves RA Tringa glareola Wood Sandpiper Aves R RA

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 280 Results – MA17 Barkers Inlet

Species Common Name Class Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Tringa nebularia Common Greenshank Aves LC Tringa stagnatilis Marsh Sandpiper Aves RA Turdus merula Eurasian Blackbird * Aves Vanellus miles Masked Lapwing Aves LC Zosterops lateralis Silvereye Aves LC Anisynta cynone gracilis Cynone Grass-skipper Invertebrate Theclinesthes albocincta Bitter-bush Blue Invertebrate Canis familiaris Dog Mammalia Chalinlobus gouldii Gould's wattled bat Mammalia Chalinolobus morio Chocolate Wattled Bat Mammalia Felis cattus Cat * Mammalia Hydromys chrysogaster Water-rat Mammalia VU Lepus capensis Brown hare * Mammalia Macropus robustus Euro Mammalia Mus musculus House mouse * Mammalia Nyctophilus geoffroyi Little long eared bat Mammalia Orycolagus cuniculus European rabbit * Mammalia Rattus rattus Black rat * Mammalia Vespadelus regulus Little bat Mammalia Vulpes vulpes Red fox * Mammalia Amphibolus barbatus Bearded dragon Reptilia Christinus marmoratus Marbled gecko Reptilia Morethia adelaidensis Adelaide Snake-eye Reptilia Pseudonaja textilis Eastern brown snake Reptilia Tiliqua rugosa Shingleback Reptilia Tiliqua scincoides Blue-tongue lizard Reptilia

Note: * = Non-indigenous species, ж = Non-local species, (NC) = Name change

Rating: EX = Extinct, EW = Extinct in the Wild, CR = Critically Endangered, E/ EN = Endangered, ssp = Significant species, V/VU = Vulnerable, R/ RA: Rare, K = Indeterminate/ Possibly threatened, NT = Near Threatened, T = Threatened, Q = Possible significance, U = Uncommon, N = Not significant, LC = Least Concern

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 281 Results – MA17 Barkers Inlet

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 282 Results – MA18 Gawler River

7.3.18. Gawler River

Cell Detail Cell MA18 extends from the St Kilda channel to Port Gawler beach and includes land within the Cities of Salisbury, Playford and the District Council of Mallala. The cell is approximately 12 kilometres in length and is 2,621 hectares in area.

Landforms Low gradient coastal plain, from medium to low tide mangroves and mudflats to supra-tidal samphire. The coastal plain is truncated in part by the flood banks of the salt evaporation pans, within the remainder mudflats, low sand/ shellgrit dunes, chenier ridges and beach ridges, inter-tidal and supra-tidal samphire swamps are seen. The mangroves appear to be actively colonising the accumulating mudflats, as for example at Port Gawler CP, (though dying back near the outfall from Bolivar Sewage Treatment Plant. Numerous tidal inlets show small ebb-tide deltas on the lower low-tide mud flats. The Gawler River enters the Gulf St Vincent through a modified channel along the edge of the saltfield, (Gillanders et al. 2008) describes this as a tide dominated tidal flat estuary, with an extensively modified catchment.

Figure 25. Cell MA18 Location Map

Chapman Creek, looking south towards St Kilda. Low tide mudflats, mangroves, saltfields. (Photograph Coast Protection Board 1995)

The Buckland Park Lake was formed by damming the deltaic mouth of the Gawler River sometime as early as the 1890s pers. comm. Peri Coleman 2009, creating an artificial freshwater habitat.

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 283 Results – MA18 Gawler River

Figure 26. Detailed Summary Conservation Priorities Map (Note: Red represents highest conservation total in region, Blue is the lowest)

Benthic Habitat There are dense and mid dense seagrass beds fringing the mangrove shoreline. There are some bare sand patches offshore in the seagrass beds.

Terrestrial Biota 1890 hectares or 72% of the cell area is remnant vegetation all being mangrove/ saltmarsh. The total number of plant and animal species recorded is 477, of these 118 are exotics; total threatened species is 118.

Land Use/ Land Ownership Some coastal dwellings, evaporation pans, mangroves, tidal flats, sub-coastal grassland remnants, Buckland Park wetlands, Bolivar Effluent Ponds

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 284 Results – MA18 Gawler River

The majority of the inter-tidal lands are Crown land, supra-tidal areas privately owned. 43% of the cell is within the Dolphin Sanctuary; 16% is within the Barker Inlet & St Kilda Aquatic Reserve.

Uses (Field visits and local reports) (including current usage) More than 20 species of fish have been recorded in the Gawler River estuary and adjacent mangroves.

Threats (Field visits and local reports) Projected large increase in population numbers in the area of Buckland Park, on the northern edge of the coastal boundary. A variety of land uses threaten the conservation values of the cell: Jefferies composting facility, ORV Park, shell grit and extractive mineral mining and saltfields.

With the closure of the Off Road Vehicle Park there is significant ORV use within the Port Gawler CP causing soil compaction, weed invasion and disturbance to bird populations and beach access.

Edyvane (2000) highlights a number of threats to the Port of Adelaide and environs, including: impact of marine pollution - sewage effluent and Penrice outfall (mangrove loss, seagrass loss, algal blooms), stormwater management, dredging and spoil deposition, water and land-based recreational uses, public access, mosquito control, sea level rise and land subsidence implications (ie. mangrove colonisation), commercial fishing/recreational crabbing, sea level rise and land subsidence implication, contamination and waste management, commercial fishing, commercial port operation, bait digging, introduced flora and fauna

Opportunities High conservation value saltmarsh area southeast of Port Gawler Road, overlaps with current DEH Regional Conservation Delivery area of current effort.

Potential for fauna and reptile surveys to be undertaken in grassland remnants identified by Delta Environmental.

Mangrove to Mallee is a cooperative project between Urban Biodiversity Unit, Greening Australia and a significant number of land managers and key stakeholders of the region between Little Para and the Light River. Greening Australia 2004 Mangroves to Mallee Multi-site Management Plan for the Northern Adelaide Coastal Plains: Background Information provides the guiding principles highlighting significant areas and broad conservation management zones. Prioritisation is based on vegetation management activities to retain, restore and revegetate.

Although the St Kilda Antenna Fields are managed for operational purposes biodiversity management is an important component of the Department of Defence activities. Small area of the site has been revegetated under one of a number of scoping reports from Mangroves to Mallee Plan. Refer to Greening Australia 2004 Scoping Report – Dept Defence Antennae Fields, GASA, Adelaide

Conservation Analysis (GIS) The sum of conservation means, 114.3, is high for the region. While this total of means is high, in detail the highest values (see map above) are for two large supra-tidal areas at the landward edge of the cell. In the north, at Buckland Park, between the Port Gawler Road and the Gawler River, which features stream channels, ephemeral saline lakes, estuarine inlets and low stranded sand dunes, there are large samphire areas, and low saltbush shrublands, and grasslands1. In the south adjacent to Plain Road, St Kilda Road and Bolivar Ponds, this area is intact samphire +/- Atriplex +/- grasslands, also Gahnia filum and the endemic low shrubland Threlkeldia diffusa have been recorded here. Small areas of intertidal samphire also show high totals, except for small degraded areas adjacent to parts of the saltfield floodbank, and adjacent Thompson Creek and Chapman Creek. Mangrove areas, including the extensive mangroves of Port Gawler Conservation Park, show moderate/ high detailed total values.

Individual conservation priority layers pick out special features of concentrations of values. The northern supra-tidal samphire area has plant species with high threatened status priority, high threatened community value, high threatened fauna, total threatened species, significant endemic saltmarsh assemblages, a very high percentage of plant assemblages found within the state, species richness, coastal dependant reptile habitat, habitat for the focal species Samphire Thornbill and Painted Dragon, visibility and natural heritage. The southern supratidal samphire area shows

1 Coleman pers comm. to R. Sandercock: April 2008 has identified a remnant and heritage value grassland habitat now occurring in the area south of Buckland Park. This area provides a number of unique lily and grass species.

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 285 Results – MA18 Gawler River values for total threatened species, species richness, significant bird habitat, coast dependant reptile habitat, including the focal species Painted Dragon, habitat for the focal species Yellowish Sedge-skipper and visibility. Immediately north of St Kilda there are three tiny areas with very high values for national and state vulnerable Tecticornia flabelliformis.

Most areas show high values for vegetation metrics.

Totals for bird habitat are high throughout the cell. The state endangered Fairy Tern and White-bellied Sea Eagle, the state vulnerable Banded Stilt, Blue-winged Parrot, Brown Quail, Eastern Curlew, and the Slender-billed Thornbill (focal species for this project) have been reported in this cell.

For the following butterflies sightings of adults (and larval host plants) have been recorded in the Port Gawler Conservation Park and – for the Cynone grass skipper – also in the supra-tidal samphire area landward of that park:- Cynone grass skipper (Austrostipa sp.), and the Bitter-bush Blue (Adriana quadripartita).

Threat Analysis (GIS) Threat total is 57.18 a high total mean for the region. Notable high threat totals are found for acid sulfate soils, proportion of exotic plants, viewshed, stormwater, mining and evaporation pans, also zoning, land ownership and use contribute.

Detailed threat summary shows moderate to high totals through the cell, with the exception of Port Gawler CP, the southern supra-tidal samphire are adjacent to the St Kilda Road shows the highest total threat values. There is some ORV threat to both high value supra-tidal samphire areas, the southern one of these is under threat from development zoning, both are threatened by ownership, mining leases are a threat in the saltfields and immediately inland of Port Gawler CP, there is a relatively high threat to both from significant weeds. Potential acid sulfate soils are moderate to high value (7) in mangrove areas.

Possible Climate Change Threats [This local projection is based on the regional scenario set out in section 4.10 in Volume 1.] a) Sea level rise and Storm magnitude Many parts of the cell outside the saltfield floodbank are subject to storm surge inundation: such areas cover more than half the cell. Under the scenario, storm surge inundation will become much more frequent, with occasional inundation of low lying sand ridge areas. Fotheringham 1996 and Delta Environmental 2008 have shown that samphire communities are sensitive to changes in salt flood frequency, a sea level rise of 10 cm by 2030 would lead to displacement of some supra-tidal communities by inter-tidal communities, some supra-tidal communities unable to migrate upslope will be lost. Increasing frequency of storm surge inundation is likely to lead to increased flood bank protection of farm and grazing land, creating a need for strategic regional decisions to be made to ensure that areas of significant supra-tidal habitat can survive through migration.

When storm surge frequency renders raising and repairing saltfield floodbank uneconomic, further radical change will occur, with areas reverting to saline lakes, saltflats and inter-tidal samphire, oxidation of acid sulfate soils may become an issue in some areas. b) Increasing average temperatures and aridity In broad regional terms, good connectivity of saltmarsh vegetated areas should allow S->N migration of species along the eastern shore of Gulf St Vincent. However, the scale of climate change is likely to mean that the latitudinal range of the samphire coast may not be sufficient to accommodate migration of species in the long term, (100yrs+). Also, the latitudinal variation of saltmarsh environment is not sufficient for S -> N migration to be significant. c) Changed run-off regimes Occasional drought breaking intense rainfall episodes will lead to peaks of creek transport of sediment to low lying areas, it is possible that the sediment carried by the Gawler River to the mangroves may show significant increase. d) Gulf Waters Change Increasing acidity of Gulf St Vincent waters will reduce production of carbonate shell material and biogenic sediments. This will have many implications, including the reduction of sediment coming ashore in cells MA17 to 24.

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 286 Results – MA18 Gawler River

Actions and Priority

Table 20. Recommended Actions and Priority for MA18 - Gawler River

Component Issue Proposed Action Priority of Key Players Action High priority supra- Discreet, very high priority areas Consider incorporation in High (Cons./ DEH/ NRM tidal samphire with a concentration of threats: state’s reserve system. Threat) areas; (see map weeds, ORV, ownership and above) zoning Ongoing and accelerating sea Review of local High (Cons/ DEH – CPB/ DPLG level rise will displace supratidal floodbanks. Regional Threat) Council/ NRM samphire species and threaten review to establish retreat neighbouring farmland buffer zones for saltmarsh Buckland Park Proposed major residential Zoning and establishment High (Cons./ Council/ DPLG/ DEH/ environs development of a Land Management Threat) NRM Agreement that recognise downstream threats from major development Buckland Park Management Plan identifies Ongoing implementation Medium NRM/ Council/ NRM infestations of *Casuarina of Management Plan to (Threat) glauca and other priority weeds eradicate weeds (Mangrove to A number of significant habitats Support the vegetation High (Cons./ Landholders/ Council/ Mallee plan) have been identified in the management priorities Threat) GA/ UBU/ NRM/ Mangrove to Mallee project identified in the report. Commonwealth Dept for developed by Greening Defence Australia Port Gawler Significant ORV use, soil Collaboration needed for High (Cons./ NRM/ DEH/ Council compaction, weed invasion and planning and management Threat) disturbance to bird populations of this area. Established populations of Implement management High (Cons./ NRM/ DEH/ Council Adriana quadripartita under actions to protect Adriana Threat) threat from ORV use populations Most fencing in this area is in a Review locations and state Med (Cons./ NRM/ DEH – RCD/ damaged and degraded state of fencing and develop a Threat) Council plan to re-instate or remove Tecticornia Incremental loss through Targeted local action to High (Cons./ DEH/ NRM flabelliformis damage, drainage changes, and conserve species Threat) habitat, north of St changes in flooding frequency Kilda

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 287 Results – MA18 Gawler River

BIOTA

Flora Remnant Vegetation Area 1,890 hectares (72% of cell area is saltmarsh/mangrove. Mangrove and restricted saltmarsh vegetation remains relatively intact. Other areas of the cell have been modified. Vegetation Block Metrics 20 mapped vegetation remnants. Large areas of mangrove and saltmarsh complex. There are good corridor values. Terrestrial Habitat Description/s Avicennia marina ssp. marina forest behind the tidal flats. Sarcocornia quinqueflora, Tecticornia arbuscula+/- Suaeda australis+/- Sarcocornia blackiana tidal and supratidal low shrubland over the remainder of the delta that is largely intact. Some Olearia axillaris (mixed) shrubland along chenier ridges. There is emergent Eucalyptus camaldulensis var. trees over Juncus kraussii, Cyperus gymnocaulos tall sedgeland and Samolus repens forbs associated with the remnants of the Gawler River floodplain. # Flora in cell 253 (Surveys undertaken; 20 surveys, 3 opportunistic surveys. Additional records provided by Delta Environmental 2008 used in the cell analysis.) # Conservation Rated Flora in cell 60 (1 national, 6 state, 58 regional) Significant Flora Species Common Name Rating Tecticornia flabelliformis Bead Samphire AUS: VU, SA: V Crassula sieberiana Sieber's Crassula SA: E Atriplex australasica SA: R Brachyscome basaltica var. Swamp Daisy SA: R gracilis Eucalyptus fasciculosa Pink Gum SA: R Tecticornia lepidosperma SA: R Significant CDCS Floristic Nil Community/ies Protected Area Port Gawler Conservation Park (404.43 hectares) Dolphin Sanctuary Vegetation Comments and recent Large areas of *Casuarina glauca are associated with Buckland Park lake which are management plans thought to be displacing the Lignum shrublands. Anecdotal evidence that significant landward migration of mangrove is occurring in this cell. Vittadinia blackii found recently in cell pers. comm. Peri Coleman 2009. *Spartina X townsendii an introduced specialised aquatic grass was present on the tidal flat until PIRSA funded its removal. As at November 2007 there has not been any regrowth but should be monitored. Tecticornia flabelliformis has been recently mapped in-line with a targeted action plan for this species. Additional vegetation sources and resources: Greening Australia 2004. Scoping Report – Dept Defence Antennae Fields, GASA, Adelaide. Greening Australia 2004. Scoping Report – City of Playford Western Roadside Reserves, GASA, Adelaide. Durant, M 2007. Buckland Park: Summary Of Native Vegetation And Threats To Ecological Assets. Greening Australia. Adelaide. Delta Environmental Consulting 2008. Vegetation Survey - Palmer Property. Delta Environmental Consulting 1994-2008. Database of species recorded on the Dry Creek Saltfields between Dry Creek and Middle Beach. Dean L, S Dunstan, C Harris & A Parisi 1997. Vegetation Survey of the Northern End of Buckland Park Lake, Port Gawler. University of Adelaide. DC Mallala 2003. Samphire Coast Conservation Strategy (Draft). Jensen A 2004. Samphire Coast Shorebird Trails. Priest B 2004. Shorebird Conservation Project, Shorebird Plan Gulf St Vincent, World Wildlife Fund. The Ecology and Management of Buckland Park 1991.

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 288 Results – MA18 Gawler River

All Flora in cell

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Acacia cupularis Cup Wattle R Acacia ligulata Umbrella Bush K Acacia salicina Willow Wattle V Acetosella vulgaris Sorrel * Adriana quadripartita Coast Bitter-bush U Alyxia buxifolia Sea Box R Amyema melaleucae Tea-tree Mistletoe K Angianthus preissianus Salt Angianthus R Angianthus tomentosus Hairy Angianthus K Apium annuum Annual Celery R Apium prostratum var. prostratum Native Celery Arctotheca calendula Cape Weed * Asparagus asparagoides (NC) Bridal Creeper * Asparagus asparagoides f. asparagoides Bridal Creeper * Asphodelus fistulosus Onion Weed * Aster subulatus Aster-weed * Atriplex australasica R R Atriplex cinerea Coast Saltbush Atriplex paludosa ssp. cordata Marsh Saltbush Atriplex paludosa ssp. paludosa Marsh Saltbush K Atriplex prostrata Creeping Saltbush * Atriplex semibaccata Berry Saltbush Atriplex suberecta Lagoon Saltbush Austrodanthonia caespitosa Common Wallaby-grass Austrodanthonia setacea Small-flower Wallaby-grass Austrostipa drummondii Cottony Spear-grass Austrostipa elegantissima Feather Spear-grass U Austrostipa eremophila Rusty Spear-grass U Austrostipa exilis Heath Spear-grass T Austrostipa flavescens Coast Spear-grass Austrostipa hemipogon Half-beard Spear-grass U Austrostipa nitida Balcarra Spear-grass Austrostipa nodosa Tall Spear-grass Austrostipa puberula Fine-hairy Spear-grass R Austrostipa sp. Spear-grass Avellinia michelii Avellinia * Avena barbata Bearded Oat * Avena sp. Oat * Avicennia marina ssp. marina Grey Mangrove Bolboschoenus caldwellii Salt Club-rush Brachypodium distachyon False Brome * Brachyscome basaltica var. gracilis Swamp Daisy R T Brachyscome trachycarpa Smooth Daisy K

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 289 Results – MA18 Gawler River

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Brassica tournefortii Wild Turnip * Bromus arenarius Sand Brome K Bromus diandrus Great Brome * Bromus rubens Red Brome * Bupleurum semicompositum Hare's Ear * Cakile maritima ssp. maritima Two-horned Sea Rocket * Calandrinia sp. Purslane/Parakeelya Callitris gracilis Southern Cypress Pine U Calostemma purpureum Pink Garland-lily Carduus tenuiflorus Slender Thistle * Carex bichenoviana Notched Sedge U Carpobrotus rossii Native Pigface Carpobrotus rossii (NC) Native Pigface Cassinia laevis Curry Bush Casuarina glauca Grey Buloak * Catapodium rigidum Rigid Fescue * Centaurea melitensis Malta Thistle * Centella asiatica Asian Centella U Chenopodium pumilio Clammy Goosefoot Chloris truncata Windmill Grass Chondrilla juncea Skeleton Weed * Cichorium intybus Chicory * Cirsium vulgare Spear Thistle * Clematis microphylla var. microphylla Old Man's Beard Comesperma volubile Love Creeper Cotula coronopifolia Water Buttons * Crassula colorata var. acuminata Dense Crassula Crassula sieberiana Sieber's Crassula E E Cynara cardunculus ssp. flavescens Artichoke Thistle * Cynodon dactylon var. dactylon Couch * Cyperus gymnocaulos Spiny Flat-sedge Dianella brevicaulis Short-stem Flax-lily Dianella revoluta var. revoluta Black-anther Flax-lily Disphyma crassifolium ssp. clavellatum Round-leaf Pigface Distichlis distichophylla Emu-grass N Dittrichia graveolens Stinkweed * Dodonaea viscosa ssp. angustissima Narrow-leaf Hop-bush Dodonaea viscosa ssp. spatulata Sticky Hop-bush Echium plantagineum Salvation Jane * Ehrharta longiflora Annual Veldt Grass * Einadia nutans ssp. nutans Climbing Saltbush Enchylaena tomentosa var. tomentosa Ruby Saltbush Enneapogon nigricans Black-head Grass Enteropogon ramosus Umbrella Grass

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 290 Results – MA18 Gawler River

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Eragrostis dielsii var. dielsii Mulka K Erodium botrys Long Heron's-bill * Erodium cicutarium Cut-leaf Heron's-bill * Eucalyptus camaldulensis var. camaldulensis River Red Gum Eucalyptus fasciculosa Pink Gum R Euphorbia terracina False Caper * Exocarpos aphyllus Leafless Cherry V Foeniculum vulgare Fennel * Frankenia pauciflora var. Southern Sea-heath Frankenia pauciflora var. fruticulosa Southern Sea-heath Frankenia pauciflora var. gunnii Southern Sea-heath Fumaria capreolata White-flower Fumitory * Gahnia filum Thatching Grass R Galenia secunda Galenia * Galenia sp. Galenia * Galium murale Small Bedstraw * Glaucium corniculatum Bristly Horned-poppy * Glaucium flavum Horned Poppy * Glycine rubiginosa Twining Glycine Gnaphalium indutum Tiny Cudweed R Gomphocarpus cancellatus Broad-leaf Cotton-bush * Halosarcia sp. (NC) Samphire Heliotropium curassavicum Smooth Heliotrope * Heliotropium europaeum Common Heliotrope Hemichroa pentandra Trailing Hemichroa R Hordeum glaucum Blue Barley-grass * Hordeum leporinum Wall Barley-grass * Hordeum marinum Sea Barley-grass * Hordeum sp. * Hornungia procumbens Oval Purse * Hydrocotyle capillaris Thread Pennywort R Hypochaeris glabra Smooth Cat's Ear * Isolepis nodosa Knobby Club-rush Juncus acutus Sharp Rush * Juncus bufonius Toad Rush Juncus kraussii Sea Rush Lagurus ovatus Hare's Tail Grass * Lawrencia squamata Thorny Lawrencia K Lepidium africanum Common Peppercress * Limonium companyonis Sea-lavender * Limonium sp. Sea-lavender * Lolium rigidum Wimmera Ryegrass * Lolium sp. Ryegrass * Lomandra collina Sand Mat-rush R

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 291 Results – MA18 Gawler River

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Lomandra effusa Scented Mat-rush R Lotus australis Austral Trefoil U Lycium ferocissimum African Boxthorn * Lysiana exocarpi ssp. exocarpi Harlequin Mistletoe Lythrum hyssopifolia Lesser Loosestrife Lythrum junceum Mediterranean Loosestrife * Maireana aphylla Cotton-bush V Maireana brevifolia Short-leaf Bluebush Maireana oppositifolia Salt Bluebush Marrubium vulgare Horehound * Medicago minima var. minima Little Medic * Medicago polymorpha var. polymorpha Burr-medic * Melaleuca halmaturorum Swamp Paper-bark V Melaleuca lanceolata Dryland Tea-tree U Melaleuca lanceolata ssp. lanceolata (NC) Dryland Tea-tree U Melilotus indicus King Island Melilot * Mesembryanthemum crystallinum Common Iceplant * Mesembryanthemum nodiflorum Slender Iceplant * Mimulus repens Creeping Monkey-flower R Minuartia mediterranea Slender Sandwort * Moraea setifolia Thread Iris * Moss sp. Muehlenbeckia florulenta Lignum R Muehlenbeckia gunnii Coastal Climbing Lignum Myoporum insulare Common Boobialla Myoporum montanum Native Myrtle K Neslia paniculata Ball Mustard * Nicotiana glauca Tree Tobacco * Nicotiana maritima Coast Tobacco R Nitraria billardierei Nitre-bush Nothoscordum borbonicum * Olea europaea ssp. europaea Olive * Olearia axillaris Coast Daisy-bush Oncosiphon suffruticosum Calomba Daisy * Oxalis perennans Native Sorrel Oxalis perennans (NC) Native Sorrel Oxalis pes-caprae Soursob * Parapholis incurva Curly Ryegrass * Paspalum distichum Water Couch * Pelargonium australe Australian Pelargonium U Pennisetum clandestinum Kikuyu * Periballia minuta Small Hair-grass * Phragmites australis Common Reed Phyllopodium cordatum *

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 292 Results – MA18 Gawler River

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Pimelea serpyllifolia ssp. serpyllifolia Thyme Riceflower Piptatherum miliaceum Rice Millet * Pittosporum angustifolium Native Apricot R Pogonolepis muelleriana Stiff Cup-flower U Polypogon maritimus Coast Beard-grass * Pomaderris paniculosa ssp. paniculosa Mallee Pomaderris U Posidonia sp. Tapeweed Puccinellia sp. Saltmarsh-grass Puccinellia stricta var. stricta Australian Saltmarsh-grass Ranunculus sp. Buttercup Rapistrum rugosum ssp. rugosum Turnip Weed * Reichardia tingitana False Sowthistle * Rhagodia candolleana ssp. candolleana Sea-berry Saltbush Rhagodia spinescens Spiny Saltbush E Romulea minutiflora Small-flower Onion-grass * Romulea rosea var. australis Common Onion-grass * Rostraria cristata Annual Cat's-tail * Salsola tragus Buckbush Samolus repens Creeping Brookweed U Sarcocornia blackiana Thick-head Samphire Sarcocornia quinqueflora Beaded Samphire Schismus barbatus Arabian Grass * Sclerolaena diacantha Grey Bindyi R Sclerolaena uniflora Small-spine Bindyi K Senecio glossanthus Annual Groundsel Senecio pinnatifolius Variable Groundsel Senecio pterophorus African Daisy * Senecio runcinifolius Thistle-leaf Groundsel K Senecio sp. Groundsel Setaria constricta Knotty-butt Paspalidium R Silene nocturna Mediterranean Catchfly * Sonchus asper ssp. asper Rough Sow-thistle * Sonchus oleraceus Common Sow-thistle * Sonchus oleraceus (NC) Common Sow-thistle * Spergularia diandra Lesser Sand-spurrey * Spergularia marina Salt Sand-spurrey Spergularia marina (NC) Salt Sand-spurrey * Spergularia media (NC) Coast Sand-spurrey * Sphenopus divaricatus Wedge-foot Grass * Sporobolus sp. Sporobolus virginicus Salt Couch Stellaria media Chickweed * Stenotaphrum secundatum Buffalo Grass * Suaeda australis Austral Seablite

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 293 Results – MA18 Gawler River

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Suaeda baccifera Seablite * Tecticornia arbuscula Shrubby Samphire Tecticornia flabelliformis Bead Samphire VU V V Tecticornia halocnemoides ssp. Grey Samphire Tecticornia halocnemoides ssp. halocnemoides Grey Samphire Tecticornia indica ssp. Brown-head Samphire Tecticornia indica ssp. bidens Brown-head Samphire K Tecticornia indica ssp. leiostachya Brown-head Samphire Tecticornia lepidosperma R Tecticornia pergranulata ssp. Black-seed Samphire Tecticornia pergranulata ssp. pergranulata Black-seed Samphire Tecticornia pruinosa Bluish Samphire K Tecticornia sp. Samphire Tecticornia syncarpa Fused Samphire Tetragonia decumbens Sea Spinach * Tetragonia implexicoma Bower Spinach Threlkeldia diffusa Coast Bonefruit Trifolium arvense var. arvense Hare's-foot Clover * Trifolium tomentosum Woolly Clover * Triglochin centrocarpum (NC) Dwarf Arrowgrass Triglochin mucronatum Prickly Arrowgrass K Triglochin striatum Streaked Arrowgrass N Typha domingensis Narrow-leaf Bulrush Verbascum virgatum Twiggy Mullein * Vicia sativa ssp. Common Vetch * Vittadinia cervicularis var. cervicularis Waisted New Holland Daisy Vittadinia gracilis Woolly New Holland Daisy Vulpia fasciculata Sand Fescue * Vulpia muralis Wall Fescue * Vulpia myuros f. Fescue * Vulpia myuros f. myuros Rat's-tail Fescue * Wilsonia humilis Silky Wilsonia U Wilsonia rotundifolia Round-leaf Wilsonia V

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 294 Results – MA18 Gawler River

