Coleoptera: Geotrupidae: Bolboceratinae) Discussion J

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236 Koleopt. Rdsch. 81 (2011) Koleopterologische Rundschau 81 237–242 Wien, September 2011 retentions, and in hygropetric habitats. Absent from larger water bodies. The fact that the ventral eye-portion is very small suggests that the species avoids fully submerged habitats. DISTRIBUTION: Taiwan. A new Kenyan species of Bolboceras KIRBY (Coleoptera: Geotrupidae: Bolboceratinae) Discussion J. KRIKKEN Specimens of A. jengi and A. smetanai were compared to hundreds of specimens of Anacaena spp. from China and other Southeast Asian countries. This clearly showed that the two species described herein are endemic to Taiwan. Island endemism of Anacaena is not uncommon. Other species are restricted to Madagascar (KOMAREK 2004), New Guinea (KOMAREK 2009) and New Abstract Caledonia (KOMAREK 2010), respectively. Both new species are very similar to species from Four species of Bolboceras KIRBY, 1819 (Coleoptera: Geotrupidae: Bolboceratinae) have been China. Whether they form a clade is unclear at present. Potential morphological synapomorphies recorded from sub-Saharan Africa. In this paper, a new species, B. kenyense, is described from Kenya. are not apparent. An unusual ecological feature shared by both is that they occur in a broad The genus is briefly characterized and a key to the Afrotropical species of Bolboceras is given. variety of different wet habitats. Anacaena smetanai seems to avoid fully submerged habitats. Both species were collected from rotting plant material, in very small stagnant water bodies, and Key words: Coleoptera, Scarabaeoidea, Geotrupidae, Bolboceratinae, Bolboceras, key, new species, in hygropetric localities, specimens of A. jengi also in small creeks. This is surprising as all Kenya. hitherto described species of Anacaena are either strictly aquatic (most species) or only found in terrestrial habitats (some species from Madagascar and New Caledonia). Introduction

Acknowledgements Most of the species in the genus Bolboceras KIRBY, 1819 occur in South Asia (particularly the Indian Subcontinent, cf. KRIKKEN 2011). Four species have been reported from sub-Saharan I am grateful to the water beetle team of the NMW, particularly to M.A. Jäch and H. Schönmann Africa. A new species from Kenya is added herein. This species is represented by three major for their friendly support and the opportunity to use the facilities of the Coleoptera collection. and two minor males, which, judged from their genitalia, belong to a single species – they are My thanks also go to R.G. Beutel (Jena, Germany) for critically reading the manuscript, and to from Tsavo and Meru. The predominant natural vegetation in these regions, as in most of central A. Smetana and M.-L. Jeng for valuable comments on the bionomics of the species. I am also and southern Kenya, is deciduous orthophyll savanna. Virtually all East African Bolboceratinae grateful to A.N. Newton (FMNH) and M. Fikáček (NMP) for the loan of the material. in the collections at hand (members of other genera included) were collected at light. Bolboceras specimens were not commonly seen during visits to East Africa – my campaigns, including an Zusammenfassung estimated total of 400 hours collecting at light during rainy seasons, spread over almost a decade, yielded only nine specimens (four of these are females close to another species, B. niloticum Zwei endemische Arten der Gattung Anacena von Taiwan werden erstmals beschrieben und BOUCOMONT, 1928). Representatives of certain other genera of Bolboceratinae appeared more durch differentialdiagnostisch relevante, morphologische Details illustriert. Beide Arten sind numerous. endemisch für Taiwan, aber morphologisch Arten vom chinesischen Festland sehr ähnlich. The shape of the head and pronotum (their outline and pattern of protrusions and impressions), Ungewöhnlich ist, dass beide sowohl in sehr unterschiedlichen aquatischen, als auch feuchten along with the structure of the male genitalia, are the basic features of the genus, their details terrestrischen Habitaten vorkommen. varying according to species. For more generic background on Bolboceras and technical conventions see my review of the group of Oriental species around B. nigricans WESTWOOD, References 1848 (KRIKKEN 2011). In this paper the genus is diagnosed and explicitly contrasted with other Afrotropical Bolboceratinae (currently ca. 110 species in ca. 15 genera); a key to the five known KOMAREK, A. 2004: Taxonomic revision of Anacaena. I. Afrotropical species. – Koleopterologische Afrotropical species is given, and the new Kenyan species is described and illustrated. I am sure Rundschau 74: 303–350. that more African Bolboceras species will be added in the years ahead, thus warranting a full KOMAREK, A. 2009: Taxonomic revision of Anacaena Thomson, 1859, V. New Guinea (Coleoptera: synopsis and a phylogenetic analysis. Work on Asian Bolboceras and other Bolboceratinae is in Hydrophilidae). − Koleopterologische Rundschau 79: 197–254. progress. KOMAREK, A. 2010: Taxonomic revision of Anacaena Thomson, 1859, VII. Indonesia except Papua (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae). − Koleopterologische Rundschau 80: 113−128. In passing it may be noted that, although recent papers have expanded and improved our knowledge on bolboceratine diversity and distribution in Africa, nothing particular has appeared Dr. Albrecht KOMAREK on Bolboceras as currently conceived. The short generic account in KRIKKEN (1984, under Johann Straußgasse 39, A – 2340 Mödling, Austria ([email protected]) AULIAN Indobolbus) aside, the present paper must be the first with substance since P (1941).

