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Universidad De El Salvador Facultad De Jurisprudencia Y Ciencias Sociales Escuela De Relaciones Internacionales

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Universidad De El Salvador Facultad De Jurisprudencia Y Ciencias Sociales Escuela De Relaciones Internacionales UNIVERSIDAD DE EL SALVADOR FACULTAD DE JURISPRUDENCIA Y CIENCIAS SOCIALES ESCUELA DE RELACIONES INTERNACIONALES “LA POLÍTICA EXTERIOR DE QATAR Y SUS INTERESES GEOPOLÍTICOS EN LIBIA TRAS LA CAÍDA DEL RÉGIMEN DE MUAMAR GADAFI. IMPLICACIONES PARA EL ESTADO QATARÍ EN LA REGIÓN: PERÍODO 2011-2018” TRABAJO DE GRADO PARA OBTENER EL TÍTULO DE LICENCIADO(A) EN RELACIONES INTERNACIONALES PRESENTADO POR: RAFAEL EDUARDO CALDERÓN SANTOS LILIANA YAMILETH GUEVARA HENRÍQUEZ JENNIFER IVONNE LOVATO BRUNO DOCENTE ASESOR: LICDA. SILVIA MARINA RIVAS DE HERNÁNDEZ CIUDAD UNIVERSITARIA, SAN SALVADOR MARZO DE 2019 TRIBUNAL CALIFICADOR LIC. NELSON MIGUEL CUÉLLAR HERNÁNDEZ PRESIDENTE LICDA. SANTOS DEL CARMEN FLORES UMAÑA SECRETARIO LICDA. SILVIA MARINA RIVAS DE HERNÁNDEZ VOCAL UNIVERSIDAD DE EL SALVADOR Msc. Roger Armando Arias Alvarado RECTOR Dr. Manuel de Jesús Joya Ábrego VICERRECTOR ACADÉMICO Ing. Nelson Bernabé Granados Alvarado VICERRECTOR ADMINISTRATIVO Lic. Cristóbal Hernán Ríos Benítez SECRETARIO GENERAL Lic. Rafael Humberto Peña Marín FISCAL GENERAL FACULTAD DE JURISPRUDENCIA Y CIENCIAS SOCIALES Dra. Evelyn Beatriz Farfán Mata DECANA Dr. José Nicolás Ascencio Hernández VICE DECANO Lic. Juan José Castro Galdámez SECRETARIO Mfe. Nelson Ernesto Rivera Díaz DIRECTOR INTERINO DE LA ESCUELA DE RELACIONES INTERNACIONALES Licda. Digna Reina Contreras de Cornejo DIRECTORA GENERAL DE PROCESOS DE GRADUACIÓN Lic. Roberto Adolfo Arévalo Menéndez COORDINADOR DE PROCESO DE GRADUACIÓN DE LA ESCUELA DE RELACIONES INTERNACIONALES AGRADECIMIENTOS En primer lugar, agradezco a Dios todopoderoso por toda la sabiduría, conocimiento y demás bendiciones que ha derramado sobre mí en el transcurso de la carrera y día a día a lo largo de mi vida. Agradezco de forma invalorable a mi madre Cecilia por todo su amor, paciencia y sacrificio; por creer siempre en mí, estar ahí en mis alegrías, tristezas, logros y fracasos. Por ser siempre mi ejemplo de vida a seguir, y sobre todo por dejarme la mejor herencia que una persona puede darle a sus hijos para ser verdaderos agentes de cambio y contribuir a la construcción de una mejor sociedad; la educación. A mi hermano Carlos y mi sobrina Cecilia, por su apoyo incondicional, cariño y comprensión. Por el ánimo que siempre me brindaron para seguir adelante en este trayecto que no ha sido fácil. A mis amigos Iván, Hugo, José y Javier por apoyarme y acompañarme durante toda la carrera, por ayudarme a seguir adelante y no perder de vista mis objetivos; y sobre todo por brindarme su valiosa amistad y hacerme sentir como un miembro más de sus familias. A todos mis demás seres queridos y personas allegadas a mi familia, quienes con sus oraciones y buenos deseos pidieron a Dios para que este proceso académico culminara exitosamente. Rafael Eduardo Calderón Santos AGRADECIMIENTOS Primeramente quiero expresar mi gratitud a Dios por todo su amor y misericordia, asimismo por darme la sabiduría y paciencia durante esta etapa de mi vida. Gracias a mis padres María