Weeds

# Non-indigenous Flora in cell 104 (41% of total cell flora) Red Alert Weeds Species Common Name Asparagus asparagoides f. asparagoides Bridal Creeper Euphorbia terracina False Caper Juncus acutus Sharp Rush Lycium ferocissimum African Boxthorn Marrubium vulgare Horehound Mesembryanthemum crystallinum Common Iceplant Olea europaea ssp. europaea Olive Oxalis pes-caprae Soursob Pennisetum clandestinum Kikuyu Declared Weeds Species Common Name Asparagus asparagoides f. asparagoides Bridal Creeper Asphodelus fistulosus Onion Weed Chondrilla juncea Skeleton Weed Cynara cardunculus ssp. flavescens Artichoke Thistle Echium plantagineum Salvation Jane Euphorbia terracina False Caper Lycium ferocissimum African Boxthorn Marrubium vulgare Horehound Olea europaea ssp. europaea Olive Oncosiphon suffruticosum Calomba Daisy Oxalis pes-caprae Soursob

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 295 Results – MA18 Gawler River

Fauna

# Fauna in cell 224 (Surveys undertaken; 49 opportunistic surveys. Additional records pers. comm. Peri Coleman 2008 and Graham Armstrong, SA Herpetological Group, The Ecology and Management of Buckland Park 1991) # Conservation Rated Fauna in cell 109 (1 national, 43 state, 108 regional) Significant Fauna Species Common Name Rating Neophema chrysogaster Orange-bellied Parrot AUS: CR, SA: E Haliaeetus leucogaster White-bellied Sea- SA: E Eagle Pandion haliaetus Osprey SA: E Sterna nereis Fairy Tern SA: E Actitis hypoleucos Common Sandpiper SA: R Anas rhynchotis Australasian Shoveler SA: R Anhinga melanogaster Darter SA: R Ardea ibis Cattle Egret SA: R Ardea intermedia Intermediate Egret SA: R Arenaria interpres Ruddy Turnstone SA: R Biziura lobata Musk Duck SA: R Calidris alba Sanderling SA: R Calidris melanotos Pectoral Sandpiper SA: R Calidris subminuta Long-toed Stint SA: R Calidris tenuirostris Great Knot SA: R Cereopsis novaehollandiae Cape Barren Goose SA: R Charadrius mongolus Lesser Sand Plover SA: R Egretta garzetta Little Egret SA: R Falco peregrinus Peregrine Falcon SA: R Gallinago hardwickii Latham's Snipe SA: R Haematopus fuliginosus Sooty Oystercatcher SA: R Heteroscelus brevipes Grey-tailed Tattler SA: R Limosa lapponica Bar-tailed Godwit SA: R Limosa limosa Black-tailed Godwit SA: R Neophema elegans Elegant Parrot SA: R Neophema petrophila Rock Parrot SA: R Numenius phaeopus Whimbrel SA: R Oxyura australis Blue-billed Duck SA: R Pachycephala inornata Gilbert's Whistler SA: R Philomachus pugnax Ruff SA: R Plegadis falcinellus Glossy Ibis SA: R Pluvialis fulva Pacific Golden Plover SA: R Podiceps cristatus Great Crested Grebe SA: R Porzana tabuensis Spotless Crake SA: R Sterna hirundo Common Tern SA: R Trichosurus vulpecula Common Brushtail SA: R Possum Tringa glareola Wood Sandpiper SA: R Xenus cinereus Terek Sandpiper SA: R Melanodryas cucullata Hooded Robin SA: ssp

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 296 Results – MA18 Gawler River

Acanthiza iredalei ssp rosinae Samphire Thornbill SA: V Cladorhynchus leucocephalus Banded Stilt SA: V Numenius madagascariensis Eastern Curlew SA: V Rostratula benghalensis Painted Snipe SA: V Stictonetta naevosa Freckled Duck SA: V # Non-indigenous Fauna 5

All Fauna in cell

Species Common Name Class Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Crinia signifera Common Froglet Amphibia LC Limnodynastes dumerilii Bull Frog Amphibia LC Limnodynastes tasmaniensis Spotted Grass Frog Amphibia LC Neobatrachus pictus Painted Frog Amphibia LC Acanthagenys rufogularis Spiny-cheeked Honeyeater Aves LC Acanthiza apicalis Inland Thornbill Aves NT Acanthiza chrysorrhoa Yellow-rumped Thornbill Aves LC Acanthiza iredalei ssp. rosinae Samphire Thornbill Aves V VU Acanthiza lineata Striated Thornbill Aves Acanthiza pusilla Brown Thornbill Aves VU Accipiter cirrhocephalus Collared Sparrowhawk Aves LC Accipiter fasciatus Brown Goshawk Aves LC Acrocephalus australis Australian Reed Warbler, Aves (Clamorous Reed-Warbler) RA Actitis hypoleucos Common Sandpiper Aves R RA Alauda arvensis Eurasian Skylark * Aves Anas castanea Chestnut Teal Aves LC Anas gracilis Grey Teal Aves LC Anas platyrhynchos Mallard * Aves Anas rhynchotis Australasian Shoveler Aves R NT Anas superciliosa Pacific Black Duck Aves LC Anhinga melanogaster Darter Aves R VU Anthochaera carunculata Red Wattlebird Aves LC Anthus novaeseelandiae Richard's Pipit Aves LC Ardea alba Great Egret, ( White Egret) Aves LC Ardea ibis Cattle Egret Aves R LC Ardea intermedia Intermediate Egret Aves R Ardea pacifica White-necked Heron Aves LC Arenaria interpres Ruddy Turnstone Aves R RA Artamus cyanopterus Dusky Woodswallow Aves RA Aythya australis Hardhead (White-eyed Duck) Aves LC Biziura lobata Musk Duck Aves R RA Cacatua galerita Sulphur-crested Cockatoo Aves RA Cacatua roseicapilla Galah Aves LC Cacatua sanguinea Little Corella Aves LC Cacomantis flabelliformis Fan-tailed Cuckoo Aves RA

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 297 Results – MA18 Gawler River

Species Common Name Class Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Calamanthus campestris Rufous Fieldwren Aves EN Calidris acuminata Sharp-tailed Sandpiper Aves LC Calidris alba Sanderling Aves R Calidris canutus Red Knot Aves LC Calidris ferruginea Curlew Sandpiper Aves RA Calidris melanotos Pectoral Sandpiper Aves R RA Calidris minuta Little Stint Aves RA Calidris ruficollis Red-necked Stint Aves LC Calidris subminuta Long-toed Stint Aves R RA Calidris tenuirostris Great Knot Aves R RA Carduelis carduelis European Goldfinch * Aves Carduelis chloris European Greenfinch * Aves Cereopsis novaehollandiae Cape Barren Goose Aves R RA Charadrius bicinctus Double-banded Plover Aves RA Charadrius mongolus Lesser Sand Plover Aves R VU Charadrius ruficapillus Red-capped Plover Aves LC Chenonetta jubata Australian Wood Duck, (Maned Aves Duck) LC Chlidonias hybridus Whiskered Tern Aves LC Chlidonias leucopterus White-winged Black Tern Aves LC Chrysococcyx basalis Horsfield's Bronze-cuckoo Aves LC Chrysococcyx lucidus Shining Bronze-Cuckoo Aves RA Cincloramphus cruralis Brown Songlark Aves LC Cincloramphus mathewsi Rufous Songlark Aves LC Circus approximans Swamp Harrier Aves EN Circus assimilis Spotted Harrier Aves RA Cisticola exilis Golden-headed Cisticola Aves VU Cladorhynchus leucocephalus Banded Stilt Aves V VU Colluricincla harmonica Grey Shrike-thrush Aves NT Columba livia Rock Dove * Aves Coracina novaehollandiae Black-faced Cuckoo-shrike Aves LC Corvus coronoides Australian Raven Aves VU Corvus mellori Little Raven Aves LC Corvus sp. Aves Coturnix pectoralis Stubble Quail Aves LC Cracticus torquatus Grey Butcherbird Aves VU Cuculus pallidus Pallid Cuckoo Aves Cygnus atratus Black Swan Aves LC Dacelo novaeguineae Laughing Kookaburra Aves RA Dendrocygna eytoni Plumed Whistling-Duck Aves Dicaeum hirundinaceum Mistletoebird Aves NT Egretta garzetta Little Egret Aves R LC Egretta novaehollandiae White-faced Heron Aves LC Elanus axillaris Black-shouldered Kite Aves LC

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 298 Results – MA18 Gawler River

Species Common Name Class Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Elseyornis melanops Black-fronted Dotterel Aves LC Epthianura albifrons White-fronted Chat Aves RA Epthianura aurifrons Orange Chat Aves VU Epthianura tricolor Crimson Chat Aves RA Erythrogonys cinctus Red-kneed Dotterel Aves LC Falco berigora Brown Falcon Aves LC Falco cenchroides Nankeen Kestrel Aves LC Falco longipennis Australian Hobby Aves NT Falco peregrinus Peregrine Falcon Aves R EN Falco subniger Black Falcon Aves RA Fulica atra Eurasian Coot Aves LC Gallinago hardwickii Latham's Snipe Aves R VU Gallinula tenebrosa Dusky Moorhen Aves NT Gallinula ventralis Black-tailed Native-hen Aves LC Gallirallus philippensis Buff-banded Rail Aves VU Geopelia placida Peaceful Dove Aves VU Glossopsitta concinna Musk Lorikeet Aves LC Glossopsitta porphyrocephala Purple-crowned Lorikeet Aves LC Grallina cyanoleuca Magpie-lark Aves LC Gymnorhina tibicen Australian Magpie Aves LC Haematopus fuliginosus Sooty Oystercatcher Aves R RA Haematopus longirostris Pied Oystercatcher Aves NT Haliaeetus leucogaster White-bellied Sea-Eagle Aves E CR Haliastur sphenurus Whistling Kite Aves EN Heteroscelus brevipes Grey-tailed Tattler Aves R RA Hieraaetus morphnoides Little Eagle Aves CR Himantopus himantopus Black-winged Stilt Aves LC Hirundo neoxena Welcome Swallow Aves LC Lalage tricolor White-winged Triller Aves RA Larus novaehollandiae Silver Gull Aves Larus pacificus Pacific Gull Aves Lichenostomus penicillatus White-plumed Honeyeater Aves LC Lichenostomus virescens Singing Honeyeater Aves LC Limicola falcinellus Broad-billed Sandpiper Aves Limosa haemastica Hudsonian Godwit Aves Limosa lapponica Bar-tailed Godwit Aves R RA Limosa limosa Black-tailed Godwit Aves R VU Malacorhynchus membranaceus Pink-eared Duck Aves RA Malurus cyaneus Superb Fairy-wren Aves RA Malurus leucopterus White-winged Fairy-wren Aves RA Megalurus gramineus Little Grassbird Aves NT Melanodryas cucullata Hooded Robin Aves ssp EN Melopsittacus undulatus Budgerigar Aves RA Merops ornatus Rainbow Bee-eater Aves RA

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 299 Results – MA18 Gawler River

Species Common Name Class Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Milvus migrans Black Kite Aves RA Mirafra javanica Horsfield's Bushlark Aves RA Neophema chrysogaster Orange-bellied Parrot Aves CR E CR Neophema elegans Elegant Parrot Aves R RA Neophema petrophila Rock Parrot Aves R RA Ninox novaeseelandiae Southern Boobook Aves VU Numenius madagascariensis Eastern Curlew Aves V VU Numenius phaeopus Whimbrel Aves R RA Nycticorax caledonicus Nankeen Night Heron Aves LC Ocyphaps lophotes Crested Pigeon Aves LC Oxyura australis Blue-billed Duck Aves R VU Pachycephala inornata Gilbert's Whistler Aves R EN Pachycephala pectoralis Golden Whistler Aves Pachycephala rufiventris Rufous Whistler Aves Pachyptila turtur Fairy Prion Aves Pandion haliaetus Osprey Aves E EN Passer domesticus House Sparrow * Aves LC Pavo cristatus Indian Peafowl * Aves EX Pelecanus conspicillatus Australian Pelican Aves LC Petrochelidon ariel Fairy Martin Aves RA Petrochelidon nigricans Tree Martin Aves NT Petroica goodenovii Red-capped Robin Aves VU Phalacrocorax carbo Great Cormorant Aves LC Phalacrocorax fuscescens Black-faced Cormorant Aves Phalacrocorax melanoleucos Little Pied Cormorant Aves LC Phalacrocorax sulcirostris Little Black Cormorant Aves Phalacrocorax varius Pied Cormorant Aves Phalaropus lobatus Red-necked Phalarope Aves Phaps chalcoptera Common Bronzewing Aves RA Philomachus pugnax Ruff Aves R RA Phylidonyris novaehollandiae New Holland Honeyeater Aves LC Platalea flavipes Yellow-billed Spoonbill Aves LC Platalea regia Royal Spoonbill Aves LC Platycercus elegans Crimson Rosella Aves LC Plegadis falcinellus Glossy Ibis Aves R RA Pluvialis fulva Pacific Golden Plover Aves R RA Pluvialis squatarola Grey Plover Aves NT Podiceps cristatus Great Crested Grebe Aves R RA Poliocephalus poliocephalus Hoary-headed Grebe Aves LC Pomatostomus superciliosus White-browed Babbler Aves NT Porphyrio porphyrio Purple Swamphen Aves LC Porzana fluminea Australian Spotted Crake Aves VU Porzana pusilla Baillon's Crake Aves VU Porzana tabuensis Spotless Crake Aves R VU

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 300 Results – MA18 Gawler River

Species Common Name Class Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Psephotus haematonotus Red-rumped Parrot Aves NT Recurvirostra novaehollandiae Red-necked Avocet Aves Rhipidura albiscapa Grey Fantail Aves NT Rhipidura leucophrys Willie Wagtail Aves LC Rostratula benghalensis Painted Snipe Aves V VU Sericornis frontalis White-browed Scrubwren Aves NT Stercorarius parasiticus Arctic Jaeger, (Arctic Skua) Aves Sterna bergii Crested Tern Aves Sterna caspia Caspian Tern Aves Sterna hirundo Common Tern Aves R RA Sterna nereis Fairy Tern Aves E EN Sterna nilotica Gull-billed Tern Aves Sterna paradisaea Arctic Tern Aves Stictonetta naevosa Freckled Duck Aves V VU Stiltia isabella Australian Pratincole Aves VU Streptopelia chinensis Spotted Turtle-dove * Aves Sturnus vulgaris Common Starling * Aves Tachybaptus novaehollandiae Australasian Grebe, (Little Grebe) Aves LC Tadorna tadornoides Australian Shelduck Aves LC Taeniopygia guttata Zebra Finch Aves VU Threskiornis molucca Australian White Ibis Aves LC Threskiornis spinicollis Straw-necked Ibis Aves LC Todiramphus sanctus Sacred Kingfisher Aves RA Tringa glareola Wood Sandpiper Aves R RA Tringa nebularia Common Greenshank Aves LC Tringa stagnatilis Marsh Sandpiper Aves RA Turdus merula Eurasian Blackbird * Aves Turnix velox Little Button-quail Aves RA Tyto alba Barn Owl Aves NT Vanellus miles Masked Lapwing Aves LC Vanellus tricolor Banded Lapwing Aves RA Xenus cinereus Terek Sandpiper Aves R RA Zosterops lateralis Silvereye Aves LC Anisynta cynone gracilis Cynone Grass-skipper Invertebrate Theclinesthes albocincta Bitter-bush Blue Invertebrate Chalinlobus gouldii Gould's Wattled Bat Mammalia Chalinlobus morlo Chocolate Wattled Bat Mammalia Dama dama Fallow Deer * Mammalia Hydromys chrysogaster Water-rat Mammalia VU Lepus capensis Hare * Mammalia Macropus fuliginosus Western Grey Kangaroo Mammalia VU Macropus robustus Euro Mammalia Mus musculus House Mouse * Mammalia Oryctolagus cuniculus Rabbit * Mammalia

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 301 Results – MA18 Gawler River

Species Common Name Class Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Rattus fuscipes Bush Rat Mammalia Rattus rattus Black Rat * Mammalia Tachyglossus aculeatus Short-beaked Echidna Mammalia VU Trichosurus vulpecula Common Brushtail Possum Mammalia R EN Vespadelus reglus Little Bat Mammalia Vulpes vulpes Fox * Mammalia Chelodina longicollis Common Long-necked Tortoise Reptilia Delma molleri Adelaide Snake-lizard Reptilia LC Hemiergis decresiensis Three-toed Earless Skink Reptilia LC Hemiergis peronii Four-toed Earless Skink Reptilia LC Lerista bougainvillii Bougainville's Skink Reptilia LC Menetia greyii Dwarf Skink Reptilia LC Morethia adelaidensis Adelaide Snake-eye Reptilia LC Pogona barbata Eastern Bearded Dragon Reptilia LC Pseudemoia entrecasteauxii Southern Grass Skink Reptilia VU Pseudonaja textilis Eastern Brown Snake Reptilia LC Suta spectabilis Mallee Black-headed Snake Reptilia LC Tiliqua occipitalis Western Bluetongue Reptilia VU Tiliqua rugosa Sleepy Lizard Reptilia LC Tiliqua scincoides Eastern Bluetongue Reptilia RA Varanus gouldii Sand Goanna Reptilia LC

Note: * = Non-indigenous species, ж = Non-local species, )NC( = Name change

Rating: EX = Extinct, EW = Extinct in the Wild, CR = Critically Endangered, E/ EN = Endangered, ssp = Significant species, V/VU = Vulnerable, R/ RA: Rare, K = Indeterminate/ Possibly threatened, NT = Near Threatened, T = Threatened, Q = Possible significance, U = Uncommon, N = Not significant, LC = Least Concern

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 302 Results – MA19 Middle Beach

7.3.19. Middle Beach

Cell Detail Cell MA19 lies within the District Council of Mallala, extending from Port Gawler beach to approximately 3 km north of Middle Beach. The cell is approximately 10 kilometres long and is 1,693 hectares in area.

Landforms Low gradient coastal plain, from medium to low tide mangroves and mudflats to supra-tidal and stranded samphire. Within the coastal plain there are saline mudflats inundated at spring high tide (sabkhas), low sand/ shellgrit dunes, chenier ridges and beach ridges, inter-tidal and supra-tidal samphire. The wide chenier/ beach ridge running north-west from the Port Gawler Road is heavily degraded by ORV. The mangroves appear to be actively colonising the accumulating sediments, as for example at Middle Beach. The mangroves are colonising intertidal areas that were mined by Wooltana Industries for mineral muds in 1957 pers. comm. Peri Coleman 2009.

Figure 27. Cell MA19 Location Map

Middle Beach mangroves, holiday homes, Salt Creek outlet, evaporation pans. (Photograph Coast Protection Board 2003)

The Salt Creek tidal inlet is confined between relatively steep banks, encouraging relatively rapid tidal flow. However, this is not sufficient to reduce siltation of the lower course. A small ebb-tide delta is found on the lower low-tide mud flats.

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 303 Results – MA19 Middle Beach

Benthic Habitat There are dense seagrass fringing the mangrove and beach ridge shoreline. There are some bare sand patches offshore in the seagrass beds. Mangroves grade inland to tidal and supratidal low shrubland. There is a beach ridge with shrubland and some freshwater habitat associated with the Gawler River.

Terrestrial Biota 1,623 hectares or 96% of cell area is remnant vegetation. The total number of plant and animal species recorded is 263, this includes 52 non-indigenous species, total threatened species is 83.

Land Use/ Land Ownership Much of the shellgrit beach ridge area is un-allocated Crown Land. The saltpan and the land adjacent to Salt Creek are privately owned.

Uses (Field visits and local reports) (including current usage) Samphire Discovery Trail at Middle Beach: currently the trail is open to casual day visitors, but the residential centre is used for emergency accommodation by the Health Department. This change of use conflicts with the purpose of the publicly funded boardwalk, and appears to threaten the on-going survival of the trail through degradation of the site and trail, and discouragement of use of the centre.

Recreational fishing: Middle Beach ramp to Salt Creek. Navigation in the Salt Creek by recreational fishing boats has been significantly reduced over time through siltation. The same process has removed swimming opportunities at this location.

Crabbing.

Community recreation at the hard shellgrit beach slope at Middle Beach has reduced through mangrove forest extension and micro algae growth on the surface sediments.

Threats (Field visits and local reports) Saltfield inlet and tidal flows. Cheetham Salt inlet – bryozoans infestation. Boat ramp proposal: Issues CASS, sediment disposal, ongoing and long term maintenance. Extensive ORV on beach ridge near Port Gawler. Illegal foreshore vegetation clearance.

With the extended closure of the Off Road Vehicle Park there has been significant ORV use within the Port Gawler CP causing soil compaction, weed invasion and disturbance to bird populations and beach access.

Shell grit and extractive mineral mining.

Opportunities DC Mallala 2003. Samphire Coast Conservation Strategy (Draft)

Urban Forests – Million Trees Program 2007 Summary of Native Vegetation and Threats to Ecological Assets: Mapping of Tecticornia flabelliformis has been completed but the wider control of Boxthorn and a Sea-lavender control strategy along with access control and varied weed control measures is required.

Mangrove to Mallee is a cooperative project between Urban Biodiversity Unit, Greening Australia and a significant number of land managers and key stakeholders of the region between Little Para and the Light River. Greening Australia (2004) Mangroves to Mallee Multi-site Management Plan for the Northern Adelaide Coastal Plains: Background Information provides the guiding principles highlighting significant areas and broad conservation management zones. Prioritisation is based on vegetation management activities to retain, restore and revegetate.

Conservation Analysis (GIS) Summed total conservation means is 110.36, high. Distribution of detailed conservation scores is clear: mangrove areas show medium to low totals, while one corner of saltfield included is a low total, high scores accrue in the samphire and beach ridge areas.

Plant and fauna threatened status ratings give medium to high values to the cell. Rare endemic floristic communities, including Threlkeldia diffusa, give medium to high values to the sand ridge areas. Sand ridge areas are also valuable as reptile habitat and the focal shrub Adriana quadripartita, food plant for the Bitter-bush blue butterfly, Theclinesthes

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 304 Results – MA19 Middle Beach

albocincta. This habitat is concentrated in the broad sand/ shellgrit ridge area inland from Port Gawler Beach. Habitat for the focal species, Acanthiza iredalei rosinae - Samphire Thornbill - is found in the inter-tidal samphire in the north of this cell, including the Shrubby samphire and the Grey samphire. Vegetation block metrics and open space also add values to this cell.

The state endangered Fairy Tern, the state vulnerable Banded Stilt, Blue-winged Parrot, Eastern Curlew have been reported in this cell. The Commonwealth listed plant Tecticornia flabelliformis (Bead samphire) has been recorded northeast of Middle Beach.

For the following butterflies sightings of adults (and larval host plants) have been recorded in the wide sand ridge area inland from Port Gawler Beach: Cynone grass skipper (Austrostipa sp.), and the Bitter Bush Blue (Adriana quadripartita) – this shrub is also found along the Salt Creek floodplain, inland of the saltpans. Larval host plants for the Amaryllis azure and the Wood White are recorded in the cell.

Threat Analysis (GIS) Threat means total 56.47, high for the region. The pattern of detailed threat summary is complex, but higher threat totals accumulate in the northern part of the mangroves and in the sand ridge area inland from Port Gawler beach.

High threat scores are found for land ownership, viewshed and viewscape, proportion of exotic plants and mining activities, smaller but significant threat totals are for ORV (along the wide shellgrit ridge inland from Port Gawler), PASS (mangrove areas), zoning, land use and stormwater volume.

Possible Climate Change Threats [This local projection is based on the regional scenario set out in section 4.10 in Volume 1.] a) Sea level rise and Storm magnitude Other than Recent dune ridges near the coastline and red sand Pleistocene dunes at the land ward edge of the cell, the cell is subject to storm surge inundation: such areas cover half the cell. Under the scenario, storm surge inundation will become much more frequent, with occasional inundation of low lying sand ridge areas. Fotheringham (1996) and Delta Environmetal (2008) have shown that samphire communities are sensitive to changes in salt flood frequency, a sea level rise of 10 cm by 2030 would lead to displacement of some supra-tidal communities by inter-tidal communities, some supra-tidal communities unable to migrate upslope will be lost. Increasing frequency of storm surge inundation is likely to lead to increased flood bank protection of farm and grazing land, creating a need for strategic regional decisions to be made to ensure that areas of significant supra-tidal habitat can survive through migration. b) Increasing average temperatures and aridity In broad regional terms, good connectivity of saltmarsh vegetated areas should allow S->N migration of species along the eastern shore of Gulf St Vincent. However, the scale of climate change is likely to mean that the latitudinal range of the samphire coast may not be sufficient to accommodate migration of species in the long term, (100yrs+). Also, the latitudinal variation of saltmarsh environment is not sufficient for S -> N migration to be significant. c) Changed run-off regimes Occasional drought breaking intense rainfall episodes will lead to peaks of creek transport of sediment to low lying areas, it is possible that the sediment carried by the Salt Creek to the mangroves may show significant increase. d) Gulf Waters Change Increasing acidity of Gulf St Vincent waters will reduce production of carbonate shell material and biogenic sediments. This will have many implications, including the reduction of sediment coming ashore in cells MA17 to 24.

Actions and Priority

Table 21. Recommended Actions and Priority for MA19 – Middle Beach

Component Issue Proposed Action Priority of Key Players Action Broad beach This area has high Exclusion of ORV High (Cons./ Council/ NRM ridge/ chenier conservation priority, but is Threat) inland from Port severely impacted by ORV Gawler Saltmarsh Ongoing and accelerating sea Review of local High (Cons./ DEH – CPB/ / DPLG/

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 305 Results – MA19 Middle Beach

Component Issue Proposed Action Priority of Key Players Action level rise may displace floodbanks. Regional Threat) Council/ NRM supratidal samphire species review to establish retreat and threaten neighbouring buffer zones for saltmarsh farmland (depending on sediment accumulation) Whole cell A number of significant habitats Support the vegetation High (Cons./ Landowners/ GA/ UBU/ have been identified in the management priorities Threat) NRM Mangrove to Mallee project identified in the report developed by Greening Australia Tecticornia Incremental loss through Targeted local action to High (Cons./ DEH – RCD/ Council/ flabelliformis damage, drainage changes, conserve species Threat) NRM habitat and changes in flooding frequency

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 306 Results – MA19 Middle Beach

BIOTA

Flora Remnant Vegetation Area 1,623 hectares (96% of cell area). Mangrove and restricted saltmarsh vegetation remains relatively intact. Other areas of the cell have been modified. The area of saltmarsh/mangrove is 1221 hectares. (72% of the cell). Vegetation Block Metrics 10 mapped vegetation remnants. Large areas of mangrove and saltmarsh complex. There are reduced corridor values. Terrestrial Habitat Description/s Avicennia marina ssp. marina forest behind the tidal flats. Sarcocornia quinqueflora, Tecticornia arbuscula+/- Suaeda australis+/- Sarcocornia blackiana tidal and supratidal low shrubland over the remainder of the delta which is largely intact. Coastal shrublands of Olearia axillaris, Myoporum insulare +/- Acacia ligulata in dune ridges and some Olearia axillaris (mixed) shrubland along chenier ridges Nitraria billardierei, Maireana brevifolia low shrubland on higher land along the landward edges of the saltmarsh # Flora in cell 211 (Surveys undertaken; 3 surveys (on south edge of cell), 7 opportunistic surveys. Additional records provided by Delta Environmental (2008) used in the cell analysis.) # Conservation Rated Flora in cell 83 (1 national, 1 state, 83 regional) Significant Flora Species Common Name Rating Tecticornia flabelliformis Bead Samphire AUS: VU, SA: V Significant CDCS Floristic Community Avicennia marina var. marina community has been recorded in the cell Refer to Appendix 8 in Volume 1 for plant community information. Protected Area Nil Vegetation Comments Low percentage of weeds that is an indication of a healthy saltmarsh system. Additional vegetation data sources and resources: Delta Environmental Consulting 2001. Tecticornia flabelliformis occurrences, St Kilda to Port Parham, a report to DEH. Pedlar JA and WE Matheson 1993. Remnant Vegetation in the Mallala District Council Area, DC Mallala. DC Mallala 2003. Samphire Coast Conservation Strategy (Draft). Jensen A 2004. Samphire Coast Shorebird Trails. Priest B 2004. Shorebird Conservation Project, Shorebird Plan Gulf St Vincent, World Wildlife Fund. Urban Forests – Million Trees Program 2007 Summary of Native Vegetation and Threats to Ecological Assets: Middle Beach to Port Gawler. Comment: reports good quality saltmarsh vegetation but poor condition coastal shrubland.

