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Human Response to Aviation Noise: Development of Dose-Response Relationships for Backcountry Visitors Volume I: Study Methods

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Human Response to Aviation Noise: Development of Dose-Response Relationships for Backcountry Visitors Volume I: Study Methods U.S. Department of Transportation U.S. Department of Interior Federal Aviation Administration National Park Service DOT-VNTSC-FAA-16-01 DOT-VNTSC-NPS-16-01 DOT/FAA/AEE/2016-25 Human Response to Aviation Noise: Development of Dose-Response Relationships for Backcountry Visitors Volume I: Study Methods Prepared by: U.S. Department of Transportation Office of the Assistant Secretary for Research and Technology John A. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center Environmental Measurement and Modeling Division Cambridge, MA 02142 NOTICE This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the Department of Transportation in the interest of information exchange. The United States Government assumes no liability for its contents or use thereof. This report does not constitute a standard, specification, or regulation. NOTICE The United States Government does not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers’ names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the objective of this report. Form Approved REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188), Washington, DC 20503. 1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED March 2014 Final Report 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. FUNDING NUMBERS Human Response to Aviation Noise: Development of Dose-Response FP01 / KD7RA Relationships for Backcountry Visitors - Volume I: Study Methods VXK6 / MLB48 6. AUTHOR(S) Amanda S. Rapoza, Kristin C. Lewis, Erika A. Sudderth, Cynthia S.Y. Lee, Joshua Hassol 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER U.S. Department of Transportation Office of the Assistant Secretary for Research and Technology DOT-VNTSC-FAA-16-01 John A. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center DOT-VNTSC-NPS-16-01 Environmental Measurement and Modeling Division, V324 Cambridge, MA 02142-1093 9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10.SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY REPORT NUMBER U.S. Department of Transportation U.S. Department of the Interior Federal Aviation Administration National Park Service DOT/FAA/AEE/2016-25 Western-Pacific Region Natural Resource Program Center Special Programs Staff, AWP-1SP Natural Sounds and Night Skies Division Lawndale, CA 90261 1201 Oakridge Drive Fort Collins, CO 80525 11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES FAA Program Manager: Keith Lusk (AWP, Western-Pacific Regional Office, Special Programs Staff); NPS Program Manager: Frank Turina (NPS Natural Sounds and Night Skies Division) 12a. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE 13. ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 words) The Federal Aviation Administration and National Park Service conducted joint research to better understand the effects of noise due to commercial air tour operations over units of the National Park System. To evaluate the relationship between aircraft noise exposure and the quality of National Park visitor experience, research was conducted at backcountry sites providing day- and overnight-hiking and camping opportunities. This research expands upon work performed during the 1990’s at frontcountry sites. Over 4600 visitor surveys and fifty days of acoustical measurements were collected and analyzed to develop dose-response relationships for backcountry visitors. This report, the first of two volumes, describes the study methods, visitor surveys, research locations and data collected. Volume two describes the model-fitting approach used to identify the noise exposure metrics and mediator variables that best predict visitor responses to aircraft noise. The models developed can be used as a tool to evaluate potential effects of air tours on visitors to National Parks. 14. SUBJECT TERMS 15. NUMBER OF PAGES 125 Aircraft noise, air tours, annoyance, dose-response, noise exposure, noise, Air Tour Management Plan, ATMP, National Park, survey, visitor experience 16. PRICE CODE 17. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 18. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 19. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 20. LIMITATION OF OF REPORT OF THIS PAGE OF ABSTRACT ABSTRACT Unclassified Unclassified Unclassified NSN 7540-01-280-5500 Standard Form 298 (Rev. 2-89) Prescribed by ANSI Std. 239-18 298-102 i METRIC/ENGLISH CONVERSION FACTORS ENGLISH TO METRIC METRIC TO ENGLISH LENGTH (APPROXIMATE) LENGTH (APPROXIMATE) 1 inch (in) = 2.5 centimeters (cm) 1 millimeter (mm) = 0.04 inch (in) 1 foot (ft) = 30 centimeters (cm) 1 centimeter (cm) = 0.4 inch (in) 1 yard (yd) = 0.9 meter (m) 1 meter (m) = 3.3 feet (ft) 1 mile (mi) = 1.6 kilometers (km) 1 meter (m) = 1.1 yards (yd) 1 kilometer (km) = 0.6 mile (mi) AREA (APPROXIMATE) AREA (APPROXIMATE) 1 square inch (sq in, in2) = 6.5 square centimeters 1 square centimeter (cm2) = 0.16 square inch (sq in, in2) (cm2) 1 square foot (sq ft, ft2) = 0.09 square meter (m2) 1 square meter (m2) = 1.2 square yards (sq yd, yd2) 1 square yard (sq yd, yd2) = 0.8 square meter (m2) 1 square kilometer (km2) = 0.4 square mile (sq mi, mi2) 1 square mile (sq mi, mi2) = 2.6 square kilometers (km2) 10,000 square meters (m2) = 1 hectare (ha) = 2.5 acres 1 acre = 0.4 hectare (he) = 4,000 square meters (m2) MASS - WEIGHT (APPROXIMATE) MASS - WEIGHT (APPROXIMATE) 1 ounce (oz) = 28 grams (gm) 1 gram (gm) = 0.036 ounce (oz) 1 pound (lb) = 0.45 kilogram (kg) 1 kilogram (kg) = 2.2 pounds (lb) 1 short ton = 2,000 pounds = 0.9 tonne (t) 1 tonne (t) = 1,000 kilograms (kg) (lb) = 1.1 short tons VOLUME (APPROXIMATE) VOLUME (APPROXIMATE) 1 teaspoon (tsp) = 5 milliliters (ml) 1 milliliter (ml) = 0.03 fluid ounce (fl oz) 1 tablespoon (tbsp) = 15 milliliters (ml) 1 liter (l) = 2.1 pints (pt) 1 fluid ounce (fl oz) = 30 milliliters (ml) 1 liter (l) = 1.06 quarts (qt) 1 cup (c) = 0.24 liter (l) 1 liter (l) = 0.26 gallon (gal) 1 pint (pt) = 0.47 liter (l) 1 quart (qt) = 0.96 liter (l) 1 gallon (gal) = 3.8 liters (l) 1 cubic foot (cu ft, ft3) = 0.03 cubic meter (m3) 1 cubic meter (m3) = 36 cubic feet (cu ft, ft3) 1 cubic yard (cu yd, yd3) = 0.76 cubic meter (m3) 1 cubic meter (m3) = 1.3 cubic yards (cu yd, yd3) TEMPERATURE (EXACT) TEMPERATURE (EXACT) [(x-32)(5/9)] °F = y °C [(9/5) y + 32] °C = x °F QUICK INCH - CENTIMETER LENGTH CONVERSION 0 1 2 3 4 5 Inches Centimeters 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 QUICK FAHRENHEIT - CELSIUS TEMPERATURE CONVERSIO °F -40° -22° -4° 14° 32° 50° 68° 86° 104° 122° 140° 158° 176° 194° 212° °C -40° -30° -20° -10° 0° 10° 20° 30° 40° 50° 60° 70° 80° 90° 100° For more exact and or other conversion factors, see NIST Miscellaneous Publication 286, Units of Weights and Measures. Price $2.50 SD Catalog No. C13 10286 Updated 6/17/9 ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors of this report wish to express their sincere gratitude to all who helped make this a successful study. The coordination and support provided by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), Western-Pacific Regional Office and Office of Environment and Energy, and National Park Service (NPS), Natural Sounds and Night Skies Division, proved invaluable. In jointly developing a prioritized list of research topics and a coordinated strategy for stimulating this research, the FAA and the NPS sponsored three workshops designed to address important research design issues and challenges. The workshops brought together selected experts in the field of acoustical science, social science, visitor use, and park management in order to develop a “road map” for the next logical evolution of the science of human response to aircraft noise in protected natural areas, which included visitor survey design and data collection planning. The participants in one or more of the workshops included: FAA Representatives: Barry Brayer, Western-Pacific Regional Office Pete Ciesla, Western-Pacific Regional Office Rebecca Cointin, Office of Environment and Energy, Headquarters Raquel Girvin, PhD, Office of Environment and Energy, Headquarters Bill He, PhD, Office of Environment and Energy, Headquarters Keith Lusk, Western-Pacific Regional Office Jake Plante, PhD, Office of Airports, Headquarters NPS Representatives: Shan Burson, Grand Teton National Park Rick Ernenwein, Grand Canyon National Park Kurt Fristrup, PhD, Natural Sounds and Night Skies Division Frank Turina, PhD, Natural Sounds and Night Skies Division Volpe Center Representatives: Gregg Fleming Kristin Lewis, PhD Joshua Hassol, PhD Amanda Rapoza Aaron Hastings, PhD Christopher Roof Cynthia Lee Paul Valihura, PhD iii Volume 1: Human Response to Aviation Noise: Development of dose response relationships for backcountry visitors Technical Experts: Grant Anderson, Independent Consultant Bill Borrie, PhD, University of Montana James Fields, PhD, Independent Consultant Richard Horonjeff, Independent Consultant Steve Lawson, PhD, Resource Systems Group Peter Newman, PhD, Colorado State University Britton Mace, PhD, Southern Utah University Robert Manning, PhD, University of Vermont Nicholas Miller, Harris Miller Miller & Hanson Inc. Erica Ryherd, PhD, Georgia Institute of Technology We would also like to thank the many personnel at the individual NPS Units which were a part of this study, whose expertise and assistance were essential to the success of our data collection efforts. Bryce Canyon National Park Sarah Haas, Laura Schrage, Sean Eagan Glacier National Park Mark Biel, Tara Carolin, Terry Peterson, Kyle Johnson, Lon Johnson, Jack Potter Grand Canyon National Park Jane Rodgers, Ronda Newton, Linda Jalbert, Rick Ernenwein, Jay Lusher, Deane Reese, Maggie Tighe Zion National Park Kezia Nielsen iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Section Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..........................................................................................................
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