DOCSLIB.ORG

This Thesis Is Submitted to the University of Wales in Fulfilment of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
This Thesis Is Submitted to the University of Wales in Fulfilment of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy BAHRAIN SINCE THE PROPHET'S TIME TO THE ABBASID PERIOD HAYA AL - NAIMI THIS THESIS IS SUBMITTED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF WALES IN FULFILMENT OF THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY. 1998 LIST OF CONTENTS Declaration List of Contents ii Acknowledgements v Abstract vi Map vii CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1. Preamble 1 1.2 The Problem of the Research 3 1.3 Evaluation of Sources 4 1.4 Methodology and Structure of Thesis 10 CHAPTER TWO: DELIMITING BAHRAIN 2.1 Delimiting Bahrain 14 2.2 The Towns of Bahrain 25 2.3 The Bahrain Villages 43 2.4 The Important towns of Bahrain 47 CHAPTER THREE: BAHRAIN DURING THE LIFETIME OF THE PROPHET 3 Deputation Al Ala Bin Al Hadrami to Bahrain 50 .1 of 3 Deputation Abdul Qais to Madian. 54 .2 of 3 The Second Delegation 59 .3 3.4 Bahrain's Administration 60 3 Islamic Administration in the first year of Hijra 65 .5 3 Bahrain Participates in the wars against the Apostates 69 .6 3. 7 The system of rule and Administration 74 3. 8 Al Imam in Bahrain 80 3. 9 The Distinguished Companion Al Ala Al Hadhrami 82 3. 10 Tribute to be Paid by Bahrain 84 3. 11 Defence and War systems 84 3. 12 The Judicial System 88 3. 13 The Police 90 3. 14 Invasion of Fars from Bahrain 91 3. 15 300 Horsemen participated in the Battle of Basra 93 and Siffin. 3. 16 The Personality of the Governor of Bahrain during 94 Omar Ibn Al Khattab the Tenure of . 3. 17 The Kharijites 95 3. 18 The Zenj Movement 117 3. 19 The Carmathians 122 11 CHAPTER FOUR: INDIVUDUALS WHO CONTRIBUTED TO BAHRAIN CULTURAL LIFE. 4.1 Cultural life 142 4.2 Did Uthman Bin Affan send one of the Copies 150 of the Holy Qur'an to Bahrain. 4.3 Deputation of Abd Al Qais to the Prophet (PBUH) 151 4.4 The Second Deputation 158 4.5 Intellectual life 158 4.6 The People of Bahrain and the Group of Apostates 160 CHAPTER FIVE: SOURCE OF BAHRAIN ECONOMIC LIFE 5.1 The Migration of Arab tribes to Bahrain 165 5.2 Non-Arab elements in the population of Bahrain 165 5.3 Religious life in Bahrain before Islam 168 5.4 The Azd Tribe 174 5.5 AbdAl Qais 174 5.6 Bakr Bin Wayil 176 5.7 Tamim 177 5.8. Mawali 178 5.9 Slaves 184 5.10 Caravans of Family Provisions 186 5.11 The Routes 187 5.12 The Means of Transporting Goods 188 5.13 The Markets 188 5.14 Organization of the Markets 190 5.15 Supervision of Markets 191 5.16 Trade 194 5.17 Commercial transactions 197 198 5.18 Money exchange 5.19 Measurement of distances, Areas and weights 199 5.20 Trade Centres in Bahrain 229 231 5.21 Bahrain Region as a Transit Point 5.22 Taxes 232 233 5.23 Tribute to be paid by Bahrain 234 5.24 Industries and Craft 5.25 The Labour Class and the Craftsmen 242 243 5.26 Crafts and Vocations 245 5.27 Colouring and Dyeing 5.28 Ironsmithry 245 5.29 Mining 247 5.30 Goldsmithry 248 111 5.31 Tannery 248 5.32 Carpentry 249 5.33 Other crafts 250 5.34 Buildings 256 5.35 Trade and Seafaring 258 5.36 Workers and Craftsmen 263 5.37 Units of Linear Measurement 265 5.38 Fishing 266 5.39 Pearl Fishing 267 5.40 Diving 268 5.41 Pearl Banks 269 5.42 How is the Pearl Formed 271 5.43 Opening the Oyster Shell and its examination 272 5.44 Kinds of Pearls 272 5.45 The Weight of Pearls 273 5.46 Tax on Pearls 275 5.47 Pearl Markets 276 5.48 Organization of Diving 277 5.49 Dangers of the sea 281 5.50 Pearl Diving Equipment 282 5.51 The Divers' Guide 283 5.52 Kinds of Pearls according to the jewellers and 283 their Prices 5.53 Pastures 286 5.54 Conclusion 288 Appendix I: Letters by the Prophet to People of Bahrain 289 Appendix II : Deputations to the Prophet 298 Appendix III : Eminent Personalities 301 Appendix IV : Bahrain Towns 306 Appendix V: Governors Of Bahrain 307 Bibliography 310 iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express thanks to my parents and family as well as my supervisor Dr Mashuq Ibn Ally for his invaluable I . assistanceand encouragement. also gratefully acknowledgethe staff of the British Records Office in London as well as the Indian Office in London. My profound thanks to the staff of the Bahrain Historical