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Bolboceras KIRBY, 1819

DIAGNOSIS: Frons with long, transverse, interocular ridge (length at least half of interocular distance); remainder of head surface lacking non-marginal ridges or other protrusion(s), fine ridge issuing from genal angle (delimiting eye canthus) on each side. Clypeal outline subtrapeziform or tapering to anteromedian point (marginal border of clypeus never evenly arcuate-convex in full face view). Eye canthus not completely dividing eye into upper and lower part (i.e., canthus not reaching an expanded temporal lobe), distal section of canthus narrowing to rounded tip (with angle or tubercle on anterior edge, separating straight proximal from arcuate distal section). Pronotum with anterior declivity topped by transverse row of four variably pronounced protrusions. Anteromedian margin of pronotum without any protrusion(s). Pronotal base marginate (variably delimited in front of scutellum). Scutellum broad, lateral sinuate edges fitting against elytra without slit. Seven finely punctate striae between elytral suture and humeral umbone, stria 1 reaching sinuate scutellar side, others reaching elytral base (which is emarginate). Antennal club large but not conspicuously inflated; central disc on internal side of antennomere 1 glabrous, but not abruptly separated from surrounding pubescent surface. Abdominal tip unmodified. Mesocoxae distinctly separated by (anteriorly abruptly declivous) metaventral process. Protibia with six tapering denticles on outer edge; protarsal segment 1 not much longer than 2. Aedeagus with strongly sclerotized (dark-brown) mobile pair of stalks on median apparatus, usually (when at rest, in non-extruded state) accommodated inside relatively simple parameral sheaths. Sexual dimorphism (as far as known) negligible. Unicolourous yellow to brown. Dorsum generally glabrous. Body length 6–17 mm. Immature stages unknown. TYPE SPECIES: Scarabaeus quadridens FABRICIUS, 1781 (ICZN 2006; cf. KRIKKEN 2011). Junior synonym: Indobolbus NIKOLAJEV, 1979, same type species. RANGE AND ECOLOGY: Oriental (ca. 20 spp.), Palaearctic (1 sp.), Afrotropical (5 spp.). No records from central and southern parts of Africa. Open forest and savanna, at light; tunnellers, possibly associated with hypogeic fungi.