Elena, Adrián Osmin y a mis hermanas Tatiana y Mayra, por creer en mí y por brindarme su apoyo y amor incondicional a lo largo de mi vida, por sus consejos y ayuda durante todo este proceso. A mis compañeros, Jennifer y Rafael por todo su esfuerzo durante todo el trabajo de grado. A nuestra asesora Licda. Silvia Rivas de Hernández por toda su ayuda y orientación en este proceso. Finalmente agradezco a todas aquellas personas que me apoyaron y estuvieron pendientes de mi trabajo de grado, por sus recomendaciones y buenos deseos. Liliana Yamileth Guevara Henríquez AGRADECIMIENTOS Agradezco a Dios por su amor incondicional, por brindarme todo lo necesario para la realización de mi vida profesional, desde sus inicios hasta este punto. Porque su amor y misericordia siempre han estado conmigo. A mi padre Eufemio Lovato, mi madre Any Bruno de Lovato y a mi abuelita Josefita Pineda, los tres pilares de mi vida, que me han sostenido durante todo este proceso y otorgado de sus consejos, ánimos y todo aquello que permitió que fuera posible la culminación de esta etapa. Gracias amada familia por sus oraciones, amor y gran esfuerzo. A mis compañeros de equipo, por todo el esmero y paciencia. De manera particular, gracias a mi compañera y amiga Lily por haber compartido conmigo desde el inicio de la carrera y ser un apoyo más en la realización conjunta de nuestro trabajo de grado. A mis familiares y amistades que siempre me han brindado palabras de aliento, apoyo y genuina alegría por la consecución de este logro. Un agradecimiento especial, a la Licda. Silvia Rivas de Hernández por ser nuestra guía durante el proceso de la realización de este trabajo, por su valioso tiempo, su paciencia y admirable profesionalismo. Finalmente, gracias a quienes, de alguna forma, aportaron al recorrido de este camino que con ánimo y alegría concluyo. Jennifer Ivonne Lovato Bruno ÍNDICE Introducción……………………………………………………………………………….i CAPÍTULO I: ORÍGENES Y DESARROLLO DE LA POLÍTICA EXTERIOR DE QATAR……………………………………………………………………………………..1 1.1 Antecedentes de la Política Exterior de Qatar ...................................................3 1.1.1 Periodo de Ocupación Otomana………………………………...………………..5 1.1.2 Protectorado Británico de Qatar………………………………………………..…7 1.1.3 Proceso de Independencia………………………………………….....................9 1.1.4 Influencia de Arabia Saudita durante el mandato de Khalifa ben Hamad Al- Thani……………………………………………………………………..………………..10 1.2 Llegada de Hamad ben Khalifa Al Thani al Poder…………………………….12 1.2.1 Expansión de la Industria Petrolera y de Gas Natural Licuado.……………..18 1.2.2 Establecimiento de la Autoridad de Inversión de Qatar (QIA)……………….23 1.2.3 Influencia de Al Jazeera en el Medio Oriente………………………………....28 1.3 Relaciones de Qatar con la Hermandad Musulmana y Al-Qaeda…………...32 1.3.1 Nexos de Qatar con la Hermandad Musulmana……………………...…...…..33 1.3.2 Qatar y el Líder de Al-Qaeda en Libia…………………………………………..36 1.4 Rasgos de la Política Exterior de Qatar……………………..……………………38 1.4.1 Alianza con los Estados Unidos como Instrumento para la Seguridad del Emirato……………………………………………………...………………………….....43 1.4.2 Qatar como Mediador en los Conflictos del Oriente Medio…………………..46 CAPÍTULO II: LIBIA Y LA CRISIS POLÍTICA TRAS LA CAÍDA DEL RÉGIMEN DE MUAMAR GADAFI………………………………………………………………….51 2.1 Importancia Geopolítica de Libia………………………………………………...55 2.1.1 Recursos Naturales de Libia…….