All Flora in cell

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Acacia cupularis Cup Wattle R Acacia ligulata Umbrella Bush K Acacia longifolia ssp. sophorae Coastal Wattle N Acacia pycnantha Golden Wattle Adriana quadripartita Coast Bitter-bush U Adriana quadripartita (NC) Rare Bitter-bush Allocasuarina verticillata Drooping Sheoak Alyxia buxifolia Sea Box R Amyema melaleucae Tea-tree Mistletoe K Angianthus preissianus Salt Angianthus R

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 307 Results – MA19 Middle Beach

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Angianthus tomentosus Hairy Angianthus K Apium annuum Annual Celery R Apium prostratum var. prostratum Native Celery Asphodelus fistulosus Onion Weed * Atriplex cinerea Coast Saltbush Atriplex paludosa ssp. cordata Marsh Saltbush Atriplex semibaccata Berry Saltbush Austrodanthonia caespitosa Common Wallaby-grass Austrodanthonia sp. Austrostipa drummondii Cottony Spear-grass Austrostipa elegantissima Feather Spear-grass U Austrostipa eremophila Rusty Spear-grass U Austrostipa exilis Heath Spear-grass T Austrostipa sp. Spear-grass Avena barbata Bearded Oat * Avicennia marina ssp. marina Grey Mangrove Bolboschoenus caldwellii Salt Club-rush Brachyscome lineariloba Hard-head Daisy V Brassica tournefortii Wild Turnip * Bromus diandrus Great Brome * Bromus rubens Red Brome * Bupleurum semicompositum Hare's Ear * Callitris gracilis Southern Cypress Pine U Callitris sp. Native Pine Carpobrotus rossii Native Pigface Centaurea melitensis Malta Thistle * Cerastium balearicum Chickweed * Chloris truncata Windmill Grass Chondrilla juncea Skeleton Weed * Clematis microphylla var. microphylla Old Man's Beard Comesperma volubile Love Creeper Dianella brevicaulis Short-stem Flax-lily Dianella revoluta var. revoluta Black-anther Flax-lily Disphyma crassifolium ssp. clavellatum Round-leaf Pigface Dissocarpus biflorus var. biflorus Two-horn Saltbush V Distichlis distichophylla Emu-grass N Dodonaea viscosa ssp. angustissima Narrow-leaf Hop-bush Dodonaea viscosa ssp. spatulata Sticky Hop-bush Ehrharta longiflora Annual Veldt Grass * Enchylaena tomentosa var. tomentosa Ruby Saltbush Enneapogon nigricans Black-head Grass Erodium botrys Long Heron's-bill * Eucalyptus gracilis Yorrell V Euphorbia terracina False Caper *

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 308 Results – MA19 Middle Beach

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Exocarpos aphyllus Leafless Cherry V Frankenia pauciflora var. fruticulosa Southern Sea-heath Frankenia pauciflora var. gunnii Southern Sea-heath Galenia sp. Galenia * Geijera linearifolia Sheep Bush R Glaucium flavum Horned Poppy * Gnaphalium indutum Tiny Cudweed R Hainardia cylindrica Common Barb-grass * Halosarcia sp. (NC) Samphire Hemichroa pentandra Trailing Hemichroa R Hibbertia virgata Twiggy Guinea-flower Hordeum marinum Sea Barley-grass * Hornungia procumbens Oval Purse * Hypochaeris glabra Smooth Cat's Ear * Isolepis nodosa Knobby Club-rush Lagurus ovatus Hare's Tail Grass * Lawrencia squamata Thorny Lawrencia K Lepilaena sp. Water-mat Limonium sp. Sea-lavender * Lolium rigidum Wimmera Ryegrass * Lomandra collina Sand Mat-rush R Lomandra sp. Mat-rush Lotus australis Austral Trefoil U Lycium ferocissimum African Boxthorn * Lysiana exocarpi ssp. exocarpi Harlequin Mistletoe Maireana brevifolia Short-leaf Bluebush Maireana erioclada Rosy Bluebush R Maireana oppositifolia Salt Bluebush Malva parviflora Small-flower Marshmallow * Marrubium vulgare Horehound * Medicago minima var. minima Little Medic * Medicago polymorpha var. polymorpha Burr-medic * Melaleuca halmaturorum Swamp Paper-bark V Melaleuca lanceolata Dryland Tea-tree U Melilotus indicus King Island Melilot * Mesembryanthemum crystallinum Common Iceplant * Mesembryanthemum nodiflorum Slender Iceplant * Minuartia mediterranea Slender Sandwort * Moraea setifolia Thread Iris * Muehlenbeckia gunnii Coastal Climbing Lignum Myoporum insulare Common Boobialla Nicotiana glauca Tree Tobacco * Nitraria billardierei Nitre-bush Olearia axillaris Coast Daisy-bush

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 309 Results – MA19 Middle Beach

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Olearia muelleri Mueller's Daisy-bush Oncosiphon suffruticosum Calomba Daisy * Oxalis pes-caprae Soursob * Parapholis incurva Curly Ryegrass * Pelargonium australe Australian Pelargonium U Periballia minuta Small Hair-grass * Pimelea serpyllifolia ssp. serpyllifolia Thyme Riceflower Pittosporum angustifolium Native Apricot R Podotheca angustifolia Sticky Long-heads Pomaderris paniculosa ssp. paniculosa Mallee Pomaderris U Potamogeton pectinatus Fennel Pondweed Pseudognaphalium luteoalbum Jersey Cudweed Puccinellia stricta var. stricta Australian Saltmarsh-grass Reichardia tingitana False Sowthistle * Rhagodia candolleana ssp. candolleana Sea-berry Saltbush Rostraria cristata Annual Cat's-tail * Sarcocornia blackiana Thick-head Samphire Sarcocornia quinqueflora Beaded Samphire Sarcocornia sp. Samphire Schismus barbatus Arabian Grass * Sclerolaena diacantha Grey Bindyi R Sclerolaena uniflora Small-spine Bindyi K Senecio glossanthus Annual Groundsel Senecio pinnatifolius Variable Groundsel Senecio runcinifolius Thistle-leaf Groundsel K Silene nocturna Mediterranean Catchfly * Sonchus oleraceus Common Sow-thistle * Spergularia diandra Lesser Sand-spurrey * Spergularia marina Salt Sand-spurrey Sphenopus divaricatus Wedge-foot Grass * Sporobolus virginicus Salt Couch Suaeda australis Austral Seablite Tecticornia arbuscula Shrubby Samphire Tecticornia flabelliformis Bead Samphire VU V V Tecticornia halocnemoides ssp. Grey Samphire Tecticornia indica ssp. bidens Brown-head Samphire K Tecticornia pergranulata ssp. pergranulata Black-seed Samphire Tecticornia pruinosa Bluish Samphire K Tecticornia sp. Samphire Tecticornia tenuis Slender Samphire Tetragonia decumbens Sea Spinach * Tetragonia eremaea Desert Spinach Tetragonia implexicoma Bower Spinach Threlkeldia diffusa Coast Bonefruit

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 310 Results – MA19 Middle Beach

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Triglochin mucronatum Prickly Arrowgrass K Vicia sativa ssp. Common Vetch * Vittadinia gracilis Woolly New Holland Daisy Vulpia myuros f. myuros Rat's-tail Fescue * Wilsonia humilis Silky Wilsonia U

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 311 Results – MA19 Middle Beach

Weeds

# Non-indigenous Flora in cell 52 (25% of total cell flora) Red Alert Weeds Species Common Name Euphorbia terracina False Caper Galenia pubescens var. pubescens Galenia Lycium ferocissimum African Boxthorn Marrubium vulgare Horehound Mesembryanthemum crystallinum Common Iceplant Oxalis pes-caprae Soursob Declared Weeds Species Common Name Asphodelus fistulosus Onion Weed Chondrilla juncea Skeleton Weed Euphorbia terracina False Caper Lycium ferocissimum African Boxthorn Marrubium vulgare Horehound Oncosiphon suffruticosum Calomba Daisy Oxalis pes-caprae Soursob

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 312 Results – MA19 Middle Beach

Fauna

# Fauna in cell 116 (Surveys undertaken; 22 opportunistic surveys. Additional records pers. comm. Peri Coleman 2008 and Graham Armstrong, SA Herpetological Group.) # Conservation Rated Fauna in cell 47 (16 state, 47 regional) Significant Fauna Species Common Name Rating Sterna nereis Fairy Tern SA: E Actitis hypoleucos Common Sandpiper SA: R Biziura lobata Musk Duck SA: R Charadrius mongolus Lesser Sand Plover SA: R Egretta garzetta Little Egret SA: R Heteroscelus brevipes Grey-tailed Tattler SA: R Limosa lapponica Bar-tailed Godwit SA: R Neophema elegans Elegant Parrot SA: R Neophema petrophila Rock Parrot SA: R Numenius phaeopus Whimbrel SA: R Pluvialis fulva Pacific Golden Plover SA: R Podiceps cristatus Great Crested Grebe SA: R Tringa glareola Wood Sandpiper SA: R Acanthiza iredalei ssp Samphire Thornbill SA: V rosinae Cladorhynchus Banded Stilt SA: V leucocephalus Numenius Eastern Curlew SA: V madagascariensis # Non-indigenous Fauna 9

All Fauna in cell

Species Common Name Class Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Acanthagenys rufogularis Spiny-cheeked Honeyeater Aves LC Acanthiza apicalis Inland Thornbill Aves NT Acanthiza iredalei ssp. rosinae Samphire Thornbill Aves V VU Acanthiza pusilla Brown Thornbill Aves VU Actitis hypoleucos Common Sandpiper Aves R RA Alauda arvensis Eurasian Skylark * Aves Anas castanea Chestnut Teal Aves LC Anas gracilis Grey Teal Aves LC Anas superciliosa Pacific Black Duck Aves LC Anthus novaeseelandiae Richard's Pipit Aves LC Aquila audax Wedge-tailed Eagle Aves VU Ardea alba Great Egret, (White Egret) Aves LC Biziura lobata Musk Duck Aves R RA Cacatua galerita Sulphur-crested Cockatoo Aves RA Cacatua roseicapilla Galah Aves LC Cacatua sanguinea Little Corella Aves LC

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 313 Results – MA19 Middle Beach

Species Common Name Class Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Calidris acuminata Sharp-tailed Sandpiper Aves LC Calidris ferruginea Curlew Sandpiper Aves RA Calidris ruficollis Red-necked Stint Aves LC Charadrius bicinctus Double-banded Plover Aves RA Charadrius mongolus Lesser Sand Plover Aves R VU Charadrius ruficapillus Red-capped Plover Aves LC Chenonetta jubata Australian Wood Duck, (Maned Aves LC Duck) Chlidonias hybridus Whiskered Tern Aves LC Chrysococcyx basalis Horsfield's Bronze-cuckoo Aves LC Cincloramphus cruralis Brown Songlark Aves LC Circus approximans Swamp Harrier Aves EN Cladorhynchus leucocephalus Banded Stilt Aves V VU Colluricincla harmonica Grey Shrike-thrush Aves NT Columba livia Rock Dove * Aves Coracina novaehollandiae Black-faced Cuckoo-shrike Aves LC Corvus coronoides Australian Raven Aves VU Corvus mellori Little Raven Aves LC Corvus sp. Aves Coturnix pectoralis Stubble Quail Aves LC Cracticus torquatus Grey Butcherbird Aves VU Cygnus atratus Black Swan Aves LC Egretta garzetta Little Egret Aves R LC Egretta novaehollandiae White-faced Heron Aves LC Elanus axillaris Black-shouldered Kite Aves LC Epthianura albifrons White-fronted Chat Aves RA Erythrogonys cinctus Red-kneed Dotterel Aves LC Falco berigora Brown Falcon Aves LC Falco cenchroides Nankeen Kestrel Aves LC Falco subniger Black Falcon Aves RA Gallinula ventralis Black-tailed Native-hen Aves LC Glossopsitta porphyrocephala Purple-crowned Lorikeet Aves LC Grallina cyanoleuca Magpie-lark Aves LC Gymnorhina tibicen Australian Magpie Aves LC Haematopus longirostris Pied Oystercatcher Aves NT Haliastur sphenurus Whistling Kite Aves EN Heteroscelus brevipes Grey-tailed Tattler Aves R RA Himantopus himantopus Black-winged Stilt Aves LC Hirundo neoxena Welcome Swallow Aves LC Larus novaehollandiae Silver Gull Aves Lichenostomus penicillatus White-plumed Honeyeater Aves LC Lichenostomus virescens Singing Honeyeater Aves LC Limosa lapponica Bar-tailed Godwit Aves R RA Malurus cyaneus Superb Fairy-wren Aves RA

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 314 Results – MA19 Middle Beach

Species Common Name Class Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Malurus leucopterus White-winged Fairy-wren Aves RA Mirafra javanica Horsfield's Bushlark Aves RA Neophema elegans Elegant Parrot Aves R RA Neophema petrophila Rock Parrot Aves R RA Numenius madagascariensis Eastern Curlew Aves V VU Numenius phaeopus Whimbrel Aves R RA Nycticorax caledonicus Nankeen Night Heron Aves LC Ocyphaps lophotes Crested Pigeon Aves LC Pachycephala rufiventris Rufous Whistler Aves Passer domesticus House Sparrow * Aves LC Pelecanus conspicillatus Australian Pelican Aves LC Petrochelidon nigricans Tree Martin Aves NT Phalacrocorax carbo Great Cormorant Aves LC Phalacrocorax melanoleucos Little Pied Cormorant Aves LC Phalacrocorax sulcirostris Little Black Cormorant Aves Phalacrocorax varius Pied Cormorant Aves Phaps chalcoptera Common Bronzewing Aves RA Phaps elegans Brush Bronzewing Aves VU Platalea flavipes Yellow-billed Spoonbill Aves LC Platalea regia Royal Spoonbill Aves LC Platycercus elegans Crimson Rosella Aves LC Pluvialis fulva Pacific Golden Plover Aves R RA Pluvialis squatarola Grey Plover Aves NT Podiceps cristatus Great Crested Grebe Aves R RA Poliocephalus poliocephalus Hoary-headed Grebe Aves LC Psephotus haematonotus Red-rumped Parrot Aves NT Recurvirostra novaehollandiae Red-necked Avocet Aves Rhipidura albiscapa Grey Fantail Aves NT Rhipidura leucophrys Willie Wagtail Aves LC Sericornis frontalis White-browed Scrubwren Aves NT Sterna bergii Crested Tern Aves Sterna caspia Caspian Tern Aves Sterna nereis Fairy Tern Aves E EN Streptopelia chinensis Spotted Turtle-dove * Aves Sturnus vulgaris Common Starling * Aves Tachybaptus novaehollandiae Australasian Grebe, (Little Aves LC Grebe) Tadorna tadornoides Australian Shelduck Aves LC Threskiornis molucca Australian White Ibis Aves LC Todiramphus sanctus Sacred Kingfisher Aves RA Tringa glareola Wood Sandpiper Aves R RA Tringa nebularia Common Greenshank Aves LC Tringa stagnatilis Marsh Sandpiper Aves RA Turdus merula Eurasian Blackbird * Aves

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 315 Results – MA19 Middle Beach

Species Common Name Class Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Vanellus miles Masked Lapwing Aves LC Vanellus tricolor Banded Lapwing Aves RA Zosterops lateralis Silvereye Aves LC Anisynta cynone gracilis Cynone Grass-skipper Invertebrate Theclinesthes albocincta Bitter-bush Blue Invertebrate Chalinlobus morlo Chocolate Wattled Bat Mammalia Hydromys chrysogaster Water-rat Mammalia VU Macropus robustus Euro Mammalia Mus musculus House Mouse * Mammalia Nyctophilus geoffroyi Little long-eared bat Mammalia Rattus fuscipes Bush Rat Mammalia Rattus rattus Black Rat * Mammalia Vespadelus regulus Little Bat Mammalia Vulpes vulpes Fox * Mammalia Acanthophis antarcticus Common Death Adder Reptilia VU Hemiergis decresiensis Three-toed Earless Skink Reptilia LC Hemiergis peronii Four-toed Earless Skink Reptilia LC Heteronotia binoei Bynoe's geckoe Reptilia Menetia greyii Dwarf Skink Reptilia LC Morethia adelaidensis Adelaide Snake-eye Reptilia LC Pseudemoia entrecasteauxii Southern Grass Skink Reptilia VU Tiliqua rugosa Sleepy Lizard Reptilia LC Tiliqua scincoides Eastern Bluetongue Reptilia RA

Note: * = Non-indigenous species, ж = Non-local species, (NC) = Name change

Rating: EX = Extinct, EW = Extinct in the Wild, CR = Critically Endangered, E/ EN = Endangered, ssp = Significant species, V/VU = Vulnerable, R/ RA: Rare, K = Indeterminate/ Possibly threatened, NT = Near Threatened, T = Threatened, Q = Possible significance, U = Uncommon, N = Not significant, LC = Least Concern

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 316 Results – MA20 Light River Delta

7.3.20. Light River Delta

Cell Detail Cell MA20 largely comprises the Light River Delta, immediately northwest of Middle Beach, extending to Light Beach, within the District Council of Mallala. The cell is approximately 5 kilometres in length and 1,788 hectares in area. This cell overlaps with cell NY1 of the Conservation Assessment of the Northern and Yorke coast.

Landforms This is classified as a mangrove coastline. A large deltaic plain with multiple narrow deep channels and showing clear zonation: mangroves <1.5 km wide, intertidal samphire <1.2 km wide, and supratidal samphire <0.9 km wide. Intertidal to sub-tidal sediments at the river mouths show that storm flows deliver sands silts and clays to the sea in small ebb tide deltas. Three to four broken lines of chenier/ sand ridges extend across the deltaic plain, the innermost is < 3.1 km from the leading edge of the mangroves. These have been described as storm surge deposits (cheniers), though their plan form suggests they could be fossil beach ridges, representing former shorelines, on a rapidly aggrading coastal plain. Wave induced drift to the north appears slight. In this low energy environment it appears that mangroves have actively Figure 28. Cell MA20 Location Map colonised the sediments slowly accumulating at the river mouths. Gillanders et al. 2008 describes this as a river dominated/ tide dominated estuary, with a catchment modified by rural and residential uses.

Light River Delta. (Photograph Coast Protection Board 2003)

The Light River catchment is 1,105 km2 in area. There is only limited freshwater habitat in the cell.

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 317 Results – MA20 Light River Delta

Benthic Habitat There are dense seagrass fringing the mangrove dominated shoreline. There are some bare sand patches offshore among the seagrass beds.

Terrestrial Biota The total number of plant and animal species recorded is 168, including 41 non-indigenous species; total threatened species is 46. 96% of this cell is saltmarsh/ mangrove.

Land Use/ Land Ownership In the northeast 16.8% of the cell is Crown Land Act Reserve; 45.4% of cell (including inner section of mangrove) is un- allocated Crown Land.

Saltmarsh areas, which make up 96% of the cell are almost entirely covered by mining and exploration tenements – 98%.

Uses (Field visits and local reports) (including current usage). Fishing, in creeks and nearshore, more than 20 species of fish have been recorded in the Gawler River estuary and adjacent mangroves.

Threats (Field visits and local reports) The large chenier in the north of the cell has been extensively grazed by cattle and sheep, and has been seriously damaged by aggressive boxthorn invasion, in addition, creek lines have been significant conduits for weeds.

Opportunities Edyvane 1999a&b, 2000, has argued strongly for the need to formally conserve this area (which at present is protected mainly by the difficulty of access), on a variety of grounds: high plant biodiversity, large bird numbers, closely associated fresh and salt water ecology, its character as a seasonal wetland, and threatened by potential saltfield extension. Proposed as a conservation reserve by the Northern Adelaide Coastal Wetlands Steering Committee.

Conservation Analysis (GIS) The total of conservation means is 114.18, high. There is clear zonation of total detailed conservation values in this cell: medium to low totals in the mangrove forest, very high values in the intact intertidal samphire and medium to high totals for the intact supratidal samphire.

The most widespread high values (hence highest individual value totals) are for viewshed and vegetation block metrics and open space. Other significant values are for threatened plant and animal species and plant association rarity, (the plant list below shows the high number of regionally rated plants recorded). Outside the mangrove area reptile habitat is widespread, including that for the Painted Dragon. Small numbers of the national vulnerable species Tecticornia flabelliformis are found on a sabkha in the north of the cell.

Priority for rated birds is moderate: the state vulnerable Banded Stilt, Blue-winged Parrot, Brown Quail, Eastern Curlew have been reported in this cell. The Samphire Thornbill has been recorded and there is extensive samphire (Tecticornia arbuscula, Tecticornia halocnemoides ssp.) habitat for this focal species in this cell.

The Cynone grass skipper Anisynta cynone gracilis and the Bitter bush blue Theclinesthes albocincta butterflies have been recorded in this cell, the larval host plant for the latter, Adriana quadripartita is widely recorded through the inter tidal samphire and sand ridge areas of the cell.

Threat Analysis (GIS) The total of threat means is 59.75, the second highest in the region. The entire cell shows medium to high totals, with the highest totals in the mangroves, medium high on the intertidal samphire, to medium on the supratidal samphire and beach ridges.

The samphire areas, to the cell boundary, are defined as storm surge hazard zone: only the chenier ridges stand above this threat. The entire cell (other than the cheniers) is potential acid sulfate soils (PASS), giving this variable the highest cell total for the region. The thick mangrove soils are high risk, the intertidal samphire areas - medium to low risk - have PASS in the subsoil below 20cm, but with surface monosulfidic black ooze, the supratidal samphire is low risk, with PASS in the subsoil below 50cm. Mining leases are an important threat to this cell: tenements cover the intertidal and most supratidal land. Although the proportion of exotic plants is only moderate, the distribution of dangerous weeds is

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 318 Results – MA20 Light River Delta

the highest total in the study area. Viewshed, land use and ownership, together with volume of stormwater all contribute significantly to the threat total.

Possible Climate Change Threats [This local projection is based on the regional scenario set out in section 4.10 in Volume 1.] a) Sea level rise and Storm magnitude Other than Recent dune ridges near the coastline and the extensive chenier ridges, the cell is subject to storm surge inundation: such areas cover the majority of the cell. Under the scenario, storm surge inundation will become much more frequent, with occasional inundation of low lying sand ridge areas. Fotheringham (1996) and Delta (2008) have shown that samphire communities are sensitive to changes in salt flood frequency, a sea level rise of 10 cm by 2030 would lead to displacement of some supra-tidal communities by inter-tidal communities, some supra-tidal communities unable to migrate upslope will be lost. Increasing frequency of storm surge inundation is likely to lead to increased flood bank protection of farm and grazing land, creating a need for strategic regional decisions to be made to ensure that areas of significant supra-tidal habitat can survive through migration. b) Increasing average temperatures and aridity In broad regional terms, good connectivity of saltmarsh vegetated areas should allow S->N migration of species along the eastern shore of Gulf St Vincent. However, the scale of climate change is likely to mean that the latitudinal range of the samphire coast may not be sufficient to accommodate migration of species in the long term, (100yrs+). Also, the latitudinal variation of saltmarsh environment is not sufficient for S -> N migration to be significant. c) Changed run-off regimes Occasional drought breaking intense rainfall episodes will lead to peaks of creek transport of sediment to low lying areas, it is possible that the sediment carried by the Light River to the mangroves may show significant increase. d) Gulf Waters Change Increasing acidity of GSV waters will reduce production of carbonate shell material and biogenic sediments. This will have many implications, including the reduction of sediment coming ashore in cells MA17 to 24.

Actions and Priority

Table 22. Recommended Actions and Priority for MA20 – Light River Delta

Component Issue Proposed Action Priority of Key Players Action Tecticornia Incremental loss through Targeted local action to High (Cons./ DEH/ NRM flabelliformis damage, drainage changes, conserve species Threat) habitat changes in flooding frequency Whole cell Widespread high Review, reservation and High (Cons./ DEH/ DPLG/ PIRSA/ conservation values, relative protection of saltmarsh habitats Threat) DC Mallala/ NRM pristine state of the cell, and in this and adjacent cells. lack of protection. Review mining tenements Disturbance of this cell could lead to the formation of acid sulfate soils Lack of public perception of Extension of existing effort to High (Cons./ Council/ NRM/ value of the area for its raise public awareness of Threat) Community economic and conservation economic and conservation benefits benefits of the saltmarsh - support DC Mallala draft Samphire Coast Strategy Ongoing and accelerating Review of local floodbanks. High (Cons/ DEH – CPB/ DPLG/ sea level rise will displace Regional review to establish Threat) Council/ NRM supratidal samphire species retreat buffer zones for and threaten neighbouring saltmarsh farmland ORV and grazing damage Support local effort to close High (Cons./ Council/ DEH/ NRM widespread on chenier ridge damaging informal tracks is Threat) of northern part of the cell important in this cell

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 319 Results – MA20 Light River Delta

BIOTA

Flora

Remnant Vegetation Area (Ha) 1,786 Hectares (99% of the cell area). Cell is large and has consistent mangrove forests and intertidal/supratidal samphires. The area of saltmarsh/mangrove is 1,719 hectares. (96% of the cell) Vegetation Block Metrics 1 mapped vegetation remnant. A broad cell with largely intact vegetation. Terrestrial Habitat Description/s Avicennia marina ssp. marina forest behind the tidal flats. Sarcocornia quinqueflora, Tecticornia arbuscula+/- Suaeda australis+/- Sarcocornia blackiana tidal and supratidal low shrubland over the remainder of the delta which is largely intact. Some Olearia axillaris (mixed) shrubland along chenier ridges Nitraria billardierei, Maireana brevifolia low shrubland on higher land along the landward edges of the saltmarsh # Flora in cell 127 (Surveys undertaken; 3 surveys and 1 opportune. Delta Environmental has undertaken ‘walk over’ springtime surveys used in the cell analysis.) # Conservation Rated Flora in cell 46 (1 national, 1 state, 46 regional) Significant Flora Species Common Name Rating Tecticornia flabelliformis Bead Samphire AUS: VU, SA: V Significant CDCS Floristic Nil Community/ies Protected Area Nil Vegetation Comments and Management The cell has only very limited freshwater habitat. The chenier ridges are reported to Plan Resources have been infiltrated by weeds. Resources relevant this cell: DC Mallala 2003. Samphire Coast Conservation Strategy (Draft). Jensen A 2004. Samphire Coast Shorebird Trails. Priest B 2004. Shorebird Conservation Project, Shorebird Plan Gulf St Vincent, World Wildlife Fund.

