AA GatherGatheringing ofof GrGrandand CanCanyyonon HistorHistoriansians Ideas, Arguments, and First-Person Accounts Proceedings of the Inaugural Grand Canyon History Symposium, January 2002 Compiled and Edited by Michael F. Anderson Grand Canyon Association PO Box 399 Grand Canyon, AZ 86023-0399 (800) 858-2808 www.grandcanyon.org Copyright © 2005 by the Grand Canyon Association All rights reserved. Published 2005 No portion of this book (with the exception of short quotations for the purpose of review) may be reproduced, in whole or in part, by any means, without the written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America Edited by Todd R. Berger Designed by Rudy Ramos 10 09 08 07 06 05 1 2 3 4 5 6 ISBN: 0-938216-83-X Monograph Number 13 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Grand Canyon History Symposium (1st : 2002) A gathering of Grand Canyon historians : ideas, arguments, and first-person accounts : proceedings of the inaugural Grand Canyon History Symposium, January 2002 / compiled and edited by Michael F. Anderson.— 1st ed. p. cm. — (Monograph / Grand Canyon Association ; no. 13) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-938216-83-X 1. Grand Canyon (Ariz.)—History—Congresses. 2. Grand Canyon National Park (Ariz.)—History—Congresses. I. Anderson, Michael F. II. Title. III. Series: Monograph (Grand Canyon Association) ; no. 13. F788.G7465 2002 979.1’32—dc22 2005015968 Cover background photograph courtesy Emery Kolb Collection, Cline Library, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff (NAU.PH.568.2816). Cover inset photo­ graph courtesy Grand Canyon National Park Museum Collection (#10455) Inset photographs courtesy of Grand Canyon National Park Museum Collection: pages vii (#20836), 19 (#11041), 23 (#17700), 63 (#15003), 73 (#3973E), 87 (#2339), 129 (#17227), 137 (#17262), 163 (#14737) Courtesy of Grand Canyon National Park Museum Collection, photograph by Mike Quinn: pages 1, 39, 43, 49, 69, 111, 123, 171, 177, 181, 190 Courtesy of the National Park Service, photograph by Mark Lellouch: page 7 Courtesy of the National Park Service: page 33 Courtesy of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service: pages 53, 105 Courtesy of Bill Bishop: page 57 Courtesy of Todd R. Berger for the Grand Canyon Association: page 99 Courtesy of Richard D. Quartaroli: page 155 Courtesy of Northern Arizona University, Cline Library, Special Collections, Flagstaff: page 163 It is the mission of the Grand Canyon Association to cultivate knowledge, discov­ ery, and stewardship for the benefit of Grand Canyon National Park and its visi­ tors. Proceeds from the sale of this book will be used to support the educational goals of Grand Canyon National Park. DedicDedicaattioion n In Memoriam Dr. Robert Clark Euler August 8, 1924–January 13, 2002 Dr. Robert Clark Euler, of Prescott, Arizona, was born in Senator Barry Goldwater appointed Dr. Euler research Brooklyn, New York. He was a decorated captain in the anthropologist for Grand Canyon National Park in 1974, a U.S. Marine Corps during World War II and the Korean position he held until 1984. However, his name was syn­ War. Dr. Euler earned his BA and MA degrees in eco­ onymous with Grand Canyon archaeology for more than nomics at Northern Arizona University, and his PhD in twenty-five years. Best known for his research on split-twig anthropology at the University of New Mexico. During figurines and Stantons Cave, Dr. Euler began interdiscipli­ his long career, he authored more than 150 publications, nary work on the archaeology, geology, biology, and paleon­ presenting his research to the Society for American tology of Stantons Cave in the mid-1960s prior to his Archaeology, Society for Applied Anthropology, Amer­ employment with the National Park Service. He was ican Anthropological Association, International Congress known for his innovative techniques. While associated with of Americanists, and International Conference on Climate Prescott College, he was contracted through the Arizona and History at the University of East Anglia in Norwich, Power Commission to conduct a survey along the Colorado England. River corridor in preparation for the construction of Marble Dr. Euler’s work encompassed research, teaching, and Canyon Dam. Dr. Euler’s “helicopter” surveys became legend, consulting. He was chair of the Anthropology Department at and while the technique was not widely used after the Northern Arizona University and the University of Utah, Marble and Bridge Canyon surveys, it did provide a clue as founded the Center for Man and Environment at Prescott to the number and extent of archaeological resources within College, and later became president of Prescott College. He the inner canyon. During his 1960s surveys for the Marble also taught at Wesleyan University in Connecticut, Arizona Canyon Dam site, for example, Dr. Euler recorded more State University, and Fort Lewis College in Durango, than two hundred riverside archaeological sites, a surprising Colorado. He was curator of anthropology at the Museum of number considering the scant