……………………………………………….58 2.1.2 Posición Geográfica de Libia………………………………………………….....62 2.1.3 Libia Durante el régimen de Muamar Gadafi…………………………………..64 2.2 Primavera Árabe en Libia……………………………………………………...…69 2.2.1 Antecedentes de la Primavera Árabe en Libia…………………………….......72 2.2.2 Factores que Intervinieron en la Primavera Árabe de Libia………………….76 2.2.3 Derrocamiento de Muamar Gadafi………………………………………..…….81 2.3 Libia Post-Gadafi………………………………………………………………….82 2.3.1 Elecciones de 2012……………………………………………………………….89 2.3.2 Estallido de la Guerra Civil de Libia (2014)…………………………………….93 2.3.3 Proceso de Paz en Libia………………………………………………………....98 CAPÍTULO III: INTERVENCIÓN DE QATAR EN EL CONFLICTO LIBIO Y LOS EFECTOS DE SU POLÍTICA EXTERIOR EN EL MEDIO ORIENTE………..….107 3.1 Apoyo de Qatar a los Rebeldes Libios………………………………………..109 3.1.1 Apoyo Diplomático………………………………………………………………111 3.1.2 Apoyo Militar……………………………………………………………………..113 3.1.3 Financiamiento…………………………………………………………………..114 3.1.4 Soporte Qatarí hacia las Milicias del “Amanecer Libio”……………………..115 3.2 Bloqueo Diplomático a Qatar……………………………………..……………118 3.2.1 Ruptura de Relaciones Diplomáticas del Gobierno de Tobruk con Qatar...124 3.2.2 Imposición de Sanciones………………………………………………..……...125 3.3 Mediación de Kuwait en la Crisis Diplomática………………………...……...129 3.3.1 Exigencias para el Levantamiento de Sanciones…………………………….133 3.3.2 Postura del Estado de Qatar………………………………………...………....142 3.4 Efectos del Bloqueo Diplomático en Qatar…………………………………...151 3.4.1 Acercamiento a Turquía e Irán…………………………………...……………160 3.4.2 Compra de Armamento Ruso……………………………...…………………..163 CONCLUSIONES……………………………………………………………...………168 BIBLIOGRAFÍA…………………………………………………………………………175 Índice de Gráficos 1. Gráfico N°1: Porcentaje de Suministro de Gas Natural Qatarí por País...……………………………………………………………………….21 SIGLAS Y ACRONIMOS AKP: Partido Justicia y Desarrollo. CCG: Consejo de Cooperación para los Estados Árabes del Golfo. CGN: Congreso General de la Nación. CIA: Agencia Central de Inteligencia. CNT: Consejo Nacional de Transición. EAU: Emiratos Árabes Unidos. FIFA: Federación Internacional de Futbol Asociación. GAN: Gobierno de Acuerdo Nacional GICL: Grupo Islámico Combatiente en Libia. GNL: Gas Natural Licuado. GUNT: Gobierno Transitorio de Unió Nacional JLM: Movimiento de Justicia y Liberación MI6: Servicio de Inteligencia Secreto. OIT: Organización Internacional del Trabajo. ONU: Organización de las Naciones Unidas. OPEP: Organización de Países Exportadores de Petróleo. OTAN: Organización del Tratado del Atlántico Norte. PIB: Producto Interno Bruto. QIA: Autoridad de Inversión de Qatar. QNA: Agencia de Noticias de Qatar. UNSMIL: Misión de Apoyo de las Naciones Unidas en Libia. RESUMEN El capítulo I se titula: Orígenes y Desarrollo de la Política Exterior de Qatar, y contiene 4 apartados en los que se hace un estudio de las acciones y mecanismos implementados por el emirato, a través de su historia, desde sus antecedentes coloniales, el posterior desarrollo de su economía; permitiéndole posicionarse como una potencia económica tanto a nivel regional como a nivel mundial; y el pragmatismo mediante el cual se ha llevado a cabo el manejo de los
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