All Flora in cell

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Adriana quadripartita (NC) Rare Bitter-bush Agaricus campestris Alyxia buxifolia Sea Box R Asphodelus fistulosus Onion Weed * Atriplex paludosa ssp. Marsh Saltbush Atriplex paludosa ssp. cordata Marsh Saltbush Atriplex prostrata Creeping Saltbush * Atriplex semibaccata Berry Saltbush Austrodanthonia caespitosa Common Wallaby-grass Austrostipa scabra ssp. falcata Slender Spear-grass Avena barbata Bearded Oat * Avicennia marina ssp. marina Grey Mangrove Cerastium glomeratum Common Mouse-ear Chickweed * Cerastium semidecandrum Small Mouse-ear Chickweed Chenopodium album Fat Hen * Chenopodium sp. Goosefoot

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 320 Results – MA20 Light River Delta

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Cotula bipinnata Ferny Cotula * Cynara cardunculus ssp. flavescens Artichoke Thistle * Cyperus gymnocaulos Spiny Flat-sedge Daucus glochidiatus Native Carrot Disphyma crassifolium ssp. clavellatum Round-leaf Pigface Dissocarpus biflorus var. biflorus Two-horn Saltbush V Distichlis distichophylla Emu-grass N Echium plantagineum Salvation Jane * Ehrharta calycina Perennial Veldt Grass * Einadia nutans ssp. nutans Climbing Saltbush Enchylaena tomentosa var. tomentosa Ruby Saltbush Erodium cicutarium Cut-leaf Heron's-bill * Eucalyptus camaldulensis var. camaldulensis River Red Gum Exocarpos aphyllus Leafless Cherry V Frankenia pauciflora var. Southern Sea-heath Glaucium corniculatum Bristly Horned-poppy * Hemichroa diandra Mallee Hemichroa V Hemichroa pentandra Trailing Hemichroa R Hordeum leporinum Wall Barley-grass * Hordeum marinum Sea Barley-grass * Hornungia procumbens Oval Purse * Hypochaeris glabra Smooth Cat's Ear * Hypochaeris radicata Rough Cat's Ear * Lawrencia squamata Thorny Lawrencia K Lolium sp. Ryegrass * Lomandra effusa Scented Mat-rush R Lycium ferocissimum African Boxthorn * Maireana aphylla Cotton-bush V Maireana brevifolia Short-leaf Bluebush Maireana erioclada Rosy Bluebush R Maireana oppositifolia Salt Bluebush Malva parviflora Small-flower Marshmallow * Marrubium vulgare Horehound * Medicago polymorpha var. polymorpha Burr-medic * Mesembryanthemum crystallinum Common Iceplant * Mesembryanthemum nodiflorum Slender Iceplant * Moraea setifolia Thread Iris * Muehlenbeckia florulenta Lignum R Myoporum insulare Common Boobialla Nitraria billardierei Nitre-bush Olearia axillaris Coast Daisy-bush Oncosiphon suffruticosum Calomba Daisy * Oxalis pes-caprae Soursob * Parapholis incurva Curly Ryegrass *

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 321 Results – MA20 Light River Delta

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Pittosporum angustifolium Native Apricot R Poa annua Winter Grass * Polygonum aviculare Wireweed * Rapistrum rugosum ssp. rugosum Turnip Weed * Reichardia tingitana False Sowthistle * Rhagodia candolleana ssp. candolleana Sea-berry Saltbush Rhagodia crassifolia Fleshy Saltbush Romulea minutiflora Small-flower Onion-grass * Rumex crispus Curled Dock * Ruppia tuberosa Widgeon Grass Salsola tragus Buckbush Samolus repens Creeping Brookweed U Sarcocornia quinqueflora Beaded Samphire Senecio pinnatifolius Variable Groundsel Spergularia sp. Sand-spurrey * Stellaria media Chickweed * Suaeda australis Austral Seablite Tecticornia arbuscula Shrubby Samphire Tecticornia flabelliformis Bead Samphire VU V V Tecticornia halocnemoides ssp. Grey Samphire Tecticornia indica ssp. Brown-head Samphire Tecticornia pergranulata ssp. Black-seed Samphire Tecticornia pruinosa Bluish Samphire K Tetragonia implexicoma Bower Spinach Threlkeldia diffusa Coast Bonefruit Triglochin mucronatum Prickly Arrowgrass K Urtica urens Small Nettle * Vittadinia cervicularis var. cervicularis Waisted New Holland Daisy Vittadinia gracilis Woolly New Holland Daisy Wilsonia humilis Silky Wilsonia U

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 322 Results – MA20 Light River Delta

Weeds

# Non-indigenous Flora in cell 41 (32% of total cell flora) Red Alert Weeds Species Common Name Ehrharta calycina Perennial Veldt Grass Lycium ferocissimum African Boxthorn Marrubium vulgare Horehound Mesembryanthemum crystallinum Common Iceplant Oxalis pes-caprae Soursob Declared Weeds Species Common Name Asphodelus fistulosus Onion Weed Cynara cardunculus ssp. flavescens Artichoke Thistle Echium plantagineum Salvation Jane Lycium ferocissimum African Boxthorn Marrubium vulgare Horehound Oncosiphon suffruticosum Calomba Daisy Oxalis pes-caprae Soursob

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 323 Results – MA20 Light River Delta

Fauna

# Fauna in cell 78 (Surveys undertaken; 4 opportunistic surveys. Additional records pers. comm. Peri Coleman 2008) # Conservation Rated Fauna in cell 30 (8 state, 30 regional) Significant Fauna Species Common Name Rating Egretta garzetta Little Egret SA: R Limosa lapponica Bar-tailed Godwit SA: R Neophema elegans Elegant Parrot SA: R Neophema petrophila Rock Parrot SA: R Pluvialis fulva Pacific Golden Plover SA: R Acanthiza iredalei ssp Samphire Thornbill SA: V rosinae Cladorhynchus Banded Stilt SA: V leucocephalus Numenius madagascariensis Eastern Curlew SA: V # Non-indigenous Fauna 5

All Fauna in cell

Species Common Name Class Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Acanthagenys rufogularis Spiny-cheeked Honeyeater Aves LC Acanthiza apicalis Inland Thornbill Aves NT Acanthiza iredalei ssp rosinae Samphire Thornbill Aves V VU Acanthiza pusilla Brown Thornbill Aves VU Alauda arvensis Eurasian Skylark * Aves Anas castanea Chestnut Teal Aves LC Anas gracilis Grey Teal Aves LC Anthus novaeseelandiae Richard's Pipit Aves LC Ardea alba Great Egret, ( White Egret) Aves LC Cacatua roseicapilla Galah Aves LC Calidris acuminata Sharp-tailed Sandpiper Aves LC Calidris ferruginea Curlew Sandpiper Aves RA Calidris ruficollis Red-necked Stint Aves LC Charadrius ruficapillus Red-capped Plover Aves LC Charadrius veredus Oriental Plover Aves Chlidonias hybridus Whiskered Tern Aves LC Chrysococcyx basalis Horsfield's Bronze-cuckoo Aves LC Chrysococcyx osculans Black-eared Cuckoo Aves EN Cincloramphus cruralis Brown Songlark Aves LC Cincloramphus mathewsi Rufous Songlark Aves LC Circus approximans Swamp Harrier Aves EN Cladorhynchus leucocephalus Banded Stilt Aves V VU Colluricincla harmonica Grey Shrike-thrush Aves NT Columba livia Rock Dove * Aves Corvus mellori Little Raven Aves LC

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 324 Results – MA20 Light River Delta

Species Common Name Class Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Coturnix pectoralis Stubble Quail Aves LC Cracticus torquatus Grey Butcherbird Aves VU Egretta garzetta Little Egret Aves R LC Egretta novaehollandiae White-faced Heron Aves LC Elanus axillaris Black-shouldered Kite Aves LC Epthianura albifrons White-fronted Chat Aves RA Erythrogonys cinctus Red-kneed Dotterel Aves LC Falco cenchroides Nankeen Kestrel Aves LC Falco longipennis Australian Hobby Aves NT Gymnorhina tibicen Australian Magpie Aves LC Haliastur sphenurus Whistling Kite Aves EN Himantopus himantopus Black-winged Stilt Aves LC Hirundo neoxena Welcome Swallow Aves LC Larus novaehollandiae Silver Gull Aves Lichenostomus virescens Singing Honeyeater Aves LC Limosa lapponica Bar-tailed Godwit Aves R RA Malurus cyaneus Superb Fairy-wren Aves RA Malurus leucopterus White-winged Fairy-wren Aves RA Megalurus gramineus Little Grassbird Aves NT Neophema elegans Elegant Parrot Aves R RA Neophema petrophila Rock Parrot Aves R RA Numenius madagascariensis Eastern Curlew Aves V VU Ocyphaps lophotes Crested Pigeon Aves LC Passer domesticus House Sparrow * Aves LC Pelecanus conspicillatus Australian Pelican Aves LC Petrochelidon ariel Fairy Martin Aves RA Petrochelidon nigricans Tree Martin Aves NT Phalacrocorax carbo Great Cormorant Aves LC Phalacrocorax melanoleucos Little Pied Cormorant Aves LC Phalacrocorax sulcirostris Little Black Cormorant Aves Phalacrocorax varius Pied Cormorant Aves Platalea regia Royal Spoonbill Aves LC Pluvialis fulva Pacific Golden Plover Aves R RA Pluvialis squatarola Grey Plover Aves NT Pomatostomus superciliosus White-browed Babbler Aves NT Recurvirostra novaehollandiae Red-necked Avocet Aves Rhipidura albiscapa Grey Fantail Aves NT Rhipidura leucophrys Willie Wagtail Aves LC Sericornis frontalis White-browed Scrubwren Aves NT Sterna bergii Crested Tern Aves Sterna caspia Caspian Tern Aves Streptopelia chinensis Spotted Turtle-dove * Aves Sturnus vulgaris Common Starling * Aves Tadorna tadornoides Australian Shelduck Aves LC

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 325 Results – MA20 Light River Delta

Species Common Name Class Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Threskiornis molucca Australian White Ibis Aves LC Todiramphus sanctus Sacred Kingfisher Aves RA Tringa nebularia Common Greenshank Aves LC Vanellus miles Masked Lapwing Aves LC Vanellus tricolor Banded Lapwing Aves RA Zosterops lateralis Silvereye Aves LC Anisynta cynone gracilis Cynone Grass-skipper Invertebrate Theclinesthes albocincta Bitter-bush Blue Invertebrate Chalinlobus morlo Chocolate Wattled Bat Mammalia Macropus fuliginosus Western Grey Kangaroo Mammalia VU Mus musculus House Mouse * Mammalia Nyctophilus geoffroyi Little long-eared bat Mammalia Rattus rattus Black Rat * Mammalia Vespadelus regulus Little Bat Mammalia Vulpes vulpes Fox * Mammalia

Note: * = Non-indigenous species, ж = Non-local species, (NC) = Name change

Rating: EX = Extinct, EW = Extinct in the Wild, CR = Critically Endangered, E/ EN = Endangered, ssp = Significant species, V/VU = Vulnerable, R/ RA: Rare, K = Indeterminate/ Possibly threatened, NT = Near Threatened, T = Threatened, Q = Possible significance, U = Uncommon, N = Not significant, LC = Least Concern

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 326 Results – MA21 Port Prime

7.3.21. Port Prime

Cell Detail Cell MA21 extends from Light Beach to Port Prime, within the District Council of Mallala. The cell is 6 kilometres in length and 2,226.4 hectares in area. This cell overlaps with cell NY2 of the Conservation Assessment of the Northern and Yorke coast.

Landforms Cell MA21 is a wide low tide sand and mud flats with limited colonising mangroves, high tide narrow, steep, mixed sand shellgrit beach, intertidal prograding samphire, low dunes/ beach ridges, at times narrow, backed by saltmarsh with chenier ridges. Chenier ridges, usually below 2 m in height, are extensive, discontinuous and varied in pattern. Immediately south and east of Port Prime a distinctive series of curved beach ridges mark earlier accumulation of sands in an open embayment, these beach ridges reduce in number and width in the southern half of the cell. Landward of the beach ridges there are extensive areas of high marsh/ supra-tidal samphire, and large bare saline flats - ‘sabkhas’. Carter (1989) describes this as a 'surge dominated' coast, and discontinuous chenier ridges may mark large storms of the past, alternatively the pattern of these ridges may mark former shorelines. Towards the inner edge of this wide Figure 29. Cell MA21 Location Map (4 km) cell, red Pleistocene dune ridges on an ENE - WSW pattern mark the arid wind patterns of former glacial phases.

Port Prime: low tide mudflats, beach ridges, samphire, sabkhas. (Photograph Coast Protection Board 1997)

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 327 Results – MA21 Port Prime

Benthic Habitat In-shore benthic habitats include bare sand tidal flats out to 300 to 1100 metres from the shoreline and then dense seagrass in tidal areas.

Terrestrial Biota 1886 hectares or 85% of the cell area is remnant vegetation. The total number of native plant and animal species recorded is 226, including 57 non-indigenous species; total threatened species is 60. 58% of this cell is classified as mangrove/ saltmarsh. The extensive beach ridges are degraded coastal shrubland.

Land Use/ Land Ownership Crown Land Act Reserve 5.86% - coastal reserve; un-allocated Crown land 11.94% - southern corner of cell.

Uses (Field visits and local reports) (including current usage) Former recreational use of Light Beach for picnicking, fishing and crabbing has recently ceased through the closure of the Light Beach Road.

Fishing and crabbing.

Usage of Port Prime is still very high, including ORV usage in the Melaleuca dominated dune system either side of Port Prime Road and the beach ridge areas of First St and Beach Terrace pers. comm. Peri Coleman 2009.

Threats (Field visits and local reports) Extensive informal ORV activity. Dune ridge and chenier areas are extensively damaged by ORVs: vegetation cover is reduced and soils compacted. Samphire and sabkhas also show track damage. Natural recovery of surfaces from vegetation destruction and soil compaction will vary greatly with local circumstances, continued damage can lead to circumstances where recovery will not take place.

Opportunities DC Mallala Samphire Coast Strategy. Shorebird Conservation Strategy, Jensen.

Conservation Analysis (GIS) The total of conservation means is 114.39, the second highest in the region. The combined conservation values detailed map shows very high totals for the beach/ chenier ridges W and S of Port Prime, and high to moderate values for the rest of the cell, with the exception of a number of bare saline mudflats, or sabkhas.

Examination of the individual conservation layers shows the same distinct pattern for several threatened species, endemic species (low shrubland Threlkeldia diffusa) and reptile habitats. Thus layers threatened vegetation communities, rare vegetation communities, endemic plant communities, endemic habitat, conservation status of reptile habitat, regional abundance, coastal distribution of reptile habitat all confirm this pattern. High values for vegetation block metrics, views of the sea, and Aboriginal heritage are widespread or buffered across the cell.

The state endangered Fairy Tern, the state vulnerable Banded Stilt, Blue-winged Parrot, and the Eastern Curlew have been reported in this cell.

Threat Analysis (GIS) Threat means total 60.11, the highest in the region. The detailed distribution of summed threat values shows high to medium high values throughout the cell, with the exception of the saline mudflats.

Individual threat scores are the highest in the region for mining and impact of ORV, high scores also are seen for land ownership, viewshed and vegetation block degradation and a number of smaller threat scores add to the total: potential acid sulfate soils, distribution of dangerous weeds, viewscape, land use, development zoning, and stormwater volume. Mining threat accumulates from three-licensed shellgrit and one sand quarry, mining tenements cover 80% of the cell, the cell and adjacent areas is covered by a petroleum exploration licence. ORV appears to impact widely across the cell, but most notably in the supratidal and sand ridge areas.

Possible Climate Change Threats [This local projection is based on the regional scenario set out in section 4.10 in Volume 1.]

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 328 Results – MA21 Port Prime a) Sea level rise and Storm magnitude Other than Recent dune ridges near the coastline and red sand Pleistocene dunes at the land ward edge of the cell, the cell is currently subject to storm surge inundation: such areas cover half the cell. Under the scenario, storm surge inundation will become much more frequent, with occasional inundation of low lying sand ridge areas. Fotheringham (1996) and Delta Environmental (2008) have shown that samphire communities are sensitive to changes in salt flood frequency, a sea level rise of 10 cm by 2030 would lead to displacement of some supra-tidal communities by inter-tidal communities, some supra-tidal communities unable to migrate upslope will be lost. Increasing frequency of storm surge inundation is likely to lead to increased flood bank protection of farm and grazing land, creating a need for strategic regional decisions to be made to ensure that areas of significant supra-tidal habitat can survive through migration. b) Increasing average temperatures and aridity In broad regional terms, good connectivity of saltmarsh vegetated areas should allow S->N migration of species along the eastern shore of Gulf St Vincent. However, the scale of climate change is likely to mean that the latitudinal range of the samphire coast may not be sufficient to accommodate migration of species in the long term, (100yrs+). Also, the latitudinal variation of saltmarsh environment is not sufficient for S -> N migration to be significant. c) Changed run-off regimes d) Gulf Waters Change Increasing acidity of Gulf St Vincent waters will reduce production of carbonate shell material and biogenic sediments. This will have many implications, including the reduction of sediment coming ashore in cells MA17 to 24.

Actions and Priority

Table 23. Recommended Actions and Priority for MA21 – Port Prime

Component Issue Proposed Action Priority of Key Players Action Tecticornia Incremental loss through Targeted local action to High (Cons/ DEH/ NRM flabelliformis damage, drainage conserve species threat) habitat changes, changes in flooding frequency Whole cell Widespread high Review reservation and High (Cons./ DEH/ DPLG/ conservation values and protection of saltmarsh habitats Threat) PIRSA/ DC Mallala/ lack of protection in this and adjacent cells. NRM Review mining tenements Lack of public perception of Extension of existing effort to High (Cons./ Council/ NRM/ DEH value of the area for its raise public awareness of Threat) / Community economic and conservation economic and conservation benefits benefits of the saltmarsh - support DC Mallala draft Samphire Coast Strategy Ongoing and accelerating Review of local floodbanks. High (Cons/ DEH – CPB/ DPLG/ sea level rise will displace Regional review to establish Threat) Council/ NRM supratidal samphire retreat buffer zones for species and threaten saltmarsh neighbouring farmland ORV damage widespread Support local effort to close High (Cons./ Council/ NRM/ DEH damaging informal tracks is Threat) important in this cell Aboriginal heritage sites Consultation to appropriately Medium Kaurna Heritage recorded in this cell: - need manage sites in this area (Cons.) Board/ NRM/ for appropriate and Council/ Aboriginal sustainable management Heritage Branch – DPC/ RCD - Aboriginal Partnership Unit – DEH

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 329 Results – MA21 Port Prime

BIOTA

Flora

Remnant Vegetation Area (Ha) 1,886 hectares (85% of cell area). A saltmarsh with extensive beach ridge system. The area of saltmarsh/mangrove is 1,287 hectares. (58% of the cell) Vegetation Block Metrics 5 mapped vegetation remnants. A broad cell that has a number of disturbances, which has affected the intact nature of the area. Terrestrial Habitat Description/s A common mix in the upper Gulf cells with Olearia axillaris+/-Acacia ligulata+/-Exocarpos aphyllus +/- Myoporum insulare +/- Alyxia buxifolia +/- Dodonaea viscosa ssp. spatulata mid open shrubland on beach ridges and cheniers. Melaleuca lanceolata (mixed) forest in hind dunes and Tecticornia sp., Sarcocornia quinqueflora low open tidal and supratidal shrubland over the balance of the cell. Nitraria billardierei, Maireana brevifolia low shrubland on higher land along the landward edges of the saltmarsh. # Flora in cell 169 (Surveys undertaken; 5 surveys, 3 opportunistic surveys. Delta Environmental has undertaken ‘walk over’ spring time surveys used in the cell analysis.) # Conservation Rated Flora in cell 60 (1 national, 4 state, 60 regional) Significant Flora Species Common Name Rating Tecticornia flabelliformis Bead Samphire AUS: VU, SA: V Crassula sieberiana Sieber's Crassula SA: E Brachyscome parvula Coast Daisy SA: R Myoporum parvifolium Creeping Boobialla SA: R Significant CDCS Floristic Threlkeldia diffusa and Olearia axillaris/ Rhagodia candolleana ssp.candolleana have been Communities recorded in the cell. Refer to Appendix 8 for plant community information Protected Area Nil Vegetation Comments Additional vegetation data and management sources: Delta Environmental Consulting 2001. Tecticornia flabelliformis occurrences, St Kilda to Port Parham, a report to DEH Pedlar JA and WE Matheson 1993. Remnant Vegetation in the Mallala District Council Area, DC Mallala. DC Mallala 2003. Samphire Coast Conservation Strategy (Draft) Jensen A 2004. Samphire Coast Shorebird Trails Priest B 2004. Shorebird Conservation Project, Shorebird Plan Gulf St Vincent, World Wildlife Fund

All Flora in cell

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Acacia cupularis Cup Wattle R Acacia ligulata Umbrella Bush K Amyema melaleucae Tea-tree Mistletoe K Anagallis arvensis Pimpernel * Angianthus tomentosus Hairy Angianthus K Apium annuum Annual Celery R Arenaria leptoclados Lesser Thyme-leaved Sandwort * Argyranthemum frutescens ssp. Marguerite Daisy * Asphodelus fistulosus Onion Weed * Atriplex cinerea Coast Saltbush

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 330 Results – MA21 Port Prime

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status Regional NPW Act EPBC Act indigenous

Atriplex paludosa ssp. Marsh Saltbush Atriplex paludosa ssp. cordata Marsh Saltbush Austrodanthonia caespitosa Common Wallaby-grass Austrostipa drummondii Cottony Spear-grass Austrostipa elegantissima Feather Spear-grass U Austrostipa exilis Heath Spear-grass T Austrostipa scabra ssp. falcata Slender Spear-grass Avellinia michelii Avellinia * Avena barbata Bearded Oat * Brachyachne ciliaris Hairy Native Couch Brachyscome ciliaris var. Variable Daisy Brachyscome ciliaris var. ciliaris Variable Daisy Brachyscome lineariloba Hard-head Daisy V Brachyscome parvula Coast Daisy R R Bromus rubens Red Brome * Bromus sp. Brome Bupleurum semicompositum Hare's Ear * Cakile maritima ssp. maritima Two-horned Sea Rocket * Callitris gracilis Southern Cypress Pine U Caryophyllaceae sp. Pink Family Cerastium sp. Chickweed * Crassula colligata ssp. Crassula sieberiana Sieber's Crassula E E Crassula sieberiana ssp. tetramera (NC) Australian Stonecrop Dianella brevicaulis Short-stem Flax-lily Dianella revoluta var. revoluta Black-anther Flax-lily Disphyma crassifolium ssp. clavellatum Round-leaf Pigface Distichlis distichophylla Emu-grass N Enchylaena tomentosa var. tomentosa Ruby Saltbush Erodium cicutarium Cut-leaf Heron's-bill * Eucalyptus gracilis Yorrell V Eucalyptus phenax ssp. phenax White Mallee R Euphorbia paralias Sea Spurge * Euphorbia peplus Petty Spurge * Euphorbia terracina False Caper * Exocarpos aphyllus Leafless Cherry V Frankenia pauciflora var. fruticulosa Southern Sea-heath Frankenia pauciflora var. gunnii Southern Sea-heath Galium murale Small Bedstraw * Geijera linearifolia Sheep Bush R Hordeum glaucum Blue Barley-grass * Hordeum leporinum Wall Barley-grass * Hordeum marinum Sea Barley-grass *

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 331 Results – MA21 Port Prime

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status Regional NPW Act EPBC Act indigenous

Hornungia procumbens Oval Purse * Hydrocotyle callicarpa Tiny Pennywort Hypochaeris radicata Rough Cat's Ear * Lagurus ovatus Hare's Tail Grass * Limonium companyonis Sea-lavender * Lolium perenne X Lolium rigidum Hybrid Ryegrass * Lolium rigidum Wimmera Ryegrass * Lycium ferocissimum African Boxthorn * Maireana brevifolia Short-leaf Bluebush Maireana erioclada Rosy Bluebush R Maireana oppositifolia Salt Bluebush Marrubium vulgare Horehound * Medicago polymorpha var. polymorpha Burr-medic * Melaleuca lanceolata Dryland Tea-tree U Melaleuca lanceolata ssp. lanceolata (NC) Dryland Tea-tree U Melilotus indicus King Island Melilot * Mesembryanthemum crystallinum Common Iceplant * Mesembryanthemum nodiflorum Slender Iceplant * Mesembryanthemum sp. Iceplant * Microseris lanceolata Yam Daisy Moraea setifolia Thread Iris * Muehlenbeckia gunnii Coastal Climbing Lignum Myoporum insulare Common Boobialla Myoporum parvifolium Creeping Boobialla R V Nitraria billardierei Nitre-bush Oenothera stricta ssp. stricta Common Evening Primrose * Olearia axillaris Coast Daisy-bush Olearia ramulosa Twiggy Daisy-bush Oncosiphon suffruticosum Calomba Daisy * Oxalis pes-caprae Soursob * Parapholis incurva Curly Ryegrass * Parietaria debilis Smooth-nettle Parietaria debilis (NC) Smooth-nettle Pittosporum angustifolium Native Apricot R Poa annua Winter Grass * Podotheca angustifolia Sticky Long-heads Pogonolepis muelleriana Stiff Cup-flower U Pomaderris paniculosa ssp. paniculosa Mallee Pomaderris U Rhagodia candolleana ssp. candolleana Sea-berry Saltbush Rhagodia crassifolia Fleshy Saltbush Rostraria cristata Annual Cat's-tail * Ruppia sp. Water-tassel Sagina maritima Sea Pearlwort

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 332 Results – MA21 Port Prime

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Salsola tragus Buckbush Sarcocornia quinqueflora Beaded Samphire Scaevola spinescens Spiny Fanflower Sclerolaena diacantha Grey Bindyi R Senecio glossanthus Annual Groundsel Senecio pinnatifolius Variable Groundsel Silene nocturna Mediterranean Catchfly * Sisymbrium orientale Indian Hedge Mustard * Sonchus oleraceus Common Sow-thistle * Sonchus oleraceus (NC) Common Sow-thistle * Spergularia diandra Lesser Sand-spurrey * Spergularia diandra (NC) Lesser Sand-spurrey * Spergularia media Coast Sand-spurrey * Spergularia media (NC) Coast Sand-spurrey * Spergularia sp. Sand-spurrey * Stellaria media Chickweed * Suaeda australis Austral Seablite Tecticornia arbuscula Shrubby Samphire Tecticornia flabelliformis Bead Samphire VU V V Tecticornia halocnemoides ssp. Grey Samphire Tecticornia indica ssp. Brown-head Samphire Tecticornia indica ssp. leiostachya Brown-head Samphire Tecticornia pergranulata ssp. Black-seed Samphire Tecticornia pergranulata ssp. pergranulata Black-seed Samphire Tecticornia pruinosa Bluish Samphire K Tecticornia syncarpa Fused Samphire Tetragonia implexicoma Bower Spinach Threlkeldia diffusa Coast Bonefruit Triglochin mucronatum Prickly Arrowgrass K Vittadinia sp. New Holland Daisy Vulpia muralis Wall Fescue * Vulpia myuros f. megalura Fox-tail Fescue * Vulpia myuros f. myuros Rat's-tail Fescue * Zygophyllum ammophilum Sand Twinleaf Zygophyllum ammophilum (NC) Sand Twinleaf

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 333 Results – MA21 Port Prime

Weeds

# Non-indigenous Flora in cell 51 (39 % of total cell flora) Red Alert Weeds Species Common Name Argyranthemum frutescens ssp. Marguerite Daisy Euphorbia terracina False Caper Lycium ferocissimum African Boxthorn Marrubium vulgare Horehound Mesembryanthemum crystallinum Common Iceplant Oxalis pes-caprae Soursob Declared Weeds Species Common Name Asphodelus fistulosus Onion Weed Euphorbia terracina False Caper Lycium ferocissimum African Boxthorn Marrubium vulgare Horehound Oncosiphon suffruticosum Calomba Daisy Oxalis pes-caprae Soursob

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 334 Results – MA21 Port Prime

Fauna

# Fauna in cell 95 (Surveys undertaken; 10 opportunistic surveys. Additional data Delta Environmental 2008) # Conservation Rated Fauna in cell 34 (9 state, 34 regional) Significant Fauna Species Common Name Rating Sterna nereis Fairy Tern SA: E Egretta garzetta Little Egret SA: R Haematopus fuliginosus Sooty Oystercatcher SA: R Limosa limosa Black-tailed Godwit SA: R Neophema elegans Elegant Parrot SA: R Neophema petrophila Rock Parrot SA: R Pluvialis fulva Pacific Golden Plover SA: R Cladorhynchus leucocephalus Banded Stilt SA: V Numenius madagascariensis Eastern Curlew SA: V # Non-indigenous Fauna 6

All Fauna in cell

Species Common Name Class Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Acanthagenys rufogularis Spiny-cheeked Honeyeater Aves LC Alauda arvensis Eurasian Skylark * Aves Anas gracilis Grey Teal Aves LC Anas superciliosa Pacific Black Duck Aves LC Anthus novaeseelandiae Richard's Pipit Aves LC Ardea alba Great Egret, ( White Egret) Aves LC Artamus cyanopterus Dusky Woodswallow Aves RA Cacatua roseicapilla Galah Aves LC Calidris acuminata Sharp-tailed Sandpiper Aves LC Calidris ferruginea Curlew Sandpiper Aves RA Calidris ruficollis Red-necked Stint Aves LC Charadrius bicinctus Double-banded Plover Aves RA Charadrius ruficapillus Red-capped Plover Aves LC Charadrius veredus Oriental Plover Aves Chlidonias hybridus Whiskered Tern Aves LC Cincloramphus cruralis Brown Songlark Aves LC Cincloramphus mathewsi Rufous Songlark Aves LC Cladorhynchus leucocephalus Banded Stilt Aves V VU Colluricincla harmonica Grey Shrike-thrush Aves NT Columba livia Rock Dove * Aves Coracina novaehollandiae Black-faced Cuckoo-shrike Aves LC Corvus mellori Little Raven Aves LC Cracticus torquatus Grey Butcherbird Aves VU Cygnus atratus Black Swan Aves LC

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 335 Results – MA21 Port Prime

Species Common Name Class Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Egretta garzetta Little Egret Aves R LC Egretta novaehollandiae White-faced Heron Aves LC Elanus axillaris Black-shouldered Kite Aves LC Epthianura albifrons White-fronted Chat Aves RA Epthianura aurifrons Orange Chat Aves VU Erythrogonys cinctus Red-kneed Dotterel Aves LC Eurostopodus argus Spotted Nightjar Aves EN Falco berigora Brown Falcon Aves LC Falco cenchroides Nankeen Kestrel Aves LC Gallinula ventralis Black-tailed Native-hen Aves LC Grallina cyanoleuca Magpie-lark Aves LC Gymnorhina tibicen Australian Magpie Aves LC Haematopus fuliginosus Sooty Oystercatcher Aves R RA Haematopus longirostris Pied Oystercatcher Aves NT Haliastur sphenurus Whistling Kite Aves EN Himantopus himantopus Black-winged Stilt Aves LC Hirundo neoxena Welcome Swallow Aves LC Larus novaehollandiae Silver Gull Aves Lichenostomus penicillatus White-plumed Honeyeater Aves LC Lichenostomus virescens Singing Honeyeater Aves LC Limosa limosa Black-tailed Godwit Aves R VU Malurus cyaneus Superb Fairy-wren Aves RA Malurus leucopterus White-winged Fairy-wren Aves RA Mirafra javanica Horsfield's Bushlark Aves RA Neophema elegans Elegant Parrot Aves R RA Neophema petrophila Rock Parrot Aves R RA Numenius madagascariensis Eastern Curlew Aves V VU Ocyphaps lophotes Crested Pigeon Aves LC Passer domesticus House Sparrow * Aves LC Pelecanus conspicillatus Australian Pelican Aves LC Petrochelidon ariel Fairy Martin Aves RA Petrochelidon nigricans Tree Martin Aves NT Phalacrocorax melanoleucos Little Pied Cormorant Aves LC Phalacrocorax sulcirostris Little Black Cormorant Aves Phalacrocorax varius Pied Cormorant Aves Platalea regia Royal Spoonbill Aves LC Platycercus elegans Crimson Rosella Aves LC Pluvialis fulva Pacific Golden Plover Aves R RA Pluvialis squatarola Grey Plover Aves NT Pomatostomus superciliosus White-browed Babbler Aves NT Recurvirostra novaehollandiae Red-necked Avocet Aves Rhipidura albiscapa Grey Fantail Aves NT Rhipidura leucophrys Willie Wagtail Aves LC

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 336 Results – MA21 Port Prime

Species Common Name Class Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Sericornis frontalis White-browed Scrubwren Aves NT Sterna bergii Crested Tern Aves Sterna caspia Caspian Tern Aves Sterna nereis Fairy Tern Aves E EN Streptopelia chinensis Spotted Turtle-dove * Aves Sturnus vulgaris Common Starling * Aves Tadorna tadornoides Australian Shelduck Aves LC Threskiornis molucca Australian White Ibis Aves LC Tringa nebularia Common Greenshank Aves LC Turdus merula Eurasian Blackbird * Aves Vanellus miles Masked Lapwing Aves LC Vanellus tricolor Banded Lapwing Aves RA Zosterops lateralis Silvereye Aves LC Anisynta cynone gracilis Cynone Grass-skipper Invertebrate Theclinesthes albocincta Bitter-bush Blue Invertebrate Chalinlobus morlo Chocolate Wattled Bat Mammalia Mus musculus House Mouse * Mammalia Nyctophilus geoffroyi Little long-eared bat Mammalia Rattus rattus Black Rat * Mammalia Vespadelus regulus Little Bat Mammalia Vulpes vulpes Fox * Mammalia Acanthophis antarcticus Common Death Adder Reptilia VU Aprasia inaurita Red-tailed Worm-lizard Reptilia LC Christinus marmoratus Marbled Gecko Reptilia LC Ctenotus orientalis Eastern Spotted Ctenotus Reptilia RA Egernia multiscutata Bull Skink Reptilia CR Hemiergis peronii Four-toed Earless Skink Reptilia LC Lerista dorsalis Southern Four-toed Slider Reptilia LC Lerista edwardsae Myall Slider Reptilia LC Lerista terdigitata Southern Three-toed Slider Reptilia RA Morethia adelaidensis Adelaide Snake-eye Reptilia LC Morethia obscura Mallee Snake-eye Reptilia LC Pseudemoia entrecasteauxii Southern Grass Skink Reptilia VU Strophurus intermedius Southern Spiny-tailed Gecko Reptilia LC

Note: * = Non-indigenous species, ж = Non-local species, (NC) = Name change

Rating: EX = Extinct, EW = Extinct in the Wild, CR = Critically Endangered, E/ EN = Endangered, ssp = Significant species, V/VU = Vulnerable, R/ RA: Rare, K = Indeterminate/ Possibly threatened, NT = Near Threatened, T = Threatened, Q = Possible significance, U = Uncommon, N = Not significant, LC = Least Concern

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 337 Results – MA21 Port Prime

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 338 Results – MA 22 Thompson Beach

7.3.22. Thompson Beach

Cell Detail Cell MA22 extends from Port Prime and through Thompson Beach to Great Sandy Point, within the District Council of Mallala. It is approximately 6.36 kilometres in length and 2466 hectares in area. This cell overlaps with cell NY3 of the Conservation Assessment of the Northern & Yorke coast.