Museum for their co-operation and assistance. V ABSTRACT This study deals with the history of the territory of Bahrain from the advent of Islam to the end of the First Abbasid period. The study has been divided into five sections: first section deals with the framework of the research; the second, naming of the territory of Bahrain geographically; third section, Bahrain during the life time of the Prophet; fourth section, Cultural Life; five section, Source of Economic Life in Bahrain. Appendices include the letters written by the Holy Prophet to Bahrain, the names of the Governors of Bahrain of the First Century of Hijra, followed by a bibliography. vi L F- E r7 -FPS' ' : 2? Pv. GLOSSARY OF TERMS Hajj -.Pilgrimage to Makkah Islam : Submission to the will of Allah Jami'Masjid : Congregational prayer mosque Jizya : Protection money paid by non-Muslims living in a Muslim States Khutba : Friday prayer sermon Masjid : Muslim place of prayer Muslim : Believer in Islam Salat : Five daily prayer Saum : Fasting during month of Rammadan Umra : Visitation to ka'ba and Prophets Mosque Zakat : Obligatory payment by the rich to the poor LIST OF TRANSLITERATION OF ARABIC CHARACTERS b t t dh th a J gh h f kh q d k d 1 r m Z n S W sh Y S h dh VOWELS aui CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1. Preamble This study bearson the history of the territory of Bahrain spanningthe years from the advent of Islam to the Abbasid period. Historically Bahrain representedthe territory extending and including what are known today as Kuwait, Al Hasa, Qatar and the present day islands of Bahrain known in the past as Awal. The status of Bahrain is rated high among the States of the region since ancient times. It attracted the attention of covetous eyes for its pearl-rich waters and its vital location straddling the important trade routes of the old world. The Islamic historical heritage is considered one of the important pillars of the Arab-Islamic civilisation. Hence, in the course of this study, it is possible to have a comprehensive understanding of the various facets of the Arab-Islamic civilisation prevailing in all Arab countries. There is paucity of scientific studies on Islamic civilisation and hence it opens up a virgin field for study and research. There is an acute need for undertaking fresh studies on the early Arab-Islamic heritage in the different countries of the Arab world, particularly in the region of the Gulf and the Arabian peninsula because of their distance from the capital of the Caliphate in Madina. 1 I studied the social phenomena in this territory, its local markets, its town planning, the important tribes which were there, and the various creeds and religions which prevailed there. I then studied the cultural aspect of this society its poets and literateurs, the message of their poetry and the impact of this culture on the society of the Bahrain territory. A major difficulty faced by the researcher was the very few archaeological treasures investigated so far in Bahrain. What the historians of this region wrote about in this region were nothing more than passing references to them, incidental to the discussion of other topics. I therefore had no other option but to gather together all these small pieces of scientific information scattered indiscriminately in various heritage books despite their scarcity and despite their being very old publications. I resorted to a field study in Bahrain to obtain the greatest possible historical information and relied on the Bahrain National Museum and the Historical Documents Centre. historians The other difficulty was the ambiguity of the texts quoted by the and the interspersed historical passagesin other texts. The extraction of historical It information from these varied sources proved to be a time consuming process. in had to be presented in a coordinated and easily understandable manner the thesis if the reader was to benefit. locations of I also had some difficulty in specifying the exact geographical importance they accorded certain places, their description and their and whether 2 with the current day concepts. While it is conceded that some of the Arabic source material is not very accurate in this context, there has been no serious effort to compile a comprehensive historical atlas of these places. Therefore this research must be seen as seminal from which further research can be undertaken. 