Comments on previously described species (see key below)

The African record of Bolboceras nigricans, common in parts of India, is based on a single worn male from Tanzania: Dar-es-Salaam (ex Boucomont coll., MNHN, KRIKKEN 2011); fresh material is needed to confirm the identity and/or exclude accidental introduction or mislabelling. The African records of the reputedly Afro-Oriental B. inaequale WESTWOOD, 1848, from as far west as Senegal, are based on PAULIAN (1941) and equally need further verification – preferably on fresh series including males. The description by PAULIAN (1941) contains some errors. For instance for B. niloticum he gave a body length (6–7 mm) different from the original description by BOUCOMONT (1928: length 8–11 mm). I studied a topotypical female of 11 mm, identified by Boucomont in 1930 (BMNH, forebody in Fig. 6). PAULIAN (1941) added records of B. gaujani FAIRMAIRE, 1892 from regions around Djibouti (the type came from Obock); neither he nor I could trace the type. His description of the pronotal ornamentation differs from that of FAIRMAIRE (1892). PAULIAN (1941: fig. 21) gives a drawing of the head of his B. gaujani.

Figs. 1–6: Bolboceras, 1–5) B. kenyense, holotype (major male), pronotal width 8.0 mm; 6) B. niloticum, Key to Afrotropical Bolboceras species (major males) topotype (female, Sudan: Medani), pronotal width 8.1 mm. – Habitus, 1) dorsal, 2) lateral, 3) oblique. Aedeagus, 4) distal part, upper side, maximum width 0.9 mm. Forebody, 5, 6) dorsofrontal. 1 Clypeus with lateral perimarginal ridges converging to single, anteromedian protrusion. Length 11–15 mm. Tanzania, India ...... nigricans WESTWOOD, 1848

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Bolboceras KIRBY, 1819

Comments on previously described species (see key below)