Landforms Cell MA22 is a wide low tide mud flats, high tide narrow, steep, mixed sand shellgrit beach, low dunes/ beach ridges, at times narrow, backed by saltmarsh with chenier ridges. Chenier ridges, usually below 2 m in height, are frequent, discontinuous and varied in pattern. The sand shellgrit dunes are variable in extent in this cell, running up to 300 m back from the shore.

Carter (1989) describes this as a 'surge dominated' coast, and two large but discontinuous chenier ridges may mark large storms of the past, alternatively the pattern of these cheniers (and in cell MA23) show some elements of a prograding spit pattern, of an earlier spit growth to the north, thus they could represent earlier shorelines. The saltmarsh areas form a complex pattern of samphire, saline flats, sabkhas and former tidal inlets. Figure 30. Cell MA22 Location Map

Part Thompson Beach: Beach ridge, holiday homes, access road and levee, chenier ridges. (Photograph Coast Protection Board, 2008)

The former inlets appear to have been truncated by low coastal barrier dune ridges. Nevertheless, flood tide drainage appears to reach the majority of the cell, as evidenced by the extensive intact supra-tidal samphire.

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 339 Results – MA 22 Thompson Beach

Figure 31. Detailed Conservation Summary Priority Map (Note: total values shown as red, highest values in region, through to blue, lowest).

Landforms cont. There are two small tidal creeks that dissect the dunes between Thompson Beach and Port Prime and allow tidal flow to the southern part of the saltmarsh. At the inner edge of this wide (4 km) cell, red Pleistocene dune ridges on an ENE - WSW pattern mark the arid wind patterns of former glacial phases.

Benthic Habitat In-shore benthic habitats include bare sand tidal flats out to 500 to 700 metres from the shoreline and then dense seagrass in tidal areas.

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 340 Results – MA 22 Thompson Beach

Terrestrial Biota 2348 hectares or 95% of the cell area is remnant vegetation. The total number of native plants and animal species recorded is 244, including 49 non-indigenous species; total threatened species is 61. 76% of this cell is classified as mangrove/ saltmarsh. Dunes and cheniers generally show intact low coastal shrubland, with some bare (mined) areas. Samphire mapping records much of the cell as ‘intact supra-tidal samphire’. Immediately NE of Port Prime is a small area of Melaleuca woodland.

Land Use/ Land Ownership Other than a narrow strip of Crown land along the coastline, the land is privately owned. Three quarters of this cell is saltmarsh, and of this 95% is covered by mining and exploration tenements.

Uses (Field visits and local reports) (including current usage) Coastal shacks and residences. Fishing. ORV activity.

Threats (Field visits and local reports) Dune ridge and chenier areas are extensively damaged by ORVs: vegetation cover is reduced and soils compacted. Samphire and sabkhas also show track damage. Natural recovery of surfaces from vegetation destruction and soil compaction will vary greatly with local circumstances, continued damage can lead to circumstances where recovery will not take place.

Mining leases.

Opportunities DC Mallala 2003. Samphire Coast Conservation Strategy

Conservation Analysis (GIS) With the exception of the saline mud flats subject to spring tide inundation, this cell shows detailed totals of high to very high conservation values, as a result the total of means is 119.65, the highest in the region.

High scores accrue for all communities and species with a threatened status layers, for endemic species and communities, for bird and reptile habitats, notable for the focal species, painted dragon, for vegetation metrics, for visual amenity, and for Aboriginal heritage. Several scores are the highest in the region: regional rarity of plant communities, conservation status of reptiles, habitat assemblage for reptiles – abundance and regional coastal distribution, and coastal dependency. These layers are at their highest on the coastal beach ridges and the chenier ridges: total values in these areas reach as high as 179.

Overall, cell MA22 has only a moderate rating for bird habitat, but a number of significant species have been reported. The state endangered Fairy Tern and White-bellied Sea Eagle, state vulnerable Banded Stilt (resident), Blue Winged Parrot, Eastern Curlew (migratory), and Samphire Thornbill (focal species) have been reported within this cell.

Threat Analysis (GIS) The total of threat summary layer means is 57.89, a high value for the region. The major contributors to this total are proportion of exotic plants, land use and land ownership, viewshed, mining, ORV tracks and acid sulfate soils. The distribution of dangerous weeds has the second highest total in the study area.

The pattern of combined threat totals is complex, though with higher values immediately to the north and west of Port Prime.

The distribution of ORV threat is striking: with extensively damaged areas NW of, and near (2 km) to the Port Prime Road. Most of the cell is privately owned. Approximately 50% cell is covered by a mining tenement.

The great majority of this cell, other than the shellgrit dune areas, is potential acid sulfate soils, supratidal (moderate to low risk, with PASS in the subsoil, between 50 to 100 cm depth). Immediately northwest of Port Prime a number of small inlets through the dunes connect an area of PASS (intertidal) to the sea: PASS is in the subsoil 20 to 100 cm. thick, with surface monosulfidic black ooze.

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 341 Results – MA 22 Thompson Beach

Possible Climate Change Threats [This local projection is based on the regional scenario set out in section 4.10 in Volume 1.] a) Sea level rise and Storm magnitude Other than Recent dune ridges near the coastline and red sand Pleistocene dunes at the land ward edge of the cell, the cell is subject to storm surge inundation: such areas cover approximately three-quarters of the cell. Under the scenario, storm surge inundation will become much more frequent, with occasional inundation of low lying sand ridge areas. Fotheringham (1996) and Delta Environmental (2008) have shown that samphire communities are sensitive to changes in salt flood frequency, a sea level rise of 10 cm by 2030 would lead to displacement of some supra-tidal communities by inter-tidal communities, some supra-tidal communities unable to migrate upslope will be lost. Increasing frequency of storm surge inundation is likely to lead to increased flood bank protection of farm and grazing land, creating a need for strategic regional decisions to be made to ensure that areas of significant supra-tidal habitat can survive through migration. b) Increasing average temperatures and aridity In broad regional terms, good connectivity of saltmarsh vegetated areas should allow S->N migration of species along the eastern shore of Gulf St Vincent. However, the scale of climate change is likely to mean that the latitudinal range of the samphire coast may not be sufficient to accommodate migration of species in the long term, (100yrs+). Also, the latitudinal variation of saltmarsh environment is not sufficient for S -> N migration to be significant. c) Changed run-off regimes d) Gulf Waters Change Increasing acidity of Gulf St Vincent waters will reduce production of carbonate shell material and biogenic sediments. This will have many implications, including the reduction of sediment coming ashore in cells MA17 to 24.

Actions and Priority

Table 24. Recommended Actions and Priority for MA22 – Thompson Beach

Component Issue Proposed Action Priority of Key Players Action Tecticornia Incremental loss through Targeted local action to High (Cons/ Council/ NRM flabelliformis damage, drainage conserve species at areas Threat) habitat changes, changes in vulnerable to off road vehicle flooding frequency activity particularly at the main entrance road into Thompson Beach Whole cell Widespread high Review reservation and High (Cons./ DEH/ DPLG/ conservation values and protection of saltmarsh habitats Threat) PIRSA/ DC Mallala/ lack of protection in this and adjacent cells. NRM Review mining tenements Lack of public perception of Extension of existing effort to High (Cons./ Council/ NRM/ DEH/ value of the area for its raise public awareness of Threat) Community economic and conservation economic and conservation benefits benefits of the saltmarsh - support DC Mallala draft Samphire Coast Strategy Ongoing and accelerating Review of local floodbanks. High Cons./ DEH – CPB/ DPLG/ sea level rise will displace Regional review to establish Threat Council/ NRM supratidal samphire retreat buffer zones for species and threaten saltmarsh neighbouring farmland ORV damage widespread Support local effort to close High (Cons./ Council/ NRM/ DEH damaging informal tracks is Threat) important in this cell High distribution and risk Manage weeds through High (Cons/ NRM/ Council from weeds recovery and action plans threat)

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 342 Results – MA 22 Thompson Beach

Component Issue Proposed Action Priority of Key Players Action Aboriginal heritage sites Consultation to appropriately Medium Kaurna Heritage recorded in this cell: - need manage sites in this area (Cons.) Board/ NRM/ for appropriate and Council/ Aboriginal sustainable management Heritage Branch – DPC/ RCD - Aboriginal Partnership Unit – DEH

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 343 Results – MA 22 Thompson Beach

BIOTA

Flora

Remnant Vegetation Area (Ha) 2,348 hectares (95% of cell area). This cell has a large and consistent supratidal samphire area. The area of saltmarsh/mangrove is 1,862 hectares. (76% of the cell) Vegetation Block Metrics 3 mapped vegetation remnants. This is a broad cell. Although the township of Thompson Beach is located within the cell there is good connectivity. There remains very intact beach ridge and chenier ridges with some disturbance in the southern sector. Few bare flats with intertidal influence at Third Creek. Terrestrial Habitat Description/s Largely a Tecticornia sp., Sarcocornia blackiana low open shrubland with Olearia axillaris (mixed) shrubland over tussock grasses on sand ridges. # Flora in cell 195 (Surveys undertaken; 9 surveys, 6 opportunistic surveys. Additional records provided by Delta Environmental 2008 used in the cell analysis.) # Conservation Rated Flora in cell 61 (1 national, 2 state, 61 regional) Significant Flora Species Common Name Rating Tecticornia flabelliformis Bead Samphire AUS: VU, SA: V Myoporum parvifolium Creeping Boobialla SA: R Significant CDCS Floristic Communities Sarcocornia quinqueflora, Olearia axillaris/ Tetragonia implexicoma, Nitraria billardierei and Acacia ligulata communities have been recorded in the cell. Refer to Appendix 8 in Volume 1 for plant community information. Protected Area Nil Vegetation Comments Tecticornia flabelliformis is located in vulnerable areas of the cell. Vegetation data sources: Delta Environmental Consulting 2001. Tecticornia flabelliformis occurrences, St Kilda to Port Parham, a report to DEH. Pedlar JA and WE Matheson 1993. Remnant Vegetation in the Mallala District Council Area, DC Mallala. Local community involvement in rationalising access and protection of this fragile habitat. University of Adelaide 2002. Samphire Coast Community Conservation and Recreation Action Plan. DC Mallala 2003. Samphire Coast Conservation Strategy (Draft). Anne Jensen 2004. Samphire Coast Shorebird Trails. Bianca Priest 2004. Shorebird Conservation Project, Shorebird Plan Gulf St Vincent, World Wildlife Fund. Delta Environmental Consulting 2005. Thompson Beach to Third Creek Management Plan Delta Environmental 2005. Thompson Beach to Third Creek On-Ground Work Action Plan.

All Flora in cell

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Acacia hakeoides Hakea Wattle Acacia ligulata Umbrella Bush Acacia sclerophylla var. sclerophylla Hard-leaf Wattle Alyxia buxifolia Sea Box Alyxia buxifolia Sea Box R Amyema melaleucae Tea-tree Mistletoe R Angianthus tomentosus Hairy Angianthus

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 344 Results – MA 22 Thompson Beach

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status Regional NPW Act EPBC Act indigenous

Arenaria leptoclados Lesser Thyme-leaved Sandwort * Asphodelus fistulosus Onion Weed * Atriplex cinerea Coast Saltbush Atriplex paludosa ssp. cordata Marsh Saltbush Atriplex prostrata Creeping Saltbush * Austrostipa drummondii Cottony Spear-grass Austrostipa elegantissima Feather Spear-grass Austrostipa scabra ssp. falcata Slender Spear-grass Avena barbata Bearded Oat * Beyeria lechenaultii Pale Turpentine Bush Brachyscome lineariloba Hard-head Daisy Brachyscome lineariloba Hard-head Daisy V Bromus diandrus Great Brome * Bromus rubens Red Brome * Bupleurum semicompositum Hare's Ear * Cakile maritima ssp. maritima Two-horned Sea Rocket * Callitris gracilis Southern Cypress Pine Carpobrotus rossii Native Pigface Cerastium balearicum Chickweed * Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. monilifera Boneseed * Clematis microphylla var. microphylla Old Man's Beard Comesperma volubile Love Creeper Crassula colligata ssp. Crassula sieberiana ssp. tetramera (NC) Australian Stonecrop Daucus glochidiatus Native Carrot Dianella brevicaulis Short-stem Flax-lily Dianella revoluta var. Dianella revoluta var. revoluta Black-anther Flax-lily Disphyma crassifolium ssp. clavellatum Round-leaf Pigface Distichlis distichophylla Emu-grass K Dodonaea viscosa ssp. angustissima Narrow-leaf Hop-bush Dodonaea viscosa ssp. spatulata Sticky Hop-bush Enchylaena tomentosa var. tomentosa Ruby Saltbush Eremophila deserti Turkey-bush Erodium cicutarium Cut-leaf Heron's-bill * Eucalyptus dumosa White Mallee Eucalyptus socialis ssp. Euphorbia paralias Sea Spurge * Exocarpos aphyllus Leafless Cherry Exocarpos aphyllus Leafless Cherry V Frankenia pauciflora var. Southern Sea-heath Frankenia pauciflora var. gunnii Southern Sea-heath Frankenia sp. Sea-heath

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 345 Results – MA 22 Thompson Beach

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status Regional NPW Act EPBC Act indigenous

Galium migrans Loose Bedstraw Galium murale Small Bedstraw * Geijera linearifolia Sheep Bush Geijera linearifolia Sheep Bush R Gramineae sp. Grass Family Hornungia procumbens Oval Purse * Lagurus ovatus Hare's Tail Grass * Lavandula dentata var. candicans French Lavender * Lichen sp. Limonium companyonis Sea-lavender * Lolium perenne X Lolium rigidum Hybrid Ryegrass * Lolium rigidum Wimmera Ryegrass * Lycium ferocissimum African Boxthorn * Maireana brevifolia Short-leaf Bluebush Maireana oppositifolia Salt Bluebush Maireana triptera Three-wing Bluebush Marrubium vulgare Horehound * Medicago sp. Medic * Melaleuca lanceolata Dryland Tea-tree Melilotus indicus King Island Melilot * Mesembryanthemum crystallinum Common Iceplant * Mesembryanthemum nodiflorum Slender Iceplant * Mesembryanthemum sp. Iceplant * Moraea setifolia Thread Iris * Moss sp. Muehlenbeckia gunnii Coastal Climbing Lignum Myoporum brevipes Warty Boobialla Myoporum insulare Common Boobialla Myoporum insulare Common Boobialla R Myoporum parvifolium Creeping Boobialla R K Nitraria billardierei Nitre-bush Olearia axillaris Coast Daisy-bush Olearia muelleri Mueller's Daisy-bush Olearia ramulosa Twiggy Daisy-bush Oncosiphon suffruticosum Calomba Daisy * Oxalis pes-caprae Soursob * Parapholis incurva Curly Ryegrass * Pelargonium australe Australian Pelargonium Pimelea serpyllifolia ssp. serpyllifolia Thyme Riceflower Pittosporum angustifolium Native Apricot Pittosporum angustifolium Native Apricot R Poa sp. Meadow-grass/Tussock-grass Pogonolepis muelleriana Stiff Cup-flower

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 346 Results – MA 22 Thompson Beach

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Pogonolepis muelleriana Stiff Cup-flower U Pomaderris paniculosa ssp. paniculosa Mallee Pomaderris Q Ranunculus sessiliflorus var. Annual Buttercup Reichardia tingitana False Sowthistle * Rhagodia candolleana ssp. candolleana Sea-berry Saltbush Rhagodia crassifolia Fleshy Saltbush Rostraria cristata Annual Cat's-tail * Ruppia polycarpa Widgeon Grass Santalum acuminatum Quandong U Sarcocornia quinqueflora Beaded Samphire Sarcocornia sp. Samphire Scaevola spinescens Spiny Fanflower Schismus barbatus Arabian Grass * Sclerolaena diacantha Grey Bindyi Senecio glossanthus Annual Groundsel Senecio glossanthus (NC) Annual Groundsel Senecio pinnatifolius Variable Groundsel Senna sp. Senna Silene nocturna Mediterranean Catchfly * Sisymbrium orientale Indian Hedge Mustard * Sonchus oleraceus Common Sow-thistle * Sonchus oleraceus (NC) Common Sow-thistle * Spergularia diandra Lesser Sand-spurrey * Spergularia diandra (NC) Lesser Sand-spurrey * Sphenopus divaricatus Wedge-foot Grass * Stellaria media Chickweed * Suaeda australis Austral Seablite Tecticornia arbuscula Shrubby Samphire Tecticornia arbuscula Shrubby Samphire Q Tecticornia flabelliformis Bead Samphire VU V T Tecticornia flabelliformis Bead Samphire VU V V Tecticornia halocnemoides ssp. Grey Samphire Tecticornia halocnemoides ssp. halocnemoides Grey Samphire K Tecticornia indica ssp. Brown-head Samphire Tecticornia indica ssp. leiostachya Brown-head Samphire Tecticornia pergranulata ssp. Black-seed Samphire Tecticornia pergranulata ssp. pergranulata Black-seed Samphire Tecticornia pruinosa Bluish Samphire K Tetragonia implexicoma Bower Spinach Threlkeldia diffusa Coast Bonefruit Vulpia bromoides Squirrel-tail Fescue * Vulpia myuros f. megalura Fox-tail Fescue * Vulpia myuros f. myuros Rat's-tail Fescue *

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 347 Results – MA 22 Thompson Beach

Weeds

# Non-indigenous Flora in cell 44 (32 % of total cell flora) Red Alert Weeds Species Common Name Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. monilifera Boneseed Euphorbia paralias Sea Spurge Lycium ferocissimum African Boxthorn Marrubium vulgare Horehound Mesembryanthemum crystallinum Common Iceplant Oxalis pes-caprae Soursob Declared Weeds Species Common Name Asphodelus fistulosus Onion Weed Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. monilifera Boneseed Lycium ferocissimum African Boxthorn Marrubium vulgare Horehound Oxalis pes-caprae Soursob Oncosiphon suffruticosum Calomba Daisy

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 348 Results – MA 22 Thompson Beach

Fauna

# Fauna in cell 108 (Surveys undertaken; 15 opportunistic surveys. Additional records Graham Armstrong, SA Herpetological Group and Delta Environmental 2008) # Conservation Rated Fauna in cell 44 (16 state, 44 regional) Significant Fauna Species Common Name Rating Actitis hypoleucos Common Sandpiper SA: R Arenaria interpres Ruddy Turnstone SA: R Calidris tenuirostris Great Knot SA: R Charadrius leschenaultii Greater Sand Plover SA: R Egretta garzetta Little Egret SA: R Limosa lapponica Bar-tailed Godwit SA: R Limosa limosa Black-tailed Godwit SA: R Neophema elegans Elegant Parrot SA: R Neophema petrophila Rock Parrot SA: R Numenius phaeopus Whimbrel SA: R Pluvialis fulva Pacific Golden Plover SA: R Turnix varia Painted Button-quail SA: R Melanodryas cucullata Hooded Robin SA: ssp Cladorhynchus leucocephalus Banded Stilt SA: V Coturnix ypsilophora Brown Quail SA: V Numenius madagascariensis Eastern Curlew SA: V # Non-indigenous Fauna 5

All Fauna in cell

Species Common Name Class Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Acanthagenys rufogularis Spiny-cheeked Honeyeater Aves LC Actitis hypoleucos Common Sandpiper Aves R RA Alauda arvensis Eurasian Skylark * Aves Anas gracilis Grey Teal Aves LC Anthochaera carunculata Red Wattlebird Aves LC Anthus novaeseelandiae Richard's Pipit Aves LC Ardea alba Great Egret, ( White Egret) Aves LC Arenaria interpres Ruddy Turnstone Aves R RA Artamus cyanopterus Dusky Woodswallow Aves RA Artamus superciliosus White-browed Woodswallow Aves RA Cacatua roseicapilla Galah Aves LC Calidris acuminata Sharp-tailed Sandpiper Aves LC Calidris canutus Red Knot Aves LC Calidris ferruginea Curlew Sandpiper Aves RA Calidris ruficollis Red-necked Stint Aves LC Calidris tenuirostris Great Knot Aves R RA Charadrius leschenaultii Greater Sand Plover Aves R VU

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 349

Results – MA 22 Thompson Beach

Species Common Name Class Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Charadrius ruficapillus Red-capped Plover Aves LC Cheramoeca leucosternus White-backed Swallow Aves RA Chlidonias hybridus Whiskered Tern Aves LC Chrysococcyx basalis Horsfield's Bronze-cuckoo Aves LC Cincloramphus cruralis Brown Songlark Aves LC Circus assimilis Spotted Harrier Aves RA Cladorhynchus leucocephalus Banded Stilt Aves V VU Columba livia Rock Dove * Aves Corvus coronoides Australian Raven Aves VU Corvus mellori Little Raven Aves LC Coturnix pectoralis Stubble Quail Aves LC Coturnix ypsilophora Brown Quail Aves V VU Cracticus torquatus Grey Butcherbird Aves VU Cygnus atratus Black Swan Aves LC Egretta garzetta Little Egret Aves R LC Egretta novaehollandiae White-faced Heron Aves LC Epthianura albifrons White-fronted Chat Aves RA Epthianura aurifrons Orange Chat Aves VU Falco berigora Brown Falcon Aves LC Falco cenchroides Nankeen Kestrel Aves LC Gallinula ventralis Black-tailed Native-hen Aves LC Grallina cyanoleuca Magpie-lark Aves LC Gymnorhina tibicen Australian Magpie Aves LC Haematopus longirostris Pied Oystercatcher Aves NT Hieraaetus morphnoides Little Eagle Aves CR Himantopus himantopus Black-winged Stilt Aves LC Hirundo neoxena Welcome Swallow Aves LC Lalage tricolor White-winged Triller Aves RA Larus novaehollandiae Silver Gull Aves Larus pacificus Pacific Gull Aves Lichenostomus virescens Singing Honeyeater Aves LC Limosa lapponica Bar-tailed Godwit Aves R RA Limosa limosa Black-tailed Godwit Aves R VU Malurus leucopterus White-winged Fairy-wren Aves RA Melanodryas cucullata Hooded Robin Aves ssp EN Melopsittacus undulatus Budgerigar Aves RA Milvus migrans Black Kite Aves RA Neophema elegans Elegant Parrot Aves R RA Neophema petrophila Rock Parrot Aves R RA Numenius madagascariensis Eastern Curlew Aves V VU Numenius phaeopus Whimbrel Aves R RA Ocyphaps lophotes Crested Pigeon Aves LC Pardalotus striatus Striated Pardalote Aves LC

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 350

Results – MA 22 Thompson Beach

Species Common Name Class Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Passer domesticus House Sparrow * Aves LC Pelecanus conspicillatus Australian Pelican Aves LC Petrochelidon ariel Fairy Martin Aves RA Petrochelidon nigricans Tree Martin Aves NT Phalacrocorax carbo Great Cormorant Aves LC Phalacrocorax melanoleucos Little Pied Cormorant Aves LC Phalacrocorax sulcirostris Little Black Cormorant Aves Phalacrocorax varius Pied Cormorant Aves Phaps chalcoptera Common Bronzewing Aves RA Pluvialis fulva Pacific Golden Plover Aves R RA Pluvialis squatarola Grey Plover Aves NT Pomatostomus superciliosus White-browed Babbler Aves NT Rhipidura albiscapa Grey Fantail Aves NT Rhipidura leucophrys Willie Wagtail Aves LC Sericornis frontalis White-browed Scrubwren Aves NT Sterna bergii Crested Tern Aves Sterna caspia Caspian Tern Aves Streptopelia chinensis Spotted Turtle-dove * Aves Sturnus vulgaris Common Starling * Aves Threskiornis molucca Australian White Ibis Aves LC Tringa nebularia Common Greenshank Aves LC Tringa stagnatilis Marsh Sandpiper Aves RA Turnix varia Painted Button-quail Aves R EN Vanellus miles Masked Lapwing Aves LC Vanellus tricolor Banded Lapwing Aves RA Zosterops lateralis Silvereye Aves LC Anisynta cynone gracilis Cynone Grass-skipper Invertebrate Theclinesthes albocincta Bitter-bush Blue Invertebrate Chalinlobus morlo Chocolate Wattled Bat Mammalia Mus musculus House Mouse * Mammalia Nyctophilus geoffroyi Little long-eared bat Mammalia Rattus rattus Black Rat * Mammalia Vespadelus regulus Little Bat Mammalia Vulpes vulpes Fox * Mammalia Aprasia inaurita Red-tailed Worm-lizard Reptilia LC Christinus marmoratus Marbled Gecko Reptilia LC Ctenophorus pictus Painted Dragon Reptilia RA Hemiergis decresiensis Three-toed Earless Skink Reptilia LC Hemiergis peronii Four-toed Earless Skink Reptilia LC Lerista dorsalis Southern Four-toed Slider Reptilia LC Lerista edwardsae Myall Slider Reptilia LC Lerista terdigitata Southern Three-toed Slider Reptilia RA Menetia greyii Dwarf Skink Reptilia LC

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 351

Results – MA 22 Thompson Beach

Species Common Name Class Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Morethia adelaidensis Adelaide Snake-eye Reptilia LC Morethia obscura Mallee Snake-eye Reptilia LC Nephrurus milii Barking Gecko Reptilia LC Pogona barbata Eastern Bearded Dragon Reptilia LC Pseudonaja textilis Eastern Brown Snake Reptilia LC Strophurus intermedius Southern Spiny-tailed Gecko Reptilia LC Suta spectabilis Mallee Black-headed Snake Reptilia LC Tiliqua occipitalis Western Bluetongue Reptilia VU Tiliqua rugosa Sleepy Lizard Reptilia LC Tympanocryptis lineata Five-lined Earless Dragon Reptilia RA Varanus gouldii Sand Goanna Reptilia LC

Note: * = Non-indigenous species, ж = Non-local species, (NC) = Name change

Rating: EX = Extinct, EW = Extinct in the Wild, CR = Critically Endangered, E/ EN = Endangered, ssp = Significant species, V/VU = Vulnerable, R/ RA: Rare, K = Indeterminate/ Possibly threatened, NT = Near Threatened, T = Threatened, Q = Possible significance, U = Uncommon, N = Not significant, LC = Least Concern

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 352

Results – MA 23 Parham

7.3.23. Parham

Cell Detail Cell MA23 extends from Great Sandy Point to the Webb Beach/Parham settlements, within the District Council of Mallala. It is approximately 7.54 kilometres in length and 2,056 hectares in area. There is an overlap with cell NY5 of the Conservation Assessment of the Northern and Yorke coast.