1.2. The Problem of the Research. The problem was to deducehistorical facts behind the political, social and cultural circumstances of Bahrain since the Prophet's (PBUH) times to the Abbasid period, a matter which rendered the study painstaking to an extent. One had to highlight the role of Bahrain in political, social and cultural fields at that early period in the history of Islam. The available historical sources concentrated on the political and social eventsof thesetwo reigns as seenfrom the capitals of the Caliphates; Madina and Damascus. They did not particularly view the events directly from the perspective of Bahrain.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • School of Humanities and Social Sciences Al-Ghazali's Integral
    School of Humanities and Social Sciences Al-Ghazali’s Integral Epistemology: A Critical Analysis of The Jewels of the Quran A Thesis Submitted to The Department of Arab and Islamic Civilization in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts by Amani Elshimi 000-88-0001 under the supervision of Dr. Mohamed Serag Professor of Islamic Studies Thesis readers: Dr. Steffen Stelzer Professor of Philosophy, The American University in Cairo Dr. Aliaa Rafea Professor of Sociology, Ain Shams University; Founder of The Human Foundation NGO May 2017 Acknowledgements First and foremost, Alhamdulillah - my gratitude to God for the knowledge, love, light and faith. My deepest thanks go to my supervisor and readers, whose individual passions and critical guidance helped shape my research perspective, sustain my sanity and boost my confidence - Dr. Mohamed Serag, who first initiated me into the scholarship of al- Ghazali and engaged me in eye-opening theological debates, Dr. Steffen Stelzer, whose academic expertise and personal sufi practice inspired my curiosity and touched me in deep spiritual ways, and Dr. Aliaa Rafea, who, through her lectures and practices, emphasized how the depths of meaning in the Quran can contribute to human development in contemporary times. Throughout this adventure, my colleagues and friends have been equally supportive - Soha Helwa and Wafaa Wali, in particular, have joined me in bouncing ideas back and forth to refine perspective and sustain rigor. Sincere appreciation and love goes to my family - my dear husband and children, whose unswerving support all these years has helped me grow in ways I yearned for, and never dreamed possible; and my siblings who constantly engaged me in discussion and critical analysis.
    [Show full text]
  • The Struggle Against Musaylima and the Conquest of Yamama
    THE STRUGGLE AGAINST MUSAYLIMA AND THE CONQUEST OF YAMAMA M. J. Kister The Hebrew University of Jerusalem The study of the life of Musaylima, the "false prophet," his relations with the Prophet Muhammad and his efforts to gain Muhammad's ap- proval for his prophetic mission are dealt with extensively in the Islamic sources. We find numerous reports about Musaylima in the Qur'anic commentaries, in the literature of hadith, in the books of adab and in the historiography of Islam. In these sources we find not only material about Musaylima's life and activities; we are also able to gain insight into the the Prophet's attitude toward Musaylima and into his tactics in the struggle against him. Furthermore, we can glean from this mate- rial information about Muhammad's efforts to spread Islam in territories adjacent to Medina and to establish Muslim communities in the eastern regions of the Arabian peninsula. It was the Prophet's policy to allow people from the various regions of the peninsula to enter Medina. Thus, the people of Yamama who were exposed to the speeches of Musaylima, could also become acquainted with the teachings of Muhammad and were given the opportunity to study the Qur'an. The missionary efforts of the Prophet and of his com- panions were often crowned with success: many inhabitants of Yamama embraced Islam, returned to their homeland and engaged in spreading Is- lam. Furthermore, the Prophet thoughtfully sent emissaries to the small Muslim communities in Yamama in order to teach the new believers the principles of Islam, to strengthen their ties with Medina and to collect the zakat.
