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Mining-Induced Geo-Hazards with Environmental Protection Measures in Yunnan, China: an Overview

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Mining-Induced Geo-Hazards with Environmental Protection Measures in Yunnan, China: an Overview Bull Eng Geol Environ DOI 10.1007/s10064-014-0608-6 ORIGINAL PAPER Mining-induced geo-hazards with environmental protection measures in Yunnan, China: an overview Yu-You Yang • Ye-Shuang Xu • Shui-Long Shen • Yao Yuan • Zhen-Yu Yin Received: 7 February 2014 / Accepted: 2 April 2014 Ó Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014 Abstract There are abundant mineral resources in Yun- such as monitoring, and engineering rehabilitation and nan Province, which is located in the southwestern part of recovery, need to be adopted. Monitoring measurement China, due to its unique geological conditions. The distri- combined with a digital mine information system can be bution of minerals is related to geological formations and used to forecast mine induced geo-hazards effectively. past tectonic movements. The mineral resources extracted Moreover, appropriate engineering rehabilitation technol- in Yunnan Province constitute 83 % of total mineral pro- ogy should be chosen according to the type of mining- duction in China. The local environment around the mines induced geo-hazards. in Yunnan Province has been destroyed due to harmful mining methods. Yunnan is a province with complicated Keywords Mineral resources Á Mining-induced geo- and serious mining-induced environmental problems. hazards Á Protection measures Á Yunnan Mining-induced geo-hazards found here include collapse, landslide, debris flow, sinkhole collapse, earth fissure, and water flowing into mine pits. To protect and control the Introduction geological environments in mining areas, countermeasures Geo-hazards are a type of disaster related to geological processes induced by natural or human activities. They & Y.-Y. Yang ( ) include mountain collapse, landslides (Xu et al. 2009; School of Engineering and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, People’s Republic of China Hawkins 2013), debris flow, ground collapse, ground fis- e-mail: [email protected] sures, land subsidence due to high compressibility of soft soil (Shen et al. 2006, 2013; Xu et al. 2008, 2013a; Shen Y.-S. Xu Á S.-L. Shen Á Y. Yuan and Xu 2011; Horpibulsuk et al. 2004, 2014; Wang et al. State Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering, School of Naval Architecture, Ocean, and Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong 2013), seawater intrusion (Xu et al. 2009), soil contami- University, Shanghai 200240, China nation (Du et al. 2012b), and scouring or erosion (Li et al. e-mail: [email protected] 2013). With the economic boom in the last two decades, S.-L. Shen various geo-hazards or geo-risks due to urban construction e-mail: [email protected] or mining have occurred in China (Shen et al. 2003, 2009, Y. Yuan 2010; Chai et al. 2014), e.g., land subsidence along both e-mail: [email protected] coastal regions and interior cities (Xu et al. 2008, 2012a, b, 2013a, b), cut-off or blocking of groundwater seepage in Z.-Y. Yin Ecole Centrale Nantes, GeM UMR CNRS, LUNAM University, urban aquifers (Xu et al. 2012a, b; Ma et al. 2014), land- 6183 Nantes, France slides and slope instability (Xu et al. 2009), and debris e-mail: [email protected] flow. The reasons for these geo-hazards in urban areas are associated with inappropriate engineering activity causing Z.-Y. Yin Department of Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong complex stress conditions in the ground (Chang and Yin University, Shanghai 200240, China 2010; Ye et al. 2012, 2014). Examples include the failure 123 Y.-Y. Yang et al. of buildings in Shanghai (Chai et al. 2014), extraction of location in China and shows a map of Yunnan Province groundwater (Shen and Xu 2011), deep excavation (Tan and its districts. Yunnan Province is located at the border and Wang 2013a, b), and the long-term behaviour of with Myanmar (Burma) in the west, and Laos and Vietnam infrastructure (Yin et al. 2010, 2011a, b; Yin and Chang in the south. Its land area is about 39.40 9 104 km2,of 2013; Shen et al. 2014). which 94 % consists of mountains and highlands. The In mountainous areas, the geo-hazards are due to irri- terrain presents a downward ‘ladder’ type state step by step gation and the exploitation of natural resources through from the northwest to the southeast. The maximum ele- mining. Subsidence, slope deformations, landslides and vation of Yunnan Province is 6,740 m in the northwest, and other related damage are very significant problems in the minimum is 76.4 m in the southeast. mining areas in many countries (Marschalko et al. 2011, Yunnan Province is located at the junction of the Eur- 2012a; Yilmaz and Marschalko 2012; Swift 2014). The asian continental plate, the Indian tectonic plate, and the effective prediction and