Landforms Wide low tide mud flats, in places with ridge and runnel features, high tide narrow, steep, mixed sand shellgrit beach, low dunes/ beach ridges backed by saltmarsh with chenier ridges. Beach cast seagrass detritus may serve to protect the beach during choppy wave conditions at high tide; the detritus shows frequent washover conditions occur over the low dune south of Baker Creek. The sand shellgrit dunes are formless, but relatively extensive in this cell, running up to 600 m back from the shore. Carter (1989) describes this as a 'surge dominated' coast. The saltmarsh areas form a complex pattern of samphire, cheniers, saline flats and sabkhas, the latter are extensive through the centre of the cell. There are two small tidal inlets, that dissect the dunes and allow tidal flow to the saltmarsh: at Webb Beach (unnamed) and Baker Creek, south of Webb Beach. Figure 32. Cell MA23 Location Map

Webb Beach. (Photograph Coast Protection Board 2008)

The pattern of chenier ridges south of Baker Creek is that of the recurves of a spit: if this is the case they mark earlier shorelines, rather than storm surge floods. Towards the inner edge of this wide (4 km) cell, red Pleistocene dune ridges on an ENE - WSW pattern mark the arid wind patterns of former glacial phases.

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 353 Results – MA 23 Parham

Benthic Habitat In-shore benthic habitats include bare sand tidal flats between 50 and 150 metres from the shoreline and then dense seagrass in tidal areas.

Terrestrial Biota 1575 hectares or 77% of the cell is remnant vegetation. The total number of native plants and animal species recorded is 240, including 54 non-indigenous species; total threatened species is 57. Dune and chenier ridges described as 'coastal shrubland' (these are low open shrubland with chenopod), and 'Melaleuca shrubland' immediately east and north of Parham, (these are low open woodlands with tussock grass). Bare saline flats and samphire.

Land Use/ Land Ownership 26.9% is unallocated Crown Land; 6.09% is Crown leasehold; the remainder is privately owned. None of the remnant vegetation is protected by reservation.

Uses (Field visits and local reports) (including current usage) Residence and holiday homes along foreshore beach ridge. Fishing and crabbing.

Threats (Field visits and local reports) ORV tracks.

Opportunities DC Mallala 2003. Samphire Coast Conservation Strategy.

Conservation Analysis (GIS) The total of conservation means is 109.76, a high total for the region. The detailed summary map of all conservation values shows high to medium values for all cells, apart for low values on the sabkhas.

The state survey of dune vegetation shows moderate to high values for threatened species and communities remain near much of the shore, beach ridge and chenier areas show high values for plant community rarity. Sites with high status for threatened plants show high or very high values across the cell, however, total number of threatened species show moderate values. Sand ridges and cheniers show some values for endemic plant communities and as endemic habitat. 51 native flora species and 23 native fauna species have been recorded here, giving an average value for species richness. Overall cell 23 has a moderate to low rating for bird habitat, although a number of significant species have been reported. The state endangered Fairy Tern and White-bellied Sea Eagle, state vulnerable Banded Stilt (resident), Blue Winged Parrot, Eastern Curlew (migratory), and Slender-billed Thornbill (focal species for this report) have been reported within this cell. Habitat for threatened reptile species, numbers of reptile species, and reptiles coastal distribution is very high in sand areas, and moderately high in samphire, reptiles with a dependence on coastal habitat was high throughout this large cell, except in saltflats. A small area of small open woodland with tussock grass on the northern edge of Parham has moderate significance as butterfly habitat.

Threat Analysis (GIS) The total of threat means, 52.8, is average for the region. The detailed summary map shows viewshed, mining, land ownership and land use make a large contribution to this.

Camping on un-allocated Crown land on the dune and beach near the mouth of Baker Creek is locally significant. There is a complex pattern of ORV tracks throughout this cell, which is more significant than the threat total allows, as is shown by the high proportion of de-vegetated frontal dunes and the high proportion of exotic plant species. Development zoning scores are generally low, but high at Parham township and at the landward edge of the cell. Ownership values are generally high, slightly reduced by Crown ownership (unallocated and leasehold) around the edge of Parham and Webb Beach. The entire cell is under mining lease, either as actual mining tenement (shellgrit and salt) or exploration lease (also petro-chemicals). Visibility, proportion of exotic plant species, and areas of potential acid sulfate soils (PASS), add to the threat total. Saline flats and sabkha areas north of Parham are classified as PASS (disturbed) - moderate risk: PASS is in subsoil below 20 cm. PASS supratidal (moderate to low risk) is found W of Parham, S. to Webb Beach and to cell boundary. Potential ASS intertidal (moderate risk) is adjacent to the tidal inlets of Barker and Webb Creeks.

Possible Climate Change Threats [This local projection is based on the regional scenario set out in section 4.10 in Volume 1.]

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 354 Results – MA 23 Parham a) Sea level rise and Storm magnitude Other than Recent dune ridges near the coastline and red sand Pleistocene dunes at the land ward edge of the cell, the cell is subject to storm surge inundation: such areas cover half the cell. Under the scenario, storm surge inundation will become much more frequent, with occasional inundation of low lying sand ridge areas. Fotheringham (1996) and Delta (2008) have shown that samphire communities are sensitive to changes in salt flood frequency, a sea level rise of 10 cm by 2030 would lead to displacement of some supra-tidal communities by inter-tidal communities, some supra-tidal communities unable to migrate upslope will be lost. Increasing frequency of storm surge inundation is likely to lead to increased flood bank protection of farm and grazing land, creating a need for strategic regional decisions to be made to ensure that areas of significant supra-tidal habitat can survive through migration. b) Increasing average temperatures and aridity In broad regional terms, good connectivity of saltmarsh vegetated areas should allow S->N migration of species along the eastern shore of Gulf St Vincent. However, the scale of climate change is likely to mean that the latitudinal range of the samphire coast may not be sufficient to accommodate migration of species in the long term, (100yrs+). Also, the latitudinal variation of saltmarsh environment is not sufficient for S -> N migration to be significant. c) Changed run-off regimes Occasional drought breaking intense rainfall episodes will lead to peaks of creek transport of sediment to low lying areas, it is possible that the sediment carried by these creek to the mangroves may show significant increase. d) Gulf Waters Change Increasing acidity of Gulf St Vincent waters will reduce production of carbonate shell material and biogenic sediments. This will have many implications, including the reduction of sediment coming ashore in cells MA17 to 24.

Actions and Priority

Table 25. Recommended Actions and Priority for MA23 - Parham

Component Issue Proposed Action Priority of Key Players Action Tecticornia Incremental loss through Targeted local action to conserve High (Cons./ DEH/ NRM flabelliformis damage, drainage changes, species Threat) habitat changes in flooding frequency Whole cell Widespread high Review reservation and High (Cons./ DEH/ DPLG/ PIRSA/ conservation values and lack protection of saltmarsh habitats Threat) DC Mallala/ NRM of protection in this and adjacent cells. Review mining tenements Lack of public perception of Extension of existing effort to High (Cons./ Council/ NRM/ DEH/ value of the area for its raise public awareness of Threat) Community economic and conservation economic and conservation benefits benefits of the saltmarsh - support DC Mallala draft Samphire Coast Strategy Ongoing and accelerating Review of local floodbanks. High (Cons/ DEH – CPB/ DPLG/ sea level rise will displace Regional review to establish Threat Council/ NRM supratidal samphire species retreat buffer zones for saltmarsh and threaten neighbouring farmland ORV damage widespread Support local effort to close High (Cons./ Council/ NRM/ DEH - damaging informal tracks is Threat) RCD important in this cell Aboriginal heritage sites Consultation to appropriately Medium Kaurna Heritage recorded in this cell: - need manage sites in this area (Cons.) Board/ NRM/ for appropriate and Council/ Aboriginal sustainable management Heritage Branch – DPC/ RCD - Aboriginal Partnership Unit – DEH

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 355 Results – MA 23 Parham

BIOTA

Flora

Remnant Vegetation Area (Ha) 1,575 hectares (77% of the cell). A mix of linear dune landforms (chenier and beach ridge) and tidal samphires with large bare stranded salt flats. The area of saltmarsh/mangrove is 1,224 hectares. (59% of the cell) Vegetation Block Metrics 8 mapped vegetation remnants. This a broad cell with tidal habitats interrupted by the settlements of Parham and Webb Beach and also by large natural bare flats. Terrestrial Habitat Description/s Olearia axillaris (mixed) shrubland on cheniers and fronting beach ridges, In behind the Parham township is recorded a Melaleuca lanceolata woodland, Tecticornia sp., Sarcocornia blackiana chenopod shrubland on stranded tidal flats and Nitraria billardierei, Maireana brevifolia shrubland on the landward border of the saltmarshes. Tecticornia arbuscula low shrubland over Suaeda australis shrubs occur along the raised edges of tidal creeks. # Flora in cell 129 (Surveys undertaken; 7 surveys, 4 opportunistic surveys. Additional records provided by Delta Environmental 2008 used in the cell analysis.) # Conservation Rated Flora in cell 10 (1 national, 1 state, 10 regional) Significant Flora Species Common Name Rating Tecticornia flabelliformis Bead Samphire AUS: VU, SA: V Significant CDCS Floristic Sarcocornia quinqueflora, Alyxia buxifolia, Olearia axillaris/ Rhagodia candolleana ssp. Communities candolleana and Acacia ligulata communities have been recorded in the cell. Refer to Appendix 8 in Volume 1 for plant community information. Protected Area Nil Vegetation Comments The mangrove forest that penetrates along the tidal waterway at Bakers Creek is not mapped by the Biological Survey. Vegetation and management data sources: Delta Environmental Consulting 2001. Tecticornia flabelliformis occurrences, St Kilda to Parham, a report to DEH. Pedlar JA and WE Matheson 1993. Remnant Vegetation in the Mallala District Council Area, DC Mallala. DC Mallala 2003. Samphire Coast Conservation Strategy (Draft). Anne Jensen 2004. Samphire Coast Shorebird Trails. Bianca Priest 2004. Shorebird Conservation Project, Shorebird Plan Gulf St Vincent, World Wildlife Fund.

All Flora in cell

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Acacia hakeoides Hakea Wattle Acacia ligulata Umbrella Bush Acacia longifolia ssp. sophorae Coastal Wattle Acacia oswaldii Umbrella Wattle Acrotriche patula Prickly Ground-berry R Adriana quadripartita Coast Bitter-bush K Aizoaceae sp. Pigface Family Allocasuarina verticillata Drooping Sheoak Alyssum linifolium Flax-leaf Alyssum * Alyxia buxifolia Sea Box Angianthus tomentosus Hairy Angianthus Arenaria leptoclados Lesser Thyme-leaved Sandwort *

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 356 Results – MA 23 Parham

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Arundo donax Giant Reed * Atriplex cinerea Coast Saltbush Atriplex paludosa ssp. cordata Marsh Saltbush Austrodanthonia setacea Small-flower Wallaby-grass Austrostipa drummondii Cottony Spear-grass Austrostipa elegantissima Feather Spear-grass Avena barbata Bearded Oat * Beyeria lechenaultii Pale Turpentine Bush Brassica tournefortii Wild Turnip * Bromus diandrus Great Brome * Bromus rubens Red Brome * Bupleurum semicompositum Hare's Ear * Cakile maritima ssp. maritima Two-horned Sea Rocket * Callitris gracilis Southern Cypress Pine Carpobrotus rossii Native Pigface Carpobrotus rossii (NC) Native Pigface Carrichtera annua Ward's Weed * Cerastium balearicum Chickweed * Chenopodium glaucum Glaucous Goosefoot * Clematis microphylla var. microphylla Old Man's Beard Comesperma volubile Love Creeper Crassula colligata ssp. Crassula sieberiana ssp. tetramera (NC) Australian Stonecrop Dianella brevicaulis Short-stem Flax-lily Dianella revoluta var. revoluta Black-anther Flax-lily Disphyma crassifolium ssp. clavellatum Round-leaf Pigface Dodonaea viscosa ssp. angustissima Narrow-leaf Hop-bush Enchylaena tomentosa var. tomentosa Ruby Saltbush Eremophila deserti Turkey-bush Euphorbia paralias Sea Spurge * Euphorbia terracina False Caper * Exocarpos aphyllus Leafless Cherry Frankenia pauciflora var. gunnii Southern Sea-heath Frankenia pulverulenta Mediterranean Sea-heath * Frankenia sp. Sea-heath Galium migrans Loose Bedstraw Galium murale Small Bedstraw * Helichrysum leucopsideum Satin Everlasting Hordeum glaucum Blue Barley-grass * Hornungia procumbens Oval Purse * Hypochaeris sp. Cat's Ear * Lagurus ovatus Hare's Tail Grass * Lichen sp.

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 357 Results – MA 23 Parham

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Limonium companyonis Sea-lavender * Lolium perenne X Lolium rigidum Hybrid Ryegrass * Lolium sp. Ryegrass * Lycium australe Australian Boxthorn Lycium ferocissimum African Boxthorn * Maireana erioclada Rosy Bluebush Maireana oppositifolia Salt Bluebush Maireana triptera Three-wing Bluebush Medicago minima var. minima Little Medic * Melaleuca lanceolata Dryland Tea-tree Mesembryanthemum crystallinum Common Iceplant * Mesembryanthemum nodiflorum Slender Iceplant * Microseris lanceolata Yam Daisy Minuartia mediterranea Slender Sandwort * Moraea setifolia Thread Iris * Moss sp. Muehlenbeckia gunnii Coastal Climbing Lignum Myoporum brevipes Warty Boobialla Myoporum insulare Common Boobialla R Nitraria billardierei Nitre-bush Olearia axillaris Coast Daisy-bush Olearia ramulosa Twiggy Daisy-bush Oncosiphon suffruticosum Calomba Daisy * Papaver somniferum Small-flower Opium Poppy * Papaver somniferum ssp. setigerum (NC) Small-flower Opium Poppy * Parapholis incurva Curly Ryegrass * Pimelea serpyllifolia ssp. serpyllifolia Thyme Riceflower Pittosporum angustifolium Native Apricot Podotheca angustifolia Sticky Long-heads Pogonolepis muelleriana Stiff Cup-flower Pomaderris paniculosa ssp. paniculosa Mallee Pomaderris Q Reichardia tingitana False Sowthistle * Reseda lutea Cut-leaf Mignonette * Reseda sp. Mignonette * Rhagodia candolleana ssp. candolleana Sea-berry Saltbush Rhagodia crassifolia Fleshy Saltbush Rostraria cristata Annual Cat's-tail * Santalum acuminatum Quandong U Sarcocornia quinqueflora Beaded Samphire Sarcocornia sp. Samphire Schismus barbatus Arabian Grass * Sclerolaena diacantha Grey Bindyi Senecio glossanthus Annual Groundsel

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 358 Results – MA 23 Parham

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Senecio glossanthus (NC) Annual Groundsel Senecio pinnatifolius Variable Groundsel Sisymbrium orientale Indian Hedge Mustard * Solanum capsiciforme Capsicum Kangaroo-apple U Solanum simile Kangaroo Apple Sonchus oleraceus Common Sow-thistle * Sonchus oleraceus (NC) Common Sow-thistle * Spergularia diandra Lesser Sand-spurrey * Spergularia diandra (NC) Lesser Sand-spurrey * Spergularia marina Salt Sand-spurrey Spergularia marina (NC) Salt Sand-spurrey * Sphenopus divaricatus Wedge-foot Grass * Spinifex hirsutus Rolling Spinifex Spinifex sericeus (NC) Rolling Spinifex Stellaria media Chickweed * Suaeda australis Austral Seablite Tecticornia arbuscula Shrubby Samphire Q Tecticornia flabelliformis Bead Samphire VU V T Tecticornia halocnemoides ssp. Grey Samphire Tecticornia halocnemoides ssp. halocnemoides Grey Samphire K Tecticornia indica ssp. leiostachya Brown-head Samphire Tecticornia pergranulata ssp. pergranulata Black-seed Samphire Tecticornia tenuis Slender Samphire Q Tetragonia implexicoma Bower Spinach Threlkeldia diffusa Coast Bonefruit Trifolium tomentosum Woolly Clover * Triodia sp. Vulpia myuros f. myuros Rat's-tail Fescue * Zygophyllum angustifolium Scrambling Twinleaf Zygophyllum aurantiacum ssp. aurantiacum (NC) Shrubby Twinleaf Zygophyllum sp. Twinleaf

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 359 Results – MA 23 Parham

Weeds

# Non-indigenous Flora in cell 48 (37% of total cell flora) Red Alert Weeds Species Common Name Euphorbia paralias Sea Spurge Euphorbia terracina False Caper Lycium ferocissimum African Boxthorn Mesembryanthemum crystallinum Common Iceplant Declared Weeds Species Common Name Euphorbia terracina False Caper Lycium ferocissimum African Boxthorn Oncosiphon suffruticosum Calomba Daisy

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 360 Results – MA 23 Parham

Fauna

# Fauna in cell 111 (Surveys undertaken; 25 opportunistic surveys. Additional records Graham Armstrong, SA Herpetological Group and Delta Environmental 2008) # Conservation Rated Fauna in cell 47 (18 state, 47 regional) Significant Fauna Species Common Name Rating Sterna nereis Fairy Tern SA: E Actitis hypoleucos Common Sandpiper SA: R Arenaria interpres Ruddy Turnstone SA: R Calidris tenuirostris Great Knot SA: R Charadrius leschenaultii Greater Sand Plover SA: R Charadrius mongolus Lesser Sand Plover SA: R Egretta garzetta Little Egret SA: R Haematopus fuliginosus Sooty Oystercatcher SA: R Limosa lapponica Bar-tailed Godwit SA: R Limosa limosa Black-tailed Godwit SA: R Neophema elegans Elegant Parrot SA: R Neophema petrophila Rock Parrot SA: R Numenius phaeopus Whimbrel SA: R Pluvialis fulva Pacific Golden Plover SA: R Cladorhynchus leucocephalus Banded Stilt SA: V Coturnix ypsilophora Brown Quail SA: V Neophema chrysostoma Blue-winged Parrot SA: V Numenius madagascariensis Eastern Curlew SA: V # Non-indigenous Fauna 6

All Fauna in cell

Species Common Name Class Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Acanthagenys rufogularis Spiny-cheeked Honeyeater Aves LC Acanthiza pusilla Brown Thornbill Aves VU Actitis hypoleucos Common Sandpiper Aves R RA Alauda arvensis Eurasian Skylark * Aves Anas gracilis Grey Teal Aves LC Anthochaera carunculata Red Wattlebird Aves LC Anthus novaeseelandiae Richard's Pipit Aves LC Ardea alba Great Egret, ( White Egret) Aves LC Arenaria interpres Ruddy Turnstone Aves R RA Cacatua roseicapilla Galah Aves LC Cacomantis flabelliformis Fan-tailed Cuckoo Aves RA Calidris acuminata Sharp-tailed Sandpiper Aves LC Calidris canutus Red Knot Aves LC Calidris ferruginea Curlew Sandpiper Aves RA Calidris ruficollis Red-necked Stint Aves LC

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 361 Results – MA 23 Parham

Species Common Name Class Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Calidris tenuirostris Great Knot Aves R RA Charadrius bicinctus Double-banded Plover Aves RA Charadrius leschenaultii Greater Sand Plover Aves R VU Charadrius mongolus Lesser Sand Plover Aves R VU Charadrius ruficapillus Red-capped Plover Aves LC Charadrius veredus Oriental Plover Aves Cheramoeca leucosternus White-backed Swallow Aves RA Chlidonias hybridus Whiskered Tern Aves LC Chrysococcyx basalis Horsfield's Bronze-cuckoo Aves LC Cincloramphus cruralis Brown Songlark Aves LC Cincloramphus mathewsi Rufous Songlark Aves LC Cladorhynchus leucocephalus Banded Stilt Aves V VU Columba livia Rock Dove * Aves Coracina novaehollandiae Black-faced Cuckoo-shrike Aves LC Corvus coronoides Australian Raven Aves VU Corvus mellori Little Raven Aves LC Coturnix ypsilophora Brown Quail Aves V VU Cracticus nigrogularis Pied Butcherbird Aves Cracticus torquatus Grey Butcherbird Aves VU Cygnus atratus Black Swan Aves LC Egretta garzetta Little Egret Aves R LC Egretta novaehollandiae White-faced Heron Aves LC Elanus axillaris Black-shouldered Kite Aves LC Epthianura albifrons White-fronted Chat Aves RA Epthianura aurifrons Orange Chat Aves VU Erythrogonys cinctus Red-kneed Dotterel Aves LC Falco berigora Brown Falcon Aves LC Falco cenchroides Nankeen Kestrel Aves LC Falco longipennis Australian Hobby Aves NT Falco subniger Black Falcon Aves RA Gallinula ventralis Black-tailed Native-hen Aves LC Grallina cyanoleuca Magpie-lark Aves LC Gymnorhina tibicen Australian Magpie Aves LC Haematopus fuliginosus Sooty Oystercatcher Aves R RA Haematopus longirostris Pied Oystercatcher Aves NT Himantopus himantopus Black-winged Stilt Aves LC Hirundo neoxena Welcome Swallow Aves LC Larus novaehollandiae Silver Gull Aves Larus pacificus Pacific Gull Aves Lichenostomus virescens Singing Honeyeater Aves LC Limicola falcinellus Broad-billed Sandpiper Aves Limosa lapponica Bar-tailed Godwit Aves R RA Limosa limosa Black-tailed Godwit Aves R VU

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 362 Results – MA 23 Parham

Species Common Name Class Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Malurus leucopterus White-winged Fairy-wren Aves RA Manorina melanocephala Noisy Miner Aves LC Melopsittacus undulatus Budgerigar Aves RA Merops ornatus Rainbow Bee-eater Aves RA Neophema chrysostoma Blue-winged Parrot Aves V RA Neophema elegans Elegant Parrot Aves R RA Neophema petrophila Rock Parrot Aves R RA Numenius madagascariensis Eastern Curlew Aves V VU Numenius phaeopus Whimbrel Aves R RA Ocyphaps lophotes Crested Pigeon Aves LC Passer domesticus House Sparrow * Aves LC Pelecanus conspicillatus Australian Pelican Aves LC Petrochelidon nigricans Tree Martin Aves NT Petroica goodenovii Red-capped Robin Aves VU Phalacrocorax carbo Great Cormorant Aves LC Phalacrocorax melanoleucos Little Pied Cormorant Aves LC Phalacrocorax sulcirostris Little Black Cormorant Aves Phalacrocorax varius Pied Cormorant Aves Phaps chalcoptera Common Bronzewing Aves RA Pluvialis fulva Pacific Golden Plover Aves R RA Pluvialis squatarola Grey Plover Aves NT Pomatostomus superciliosus White-browed Babbler Aves NT Puffinus tenuirostris Short-tailed Shearwater Aves Recurvirostra novaehollandiae Red-necked Avocet Aves Rhipidura albiscapa Grey Fantail Aves NT Rhipidura leucophrys Willie Wagtail Aves LC Sericornis frontalis White-browed Scrubwren Aves NT Sterna bergii Crested Tern Aves Sterna caspia Caspian Tern Aves Sterna nereis Fairy Tern Aves E EN Streptopelia chinensis Spotted Turtle-dove * Aves Sturnus vulgaris Common Starling * Aves Tadorna tadornoides Australian Shelduck Aves LC Todiramphus sanctus Sacred Kingfisher Aves RA Tringa nebularia Common Greenshank Aves LC Tringa stagnatilis Marsh Sandpiper Aves RA Turdus merula Eurasian Blackbird * Aves Tyto alba Barn Owl Aves NT Vanellus miles Masked Lapwing Aves LC Vanellus tricolor Banded Lapwing Aves RA Zosterops lateralis Silvereye Aves LC Anisynta cynone gracilis Cynone Grass-skipper Invertebrate Theclinesthes albocincta Bitter-bush Blue Invertebrate

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 363 Results – MA 23 Parham

Species Common Name Class Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Chalinlobus morlo Chocolate Wattled Bat Mammalia Mus musculus House Mouse * Mammalia Nyctophilus geoffroyi Little long-eared bat Mammalia Rattus rattus Black Rat * Mammalia Vespadelus regulus Little Bat Mammalia Vulpes vulpes Fox * Mammalia Aprasia inaurita Red-tailed Worm-lizard Reptilia LC Ctenophorus pictus Painted Dragon Reptilia RA Egernia multiscutata Bull Skink Reptilia CR Hemiergis peronii Four-toed Earless Skink Reptilia LC Lerista edwardsae Myall Slider Reptilia LC Menetia greyii Dwarf Skink Reptilia LC Pseudonaja textilis Eastern Brown Snake Reptilia LC Strophurus intermedius Southern Spiny-tailed Gecko Reptilia LC Tiliqua occipitalis Western Bluetongue Reptilia VU Tiliqua rugosa Sleepy Lizard Reptilia LC

Note: * = Non-indigenous species, ж = Non-local species, (NC) = Name change

Rating: EX = Extinct, EW = Extinct in the Wild, CR = Critically Endangered, E/ EN = Endangered, ssp = Significant species, V/VU = Vulnerable, R/ RA: Rare, K = Indeterminate/ Possibly threatened, NT = Near Threatened, T = Threatened, Q = Possible significance, U = Uncommon, N = Not significant, LC = Least Concern

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 364 Results – MA24 Middle Spit

7.3.24. Middle Spit

Cell Detail Cell MA24 extends from the settlement of Parham to Lorne, within the District Council of Mallala. It is approximately 8.3 kilometres in length and 2,183 hectares in area. This cell overlaps with cells NY5 and 6 of the Conservation Assessment of the Northern and Yorke coast.

Landforms Cell MA24 is a wide low tide mud flats, high tide narrow, steep, mixed sand shellgrit beach, low dunes/ beach ridges backed by saltmarsh with chenier ridges. Beach cast seagrass detritus may protect the beach during choppy wave conditions at high tide. The sand shellgrit foredune ridges extend up to 400 m. from the shore, and have been extensively mined for shellgrit, leaving an ambiguous pattern of partly restored landforms.

Carter (1989) describes this as a 'surge dominated' coast. The saltmarsh areas form a complex pattern of samphire, cheniers, saline flats and sabkhas, these latter two are extensive in this cell. Towards the inner edge of this cell, red Pleistocene dune ridges, on an ENE - WSW pattern, mark the arid wind patterns of former glacial phases. Figure 33. Cell MA24 Location Map

‘Windsor Farm’ shellgrit mining and rehabilitation. (Photograph Coast Protection Board 2005)

Benthic Habitat In-shore benthic habitats include bare sand tidal flats out to and beyond 1.5 kilometres from the shoreline and then dense seagrass in sub-tidal areas.

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 365 Results – MA24 Middle Spit

Terrestrial Biota 1700 hectares or 77% of the cell is remnant vegetation. The total number of native plants and animal species recorded is 353, including a high number 148 non-indigenous species, total threatened species is 37.

Land Use/ Land Ownership The majority of this cell (other than the southeast corner) is owned by the Commonwealth Defence Force, as part of the Port Wakefield Proof Range.

Uses (Field visits and local reports) (including current usage) Australian Defence Force Port Wakefield Proof Range. Shell grit mining.

Threats (Field visits and local reports) Shell grit mining.

Opportunities Although the Port Wakefield Proof Range is managed for operational purposes, biodiversity management is an important component of the Department of Defence management plan and its implementation. Large-scale revegetation activities have occurred in the locality and further restoration projects are current.

Conservation Analysis (GIS) Sum of conservation values of 103.81 makes this one of the higher priority localities in the region. This score accumulates from a variety of values, notably: reptile habitats including the focal species the Painted Dragon, numbers of plant and animal species recorded, moderate numbers of threatened and endemic plant species and associations, vegetation block metrics, and the presence of recorded Aboriginal heritage sites within the cell.

Detailed map analysis shows that threatened plant species values are very high for the saltmarsh and salt flat areas, but very low for the shellgrit and sand areas, however, floristic vegetation analysis shows that the vegetation associations on sand/grit within 100 m of the shore show endemic values, as more that 50% of these associations within the state are found within the region. With the exception of saline flats and mined areas, valuable reptile habitat is widely dispersed across this cell, notably within 100 m of the shore. There are also moderate to high habitat values for the Saltmarsh Thornbill in the saltmarsh.

Overall cell MA24 has a moderate to low rating for bird habitat, although a number of significant species have been reported. The state endangered Fairy Tern and White-bellied Sea Eagle, state vulnerable Banded Stilt (resident), Blue Winged Parrot, Eastern Curlew (migratory), and Samphire Thornbill (focal species for this report) have been reported within this cell.