    [Show full text]
  • Parker T. Hart Interviewer: Dennis J
    Parker T. Hart Oral History Interview – JFK#3, 06/10/1970 Administrative Information Creator: Parker T. Hart Interviewer: Dennis J. O’Brien Date of Interview: June 10, 1970 Place of Interview: Washington, D.C. Length: 15 pages Biographical Note Hart was a member of the U.S. Foreign Service, 1938–1949; the U.S. Consul General in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, 1949–1951; Director of the Office of Near East Affairs, 1952– 1955; Deputy Chief of Mission at the U.S. Embassy in Cairo, Egypt, 1955–1958; the U.S. Consul General in Damascus, Syria, 1958; Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs, 1958–1960; the U.S. Ambassador to North Yemen (1961–1962), Kuwait (1962–1963), Saudi Arabia (1961–1965), and Turkey (1965–1968); and the Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs, 1968– 1969. In this interview Hart discusses Ellsworth Bunker’s mission in Saudi Arabia; meetings between Bunker and Prime Minister Faisal; Faisal’s distrust of Gamal Abdel Nasser and Egyptian inaction in regards to the agreement reached with Bunker; difficulties with the U.S. Department of Defense over the agreement to train Saudi pilots and use American military equipment; major problems in the Middle East, 1957–1967; communications between John F. Kennedy [JFK] and Faisal; and Saudi reactions to JFK’s death and to Lyndon B. Johnson becoming President, among other issues. Access Open. Usage Restrictions According to the deed of gift signed October 14, 1980, copyright of these materials has been assigned to the United States Government.
    [Show full text]
  • Peserta PKKP 2019
    DAFTAR NAMA PESERTA PKKP BESERTA GUGUSNYA TAHUN 2019 No NIM NAMA PROGRAM_STUDI Gugus 1 1906321039 Ahmad Asfa Wafian Nuha Penerbitan(Jurnalistik) 1 2 1902315012 Alfa Dawam Ramadhan Teknik Mesin 1 3 1901311004 Alwi Rahman Konstruksi Gedung 1 4 1906411015 Anandya Devi Adrianty Teknologi Industri Cetak kemasan 1 5 1904311020 Andhika Nesansa Nugroho Akuntansi 1 6 1905311055 Andi Niyola Berla Desiya Administrasi Bisnis 1 7 1905421002 Anggia Ramadhani Administrasi Bisnis Terapan 1 8 1904421061 Cilvia Qotrun Nada Keuangan dan Perbankan 1 9 1902311038 Daffa Dwi Putra Teknik Mesin 1 10 1907411001 Dendi Fazar Zaman Teknik Informatika 1 11 1907411041 Diandra Faiza Teknik Informatika 1 12 1903311009 Dimas Adi Nugroho Teknik Listrik 1 13 1904431039 Enno Sekarwangi Akuntansi Keuangan 1 14 1905413078 Evelyn Tahar MICE (Meeting, Incentive, Convention, And Exhibition) 1 15 fadhilrahman Teknik Informatika - CCIT 1 16 1905311011 Farel Widiarsyah Administrasi Bisnis 1 17 1905311022 Fika Alwiyah Administrasi Bisnis 1 18 1904441011 Firdausyi Nuzulah Manajemen Keuangan 1 19 1907421015 Grayvaldo Samuel Aritonang Teknik Multimedia dan Jaringan 1 20 1901421010 Ichsan Izzul Haq Teknik Konstruksi Bangunan Gedung 1 21 1901311001 Indah Uswatun Hasanah Konstruksi Gedung 1 22 1907433011 Iqbal Athajanuar Kusuma Teknik Multimedia Digital 1 23 1903332020 Laily Zihanifah Azahra Telekomunikasi 1 24 1904411011 Layla Anggraini Keuangan dan Perbankan Syariah 1 25 1905413037 Mohammad Rayhan Rinaldi MICE (Meeting, Incentive, Convention, And Exhibition) 1 26 1903311071 Muhamad
    [Show full text]
  • Soft Power and Cross-Border Mobility in the Middle East
    IPS0010.1177/0192512118759902International Political Science ReviewTsourapas 759902research-article2018 Article International Political Science Review 2018, Vol. 39(3) 400 –416 Authoritarian emigration states: © The Author(s) 2018 Reprints and permissions: Soft power and cross-border sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512118759902DOI: 10.1177/0192512118759902 mobility in the Middle East journals.sagepub.com/home/ips Gerasimos Tsourapas University of Birmingham, UK Abstract Can labor emigration form part of a state’s foreign policy goals? The relevant literature links emigration to states’ developmental needs, which does not explain why some states choose to economically subsidize their citizens’ emigration. This article explores for the first time the soft power importance of high-skilled emigration from authoritarian emigration states. It finds that the Egyptian state under Gamal Abdel Nasser employed