eight sites discovered by Walt Northern Arizona. For nearly two years early in his career, Taylor in ground reconnaissance of the same area in the Dr. Euler lived with a Navajo family near the Little Colorado early 1950s. River to improve his understanding of Navajo economies, and While working as research anthropologist for Grand he later studied the effects on Navajo families of large-scale Canyon National Park, Dr. Euler was responsible for both coal mining at Black Mesa, Arizona. He also conducted archaeological research and tribal consultation. Of particular research with the Hopis, Havasupais, Hualapais, and interest were the fortified archaeological sites found along Southern Paiutes, advising the tribes concerning various land- the South Rim. His documentation of such sites led to the­ claim cases; he was a scholar of Southwest and Great Basin ories of warfare among early Grand Canyon residents, a tribes as well. In pursuit of his research, he enjoyed photography, topic still researched today by others. Dr. Euler was also camping, and numerous Colorado River boat trips. tribal liaison between the park and the canyon’s affiliated American Indian tribes. His most significant contribution uses of the canyon and National Park Service–tribal relations, in this role was the drafting of a Memorandum of Under­ his name appears constantly as a leader. His legacy is found standing (MOU) for the use of Havasupai Traditional Use in his publications, site records, and extensive photographic Lands, established by Congress as part of the Grand and documental archives at Grand Canyon National Park. Canyon National Park Enlargement Act of 1975. The His efforts will not be forgotten. MOU still guides National Park Service and Havasupai management of these lands. At the Grand Canyon History Symposium, which was dedicated Dr. Euler was a vital figure in the development of archae­ in Dr. Euler’s memory, Jan Balsom, Grand Canyon National ological research, historical research, and tribal relations at Park’s Chief of Cultural Resources, gave a superb presentation the Grand Canyon. When considering the history of human on his canyon career. iv a gathering of grand canyon historians A Gathering of Grand Canyon Historians Contents Preface vii Introduction 1 1 The 1919 Transcanyon Aerial Tramway Survey Jim Ohlman 7 2 Rails at Both Rims Al Richmond 15 3 Kolb Airfield 1926 Leland C. “Lee” Albertson Jr. 19 4 Grand Canyon National Park Toll Roads and Trails Michael F. Anderson 23 5 Whatever Happened to Jazz? George Steck 29 6 Grand Canyon’s Railroad Culture Al Richmond 33 7 The 1898 Diary of Zella Dysart Mona Lange McCroskey 39 8 Mary Elizabeth Jane Colter, Grand Canyon Architect: Stories in Stone David C. Frauman 43 9 Bert Lauzon’s Grand Canyon Bradford Cole 49 10 Buckskin Mountain John S. Azar 53 11 The Grand Canyon and Colorado River on Postage Stamps Bill Bishop 57 12 Grand Canyon Summer of 1897 Mary J. Straw Cook 63 13 The Photographs of Robert H. Kuhne: Grand Canyon National Park in Its Infancy, 1920–23 Mona Lange McCroskey 69 14 The Civilian Conservation Corps’ Role in Tourism: The CCC’s Retooling of Arizona’s Natural Resources Peter MacMillan Booth 73 15 Civilian Conservation Corps Company 818: Building the Colorado River Trail Louis Purvis 81 16 A Hard, Rocky Road to Nowhere Roy Lemons 87 17 Blue Denim University: The Civilian Conservation Corps’ Retooling of Arizona Youth Peter MacMillan Booth 91 18 Geology in the American Southwest: New Processes, New Theories Gretchen Merten 99 19 Scenery versus Habitat at the Grand Canyon J. Donald Hughes 105 20 A Little Knowledge Goes a Long Way: A History of Archaeological Research at the Grand Canyon Janet R. Balsom 111 21 Environmental History of the Colorado River: The Changing Focus of Science Emma P. Benenati and Joseph P. Shannon 115 22 Historic River Running Bonnie Brune 123 23 GPS in 1869: The Geographical Powell Survey Richard D. Quartaroli 129 24 George Young Bradley: Chronicler of the 1869 John Wesley Powell Expedition down the Green and Colorado Rivers Michael P. Ghiglieri 137 25 An Appointment with Death: The Howland-Dunn Tragedy Revisited Frank M. Barrios 145 26 Hard Hulls, Hard Knocks, Hard Heads: The Evolution of Hard-Hulled Rowboats in the Grand Canyon Brad Dimock 149 27 Evolution of the Printed Colorado River Guide in Grand Canyon, Arizona Richard D. Quartaroli 155 28 Hydropolitics in the Far Southwest: Carl Hayden, Arizona, and the Fight for the Central Arizona Project, 1952–68 Jack L. August Jr. 163 29 Parens Patria: Issues Relating to the Colorado River Boundary between Grand Canyon National Park, the Hualapai Reservation, and the Navajo Nation Andrew Majeske 171 30 Casinos of Stone: Monsoon Gambling and Playing the Slot Canyons Tom Myers 177 Appendix A: Symposium Participants 181 Appendix B: Schedule and Registration 183 Contributors 187 Index 190 PrPrefeface ace Coordinating Grand Canyon’s inaugural history symposium association has been a strong ally in any effort to interpret was quite a learning experience, as was the ensuing effort to Grand Canyon National Park for the public.