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Youth-Friendly Public Spaces in Hanoi

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Youth-Friendly Public Spaces in Hanoi Youth-friendly public spaces in Hanoi Report of a collaborative research project between the Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS, Canada), the Institute of Sociology of the Vietnamese Academy of Social Sciences (IoS-VASS, Vietnam), and HealthBridge (Vietnam and Canada) Principal Investigator and co-investigators: Julie-Anne Boudreau, Laurence Charton, Stephanie Geertman, Danielle Labbé, Pham Thi Thanh Hien, Dang Nguyen Anh Research assistance: Doan Phuong Thuy, Mélissa Côté-Douyon, Olivier Jacques, Alice Miquet, Étienne Pelletier, Trinh Thai Quang, Tran Thi Huong Giang, Sylvain Rodrigue, Nguyen Thi Ngoc Ha, Nguyen Thi Xuan, Nguyen Vu Cuong, Nghiem Thi Thuy, Pham Ngoc Tan. May 2015 1 Research funded by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC) www.hanoiyouthpublicspace.com, under construction www.facebook.com/Hanoiyouthandpublicspace 2 Executive summary This project brings together Canadian and Vietnamese researchers and an NGO to examine the provision and use of formally-designed public spaces in Hanoi in relation to the use, needs, and aspirations of youths aged 18-25 years old. In this research, we have described the evolution of public spaces since the year 2000 (in terms of overall spatial distribution, available areas, quality, and usage) and explored some of the driving forces behind these changes. We have also analyzed how a variety of youth users (male, female, couples, groups) access, use, and relate to public parks and gardens in the Vietnamese capital city. The research relied on a mixed-method approach. This includes qualitative case studies of three parks respectively located in the inner city (Lenin Memorial Park), a new suburban area (the 34T Plaza of Trung Hòa Nhân Chính) and the outer edge of the city (Hòa Bình Park). It also includes a geographic information system (GIS) mapping of geographic data about the evolution of the city’s parks, public gardens and bodies of water, and the quantitative analysis of survey data on public space’s accessibility and “publicness.” Evolving public policies for the production and maintenance of public spaces Policies guiding the production of urban public spaces in Vietnam have evolved considerably since the early 2000s. A review of relevant planning policies recently adopted by the central government highlights three positive changes: i) an explicit acknowledgment of the positive contributions that public space make to cities; ii) heightened attention to the spatial dimensions of public spaces; and iii) a recognition of the need to protect public spaces from degradation and encroachment. Despite these positive changes, several problems still plague Vietnam’s public space policy framework: 1) multiple definitions of urban public spaces coexist in policy documents that do not always overlap, 2) responsibility for the management of these spaces is divided amongst different government agencies, and 3) some planning norms regarding the production of formally-designed public spaces are inconsistent. Evolution, accessibility, and quality (publicness) of public spaces in Hanoi The number of public gardens and parks within Hanoi’s territory increased significantly between 2000 and 2010. However, the vast majority of new public spaces (and parks in particular) were established at the city’s periphery. During the same period, the city also witnessed a dramatic diminution of the number of bodies of water (lakes and ponds) and the total area covered by them. As a result, the inner city continues to suffer from a lack of formally-designed public spaces, and the few that do exist are over crowded. The scarcity of parks has particularly impacts Hanoi’s youth and their ability to engage in their desired activities. A quantitative survey with 402 youth users conducted in four city parks shows that proximity to a park is the most important factor encouraging usage of public space by youths. In the 3 current context, young people travel very far to get to parks (average travel time is well above the 10 minutes recommended by many public health agencies). These long travel distances to parks are exacerbated by further travel impediments such as the poor road network. An assessment of forty parks and public gardens in the inner city in terms of facilities, maintenance, and possibilities of engagement with each place further shows considerable variations in the quality of existing public spaces. Most importantly, we observed that the design of public gardens constrain usages and that, in view of the current dearth of public space in the inner-city, these smaller public spaces are not utilized to their fullest potential. Youths and public spaces: Activities, social norms and obstacles What does it mean to be young in Vietnam? How and why do youths use public spaces? This study highlights three elements that need to be accounted for in the analysis and policy action targeting youths in Vietnam. First, cultural and moral values (some related to Confucianism) combined with parental control affect the way youths use public spaces. For instance, the presence of young romantic couples or adepts of new “lifestyle sports” in public spaces causes discomfort for other users who perceive these activities as inappropriate. Second, in the Vietnamese conception of transition to adulthood, autonomy is not valued and the family remains a central form of control, even after young people get married and have children. Third is the importance of group identity. Youth groups are not seen as threatening in Vietnam’s public spaces, as is frequently the case in other societies, even if their behavior is sometimes not completely socially acceptable. Overall, formally-designed public spaces are very beneficial to the health of young people. They appreciate the contact with natural spaces, and utilize public spaces to pursue active lifestyles. In addition to benefits related to physical health, youths appreciate peer support and socialization through their activities in public spaces. Particularly for migrant youths, public spaces are a means to counter isolation and loneliness. Youths enjoy relaxing in public spaces, which may keep them away from more risky ways of releasing stress through drugs and alcohol. What do youths do in public spaces? Youths practice a wide range of activities in formally-designed public spaces, some static (chatting, studying, watching people) and others more active (older sports such as football and badminton but also newer “street disciplines” such as skateboarding, hip hop dancing, or inline skating). Public spaces play an important place in the daily lives of those youths who use them. This is especially true for those who practice a physical activity there. These young people spend a sizeable amount of their free time in the public space, come from far away, stay long periods of time and visit these places very frequently. The study finds that a diversity of activities and spaces (varied park designs and a mix of users) is highly appreciated by youths. Are there gendered differences in the use of public spaces? Spending time in public spaces is among young women’s preferred leisure activities. However, they face more constraints than young men in using the spaces: they have less free time, worry more for their personal safety, and fear harassment. Young women cope with these constraints by going to parks in groups, choosing more crowded places with good lighting, and dressing “properly” (with clothing that is not too provocative). Parents generally approve of young women using public spaces and they generally perceive no gender 4 inequalities. However, young women insist that there are gender differences. They report that women in public spaces are expected to practice “softer” activities, often times related to taking care of children and younger siblings. But things might be changing. Many young women who see the few young female park users who practice “strong activities” such as street dancing, inline skating, and skateboarding describe them as “stylish” and speak positively about such “socially transgressive” activities. Constraints on youths’ use of public spaces How do youths deal with overcrowding in Hanoi’s public spaces, while maintaining harmonious relationships with other users? Youths avoid conflict by relying on tactful negotiation strategies and on a broad awareness of others’ needs in terms of space. While levels of social conflict in public spaces remain low, users still express dissatisfaction about the lack of space. This is likely to be heightened by the growing demand of youths for space in the city where they can practice new “lifestyle sports” (i.e., inline skating, parkour, street dancing, etc.). Youths also report that social norms limit their ability to claim space over older groups making it more difficult for lifestyle sports and unmarried romantic couples to be accepted. They further point to the role of management and guards in tolerating or limiting youth activities in public spaces, and express ambivalence about the presence of vendors who encroach on recreational space but offer useful and affordable services. They see entrance fees as unaffordable, arbitrary, and as a hassle as they need to go through a “check point” (i.e., park gate) to enter parks. Conclusion and recommendations This study illustrates the importance of public spaces for youths in Hanoi - and for the wider urban society - and the need for more and better public spaces in a rapidly urbanizing city. Our findings and dialogues among all researchers
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