labor emigration for two distinct purposes linked to broader soft power interests: first, as an instrument of cultural diplomacy to spread revolutionary ideals of Arab unity and anti-imperialism across the Middle East; second, as a tool for disseminating development aid, particularly in Yemen and sub-Saharan Africa. Drawing on Arabic and non-Arabic primary sources, the article identifies the interplay between foreign policy and cross-border mobility, while also sketching an evolving research agenda on authoritarian emigration states’ policy-making. Keywords Soft power, diasporas, Egypt, Middle East, authoritarianism, migration, case study, Arab–Israeli conflict Introduction Can labor emigration serve a state’s foreign policy goals? In particular, how do authoritarian states use labor emigration in their foreign policy-making? The emerging academic literature on the poli- tics of international migration has yet to fully explore this phenomenon as a separate field of inquiry.
    [Show full text]
  • Eastward Drift of Arabs and Iranians
    Schwanitz Report Review Article 30 September 2015, 1-9 Updated Webversion 9-2015 Eastward Drift of Arabs and Iranians Ferris on Soviet Arabs, American Arabs, and Islamists in the Cold War It should have taken five weeks, but it lasted five years. Yet, Abd an-Nasir's intervention in Arabia's North Yemen—the South of which was in British hands, and securing access to the Sues Canal played a major role in all considerations—didn't come out of the blue. In his first book, Jesse Ferris wants to show how Egyptian troops in Yemen became a part of president Abd an-Nasir's defeat by Israel in the war of June 1967. He uncovers how the interven- tion accelerated the demise of Nasirism. Most recently, all of this became popular in Cairo again. A civilian-military axis deposed the "Muslim Brotherhood's president," Muhammad Mursi, in the 2013 "coupvolt," a merger of coup d'état and revolt. The new "1/3 Sues Canal" was finished a year later. And the Egyptians debated sending troops to Yemen to help the Sunni Saudi coalition, and Cairo guards with its navy ships the Bab al-Mandab to stop Shia Iranian deliveries of weapons in the battles against the al-Huthis. Suez Canal Authority Press Ismailia In this light the author, who works at the Israel Democracy Institute of Jerusalem, wrote a highly topical book. I will name the chapters, discuss the key thesis and add notes, also on basic German insights which may lead to a more global view on the research and methods.
    [Show full text]
  • Al-Ghazali's Integral Epistemology: a Critical Analysis of the Jewels of the Quran
    American University in Cairo AUC Knowledge Fountain Theses and Dissertations 6-1-2017 Al-Ghazali's integral epistemology: A critical analysis of the jewels of the Quran Amani Mohamed Elshimi Follow this and additional works at: https://fount.aucegypt.edu/etds Recommended Citation APA Citation Elshimi, A. (2017).Al-Ghazali's integral epistemology: A critical analysis of the jewels of the Quran [Master’s thesis, the American University in Cairo]. AUC Knowledge Fountain. https://fount.aucegypt.edu/etds/618 MLA Citation Elshimi, Amani Mohamed. Al-Ghazali's integral epistemology: A critical analysis of the jewels of the Quran. 2017. American University in Cairo, Master's thesis. AUC Knowledge Fountain. https://fount.aucegypt.edu/etds/618 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by AUC Knowledge Fountain. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of AUC Knowledge Fountain. For more information, please contact [email protected]. School of Humanities and Social Sciences Al-Ghazali’s Integral Epistemology: A Critical Analysis of The Jewels of the Quran A Thesis Submitted to The Department of Arab and Islamic Civilization in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts by Amani Elshimi 000-88-0001 under the supervision of Dr. Mohamed Serag Professor of Islamic Studies Thesis readers: Dr. Steffen Stelzer Professor of Philosophy, The American University in Cairo Dr. Aliaa Rafea Professor of Sociology, Ain Shams University; Founder of The Human Foundation NGO May 2017 Acknowledgements First and foremost, Alhamdulillah - my gratitude to God for the knowledge, love, light and faith.
