Simposio Reflexiones Sobre El Gusto

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Simposio Reflexiones Sobre El Gusto Ernesto Arce, Alberto Castán, Concha Lomba, Juan Carlos Lozano (Eds.) Simposio Reflexiones sobre el gusto COLECCIÓN ACTASa Vestigium es un grupo de investigación consolidado de la Universidad de Zaragoza S actualmente dirigido por Concepción Lomba Serrano, en calidad de investigadora ACTA principal, e integrado por Ernesto Arce Oliva, N Paula Blanco Domínguez, Gonzalo M. Borrás Gualis, Teresa Cardesa García, Alberto Castán Chocarro, Joaquín Escuder Viruete, Juan Francisco Esteban Lorente, Cristina Giménez Navarro, Pedro Hernando COLECCIÓ Sebastián, Juan Carlos Lozano López, Regina Luis Rúa, Victoria Martínez Aured, Pilar Poblador Muga, Isabel Yeste Navarro y, como miembros colaboradores, Mª Belén Bueno Petisme, Laura Clavería García, Ma Elena Manrique Ara y Delia Sagaste Abadía. Reconocido como grupo de investigación por el Gobierno de Aragón en el año 2004, Vestigium ha desarrollado una actividad investigadora orientada al estudio histórico del arte aragonés, aunque distribuida en dos etapas bien diferenciadas. La primera se dedicó al análisis de la Gestión del Patrimonio Cultural, mientras que la segunda, iniciada en 2008, tiene por objeto la consideración del Arte aragonés en su dimensión nacional e internacional. Fruto, entre otros, de esta última etapa ha sido la celebración en 2010 del Simposio Reflexiones sobre el gusto al que corresponden estas actas, en el que se recurrió al concepto de gusto que define una época como instrumento teórico y analítico útil para interpretar no solo las costumbres o las modas, sino también el arte de la misma. Tanto que Vestigium está preparando una segunda reunión científica sobre el tema que se celebrará en los primeros meses de 2013. Diseño de cubierta: A. Bretón. Motivo de cubierta: David Teniers, El mono pintor (detalle), ca. 1660, Museo Nacional del Prado. La versión original y completa de esta obra debe consultarse en: https://ifc.dpz.es/publicaciones/ebooks/id/3268 Esta obra está sujeta a la licencia CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 Internacional de Creative Commons que determina lo siguiente: • BY (Reconocimiento): Debe reconocer adecuadamente la autoría, proporcionar un enlace a la licencia e indicar si se han realizado cambios. Puede hacerlo de cualquier manera razonable, pero no de una manera que sugiera que tiene el apoyo del licenciador o lo recibe por el uso que hace. • NC (No comercial): La explotación de la obra queda limitada a usos no comerciales. • ND (Sin obras derivadas): La autorización para explotar la obra no incluye la transformación para crear una obra derivada. Para ver una copia de esta licencia, visite https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by- nc-nd/4.0/deed.es. Simposio Reflexiones sobre el gusto Zaragoza, 4-6 de noviembre de 2010 COLECCIÓN ACTAS ARTE Simposio Reflexiones sobre el gusto Edición Ernesto Arce, Alberto Castán, Concha Lomba, Juan Carlos Lozano INSTITUCIÓN «FERNANDO EL CATÓLICO» (C.S.I.C.) Excma. Diputación de Zaragoza ZARAGOZA, 2012 Publicación número 3.197 de la Institución «Fernando el Católico» Organismo autónomo de la Excma. Diputación de Zaragoza *>â>Ê`iÊ Ã«>>]ÊÓÊUÊxääÇ£Ê<>À>}â>Ê­ ë>>® /iðÊQÎ{RÊÇÈÊÓnÊnnÊÇnÉÇÊUÊ>ÝÊQÎ{RÊÇÈÊÓnÊnnÊÈ [email protected] © De los textos, los autores. © De la presente edición, Institución «Fernando el Católico». © De las imágenes: © Erich Heckel, André Derain, Francis Picabia, Ferrán García Sevilla, Eduardo Arroyo, Luis Gordillo, Carl Andre, Hans Bellmer, René Magritte, Vassily Kandinsky, Jean Fautrier, Jean Dubuffet, Nicolas de Staël, Serge Poliakoff, Bram Van Velde, Karel Appel, Corneille, Pierre Alechinsky, Lucien Simon, Orlan, Santiago Pelegrín, Thomas Ruff, Bruce Nauman, Guiseppe Penone, René Lalique, VEGAP, Zaragoza, 2012. © Salvador Dalí, Fundació Gala-Salvador Dalí, VEGAP, Zaragoza, 2012. © Succession Marcel Duchamp / Vegap et ADAGP, Zaragoza, 2012. © Zentrum Paul Klee, VEGAP, Zaragoza, 2012. © Robert Motherwell: Dedalus Foundation, Inc. / VEGAP, Zaragoza, 2012. © Adolph and Esther Gottlieb Foundation / VEGAP, Zaragoza, 2012. © The Pollock-Krasner Foundation / VEGAP, Zaragoza, 2012. © Damien Hirst and Science Ltd. All rights reserved, DACS / VEGAP, Zaragoza, 2012. © Judd Foundation. Licensed by VAGA, NY/VEGAP, Zaragoza, 2012. © Sucesión Pablo Picasso, VEGAP, Madrid, 2012. ISBN: 978-84-9911-210-7 DEPÓSITO LEGAL: Z 2284-2012 IMPRESIÓN: Huella Digital, S. L. Zaragoza. IMPRESO EN ESPAÑA-UNIÓN EUROPEA. Presentación «Manera de sentirse o ejecutarse la obra artística o literaria en país o tiempo determinado». Así define el término gusto aplicado al terreno artístico la Real Academia de la Lengua Española, que adjudica al vocablo algunas otras acep- ciones como «manera de apreciar las cosas cada persona» o «afición o inclina- ción por algo». El concepto