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Electronic Data Processing and Its Implications for The ELECTRONIC DATA PROCESSING AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR THE COLLEGIATE BUSINESS CURRICULUM DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By LEO NIEMI, B. S., A. M. * * * * The Ohio State University 1959 Approved by Adviser Department of Education ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The writer owes a special debt of gratitude to Doctors J. Marshall Hanna and Charles B. Hicks for their guidance, counsel, and inspiration in the general direction of the writer's doctoral program as well as the writing of this study. The writer is also greatly indebted to the members of the Advisory Committee, Doctors Hugh Laughlin, William Logan, and Daniel Shonting for the many hours of time spent in guiding the organization, writing, and evaluation of this study. The assistance in revising the questionnaire given by Doctors Arvid W. Jacobson of Wayne University, John W. Carr, III of the Uni­ versity of Michigan, E. W. Martin of Indiana University, Leon R. Hay of San Jose State College, and George A. Wagoner of the University of Tennessee is greatly appreciated. The writer also wishes to express his gratitude to the many respondents for providing the data for this study. Their letters and comments supplementing the questionnaire are especially appreciated. Special thanks are due Messrs. Hoot Gibson and Paul Haefner of International Business Machines for their help with the survey and in organizing an introductory computer course for Western Michigan University. Finally, this study is dedicated to my wife, Elizabeth, whose encouragement, patience, and cooperation made it all possible. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................. ii LIST OF TABLES ..................................................... iv Chapter I. PURPOSE, SCOPE, AND SURVEY METHOD ..................... 1 Growth of the Office Function The Role of the Electronic Computer in Reducing and Controlling Office Costs The Problem The Need and Significance of the Study Organization of the Study II. ELECTRONIC COMPUTERS AND COMPUTER APPLICATIONS ......... 18 Description of Electronic Computer Systems Computer Applications Operations Research III. SURVEY OF THE LITERATURE ON EDP EDUCATION .............. 44 Training Programs Related Research IV. ANALYSIS OF REPLIES TO QUESTIONNAIRE ON E D P ............ 83 Introduct ion Computer Applications Curricular Programs Specialized Electronic Data Processing Courses Training and Educational Backgrounds of EDP Managers V. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS ............. 164 Summary of Findings Conclusions and Recommendations APPENDIXES ......................................................... 183 Appendix A, Glossary of EDP Terminology Appendix B, Cover Letters Appendix C, Questionnaire Appendix D, List of Respondents BIBLIOGRAPHY ....................................................... 208 AUTOBIOGRAPHY 226 iii LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Number of Questionnaires Sent and Replies Received 12 2. Types of Organizations Replying 13 3. Summary of Responses to Survey on Operations Research Activity 40 4. Frequency of Operations Research Applications 41 5. EDP and Related Courses Offered by Various Colleges and Universities in the United States in 1957 69 6. Respondents' Curricular Program Preferences for Program­ mers of Data Processing Systems 73 7. Preference of College Subjects as Academic Preparation for Programmers of Data Processing Systems 74 8. Ranking of Academic Background Subjects for Programmers of Data Processing Systems 75 9. Estimated Percentages of Kinds of Utilization Made of Computers by Companies Surveyed 77 10. Number and Kinds of Computer Systems Reported by Various Computer Users 85 11. Per Cent of Total Computer Time Used for Business Data Processing by Various Organizations 87 12. Per Cent of Total Computer Time Used for Scientific and Research Studies by Various Organizations 89 13. Per Cent of Total Computer Time Used for Engineering Calculations by Various Organizations 90 14. Rank and Frequency of Business Data Processing Appli­ cations Reported by Various'Computer Users 91 15. Number of Years of College Education Recommended by Various Respondents for the Head of a Company EDP Unit 93 IV Table Page 16. Per Cent of Curriculum for a Prospective EDP Head to be Devoted to Business Courses According to Various Respondents 95 17. Per Cent of Curriculum for a Prospective EDP Head to be Devoted to Liberal Arts Courses According to Various Respondents 97 18. Per Cent of Curriculum for a Prospective EDP Head to be Devoted to Mathematics Courses According to Various Respondents 98 19. Per Cent of Curriculum for a Prospective EDP Head to be Devoted to Electrical Engineering Courses According to Various Respondents 100 2 0 . Educational Deficiencies Observed in Prospective EDP Managers by Various Respondents 101 21. Ranking by Various Respondents of General Orientation to Computers and EDP As a Course for the Prospective Head of an EDP Unit 108 22. Ranking by Various Respondents of Digital Computer Pro­ gramming as