    [Show full text]
  • Pre-Islamic Arabia
    Pre-Islamic Arabia The Nomadic Tribes of Arabia The nomadic pastoralist Bedouin tribes inhabited the Arabian Peninsula before the rise of Islam around 700 CE. LEARNING OBJECTIVES Describe the societal structure of tribes in Arabia KEY TAKEAWAYS Key Points Nomadic Bedouin tribes dominated the Arabian Peninsula before the rise of Islam. Family groups called clans formed larger tribal units, which reinforced family cooperation in the difficult living conditions on the Arabian peninsula and protected its members against other tribes. The Bedouin tribes were nomadic pastoralists who relied on their herds of goats, sheep, and camels for meat, milk, cheese, blood, fur/wool, and other sustenance. The pre-Islamic Bedouins also hunted, served as bodyguards, escorted caravans, worked as mercenaries, and traded or raided to gain animals, women, gold, fabric, and other luxury items. Arab tribes begin to appear in the south Syrian deserts and southern Jordan around 200 CE, but spread from the central Arabian Peninsula after the rise of Islam in the 630s CE. Key Terms Nabatean: an ancient Semitic people who inhabited northern Arabia and Southern Levant, ca. 37–100 CE. Bedouin: a predominantly desert-dwelling Arabian ethnic group traditionally divided into tribes or clans. Pre-Islamic Arabia Pre-Islamic Arabia refers to the Arabian Peninsula prior to the rise of Islam in the 630s. Some of the settled communities in the Arabian Peninsula developed into distinctive civilizations. Sources for these civilizations are not extensive, and are limited to archaeological evidence, accounts written outside of Arabia, and Arab oral traditions later recorded by Islamic scholars. Among the most prominent civilizations were Thamud, which arose around 3000 BCE and lasted to about 300 CE, and Dilmun, which arose around the end of the fourth millennium and lasted to about 600 CE.
    [Show full text]
  • Tawuniya Provider Listing 2016
    Tawuniya Provider Listing (Updated 2016) City AFIF class VVIP Tel إسم مقدم الخدمة Provider Name Y 17221161 مستوصف الساهر - عفيف Al Saher Medical Center Polyclinic - Afif Y 17222488 مستوصف البرجس اﻷهلي - عفيف Al Bargas El Ahly Clinic - Afif Y 17221555 مجمع الشفاء الطبي - عفيف Al Shefa Medical Center - Afif City AFLAJ class VVIP Tel إسم مقدم الخدمة Provider Name Y 16821111 مجمع عيادات الكمال الطبي Al Kamal Medical Clinic - Al Aflaj Y 16822842 مستوصف فرحان محمد آل نادر - اﻻفﻻج (Farhan Al Nadir Clinic (Al Aflag Y 16821507 مستوصف ليلى - اﻻفﻻج Laila Medical Clinic - Al Aflaj City AHAD RUFAIDAH class VVIP Tel إسم مقدم الخدمة Provider Name Al Emeis Medical Complex (Ahad Y 2506633 ( أحد رفيدة)مجمع العميس (Rufaidah City AL BAHA class VVIP Tel إسم مقدم الخدمة Provider Name Y 77271126 مستوصف د. غسان نجيب فرعون - الباحة Gnp Polyclinic - Al Baha Y 77255052 مستوصف السﻻمة - الباحة Al Salamah Polyclinic - Al Baha Y 77280544 مستوصف المخواة - المخواة Al Makhwah N. Clinic - Al Makhwah Y 77257000 مستوصف المعجب Al Mogeb Clinic Y 77513525 مركز اشفى الطبي - الباحة Ashfa Medical Center - Al Baha - مجموعة مراكز نيس الطبية لطب اﻷسنان والجلدية Nees Group Of Medical Centers, Dental Y 77242333 الباحة And Derma - Al Baha Y 77253540 مستشفى الملك فهد-الباحه King Fahad Hospital - Baha Y 7515222 مستوصف سما النوذجي الطبي Sama Adial Clinic شركة تميم بن علي سعيد الغامدي )مجمع بن دماس Y 7248111 (الطبي Bin Dammas Medical Center Y 77270801 مستوصف شامخ - الباحة Shamikh Clinic - Al Baha City AL DWADMI class VVIP Tel إسم مقدم الخدمة Provider Name Y 16423798 مستوصف الحسيني - الدوادمي Al Husainy Hospital - Al Dwadmi Y 16423338 مستوصف أبو زيد الطبي Abu - Zeed Md.