Threat Analysis (GIS) The total of threat summary values is medium for the region, 47.66. This value accumulated from land ownership and land use, visibility, proportion of exotic plant species recorded, mining, and the presence of potential acid sulfate soils. Apart from a narrow coastal reserve, the entire cell is privately owned, no part of the cell is protected. Land use is mainly grazing, unused saltflats, ADF Proof Range, and shell grit mining. Current mining is near the shore, in the southern part of the cell. Vegetation on sand and shellgrit areas has been invaded by more than 20% exotic plants, in contrast saltmarsh and saltflat areas record few exotic species, however, few dangerous rated weeds are recorded in the locality. In the saltmarsh and saltflat parts there is a moderate risk of acid sulfate soil development, should these areas be disturbed below 50 cm, approximately.

Possible Climate Change Threats [This local projection is based on the regional scenario set out in section 4.10 in Volume 1.] a) Sea level rise and Storm magnitude Other than Recent dune ridges near the coastline and red sand Pleistocene dunes at the land ward edge of the cell, the cell is subject to storm surge inundation: such areas cover half the cell. Under the scenario, storm surge inundation will become much more frequent, with occasional inundation of low lying sand ridge areas. Fotheringham (1996) and Delta Environmental (2008) have shown that samphire communities are sensitive to changes in salt flood frequency, a sea level rise of 10 cm by 2030 would lead to displacement of some supra-tidal communities by inter-tidal communities, some supra-tidal communities unable to migrate upslope will be lost. Increasing frequency of storm surge inundation is likely to

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 366 Results – MA24 Middle Spit lead to increased flood bank protection of farm and grazing land, creating a need for strategic regional decisions to be made to ensure that areas of significant supra-tidal habitat can survive through migration. b) Increasing average temperatures and aridity In broad regional terms, good connectivity of saltmarsh vegetated areas should allow S->N migration of species along the eastern shore of Gulf St Vincent. However, the scale of climate change is likely to mean that the latitudinal range of the samphire coast may not be sufficient to accommodate migration of species in the long term, (100yrs+). Also, the latitudinal variation of saltmarsh environment is not sufficient for S -> N migration to be significant. c) Changed run-off regimes d) Gulf Waters Change Increasing acidity of GSV waters will reduce production of carbonate shell material and biogenic sediments. This will have many implications, including the reduction of sediment coming ashore in cells MA17 to 24.

Actions and Priority

Table 26. Recommended Actions and Priority for MA24 – Middle Spit

Component Issue Proposed Action Priority of Key Players Action Proof Range Mined areas further have Support conservation Medium ADF/ Commonwealth attracted dumping and ORV efforts and access control (Threat) Dept for Defence activity measures Beach ridges Loss of connectivity from mining Continue rehabilitation of Medium ADF/ Commonwealth operation mined area to give (Threat) Dept for Defence emphasis to recovery of original habitat Whole cell Ongoing and accelerating sea Review of local Medium DEH – CPB/ DPLG/ level rise will displace supratidal floodbanks. Regional (Threat) Council samphire species and threaten review to establish retreat neighbouring farmland and buffer zones for saltmarsh. extractive industries. Aboriginal heritage sites Consultation to Medium Kaurna Heritage Board/ recorded in this cell: need for appropriately manage (Cons.) NRM/ Council/ appropriate and sustainable sites in this area Aboriginal Heritage management Branch – DPC/ RCD - Aboriginal Partnership Unit – DEH

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 367 Results – MA24 Middle Spit

BIOTA

Flora

Remnant Vegetation Area (Ha) 1700 hectares (77% of the cell). A mix of landforms with some vegetation clearance evident in the northern sector and more extensively in the Unimin sand extraction site in the southern sector. The area of saltmarsh/mangrove is 1344 hectares (61% of the cell) Vegetation Block Metrics 11 mapped vegetation remnants. A broad cell with connectivity potential. Values currently reduced by mining activities across the beach ridge system. Balance of vegetated areas also interrupted by natural bare flats. Terrestrial Habitat Description/s Olearia axillaris (mixed) shrubland on cheniers and beach ridges, Tecticornia sp.,Sarcocornia blackiana chenopod shrubland on stranded tidal flats and Nitraria billardierei, Maireana brevifolia shrubland on the inland edges of the saltmarshes. # Flora in cell 299 (Surveys undertaken; Nil surveys. Additional records provided by Bob Anderson via Delta Environmental 2008 used in the cell analysis. See below.) # Conservation Rated Flora in cell 22 (1 national, 3 state, 21 regional) Significant Flora Species Common Name Rating Tecticornia flabelliformis Bead Samphire AUS: VU, SA: V Maireana suaedifolia Lax Bluebush SA: R Zostera muelleri ssp. mucronata Garweed SA: R Significant CDCS Floristic Nil Community/ies Protected Area Nil in the reserve system. (Some protection is offered by the restricted entry into the Port Wakefield Proof Range) Vegetation Comments Very inclusive plant list used courtesy of Bob Anderson who has provided composite list from all sources, of species found in the southern coastal sections of the Proof & Experimental Establishment (P&EE). This data was with the assistance of the Defence Support Group, Department of Defence, Defence Science and Technology Organisation. Note: There is a current Management Plan for the P&EE, available from the Defence Support Group. Zostera muelleri is found in estuarine or intertidal sand and mudflats. Large populations of Tecticornia flabelliformis reported on bare tidal areas in amongst the saltmarsh. There are a number of serious red alert weeds in this cell.

All Flora in cell

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Acacia cyclops Western Coastal Wattle # R Acacia hakeoides Hakea Wattle Acacia ligulata Umbrella Bush Acacia longifolia ssp. sophorae Coastal Wattle Acacia nyssophylla Spine Bush Acacia oswaldii Umbrella Wattle Acacia sclerophylla var. sclerophylla Hard-leaf Wattle Acetosa vesicaria Rosy Dock * Acetosella vulgaris Sorrel * Acrotriche patula Prickly Ground-berry R Adriana quadripartita Coast Bitter-bush K Agave americana Century Plant *

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 368 Results – MA24 Middle Spit

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status Regional NPW Act EPBC Act indigenous

Aira caryophyllea Silvery Hair-grass * Aloe arborescens * Aloe sp. Aloe * Alyxia buxifolia Sea Box Amaryllis belladonna Belladonna Lily * Ambrosia psilostachya Perennial Ragweed * Amyema melaleucae Tea-tree Mistletoe R Amyema preissii Wire-leaf Mistletoe Anagallis arvensis Pimpernel * Angianthus tomentosus Hairy Angianthus Arctotheca calendula Cape Weed * Arenaria leptoclados (NC) * Aristida behriana Brush Wire-grass Aristida contorta Curly Wire-grass R Artemisia arborescens Silver Wormwood * Asparagus asparagoides f. asparagoides Bridal Creeper * Asperula sp. Woodruff Asphodelus fistulosus Onion Weed * Aster subulatus Aster-weed * Asteriscus spinosus Golden Pallensis * Atriplex cinerea Coast Saltbush Atriplex eardleyae Eardley's Saltbush Atriplex paludosa ssp. cordata Marsh Saltbush Atriplex prostrata Creeping Saltbush * Atriplex semibaccata Berry Saltbush Atriplex stipitata Bitter Saltbush Atriplex suberecta Lagoon Saltbush Austrodanthonia caespitosa Common Wallaby-grass Austrodanthonia setacea Small-flower Wallaby-grass Austrostipa blackii Crested Spear-grass N Austrostipa drummondii Cottony Spear-grass Austrostipa elegantissima Feather Spear-grass Austrostipa eremophila Rusty Spear-grass Austrostipa flavescens Coast Spear-grass R Austrostipa nitida Balcarra Spear-grass Austrostipa scabra ssp. Rough Spear-grass Avena barbata Bearded Oat * Avena fatua Wild Oat * Avena sativa Cultivated Oat * Beyeria lechenaultii Pale Turpentine Bush Brachyscome ciliaris var. Variable Daisy Brassica tournefortii Wild Turnip * Bromus catharticus Prairie Grass *

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 369 Results – MA24 Middle Spit

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status Regional NPW Act EPBC Act indigenous

Bromus diandrus Great Brome * Bromus hordeaceus ssp. hordeaceus Soft Brome * Bromus rubens Red Brome * Cakile maritima ssp. maritima Two-horned Sea Rocket * Callitris gracilis Southern Cypress Pine Capsella bursa-pastoris Shepherd's Purse * Cardamine hirsuta Hairy Bitter-cress * Carduus tenuiflorus Slender Thistle * Carpobrotus rossii Native Pigface Carpobrotus sp. Pigface Carrichtera annua Ward's Weed * Carthamus lanatus Saffron Thistle * Centaurea calcitrapa Star Thistle * Centaurium erythraea Common Centaury * Centipeda sp. Sneezeweed Centrolepis strigosa ssp. strigosa Hairy Centrolepis Cerastium glomeratum Common Mouse-ear Chickweed * Chamaesyce drummondii Chenopodium album Fat Hen * Chenopodium glaucum Glaucous Goosefoot * Chloris truncata Windmill Grass Chondrilla juncea Skeleton Weed * Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. monilifera Boneseed * Cichorium intybus Chicory * Citrullus colocynthis Colocynth * Clematis microphylla var. microphylla Old Man's Beard Comesperma volubile Love Creeper Convolvulus angustissimus ssp. Conyza albida Tall Fleabane * Conyza bonariensis Flax-leaf Fleabane * Cotula australis Common Cotula Crassula colorata var. acuminata Dense Crassula Cratystylis conocephala Bluebush Daisy E Cucumis myriocarpus Paddy Melon * Cynara cardunculus ssp. flavescens Artichoke Thistle * Cynodon dactylon var. dactylon Couch * Cyperus rotundus Nut-grass Daucus glochidiatus Native Carrot Dianella brevicaulis Short-stem Flax-lily Digitaria sanguinalis Crab Grass * Diplotaxis muralis var. muralis Wall Rocket * Diplotaxis tenuifolia Lincoln Weed * Disphyma crassifolium ssp. clavellatum Round-leaf Pigface

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 370 Results – MA24 Middle Spit

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status Regional NPW Act EPBC Act indigenous

Distichlis distichophylla Emu-grass K Dittrichia graveolens Stinkweed * Echium plantagineum Salvation Jane * Ehrharta calycina Perennial Veldt Grass * Ehrharta villosa var. maxima Pyp Grass * Einadia nutans ssp. nutans Climbing Saltbush Emex australis Three-corner Jack * Enchylaena tomentosa var. tomentosa Ruby Saltbush Enneapogon nigricans Black-head Grass N Enteropogon acicularis Umbrella Grass Q Eragrostis cilianensis Stink Grass * Eragrostis sp. Love-grass Eremophila deserti Turkey-bush Eremophila glabra ssp. glabra Tar Bush Erodium cicutarium Cut-leaf Heron's-bill * Erodium crinitum Blue Heron's-bill Erodium moschatum Musky Herons-bill * Eucalyptus cladocalyx Sugar Gum Eucalyptus gracilis Yorrell Eucalyptus porosa Mallee Box Euphorbia lathyrus Caper Spurge * Euphorbia paralias Sea Spurge * Euphorbia peplus Petty Spurge * Exocarpos aphyllus Leafless Cherry Foeniculum vulgare Fennel * Frankenia pauciflora var. gunnii Southern Sea-heath Frankenia pulverulenta Mediterranean Sea-heath * Fumaria capreolata White-flower Fumitory * Galenia pubescens var. pubescens Coastal Galenia * Galium murale Small Bedstraw * Gazania linearis Gazania * Geijera linearifolia Sheep Bush Geranium dissectum Cut-leaf Geranium * Geranium solanderi var. solanderi Austral Geranium Glaucium corniculatum Bristly Horned-poppy * Goodenia pinnatifida Cut-leaf Goodenia U Hakea leucoptera ssp. leucoptera Silver Needlewood Harmsiodoxa brevipes var. Short Cress Hedypnois rhagadioloides ssp. rhagadioloides Cretan Weed * Helichrysum leucopsideum Satin Everlasting Heliotropium europaeum Common Heliotrope Helminthotheca echioides Ox-tongue * Hordeum marinum Sea Barley-grass *

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 371 Results – MA24 Middle Spit

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status Regional NPW Act EPBC Act indigenous

Hordeum vulgare Barley * Hyalosperma glutinosum ssp. glutinosum Golden Sunray Hydrocotyle callicarpa Tiny Pennywort Hydrocotyle sp. Pennywort Hypericum gramineum Small St John's Wort T Hypochaeris glabra Smooth Cat's Ear * Hypochaeris radicata Rough Cat's Ear * Iris germanica Flag Iris * Isoetopsis graminifolia Grass Cushion Lachnagrostis filiformis Common Blown-grass Lactuca serriola f. serriola Prickly Lettuce * Lagurus ovatus Hare's Tail Grass * Leiocarpa sp. Plover-daisy Lepidium africanum Common Peppercress * Lepidosperma gladiatum Coast Sword-sedge Lepilaena marina Sea Water-mat Leucopogon parviflorus Coast Beard-heath Limonium companyonis Sea-lavender * Limonium sinuatum Notch-leaf Sea-lavender * Linum marginale Native Flax U Lolium rigidum Wimmera Ryegrass * Lomandra effusa Scented Mat-rush Lotus australis Austral Trefoil Lycium ferocissimum African Boxthorn * Lysiana exocarpi ssp. exocarpi Harlequin Mistletoe Maireana brevifolia Short-leaf Bluebush Maireana enchylaenoides Wingless Fissure-plant N Maireana erioclada Rosy Bluebush Maireana oppositifolia Salt Bluebush Maireana suaedifolia Lax Bluebush R Malva dendromorpha Tree Mallow * Malva parviflora Small-flower Marshmallow * Marrubium vulgare Horehound * Matthiola incana Common Stock * Medicago minima var. minima Little Medic * Medicago polymorpha var. polymorpha Burr-medic * Medicago scutellata Snail Medic * Medicago truncatula Barrel Medic * Melaleuca lanceolata Dryland Tea-tree Menkea australis Fairy Spectacles Mesembryanthemum crystallinum Common Iceplant * Mesembryanthemum nodiflorum Slender Iceplant * Minuria leptophylla Minnie Daisy

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 372 Results – MA24 Middle Spit

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status Regional NPW Act EPBC Act indigenous

Modiola caroliniana Red-flowered Mallow * Moraea flaccida One-leaf Cape Tulip * Moraea setifolia Thread Iris * Muehlenbeckia adpressa Climbing Lignum Myoporum brevipes Warty Boobialla Myoporum insulare Common Boobialla R Myoporum platycarpum ssp. platycarpum False Sandalwood Q Nicotiana glauca Tree Tobacco * Nicotiana maritima Coast Tobacco Nitraria billardierei Nitre-bush Olea europaea ssp. Olive * Olearia axillaris Coast Daisy-bush Oncosiphon suffruticosum Calomba Daisy * Onopordum acaulon Horse Thistle * Opuntia monacantha Drooping Prickly Pear * Opuntia stricta Erect Prickly Pear * Oxalis corniculata ssp. corniculata Creeping Wood-sorrel * Oxalis pes-caprae Soursob * Oxalis purpurea One-o'clock * Panicum sp. Panic/Millet Papaver dubium Long-headed Poppy * Parapholis incurva Curly Ryegrass * Parietaria debilis Smooth-nettle Paronychia brasiliana Brazilian Whitlow * Pelargonium australe Australian Pelargonium Phalaris sp. Canary Grass * Picris angustifolia ssp. angustifolia Coast Picris Pimelea serpyllifolia ssp. serpyllifolia Thyme Riceflower Piptatherum miliaceum Rice Millet * Pittosporum angustifolium Native Apricot Plantago coronopus ssp. Bucks-horn Plantain * Plantago lanceolata var. Ribwort * Plantago sp. Plantain Poa annua Winter Grass * Poa poiformis var. poiformis Coast Tussock-grass Podolepis rugata var. Pleated Copper-wire Daisy Podotheca angustifolia Sticky Long-heads Polycarpon tetraphyllum Four-leaf Allseed * Polygonum aviculare Wireweed * Polypogon maritimus Coast Beard-grass * Pomaderris paniculosa ssp. paniculosa Mallee Pomaderris Q Portulaca oleracea Common Purslane Ptilotus sp. Mulla Mulla

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 373 Results – MA24 Middle Spit

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status Regional NPW Act EPBC Act indigenous

Puccinellia stricta var. stricta Australian Saltmarsh-grass Radyera farragei Desert Rose Mallow E Raphanus raphanistrum Wild Radish * Rapistrum rugosum ssp. rugosum Turnip Weed * Reichardia tingitana False Sowthistle * Reseda lutea Cut-leaf Mignonette * Reseda luteola Wild Mignonette * Rhagodia candolleana ssp. candolleana Sea-berry Saltbush Rhagodia crassifolia Fleshy Saltbush Rhodanthe stuartiana Clay Everlasting Rostraria cristata Annual Cat's-tail * Rumex crispus Curled Dock * Ruppia tuberosa Widgeon Grass Sagina maritima Sea Pearlwort Salsola tragus Buckbush Salvia verbenaca Wild Sage * Samolus repens Creeping Brookweed Santalum acuminatum Quandong U Sarcocornia blackiana Thick-head Samphire Sarcocornia quinqueflora Beaded Samphire Scabiosa atropurpurea Pincushion * Scaevola spinescens Spiny Fanflower Schinus molle Pepper-tree * Schismus barbatus Arabian Grass * Sclerolaena brevifolia Small-leaf Bindyi Sclerolaena diacantha Grey Bindyi Senecio glossanthus Annual Groundsel Senecio pinnatifolius Variable Groundsel Senna artemisioides ssp. artemisioides x ssp. Desert Senna coriacea Setaria verticillata Whorled Pigeon-grass * Silene nocturna Mediterranean Catchfly * Silybum marianum Variegated Thistle * Sisymbrium erysimoides Smooth Mustard * Sisymbrium orientale Indian Hedge Mustard * Solanum capsiciforme Capsicum Kangaroo-apple U Solanum coactiliferum Tomato-bush Solanum elaeagnifolium Silver-leaf Nightshade * Solanum nigrum Black Nightshade * Sonchus asper ssp. Rough Sow-thistle * Sonchus oleraceus Common Sow-thistle * Spergularia marina Salt Sand-spurrey Spinifex hirsutus Rolling Spinifex

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 374 Results – MA24 Middle Spit

Species Common Name Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Sporobolus virginicus Salt Couch Stellaria media Chickweed * Stenotaphrum secundatum Buffalo Grass * Suaeda australis Austral Seablite Taraxacum officinale Dandelion * Tecticornia arbuscula Shrubby Samphire Q Tecticornia flabelliformis Bead Samphire VU V T Tecticornia halocnemoides ssp. Grey Samphire Tecticornia indica ssp. leiostachya Brown-head Samphire Tecticornia pergranulata ssp. pergranulata Black-seed Samphire Tetragonia implexicoma Bower Spinach Teucrium racemosum Grey Germander Threlkeldia diffusa Coast Bonefruit Tribulus terrestris Caltrop * Trifolium angustifolium Narrow-leaf Clover * Trifolium arvense var. arvense Hare's-foot Clover * Trifolium campestre Hop Clover * Trifolium dubium Suckling Clover * Trifolium glomeratum Cluster Clover * Ulex europaeus Gorse * Urtica urens Small Nettle * Vicia sativa ssp. sativa Common Vetch * Vittadinia blackii Narrow-leaf New Holland Daisy N Vittadinia cuneata var. Fuzzy New Holland Daisy Vittadinia gracilis Woolly New Holland Daisy Vulpia myuros f. myuros Rat's-tail Fescue * Wahlenbergia communis Tufted Bluebell Zostera muelleri ssp. mucronata Garweed R K Zygophyllum angustifolium Scrambling Twinleaf Zygophyllum sp. Twinleaf

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 375 Results – MA24 Middle Spit

Weeds

# Non-indigenous Flora in cell 147 (49% of total cell flora) Red Alert Weeds Species Common Name Asparagus asparagoides f. asparagoides Bridal Creeper Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. monilifera Boneseed Ehrharta calycina Perennial Veldt Grass Ehrharta villosa var. maxima Pyp Grass Euphorbia paralias Sea Spurge Galenia pubescens var. pubescens Coastal Galenia Gazania sp. Gazania Lycium ferocissimum African Boxthorn Marrubium vulgare Horehound Mesembryanthemum crystallinum Common Iceplant Olea europaea ssp. Olive Oxalis pes-caprae Soursob Declared Weeds Species Common Name Asparagus asparagoides f. asparagoides Bridal Creeper Asphodelus fistulosus Onion Weed Carduus tenuiflorus Slender Thistle Chondrilla juncea Skeleton Weed Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. monilifera Boneseed Cynara cardunculus ssp. flavescens Artichoke Thistle Diplotaxis tenuifolia Lincoln Weed Emex australis Three-corner Jack Lycium ferocissimum African Boxthorn Marrubium vulgare Horehound Olea europaea ssp. Olive Opuntia monacantha Drooping Prickly Pear Opuntia stricta Erect Prickly Pear Oxalis pes-caprae Soursob Reseda lutea Cut-leaf Mignonette Silybum marianum Variegated Thistle Solanum elaeagnifolium Silver-leaf Nightshade Tribulus terrestris Caltrop Ulex europaeus Gorse

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 376 Results – MA24 Middle Spit

Fauna

# Fauna in cell 54 (Surveys undertaken; 6 opportunistic surveys.) # Conservation Rated Fauna in cell 15 (5 state, 15 regional) Significant Fauna Species Common Name Rating Sterna nereis Fairy Tern SA: E Actitis hypoleucos Common Sandpiper SA: R Arenaria interpres Ruddy Turnstone SA: R Limosa lapponica Bar-tailed Godwit SA: R Neophema petrophila Rock Parrot SA: R # Non-indigenous Fauna 10

All Fauna in cell

Species Common Name Class Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Acanthagenys rufogularis Spiny-cheeked Honeyeater Aves LC Actitis hypoleucos Common Sandpiper Aves R RA Anas superciliosa Pacific Black Duck Aves LC Anthus novaeseelandiae Richard's Pipit Aves LC Ardea alba Great Egret, ( White Egret) Aves LC Arenaria interpres Ruddy Turnstone Aves R RA Cacatua roseicapilla Galah Aves LC Calidris acuminata Sharp-tailed Sandpiper Aves LC Calidris canutus Red Knot Aves LC Calidris ferruginea Curlew Sandpiper Aves RA Calidris ruficollis Red-necked Stint Aves LC Charadrius ruficapillus Red-capped Plover Aves LC Chlidonias hybridus Whiskered Tern Aves LC Coracina novaehollandiae Black-faced Cuckoo-shrike Aves LC Corvus mellori Little Raven Aves LC Coturnix pectoralis Stubble Quail Aves LC Cracticus torquatus Grey Butcherbird Aves VU Egretta novaehollandiae White-faced Heron Aves LC Falco cenchroides Nankeen Kestrel Aves LC Glossopsitta porphyrocephala Purple-crowned Lorikeet Aves LC Grallina cyanoleuca Magpie-lark Aves LC Gymnorhina tibicen Australian Magpie Aves LC Hirundo neoxena Welcome Swallow Aves LC Larus novaehollandiae Silver Gull Aves Larus pacificus Pacific Gull Aves Lichenostomus virescens Singing Honeyeater Aves LC Limosa lapponica Bar-tailed Godwit Aves R RA Neophema petrophila Rock Parrot Aves R RA Ocyphaps lophotes Crested Pigeon Aves LC

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 377 Results – MA24 Middle Spit

Species Common Name Class Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Pelecanus conspicillatus Australian Pelican Aves LC Petrochelidon nigricans Tree Martin Aves NT Phalacrocorax melanoleucos Little Pied Cormorant Aves LC Phalacrocorax sulcirostris Little Black Cormorant Aves Phalacrocorax varius Pied Cormorant Aves Phaps chalcoptera Common Bronzewing Aves RA Phaps elegans Brush Bronzewing Aves VU Pluvialis squatarola Grey Plover Aves NT Pomatostomus superciliosus White-browed Babbler Aves NT Rhipidura leucophrys Willie Wagtail Aves LC Sterna bergii Crested Tern Aves Sterna caspia Caspian Tern Aves Sterna nereis Fairy Tern Aves E EN Threskiornis molucca Australian White Ibis Aves LC Tringa nebularia Common Greenshank Aves LC Tringa stagnatilis Marsh Sandpiper Aves RA Vanellus miles Masked Lapwing Aves LC Anisynta cynone gracilis Cynone Grass-skipper Invertebrate Theclinesthes albocincta Bitter-bush Blue Invertebrate Canis lupus familiaris Dog (domestic or feral) * Mammalia Canis vulpes Red fox * Mammalia Capra hircus Goat * Mammalia Cervus dama Fallow Deer * Mammalia Chalinolobus gouldii Gould's Wattled Bat Mammalia Chalinolobus morio Chocolate Wattled Bat Mammalia Felis catus Cat * Mammalia Lepus capensis Brown Hare * Mammalia Macropus fuliginosus Western Grey Kangaroo Mammalia Macropus robustus Euro Mammalia Mormopterus planiceps (long Southern freetail bat Mammalia penis form) Mus musculus House Mouse * Mammalia Nyctinomus australis White-striped Freetail bat Mammalia Nyctophilus geoffroyi Lesser long-eared bat Mammalia Oryctolagus cuniculus Rabbit * Mammalia Pseudocheirus peregrinus Common ringtail possum Mammalia Rattus norvegicus Brown Rat * Mammalia Rattus rattus Black Rat * Mammalia Tachyglossus aculeatus Short-beaked Echidna Mammalia Trichosurus vulpecula Common Brushtail Possum Mammalia Acanthophis antarcticus Common death adder Reptilia Christinus marmoratus Marbled Gecko Reptilia Ctenophorus pictus Painted Dragon Reptilia

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 378 Results – MA24 Middle Spit

Species Common Name Class Non- Status Status Status NPW Act Regional EPBC Act indigenous

Ctenotus orientalis Eastern Spotted Ctenotus Reptilia Ctenotus schomburgkii Ctenotus Reptilia Diplodactylus intermedius Southern spiny-tailed gecko Reptilia Eremiascincus richardsonii Broad-banded Sandswimmer Reptilia Hemiergis peronii Four-toed Earless Skink Reptilia Hemiergis peronni Earless skink Reptilia Lerista bougainvillii Bougainville’s skink Reptilia Lerista dorsalis Southern Four-toed Slider Reptilia Lerista edwardsae Myall Slider Reptilia Lerista terdigitata Southern Three-toed Slider Reptilia Menetia greyii Dwarf Skink Reptilia Morethia adelaidensis Adelaide Snake-eye Reptilia Morethia obscura Mallee Snake-eye Reptilia Pogona barbata Eastern Bearded Dragon Reptilia Pseudonaja textilis Eastern Brown Snake Reptilia Ramphotyphlops australis Southern Blind Snake Reptilia Ramphotyphlops bituberculatus Rough-nosed Blind Snake Reptilia Strophurus intermedius Southern Spiny-tailed Gecko Reptilia Suta spectabilis Mallee Black-headed Snake Reptilia Tiliqua occipitalis Western Bluetongue Reptilia RA Tiliqua rugosa Sleepy Lizard Reptilia LC Trachdosaurus rugosus Sleepy lizard Reptilia LC Tympanocryptis lineata Five-lined Earless Dragon Reptilia RA Varanus gouldii Sand Goanna Reptilia

Note: * = Non-indigenous species, ж = Non-local species, (NC) = Name change

Rating: EX = Extinct, EW = Extinct in the Wild, CR = Critically Endangered, E/ EN = Endangered, ssp = Significant species, V/VU = Vulnerable, R/ RA: Rare, K = Indeterminate/ Possibly threatened, NT = Near Threatened, T = Threatened, Q = Possible significance, U = Uncommon, N = Not significant, LC = Least Concern

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 379 Results – MA24 Middle Spit

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 380 RReeggiioonnaall RReeccoommmmeennddaattiioonnss

Tennyson Dunes Common Boobialla (Myoporum insulare) Australian Pelican (Pelecanus conspicillatus)

Photograph Bill Doyle, AMLR NRMB

Regional Management Proposals

8. Regional Management Proposals

8.1. Adequacy of Data and Managing Change [See section 2.4: it should be noted that the project presents sets of conservation and threat values, based on raw data held at DEH, Environmental Information]

The metropolitan coastal region is very dynamic, due mainly to pressure of use and also through the normal seasonal and inter-annual fluctuations on beaches, dunes, saltmarshes, and within estuaries. At the same time, the climate has changed in recent years and this has led to measurable significant factors, such as a sea level rise of 17cm in the last century, and a mean temperature rise of 0.50 C within the region. Many coastal areas have changed markedly within the last 10 years, and many individuals have commented on this in local areas.