a Course for the Prospective Head of an EDP Unit 109 23. Ranking by Various Respondents of Advanced Programming Techniques as a Course for the Prospective Head of and EDP Unit 111 24. Ranking by Various Respondents of Digital Computer Opera­ tion as a Course for the Prospective Head of an EDP Unit 112 25. Ranking by Various Respondents of Business Applications of Digital Computers as a Course for the Prospective 1 1 / Head of an EDP Unit L J L H 26. Ranking by Various Respondents of Business Systems Analysis and Design for EDP as a Course for the Prospective Head of an EDP Unit 115 27. Ranking by Various Respondents of Industrial Applica­ tions of Digital Computers as a Course for the Prospective Head of an EDP Unit 116 28. Ranking by Various Respondents of Numerical Analysis; Methods in High-Speed Computation as a Course for the Prospective Head of an EDP Unit 118 Table Paige 2 9 : Ranking by Various Respondents of Operations Research and Linear Programming as a Course for the Prospec­ tive Head of an EDP Unit 119 30. Ranking by Various Respondents of Methods and Applica­ tions of Analog Computing as a Course for the Prospective Head of an EDP Unit 121 31. Ranking by Various Respondents of Analog and Digital Computer Design as a Course for the Prospective Head of an EDP Unit 122 32. Other Specialized EDP Courses Recommended for the Prospective Head of an EDP Unit 123 33. Ranking of Specialized Courses for the Prospective Head of an EDP Unit 124 34. Recommended Training Place for General Orientation to Computers and EDP According to Various Respondents 127 35. Recommended Training Place for Digital Computer Pro­ gramming According to Various Respondents 129 36. Recommended Training Place for Advanced Programming Techniques According to Various Respondents 130 37. Recommended Training Place for Digital Computer Opera­ tion According to Various Respondents 132 38. Recommended Training Place for Business Applications of Digital Computers According to Various Respondents 133 39. Recommended Training Place for Business Systems Analysis and Design for EDP According to Various Respondents 134 40. Recommended Training Place for Industrial Applications of Digital computers According to Various Respondents 135 41. Recommended Training Place for Numerical Analysis and Methods in High-Speed Computation According to Various Respondents 136 42. Recommended Training Place for Operations Research and Linear Programming According to Various Respondents 138 43. Recommended Training Place for Methods and Applications of Analog Computing According to Various Respondents 139 vi Table Page 44. Recommended Training Place for Analog and Digital Com­ puter Design According to Various Respondents 140 45. Special EDP Courses Recommended by Various Respondents as Desirable for Managers Other Than EDP Managers 141 46. Number of Years of College Completed by Heads of EDP Units of the Various Organizations 145 47. The Highest Collegiate Degree Held by Heads of EDP Units of the Various Organizations 146 48. Kinds of Bachelors Degrees Held by Heads of EDP Units of the Various Organizations 148 49. Kinds of Graduate Degrees Held by Heads of EDP Units of the Various Organizations 149 50. Various Curricula Reported by Heads of EDP Units of the Various Organizations 150 51. Subject Areas from which Majors were taken by Heads of EDP Units of the Various Organizations 152 52. Specific Business Majors Taken by Heads of EDP Units 153 53. Specific Liberal Arts Majors Taken by Heads of EDP Units 154 54. Specific Engineering Majors Taken by Heads of EDP Units 155 55. Subject Areas from which Minors were taken by Heads of EDP Units of the Various Organizations 156 56. Specific Liberal Arts Minors Taken by Heads of EDP Units 157 57. Specific Business Minors Taken by Heads of EDP Units 158 58. Specialized EDP Courses Taken by Heads of EDP Units of the Various Organizations 159 vil CHAPTER X PURPOSE, SCOPE, AND SURVEY METHOD This study on Electronic Data Processing^" and Its Implications for the Collegiate Business Curriculum has its foundations in the problems of ever-increasing cost and complexity of the office function and the role of the electronic computer in the solution of these prob­ lems. A brief outline of these foundations is followed by the statement of the problem, the importance and purpose of the study, its limitations, and how it was organized. Growth of the Office Function Hicks and Place state that during the period from 1870 to 1950, while the total number of gainfully employed individuals increased from about 12 1/2 million to 56 million, or 450 per cent, the number of clerical workers increased 2300 per cent or five times as fast as all workers.^ in another comparison, Terry states that in 1870 about one worker in forty was an office worker; but that in 1955, about one in ^As a rather extensive technical vocabulary has developed around this subject, the definition of terms is included in Appendix A. 2 Charles B. Hicks and Irene Place, Office Management (New York: Allyn and Bacon, Inc., 1956), p. 11. 1 2 3 seven was an office worker. Thus, about eight million clerical workers were employed in 1955.
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