    [Show full text]
  • University of Lo Ndo N Soas the Umayyad Caliphate 65-86
    UNIVERSITY OF LONDON SOAS THE UMAYYAD CALIPHATE 65-86/684-705 (A POLITICAL STUDY) by f Abd Al-Ameer 1 Abd Dixon Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philoso] August 1969 ProQuest Number: 10731674 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10731674 Published by ProQuest LLC(2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 2. ABSTRACT This thesis is a political study of the Umayyad Caliphate during the reign of f Abd a I -M a lik ibn Marwan, 6 5 -8 6 /6 8 4 -7 0 5 . The first chapter deals with the po litical, social and religious background of ‘ Abd al-M alik, and relates this to his later policy on becoming caliph. Chapter II is devoted to the ‘ Alid opposition of the period, i.e . the revolt of al-Mukhtar ibn Abi ‘ Ubaid al-Thaqafi, and its nature, causes and consequences. The ‘ Asabiyya(tribal feuds), a dominant phenomenon of the Umayyad period, is examined in the third chapter. An attempt is made to throw light on its causes, and on the policies adopted by ‘ Abd al-M alik to contain it.
    [Show full text]
  • A Tale of Two Cities the Use of Explosive Weapons in Basra and Fallujah, Iraq, 2003-4 Report by Jenna Corderoy and Robert Perkins
    December 2014 A TALE OF TWO CITIES The use of explosive weapons in Basra and Fallujah, Iraq, 2003-4 Report by Jenna Corderoy and Robert Perkins Editor Iain Overton With thanks to Henry Dodd, Jane Hunter, Steve Smith and Iraq Body Count Copyright © Action on Armed Violence (December 2014) Cover Illustration A US Marine Corps M1A1 Abrams tank fires its main gun into a building in Fallujah during Operation Al Fajr/Phantom Fury, 10 December 2004, Lance Corporal James J. Vooris (UMSC) Infographic Sarah Leo Design and Printing Matt Bellamy Clarifications or corrections from interested parties are welcome Research and publications funded by the Government of Norway, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. A tale of two cities | 1 CONTENTS FOREWORD 2 IRAQ: A TIMELINE 3 INTRODUCTION: IRAQ AND EXPLOSIVE WEAPONS 4 INTERnatiONAL HumanitaRIAN LAW 6 AND RulES OF ENGAGEMENT BASRA, 2003 8 Rattling the Cage 8 Air strikes: Munition selection 11 FALLUJAH, 2004 14 Firepower for manpower 14 Counting the cost 17 THE AFTERmath AND LESSONS LEARNED 20 CONCLUSION 22 RECOMMENDatiONS 23 2 | Action on Armed Violence FOREWORD Sound military tactics employed in the pursuit of strategic objectives tend to restrict the use of explosive force in populated areas “ [... There are] ample examples from other international military operations that indicate that the excessive use of explosive force in populated areas can undermine both tactical and strategic objectives.” Bård Glad Pedersen, State Secretary, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Norway, 17 June 20141 The language of conflict has changed enormously. their government is not the governing authority. Today engagements are often fought and justified Three case studies in three places most heavily- through a public mandate to protect civilians.
    [Show full text]
  • Proquest Dissertations
    The history of the conquest of Egypt, being a partial translation of Ibn 'Abd al-Hakam's "Futuh Misr" and an analysis of this translation Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Hilloowala, Yasmin, 1969- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 10/10/2021 21:08:06 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/282810 INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly fi-om the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectiotiing the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book.
    [Show full text]