management of mining-induced Pacific plate (Huang 2007). The geological formation of geo-hazards is of great importance to the mining industry Yunnan is complex, which is a typical feature of Chinese (Marschalko et al. 2012b). There have been many attempts geology. Long-term powerful geological action has caused to assess mining-induced geo-hazards using Geographic a series of deep fractures to develop, resulting in the natural Information Systems (GIS), remote sensing data, and other environment of Yunnan Province being very fragile. related technology in the last decade (Marschalko et al. The objectives of this study are: (1) to investigate the 2013). For example, Yilmaz (2007) established a map of distribution of mineral resources and mining areas in karst depression based on GIS data for the Sivas Basin in Yunnan Province; (2) to discuss potential mining-induced Turkey; a subsidence map of the influence of underground geo-hazards; and (3) to present protection of and control mining in the Czech Republic was researched by Mars- measures for mining geological environments in Yunnan chalko et al. (2012c, d), who conducted a process for the Province. optimization of building site category determination in undermined areas. Mining is generally conducted in the western part of Geological environments and mineral zonation China, in regions such as Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan, and Xinjiang. Yunnan Province is located in the southwestern In Yunnan Province, geological formations include soil part of China and is surrounded by Guizhou Province and strata, sedimentary rocks, metamorphosed rocks, and Guangxi Province in the east, Sichuan Province in the igneous rocks. The geology is complicated and tectonic north, and Tibet in the northwest. Figure 1 illustrates its movement is intensively strong. Large faults have Fig. 1 Map of the districts of Yunnan Province 123 Mining-induced geo-hazards Fig. 2 Mine zoning map of Yunnan Province (data from BGMYP 2006) developed, and the main fault runs from the northwest to which was 83 % of the proven types of mineral resources in the southeast of the province, and governs the geological China explored by the end of 2007 (DLRYP 2008). In total, conditions there. These major faults divide Yunnan into 86 types of mineral reserves were verified, in which two two large zones and six geological tectonic units. Figure 2 types are energy minerals, 39 types are metal minerals, and shows the zoning of mine resources in Yunnan Province, 45 types are non-ferrous minerals (YN 2011). In the verified which are divided into five mining areas. These five mining mineral reserves, 62 types of minerals ranked within the top areas are further divided into 12 sub areas of mining ten mineral reserves, 44 types ranked within the top five, resources according to the fault zone. Mineral zoning is and 25 types ranked within the top three in China. There basically consistent with the geology observed in Yunnan were 100 types of minerals that had a commercial use in Province (BGMYP 2006), where the distribution of the 2007. There are currently 1,844 mining areas, including 358 mineral type is related to the geological formations. for energy minerals, 1,056 for metal minerals, and 430 for non-ferrous minerals. Table 1 shows the distribution and utilisation of minerals in Yunnan Province. Distribution of mineral resources and mining locations Yunnan Province has an abundance of mineral resources Mining-induced geo-hazards associated with its complex geological conditions. Minerals are abundant, particularly non-ferrous metals and phosphate The study of mining-induced geo-hazards is a significant rock. There are 142 types of minerals in Yunnan Province, subject area in the field of geotechnics. Mining-induced 123 Y.-Y. Yang et al. Table 1 Distribution and utilisation of some of the most abundant minerals in Yunnan Province in 2007 (data from BGMYP 2006;YN2011) Type Mineral Rank in China Number of Mine area Existing reserves (t) Main mineralisation unit 9 Energy minerals Coal 7 357 271.07 9 10 II2,II3,II4,II9,II10,II11,II12 9 Ferrous metals Iron 5 112 35.69 9 10 II1,II2,II4,II5 4 Manganese 3 24 9,215.71 9 10 II1,II2,II3 II4,II7,II9 4 Non-ferrous metals Copper 3 174 1,043.13 9 10 II1–II6,II10–II12 4 Lead 1 112 708.53 9 10 II1–II8 Zinc 1 106 1,969.84 9 104 4 Bauxite 5 29 9,735.10 9 10 II1,II3,II4 Precious metals Gold 4 69 363.40 II1–II8 Silver 3 99 14,056 II1–II8 9 Non-ferrous minerals Phosphorus 1 61 40.28 9 10 II2,II3 9 Salt 3 15 143.33 9 10 II2,II3,II6 Potassium salt 4 1 1,649.20 9 104 4 Pyrites 5 24 47,619.16 9 10 II1,II2,II3,II5 geo-hazards occur when surface or slope excavations The collapsed soil was deposited in the river so that the influence slope stability during mining. The types of min- riverbed was raised up by 20–40 m, and the economic ing-induced geo-hazards are related to mining scale, losses reached tens of millions of Chinese Yuan (Liu et al.
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