Within this rapidly changing region some Biological Survey Database SA records are becoming dated. Data deficiencies are discussed in section 2.4.: Figures 5, 6 and 7 show flora and fauna data deficiencies for coastal cells, which emerged during this study. These maps show where biological data is deficient and indicates a priority for future action involving data collection. Also it should be borne in mind that very large cells or adjacent cells with contiguous large remnant vegetation blocks may have data from only one survey site. The methodology of this study has generalised such information to the whole of the vegetation block, and may therefore need future refinement. Similarly, it should be emphasised that fauna data within this study has been considerably generalised using expert assessment of habitat conditions.

For this project Ron Taylor and Peri Colman undertook extensive field work, updating and adding to the state and museum records of local flora within the last year; the work detected, for example, sub-coastal grasslands at St Kilda and south of Buckland Park that had not been recorded on previous surveys. This has greatly improved the plant records as at 2008, and adds confidence to the conservation analysis, which is the core of the project.

In considering this situation it should be borne in mind that this study has produced a (spatially based) review of available data sets, supplemented by consultation with experts. Many data sets are in a state of on-going development; other sets are partial in their coverage. Practical considerations may often limit the extent of data gathering; for example, bird surveys within mangrove areas were found to be lacking, because of the difficulties of making observations within these areas. However, the volume of information and the considerable body of expertise within the region shows that future work by the NRM should build upon existing capacity and knowledge.

But it was not possible, within the constraints of seasonal opportunity, to improve the patchy fauna record: in particular, reptiles and small mammals within the saltmarsh are in need of investigation.

Within these limitations, the present project has collected a highly detailed statement of the conservation values of the coastal region in 2008. This can be regarded as a baseline statement and creates the opportunity to manage adaptively in the future.

Objective • To improve and regularly update the databases on which this project is based, in order to manage change within the coastal regions of the AMLR

Actions: 8.1.(i) For the AMLR NRM Board to facilitate a survey of reptiles and small mammals in the saltmarsh areas from St Kilda to Parham. 8.1.(ii) For the AMLR NRM Board and DEH Environmental Information to work together to regularly update the databases within the project area. In particular The NRM Board with DEH should: continue survey work to improve the resolution and reliability of existing floristic mapping; consider specifically mapping coastal plant associations identified by Oppermann 1999; Wetland (non saltmarsh) and grassland plant associations should be mapped. 8.1.(iii) For the AMLR NRM Board to consider using the coastal conservation methodology for conservation and threat assessment in its future planning for monitoring change and adaptive management. 8.1.(iv) Ensure that DEH plans for biological survey and monitoring take into account the data deficiencies revealed by this study 8.1.(v) For DEH to develop recovery plans for plant species and plant associations that are considered threatened. 8.1.(vi) Establish permanent monitoring sites to measure long term change to plant communities along the MACCA coast.

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8.1.(vii) For DEH to maintain biological surveys of fauna to improve information about: total species within the region; population dynamics; habitat requirements.

(See also ‘actions’ under weed strategies, below)

(NRM/ DEH)

8.2. Weed Strategies/ Priorities [See section 4.9.] This study has identified 464 non-indigenous species within the project area, which number, when compared to other regions of similar threat assessment, is clearly the highest. The analysis also indicated that in all cells weeds were more than 30% of the total flora, with the highest proportion being 61% (in Port Adelaide, cell MA15). Consequently, it can be said that there is a high weeds threat across the whole region, while some cells have an overwhelming number of non- indigenous species.

Of the higher conservation rated areas within the region, the Light River Delta MA20, Thompson Beach MA22 and Barkers Inlet MA17 showed the greatest weeds risk, based on a combination of highly significant weeds (highly rated as a threat within the analysis) and the collective presence of many lower threat weeds.

As anticipated, the metropolitan beach cells recorded significant numbers of weeds: in particular cells MA13 Patawalonga to Point Malcolm, MA14 Le Fevre Peninsula. The cells MA2 Silver Sands, MA11 Hallett Cove and MA24 Middle Spit recorded the highest numbers of weed species.

Objective ƒ To manage weed threats in high importance areas as detailed in this report through recovery and action plans focused on red alert and declared non-indigenous species.

Actions: (These relate also to managing change, above)

8.2.(i) Support the collection and mapping of weeds. Develop a centralised GIS based system that links into State databases. 8.2.(ii) Support the establishment of long-term vegetation monitoring sites to determine changes including weed impacts. 8.2.(iii) Support research into the effects of weeds on threatened plants and vegetation communities on the coast. 8.2.(iv) Support research into the effects of weeds on fauna populations on the coast. 8.2.(v) Support ongoing research into improved, targeted methods of control of the coastal high impact and invasive species. 8.2.(vi) Support better containment of weeds from coastal urban areas. 8.2.(vii) Develop a weeds watch early warning system with a rapid response capability to tackle coastal weeds outbreaks. 8.2.(viii) Assess shorebird-nesting habitat for impact from introduced grass species.

(NRM, DEH and Councils)

8.3. Improving Habitat Resilience [See section 2.1] Within this analysis the conservation and threat layers relating to vegetation block shape, size and connectivity place values (or lack of value) on these characteristics of habitat. Actions which improve connectivity, increase block size and simplify block perimeter have been shown to increase habitat resilience in the face of stress, (e.g. Lindenmayer et.al.,2000; Hargis et.al., 1998; Boggaert et al., 2001). Linkages for coastal species along the coast are especially important. But coastal reserves are often narrow to none existent and the competition for coastal space in the central and southern parts of this study leaves small scope for improvement.

However there are possibilities for indirect improvement. Corridor establishment and building resilience in coastal habitats could be greatly enhanced by encouraging adjoining residences to provide assistance. A growing number of seaside dwellers have grasped the concept of re-planting their gardens to local coastal species or left their frontage natural. This also has the benefit of reducing water dependence in the garden.

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A guide which promotes local species as a practical alternative to non-indigenous garden plants and identifies suitable habitat plants for threatened local fauna is highly recommended. In addition encouraging groups of private gardens to follow the same theme could provide major benefits.

This action supports the state’s ‘Naturelinks’ policy, in particular the Cape Borda to Barossa biodiversity corridor, (http://www.environment.sa.gov.au/naturelinks/).

Objective • To improve connectivity between vegetated areas within the project area.

Action:

8.3.(i) The NRM Board undertake a guide for coastal gardens that encourages the corridor concept and building resilience in response to climate change is recommended.

(NRM/ Councils/ Dept Premier & Cabinet/ DEH)

8.4. Off Road Vehicles on beaches and saltmarsh Some beaches in the region are accessed by all types of vehicle, often to bring recreational gear to the waters edge. The City of Onkaparinga is reviewing vehicle access to beaches in its region: currently vehicles are allowed on substantial parts of Sellicks, Aldinga, Port Willunga and Moana beaches. This arrangement has been in place for some time, and has been the subject of considerable public discussion.

The Hooded Plover (focal species – see above) has been reported as nesting in small numbers on southern beaches in recent years, although egg and chick survival rates are low, due to several factors, including vehicle traffic. A seasonal restriction on vehicle access to southern beaches, approximately from September 1 to December 24, would significantly reduce threats to both eggs and chicks of this threatened species. Such a seasonal restriction would cover the main period of nesting and hatching and have little impact on the main period of recreational use, i.e. Christmas to end January. (The AMLR NRM Board is currently supporting a Coastcare funded Birds Australia project ‘Promoting Co- existence between Recreationists and Beach Nesting birds’). In addition, there are grounds for specific local action over vehicles on the beach near the Washpool Reserve, which is in the action Table 4 on page 27 of Volume 2.

“Bush bashing” is advertised as a selling point for those who purchase 4 wheel drive vehicles, quad bikes, dune buggies and agbikes. Saltmarsh areas immediately north of Adelaide appear to provide some opportunity for this activity, (although lacking the gradient challenge of large sand dunes), and the damage to soils and vegetation is readily visually apparent. Mallala District Council is seeking to clarify its powers over control of traffic on its beaches, which can be reached by numerous informal tracks and access points. The beach serves as a highway from which numerous informal access tracks lead into the saltmarsh.

Damage caused by off-road vehicle activity is described in Volume 1 section 4.3, and Figure 26, page 130 illustrates the concentration of ORV vehicle impact in the saltmarsh areas near Port Gawler and Port Prime, as well as the widespread distribution of tracks through saltmarsh areas in the north of the region. Most damage is to the coastal shrublands on sand ridge and chenier areas, such as at Port Prime and near Port Gawler; however tracks can be found throughout the samphire areas. The areas of saline mud are especially slow to recover from such damage: on the periphery of many sabkhas damage to samphire, notably the nationally threatened Tecticornia flabelliformis, (Beaded samphire) is apparent. Objective • To manage access to beaches and saltmarsh areas to reduce damage by vehicles to species and habitat.

Actions:

8.4.(i) To work with Community groups and Council to implement a seasonal restriction of vehicles on southern beaches during the Hooded Plover nesting season, to assist in species recovery. 8.4.(ii) To establish access control and assist indigenous plant recovery on badly damaged areas near Port Gawler and Port Prime, identified on Figure 26, p.130. 8.4.(iii) To assist DC Mallala in establishing access control of vehicles on its beaches.

(NRM. Councils/ DTEI/ SAPOL)

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8.5. Interpretation Existing Interpretation The project area, which largely comprises the Adelaide metropolitan coastline, has sections of coast and particular sites that exhibit educational interpretative signage for the community and visitors. The Coast Park path within the Cities of Charles Sturt and Port Adelaide & Enfield and sites such as Mutton Cove, Minda and Tennyson Dunes are some good examples of where interpretative signage has been developed to convey significant information. Such signage can convey information on the conservation values of the site, on current management effort and opportunities for the community to contribute to management effort.

A series of coastal landscapes photos have been taken by Bill Doyle for the Adelaide and Mt Lofty Ranges NRM Board. These photos provide an excellent opportunity to raise community awareness about the varied, biodiverse and picturesque coastal environments that exist locally and the need for ongoing management to protect them.

Opportunities for further interpretation There are however, opportunities to develop additional interpretive signs for sites along the coast that are of particular environmental, cultural of heritage value, without reducing the scenic amenity and natural values of the coastal landscape. For instance:- • The cliffs to the south of the project area which have geological heritage values (see vol1, section 3.4.); • sites that represent remnants of unique coastal habitats such as The Washpool and Aldinga Scrub; • indigenous heritage sites including those along the Tjilbruke Trail and Ochre Point; • marine species and habitats including intertidal and offshore reefs; and • threatened terrestrial flora, fauna and communities such as Bead Samphire, Hooded Plover.

Promoting Indigenous Plants and Reducing Garden Escapes The issue of exotic species escaping into coastal habitats occurs throughout the study area, and presents a major concern around areas of high conservation concern, such as Aldinga Scrub. There is a need to educate the wider community about the impacts of introduced plant species when they move into natural habitats (and where garden dumping occurs) and to encourage people to plant locally indigenous species in their gardens to minimise this issue. Planting of locally indigenous species also creates habitat for local fauna such as birds, butterflies and lizards. Local species have the additional benefit of be adapted to the local environment, and require less water and maintenance than non-indigenous species.

Dumping of garden wastes into the coastal reserves is an issue throughout most of the region; Cells MA1, 3, 5, 7, 13 and 14 had very obvious signs of dumping. Some dumping occurs where it is thought this will reduce erosion; however, this usually changes the soils structure to the benefit of nutrient loving plants, and commonly causes a weed invasion.

Public Perceptions & Education Priorities for the Samphire Coast The saltmarsh coasts include several cells that have high conservation values, have a range of similar habitats, and have extensive areas of contiguous remnant vegetation. These areas are valuable in a range of ways, as they provide nursery areas for fish and trap sediments and nutrients which might otherwise damage nearshore seagrass beds. Here the need is improved management. The problems include: a. Poor public image and a lack of appreciation of the conservation and economic values of saltmarsh areas. b. A history of uses that degrade saltmarsh areas, such as recreational off road vehicle driving, dumping, and informal camping (on chenier ridges and dune ridges within saltmarsh). c. A range of practices which modify water quality and reduce tidal movement of water and marine species through the saltmarsh

Changing the public perception of the saltmarsh areas is the key to addressing the problems of these areas. There may be opportunities in raising the image of these areas through developing and publicising the key values of the areas. The change of image is large: from places of no value, suitable for dumping, to places which have plant communities and animal species which are unique nationally and which have significant functional links to nearshore marine environments. From a sub-regional perspective, opportunities for co-operation between land managers should be encouraged, both in terms of habitat protection and community involvement and capacity building.

Objective • To inform both visitors and residents of the conservation value of particular coastal areas, through signs, pamphlets and events • To inform residents adjacent to coastal reserves of the opportunities to enhance their resilience.

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• To raise public awareness of the conservation and economic values of saltmarsh areas.

Actions:

8.5.(i) Run workshops for the local community to learn more about landscaping with local species and creating biodiversity in their garden. 8.5.(ii) Work with the local nursery industry and growers to make more local coastal species available for the public to buy. 8.5.(iii) Alert the general community to the consequences of dumping garden refuse into the coastal reserve. 8.5.(iv) To address, as a high priority, the raising of public knowledge and valuing of the saltmarsh area from Port Adelaide to Parham. Including working with existing groups on interpretive events, media release, the adoption of a regional logo, further development of interpretive signs, and footpaths with interpretive themes.

(NRM/ Councils/ CPB/ DEH)

8.6. Follow-up Maintenance of Coastcare Projects Coastcare has given opportunity for community groups to become involved in helping to manage coastal resources. To maximise the benefits to the coastal environment, projects need to be supported and guided by local land managers and the NRM Board. As projects are mostly located on public land care needs to be taken to maintain the project for long term outcomes, following biodiversity assessment. The aims, energy and support for volunteer groups will vary over time, and Councils and NRM Board may need to lay greater emphasis on maintenance and follow up, in order to reap the full benefit of community effort.

Objective • To maximise the benefit of Coastcare effort within the region

Action:

8.6. (i)Councils and the NRM Board continue to support and guide local Coastcare groups, and to consider the need for greater emphasis on maintenance and follow up to back up community effort.

(NRM/ Councils)

8.7. Potential Acid Sulfate Soils [See section 4.8] The study identifies parts of the MACCA where there is the potential for acid sulfate soil (PASS) development; all cells from Port Adelaide north record significant areas of this potential hazard. Such soil changes are a significant hazard that occurs when the soils are disturbed and oxygen is allowed into the soil; this results in reactions forming sulphuric acid within the soil water. Where this has occurred, notably around some estuaries in Northern NSW, damage has resulted to roads and buildings, as well as fish kills in estuaries. Most forms of development within areas of PASS can result in such damage if the appropriate measures are not taken. It is therefore important that areas of potential acid sulphate soil are recognised in council development plans and that there is community recognition of this hazard.

Objective ƒ To avoid the inadvertent disturbance of potential acid sulfate soils.

Action:

The AMLR NRM Board in partnership with the Coast Protection Board work with Councils to ensure that within Development Plans: 8.7.(i) Areas mapped as hazardous are appropriately zoned. 8.7.(ii) Principles of such zones take regard of coastal potential acid sulphate soil.

(NRM/ Coast Protection Board/ Councils)

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8.8. Mining Leases within Saltmarsh Areas [See section 4.5] Two-thirds (7,769 ha.) of the saltmarsh within the region is under mining lease. In view of the high conservation value of saltmarsh demonstrated within this analysis, as well as its ecological functions (see, for example, Fotheringham D & Coleman P, 2008), it may be said that the potential mining could present a major environmental and economic problem for the region, since loss of saltmarsh and mangroves poses a threat to Gulf fish stocks. In addition some threatened terrestrial species would be placed under further pressure. Species which would be impacted by the widespread extension of mining within the region include the nationally vulnerable species Bead Samphire (Tecticornia flabelliformis).(see above). Also, the existence of mining leases is in some cases a disincentive for investment in revegetation and threat abatement works.

The identification of high value saltmarsh areas within this project gives the opportunity for a regional review of leases and the conservation of high value saltmarsh sites. Also, there have been previous arrangements where DEH and PIRSA jointly proclaim additional estates. High value saltmarsh localities are identified within the cell descriptions, Vol 2, s.7.An example of saltmarsh and mining lease overlap is given in the map below.

Objective • To reduce the further loss of saltmarsh land that has been identified as of high conservation value

Action:

8.8.(i) For the NRM to work with PIRSA and DEH to review mining tenements within saltmarsh areas, with a view to reducing the total area of potential mining, in particular in areas of high conservation value.

8.9. Climate Change [See section 4.10. for scenario, and section 7.3. for individual cells] In an attempt to outline the likely impact of current and projected climate change on conservation values within the region, a climate scenario for 2030 and 2070 was outlined for the coastal region (in vol. 1, section 4.10). These scenarios were based on the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report, 2007, and regional summaries for Australia by the CSIRO in McInnes et al (2003), Suppiah et al (2006), and CSIRO, 2008. Scenarios were described (Vol 1, s.4.10) under the headings ‘Sea level change and storm magnitude’; ‘increasing temperature and aridity’; ‘run-off regime change’; and ‘Gulf waters change’. Description of the possible impact of the change scenario was attempted within each cell description (Vol 2, section 7.3 – see individual cell descriptions). This process has, for each cell, contributed to the actions proposed for that locality. Summarising these regionally allows the following comments relating to conservation assessment to be offered, and two proposed regional actions of significance.

Overall, the effects of ‘Sea level change and storm magnitude’; ‘increasing temperature and aridity’; ‘run-off regime change’; and ‘Gulf waters change’ will be to decrease the size of existing coastal reserves (and hazard buffer zones) and to stress plant and animal communities at the coast. Some features will be lost, such as small dunes and inter-tidal reefs; others could survive if allowed to retreat, such as medium to large beach/ dune complexes and many saltmarsh areas.

Summary of Findings:

(a) Beaches and Dunes. Recession consequent upon sea level rise to 2070 will inevitably result in the loss of many small narrow dune areas, including almost all metropolitan areas where the dune has reformed in front of hard protection, as well as small dune areas at Christies Beach north, Maslins Beach, and Snapper Point. Larger dunes, as at Largs, Tennyson, and Southport will experience frontal dune erosion of an order of 5 to 35m. Since this process will proceed through storm damage to foredunes followed by blowout development, this can be slowed by active management to control the extension of areas of bare mobile sand, and landward movement of the sand. But the process cannot be stopped in this way, only slowed. Without intervention, beach/ dune complexes might be expected to retreat, as with rising tides some sand is moved into the nearshore zone, and some is driven landward over the dune. There are no locations south of Port Adelaide where current management would encompass such a change; the low foredunes of the saltmarsh in the north, may well be driven landwards.

Dune vegetation will be affected by higher temperatures and greater aridity: many herbs will be lost; but the dune grasses and shrubs species are found over a wide range of climatic conditions. Comparison of the metropolitan dunes with the drier West Coast dunes, suggests local species can survive, but re-establishment after damage will be slowed. Weed invasion would accelerate in this scenario.

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Beaches protected by reefs may suffer sharp re-alignment, as protection from wave energy falls. Beaches protected by sand re-nourishment will depend on continuing and larger investment in re-nourishment.

(b) Cliffs and Inter-tidal reefs Drowning of intertidal reefs, and the removal of talus from the toe of cliffs will affect all cliffs and reefs. Cliffs between Witton Bluff and Sellicks include some softer strata affected by gullying: these will be stressed by gullying processes in rare intense rainstorms and will need protection through land management practices and some stormwater re-alignment. Investigations by SAARDI for the AMLR Board indicate that sediments from coastal cliffs are currently a significant contributor to reef sedimentation: this will be increased with a rise in magnitude of rainfall intensity.

The current species range of many cliff and clifftop shrub species suggest they could survive warming and greater aridity. However, climatic stress here – as in dune areas – will clearly allow further weed invasion of vegetated areas. (c) Saltmarsh Mangroves, inter-tidal and supra-tidal samphire flourish within a small range of duration of daily or monthly tidal inundation. In the very flat coastal lands north of Adelaide even a small sea level rise can be significant over wide areas, because of the low gradient and because all species are precisely adapted to tidal heights and flows, (Fotheringham, 1996; Coleman, 2008). In order that these communities can survive, provision will need to be made for recession, through agreement and the establishment of buffer zones. This will not only involve issues of land management and ownership, but also the careful study of tidal water flows, including the role of flood banks and causeways. [Decisions on floodbanks protecting farmland, towns or saltfields are usually development matters, within a context of tenure and ownership, and the development assessment process applies.]1

It is important that decisions made now, do not critically limit choices in the future. There is a need to raise awareness that earthworks which modify tidal and flood flow within saltmarshes may have unintended consequences for saltmarsh habitat and in some cases nursery areas for fish.

However, it is possible that not all mangroves and samphire will need to retreat. These species are capable of trapping quantities of sediment, and some areas (where river and tidal flows deliver sediment) may survive by gradually building up the land as tide levels rise. This consideration depends not only on sediment flow and plant capacity to trap and stabilise the sediment, but also on the speed of sea level rise. Sinking of the land in the Port Adelaide area, in addition to worldwide sea level rise, provides the opportunity to observe the response to sea level rise of a low energy saltmarsh area, and to consider the role of sediment accumulation.

Objective • To monitor change in plant species and sediment accumulation at established DEH survey lines adjacent to Barker Inlet to clarify the effects of climate change in the distribution of plant species within the region. • To adjust now to climate change impacts on coastal habitats; and to avoid decisions now which compromise future adaptation.

Actions:

[Actions proposed as appropriate now, relate to further understanding existing change and to avoiding decisions now which will preclude later adjustment, or lead to unnecessary expense. See also ‘Adequacy of Data and Managing for Change’ above]

8.9. (i) To identify established survey lines adjacent to Barker Inlet to record vegetation changes and sediment accumulation changes over time. (NRM and DEH CPB) 8.9. (ii) To facilitate a review throughout the region of areas suitable as buffer zones for saltmarsh retreat, together with tidal flows and potential tidal flows in those areas. The review to include a development plan provisions for buffer zones regionally. 8.9. (iii) To establish setback buffer areas on the Council Development Plans in order that development now does not compromise adaptation to sea level rise in the future.

(NRM; Councils and Planning SA/ Dept Premier and Cabinet/ DEH)

1 Thus the Development Act 1993, schedule 2, defining development, A1 s.2 includes “Any excavating or filling of land in a Watercourse Zone, Flood Plain or Flood Zone delineated by the relevant Development Plan, or in any other zone or area shown as being subject to flooding or inundation in the relevant Development Plan.”

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8.10. Conserving Valuable Areas Conservation and threat analysis draw attention to areas of publicly owned land that have very high conservation value, or particular features, which would benefit from a higher level of protection.

(i) Light River Delta [see Vol 2, section.7.3, MA20] Edyvane 1999a&b, 2000, has argued strongly for the need to formally conserve this area (which at present is protected mainly by the difficulty of access), on a variety of grounds: high plant biodiversity, large bird numbers, closely associated fresh and salt water ecology, its character as a seasonal wetland, and threatened by potential saltfield extension. (See also ‘Mining leases in saltmarsh areas, s.8.8.above). Threats also include aggressive weed invasion into the chenier ridge area on the eastern side of the delta, as well as local population growth, inland.

The area was proposed as a Conservation Park by the Northern Adelaide Coastal Wetlands Steering Committee, 2001.

(ii) Section Banks [See Vol 2, section 7.3, MA16] Section Banks has grown through recent sediment accumulation, (including dumping of dredge spoil by port authorities) and has been colonised by mangrove and samphire species. It has become increasingly important for its bird populations; due to its relative isolation, although foxes (low tide access) pose a threat. Recent monitoring shows Section Banks to be a significant high tide roost for small waders; a breeding site for Caspian and Crested Terns, as well as Australian Pelicans. (Carpenter G, 2008). 5 species of cormorant were reported. While close to Port Adelaide and its seaways, and within the Dolphin Sanctuary (whose rangers visit regularly), the sandbank has unclear legal status and responsibility for aspects of its management are uncertain, e.g. pest control; control of access. There is a need for involved agencies to review its status.

(iii) Moana Sands Conservation Park, Moana Cliffs, Ochre Cove [See Vol 2. section 7.3. MA6] The status of the Moana Sands Conservation Park is threatened by the long term lack of a management plan. The park is adjacent to a large coastal reserve, including Moana Cliffs and Ochre Cove. These adjacent areas and the CP have biodiversity potential and significant Aboriginal heritage significance. The scarcity of coastal lands with these values raises the questions of the need to raise investment in their management, as well the possibility of these areas being managed together. Currently it appears that the Council may have the greatest capacity to achieve this task.

(iv) Aldinga Scrub [See Vol 2, section 7.3, MA2] This project has underlined the unique value of this reserve within the region. However, rising population pressure around the Scrub continues to raise the question of improved buffering.

General : Councils have the opportunity to add sites of geological heritage significance to their development plans during the 3-year revision of those plans.

Objective • To raise the conservation status and management investment in selected significant areas within the region.

Actions:

8.10.(i) To conserve the values of the Light River Delta (cell 20) through the establishment of a conservation park. (NRM/ DEH NPWS/ Council) 8.10. ii) To facilitate management of the Section Banks through clarification of its status. (NRM/ DEH Dolphin Sanctuary/ DEH ALB/ DTEI) 8.10.(iii) To review the management of the public coastal lands of Ochre Cove, Ochre Cliffs, and Moana Sands. (NRM/ DEH NPWS/ Council) 8.10.(iv) To review the provisions for buffering Aldinga Scrub against rising local population pressure. 8.10.(v) DEH and the AMLR NRM Board seek to achieve listing of Geological Monuments as an attachment to the Development Plan of the Cities of Marion and Onkaparinga

(NRM/ DEH NPW/ Council)

8.11. Aboriginal Sites / Indigenous Consultation and Engagement

Nineteen of the 24 cells assessed through this project have Aboriginal heritage sites listed on either the Commonwealth or State Heritage Register (Department of Premier & Cabinet). Only cells MA9, 18, 19 & 20 did not have registered sites (it is acknowledged that this is in part due to the nature of the registration process, as well as the presence or absence of

Metropolitan Adelaide and Northern Coastal Action Plan 388 Regional Management Proposals sites). Cultural heritage sites not listed in the above registers and those known to Department of Environment and Heritage through notification, are not identified publicly and were not included in this analysis. Culturally significant sites were placed on a GIS layer, buffered to the cell level and used in the assessment. The coastal lands of the AMLR are the traditional country of the Kaurna people. It is likely that there are many significant sites spread along the coastline, in the main up to six thousand years old, and many undiscovered.

Local observation of cultural heritage sites suggests their management is low key to absent; some well known sites on the Tjilbruke Trail lack interpretation and have spasmodic if any, site maintenance. Efforts to remedy this situation have proceeded slowly in the past, although currently renewed efforts are being made following the Four Nations Governance Group report.

As part of the cultural heritage valuation of the assessment, this project proposes high priority be given by key stakeholders such as, the AMLR NRM Board and Councils, to supporting culturally appropriate, sustainable management of registered sites within the region.

There is a need for increased community education and awareness about local cultural sites, development of interpretive materials and signage, and ongoing consultation and engagement with the Kaurna community. Opportunities for involvement in coastal management decision making and site maintenance for both the Kaurna and wider community would facilitate mutually beneficial partnerships and on-ground outcomes.

The Four Nations NRM Governance Group - Consultation and Engagement Protocols for the Adelaide and Mount Lofty Ranges NRM Region (Four Nations NRM Governance Group, 2007) document is an important tool for consultation with aboriginal communities, including the Kaurna Community. It provides valuable cultural information relevant to the Kaurna people and a set of principles and practical procedures that will assist with consultation, engagement and on-ground projects. Names of key contacts are also included. The above document outlines engagement principles including: • Engage early in the processes of NRM • Mutual respect and positive relationships • Acknowledgement and understanding • Integration and collaborative partnerships • Create realistic timeframes • Awareness, include culture as part of NRM

The Kaurna Tapa Iri Reconciliation Agreement exists between the Cities of Marion, Holdfast Bay, Onkaparinga and the District Council of Yankalilla and should also be referred to prior to consultation with the Kaurna community.

Objectives • To raise awareness and respect for sites within the coastal region chosen by their traditional owners • To extend the involvement of local Aboriginal people in conservation of coastal areas. Actions:

8.11.(i) Promote and disseminate documents such as the Four Nations Governance Group document as a resource to facilitate improvement in the way in which Aboriginal engagement is undertaken. 8.11.(ii) Create opportunities for the Aboriginal community to be involved in on-ground management and decision making.

8.12. Implementation of this Project There is a need for working groups to pick up the data analysis and management recommendations presented in this project and drive the actions through Council and NRM processes. It is understood that two working groups would fit other NRM structures: (i) DC Mallala to City of Salisbury; (ii) City of Onkaparinga to City of Port Adelaide and Enfield. These groups (and the Fleurieu Peninsula) to be supported by 3 Coast Estuarine and Marine officers, to work with community groups and councils on the implementation of Coastal Action Plans.

Action:

8.12.(i) For the NRM to form working groups and appoint officers to drive the implementation part of the process of this project.

(NRM/ Councils)

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