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– Clypeus subtrapeziform, anterior, transverse perimarginal ridge long, not forming a single slight anterolateral tubercle, edge arcuate-raised from tubercle to tip of short distal lobe; surface median point ...... 2 rugulate-punctate; paraocular ridge fine, issuing from genal angle, virtually straight, extending 2 Pronotum with a usually transverse concavity situated behind closely set paramedian posteriorly, effaced along eye; fine ridge noticeable on side of vertex. Transverse interocular protrusions ...... 3 elevation long, low, not reaching paraocular ridges, lateral slope slight, crest fine, unmodified, – Pronotum with rounded concavity between paramedian protrusions or without median straight to obtuse lateral angle on either side (axial view). concavity ...... 4 Pronotum immediately behind anteromedian border shortly depressed (lateral view); outline of 3 Discomedian concavity of pronotum posteriorly delimited by roughly W-shaped rim. marginated anterior border convex (dorsal view); anterior declivity steep (vaguely Anterolateral angle on eye canthus more or less distinct. Length 7–12 mm. Northern sub- microreticulate between punctation, pronotal sides also microreticulate); paramedian and Saharan Africa, India ...... inaequale WESTWOOD, 1848 discolateral protrusions distinctly protuberant, paramedians with rounded tip (axial view); – Discomedian impression of pronotum transverse but without W-shaped posterior rim. discomedian impression distinct, rounded, not continuing over anterior declivity; discolateral Anterolateral angle on eye canthus strongly protuberant. Length ca. 11 mm. Northeastern impression also distinct, anterior and posterior rim transverse, outside discolateral protrusion an Africa ...... gaujani FAIRMAIRE, 1892 additional shallow depression; bottom of three discal concavities matt, microreticulate; 4 Pronotal paramedian protrusions low, somewhat transverse, subcontiguous, not separated by basomedian surface with punctate midline hardly impressed; anterolateral plane angle of deeper median impression (Fig. 6). Length 8–11 mm (and less?). Northeastern Africa ……….. pronotum ca. 100°. Pronotal surface with double punctation; primary punctation (size slightly ...... niloticum BOUCOMONT, 1928 variable) laterally and anteriorly abundant to dense, from upper edge of lateral (punctate) fovea – Pronotal paramedian protrusions erect, their tip rounded in axial view (Fig. 5), distinctly onto basomedian surface a cluster of 30–40 distinct punctures; secondary punctation sparse, separated by median impression. Length 8.5–11.0 mm. Kenya ...... kenyense sp.n. minute. Pronotal base marginate (medially poorly delineated). Scutellum with scattered, sparse, double punctation. Bolboceras kenyense sp.n. Elytra with discal striae shallowly impressed, finely punctate; punctures separated by 3–6 (Figs. 1–5) puncture diameters, with barely crenulated interstriae. Elytral interstriae slightly convex, vaguely, sparsely, minutely punctate. TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype , in National Museum of Natural History Naturalis (RMNH), Leiden, with the following data: KENYA: Tsavo NP (E), Voi: Mzinga, 3°21'S 38°37'E, ca. 600 m, 19.–31.XII.1972, leg. J. Krikken Protibia with six distinct external denticles; apex unmodified, with robust tapering spur. Meso- & C. Smeenk, “#45”, deciduous orthophyll savanna, at light. Paratypes, 4  (RMNH): same locality data but and metatibiae with bilobate, apical and one complete anteapical fossorial elevation (their crests 7.I.1972, C. Smeenk (major); same data as holotype, but I.1973, leg. J. Krikken “#73” (minor). Meru NP: Camp fringed with fine spines, with robust outer angle in mesotibial anteapical elevation). Ground, 00°10'N 38°13'E, ca. 600 m, 9.IV.1981, leg. J. Krikken et al. “#326”, deciduous orthophyll savanna, at light (minor); same area, without locality name, 00°13'N 38°10'E, 13.IV.1981, leg. J. Krikken et al., same ecology Aedeagus (Fig. 4) has sclerotized stalks with rounded tip, parameral sheaths with blunt tip. (major). Estimated measurements of respective parts in mm. Median length of head (full-face, excluding DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS: This species agrees with the definition of the B. quadridens labrum and mandibles) 2.2 mm, width 3.5 mm. Median length of pronotum (dorsal) 4.6 mm, species group (KRIKKEN 2011) in having the subtrapeziform clypeus, the distinct set of four maximum width 8.0 mm. Median length of scutellum 1.1 mm, maximum width 1.5 mm. Sutural pronotal protrusions separated by impressions (major males), a sparse pronotal punctation, and a length of elytra 3.7 mm, maximum width combined 8.1 mm. Width of genital capsule 0.9 mm. body size of 8.5–11.0 mm. The aedeagal sclerotized stalks (dark brown in Fig. 4) are spatuliform (tip not hooked or recurved); parameral sheath on either side slightly membranous, lobiform (tip VARIATION: Differences in size and development of ornamentation are evident, but the blunt, not acuminate); and no extra paramedian aedeagal struts inside and parallel to the pair of external details of the genitalia of the five males are similar, apparently supporting conspecificity sclerotized stalks. Paramedian tubercles on pronotum of major males broad, distinct, erect, but (median aedeagal apparatus extruded in minor paratype from Voi). Minors have reduced hardly higher than pronotal disc, their tip rounded in axial view (not blunt-transverse or pointed); protrusions and pronotal impressions and are presumably easiest to identify by association with concavities distinct, discomedian one widely separating paramedian protrusions (compare Figs. 5 majors in series. Punctation on forebody variable, much less numerous in minors. and 6); discolateral concavity in major males with anterior and posterior rim parallel (appearing ETYMOLOGY: Species name derived from the country name Kenya. somewhat rectangular in dorsal view), discolateral protrusion low but distinct. Interocular ridge long (ca. 0.8 interocular distance), and crest fine, not particularly modified. Distal section of eye canthus relatively short, widely rounded from distinct anterolateral tubercle. Most of pronotum, Acknowledgements particularly disc on either side of midline, smooth, shining, sparsely punctate. Clypeus with I thank the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle (MNHN), Paris and The Natural History numerous distinct punctures. Colour generally light to medium brown. Museum (BMNH), London, for providing access to their holdings of Afrotropical DESCRIPTION (holotype, major male): Body length ca. 11 mm. Colour medium-brown Bolboceratinae. My colleague, Chris Smeenk, was most helpful with securing scarabs while (slightly rufous), shiny, locally sericeous on pronotum. working as a professional eagle watcher in Tsavo in the early 1970s. Labrum with straight anteromedian border, transverse ridge on upper surface distinct. Clypeal surface with supra-anterolateral angles distinct; intervening, transverse, anterior ridge slightly convex in anterior view, almost straight; lateral perimarginal ridges distinct, moderately evenly curved, genal angle distinct. Clypeus densely, distinctly punctate, frons sparsely punctate; finer secondary punctation abundant to sparse on frons. Anterior edge of eye canthus straight towards