gusto, sin embargo, resulta mucho más poliédrico de lo que proclama el Diccionario, pues está íntimamente asociado a otras categorías y fenómenos que, en su conjunción, han contribuido a configurarlo en el tiempo y en el espacio. Se trata de un concepto de significado complejo, abstracto, cambiante y sutil en sí mismo, pero que atañe también a cuestiones concretas, visibles y mensurables vinculadas a la «Institución Arte», como son los modelos y las influencias, la recepción de las novedades, la crítica, el coleccionismo y el mercado, la moda, el patrocinio y el mecenazgo, etc. Aspectos que en ocasio- nes son causa y en otras consecuencia de los cambios en el gusto, que unas veces actúan como catalizadores que aceleran tales cambios y otras como las- tres o rémoras que los dificultan. Se entiende por ello que la única manera científicamente válida de abordar su estudio es hacerlo desde una perspectiva diacrónica y transversal, abierta e inter- disciplinar. Y de esta premisa partió el grupo de investigación Vestigium cuando decidió convocar una reunión científica dedicada a analizar el gusto artístico que, con el título genérico de Reflexiones sobre el gusto, abordase todas estas cuestio- nes y atendiese a su evolución desde el Barroco hasta la actualidad. El Simposio fue organizado con el auspicio de la Fundación «Goya en Aragón» y la Institución «Fernando el Católico», entidades a las que deseo expresar mi más sincero agradecimiento en nombre de Vestigium, grupo de investigación integra- do desde su nacimiento en 2004 por historiadores del arte de la Universidad de Zaragoza que, desde especilidades distintas, comparten su interés por el análisis teórico y su correspondiente aplicación práctica, conscientes de la importancia que la Historia del Arte ha alcanzado en la actualidad. Las sesiones se celebraron entre los días 4 y 6 de noviembre de 2010 en el Paraninfo de la Universidad de Zaragoza y quedaron estructuradas en tres sec- [ 7 ] PRESENTACIÓN ciones: Desde el Barroco hasta Goya, El siglo XIX y El siglo de las grandes trans- formaciones, encabezadas por sus correspondientes ponencias y precedidas por una conferencia inaugural –«Sobre gustos se ha escrito mucho»– impartida por el profesor Valeriano Bozal. Sin él y sin el trabajo de todos los ponentes que, de buen grado, aceptaron semejante reto, el Simposio no hubiera alcanzado la altura científica que logró, ni la buena acogida que obtuvo por parte de nume- rosos colegas de distintas Universidades que presentaron sugerentes propuestas en forma de comunicaciones que, además, debieron pasar la criba de un rigu- roso comité integrado por los profesores Ernesto Arce, Gonzalo M. Borrás, Valeriano Bozal, Jaime Brihuega, Cristina Giménez, Juan Carlos Lozano y Concha Lomba, a quienes desde aquí quiero expresar mi reconocimiento y gra- titud por su dedicación. Gratitud que hago extensiva a la Institución «Fernando el Católico», al Gobierno de Aragón, al Fondo Social Europeo y a quienes, integrantes del gru- po Vestigium, han hecho posible que viera la luz el resultado de aquellos días de trabajo: las Actas que aquí se presentan. Confío en que estas páginas contri- buyan a desvelar, en algunos casos, y a clarificar, en otros, ciertos aspectos del complejo entramado que conforma el gusto; ese, al menos, ha sido nuestro propósito. Concepción LOMBA SERRANO Investigadora principal del grupo Vestigium Catedrática de Historia del Arte Universidad de Zaragoza [ 8 ] Ponencias SOBRE GUSTOS SE HA ESCRITO MUCHO VALERIANO BOZAL Universidad Complutense de Madrid Tres asuntos van a ocuparme, aunque no en la misma medida. Las diferentes categorías del gusto es el primero; la incidencia sobre el gusto del desa rrollo de la industria cultural y el arte de vanguardia (provisionalmente utilizaré esta denominación), el segundo; el tercero se refiere al papel que desempeña la sensibilidad en el ámbito de la historiografía artística tradicional (después se verá qué quiere decir «tradicional»). 1. Decimos bello, sublime, pintoresco, grotesco, cómico, patético a propósito de multitud de objetos, obras, situaciones e incluso personas. Estos términos corres- ponden a las diferentes categorías del gusto y se formularon con precisión, y en sus acepciones actuales, en el siglo XVIII. Antes, la categoría estética por excelen- cia, única y verdadera, era la belleza, y cualquier otra predicación se hacía siem- pre en relación a ella. A comienzos del siglo XVIII, en 1712, J. Addison publicó una serie de artículos en el periódico The Spectator sobre los placeres de la ima- ginación, en los que analizaba el placer que suscitaban los objetos diversos y variados, los excesivos y monstruosos, además de los tradicionalmente considera- dos bellos. Addison establecía una pauta en un doble sentido: en primer lugar, consideraba placenteros objetos que desde el punto de vista de
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