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242 Koleopt. Rdsch. 81 (2011) Koleopterologische Rundschau 81 243–246 Wien, September 2011

References

BOUCOMONT, A. 1928: Une nouvelle espèce de Bolboceras du Soudan. – Annals and Magazine of Natural History (10) 1: 296. Description of two new species of Semiotus ESCHSCHOLTZ e FAIRMAIRE, L. 1892: Coléoptères d’Obock. 3 partie (1). – Revue d’Entomologie 11: 77–127. (Coleoptera: Elateridae) ICZN, International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 2006: Opinion 2138 (Case 3097). Bolboceras Kirby, 1819 (July) (Insecta, Coleoptera): not conserved; priority maintained for S.A. WELLS & S. RIESE Odonteus Samouelle, 1819 (June). – Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 63: 62–64. KRIKKEN, J. 1984: A generic reclassification of the Afrotropical Bolboceratini (Coleoptera: Geotrupidae). – Zoologische Mededelingen Leiden 58: 23–45. Abstract KRIKKEN, J. 2011: Oriental Bolboceras: introduction to the genus and taxonomy of the nigricans group of species (Coleoptera: Geotrupidae: Bolboceratinae). – Zootaxa, submitted. Two new species of the tropical American click beetle genus Semiotus ESCHSCHOLTZ (Coleoptera: Elateridae) are described: S. marciae from Ecuador and S. baumanni from Bolivia. A modified key is PAULIAN, R. 1941: Coprophaga Africana: Deuxième note. Révision des Bolboceras africains. – Revue de provided for both species. Zoologie et Botanie africaines 35: 1–71. Key words: Coleoptera, Elateridae, Semiotinae, Semiotus, taxonomy, new species, Ecuador, Bolivia. Jan KRIKKEN National Museum of Natural History Naturalis, PO Box 9517, NL – 2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands ([email protected]) Introduction

The genus Semiotus was established by ESCHSCHOLTZ (1829) to distinguish species in the genus Elater LINNAEUS (1767) having frontal tubercles or spines, and that bore tarsal pads on tarsomeres 1, 2 and 3 (WELLS 2007). The genus occurs principally in tropical America. Species are known to occur from Mexico to Chile. Individuals range in size from just over 10 mm to just under 50 mm. They can be readily recognized by the striking colors (that are typically red, yellow, black, orange, etc.). The genus has been recently revised by WELLS (2007). Since publication of this revision, two additional species have been discovered and are herein described.

Materials and Methods

During the course of the senior author’s revision of Semiotus, material from 32 public and private collections, including over 3,000 specimens were evaluated. This work should be consulted for a full list of institutions and description of color terms. Holotypes from the present study will be placed in the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco, California (CASC). Paratypes will remain in the authors’ collections (BWPC = Bonta / Sam Wells personal collection in Fresno, California; and SRPC = Sergio Riese personal collection in Genova, Italy).

Semiotus marciae sp.n. (Fig. 2)

TYPE LOCALITY: Pichincha Tandayapa, Ecuador. TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype : ECUADOR: Prov. “Pichincha Tandayapa III/1984 Legit: G. Onore” (CASC). Paratype (1): “ECUADOR: Pichincha, Nanegalito, 12 km S. Bellavista Nature Reserve, ca 2200 m, 0°0.54''S, 78°40.56''W, Oct. 28, 1999, Z.H. Falin” (BWPC). DESCRIPTION: Length 23–24 mm, width 5–8 mm. Head piceus with lateral spines luteus; front with two long spines laterally and one shorter spine medially; texture mostly glabrous with few long setae over eyes and along anterior margin, punctures shallow and sparse. Antennae serrate, one segment short of hind angles (in females); segments 1–2 testaceous, segments 3–11 piceus.

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