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ROOTS International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches

Vol : 5 No. 2 November 2018 ISSN : 2349-8684

CENTRE FOR RESOURCE, RESEARCH & PUBLICATION SERVICES (CRRPS) www.crrps.in

ROOTS

ROOTS International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches (RIJMR) is a peer reviewed, refereed and quarterly journal. The Journal is assigned by National Science Library / NISCAIR, New Delhi and powered & published by Center for Resource, Research and Publication Services (CRRPS) Tamil Nadu - India. The journal provides a valid space for academics, researchers and professionals to share the latest developments and advancements in Multidisciplinary Subjects. It aims to foster the exchange of ideas on a range of important international subjects and to provide stimulus for research and the further developments and updating of international perspectives. The international perspective is further enhanced and enriched by the geographical spread of the aspiring contributors.

There are many practical reasons to publish the research articles. We don’t really understand what we have discovered until we write it up, when we submit an article for publication, we get back reviews and criticisms from colleagues and readers which undoubtedly can often be very helpful and sometime point our mistakes or shortcomings in the applied logic therein.

When we share the results of our efforts through publication, we become a part of the scientific community. We benefit from the exchange of ideas and learn about what others have already done. We can often establish valuable collaborations with people on the other side of the planet even without seeing them. If everybody kept their results and ideas secret, the progress of science would slow to a crawl. If we want to benefit from the work others have done before we, it’s only fair that we contribute our bit too. The process of research publication creates a mindset that is vital for research progress.

The scope of the Journal is to facilitate the researchers, scholars, resource persons and practitioners to come on a strong potential platform and to share their findings of the research with the rest of the world. So that intellectual decisions can be instilled to enrich societies as a whole with attitude of magnanimity and openness.

Dr. S. Balakrishnan Publisher and Editor - in - Chief [email protected] www.crrps.in 09944212131

ROOTS INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCHES (RIJMR) A Peer Reviewed, Refereed and Quarterly Journal with Impact Factor ISSN: 2349-8684, www.rootsjournal.com

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS

Publisher and Editor in Chief

Dr.S.BALAKRISHNAN Founder Director Centre for Resource, Research and Publication Services (CRRPS) Tamil Nadu – India [email protected]

Editorial/Review Committee Panel Members

Dr. MAMTA BRAHMBHATT Associate Professor B.K. School of Business Management Gujarat University Ahmedabad, Gujarat– India [email protected]

Dr.K. BINU Head & Associate Professor Department of Sociology St. Mary’s College, Thrissur, Kerala– India [email protected]

Dr.SWATI SAMANTARAY Associate Professor Dept. of English, School of Humanities & Social Sciences KIIT University, Odisha– India [email protected]

Dr. PRADEEP D. WAGHMARE Assistant Professor of History Ramanarain Ruia College Mumbai– India [email protected]

Dr.K. UTHAYASURIYAN Professor and Head Department of International Business (School of Management) Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu – India [email protected]

Dr.J. HELEN RATNA MONICA Associate Professor of Chemistry The American College, Madurai Tamil Nadu – India [email protected]

Dr.P. KARTHIKEYAN Principal Periyar University College of Arts & Science (Constituent) Dharmapuri, Tamil Nadu – India [email protected]

Dr.J. JOHN SEKAR Head & Associate Professor of English, The American College Madurai, Tamil Nadu – India [email protected]

Dr.B.J. GEETHA Assistant Professor of English Periyar University Salem, Tamil Nadu – India [email protected]

Dr.P. GOPAL Assistant Professor Department of Plant Bio Technology Madurai Kamaraj University Madurai, Tamil Nadu – India [email protected]

Dr.T. SUDHA Assistant Professor Department of Economics Annamalai University Chitambram, Tamil Nadu – India [email protected]

Dr.V. DARLING SELVI Assistant Professor Department of Commerce Rani Anna Government College for Women Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu – India [email protected]

Dr.D. DAVID WILSON Assistant Professor Department of English, School of Science & Humanities Karunya University Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu – India [email protected]

Dr.S. DIRAVIDAMANI Assistant Professor Department of English Periyar University College of Arts & Science Salem, Tamil Nadu – India [email protected]

Dr.K. KAVIARASU Assistant Professor Department of English, Bishop Heber College Trichirappalli, Tamil Nadu – India [email protected]

Dr.Prof. BALASUBRAMANIAN Assistant Professor & Head Department of Journalism and Science Communication Madurai Kamaraj University Madurai, Tamil Nadu – India [email protected]

Dr.A. SOUNDARA RAJAN Associate Professor Department of English Wakf Bard College Madurai, Tamil Nadu – India

Dr.K. GOVINDARAJAN Assistant Professor of Education Alagappa University Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu – India [email protected]

Dr.J. AHMEDMEERAN Assistant Professor of English HKRH College Uthamapalayam, Tamil Nadu – India [email protected]

Dr.M. VASIMALAI RAJA Associate Professor College of Education Alagappa University Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu – India [email protected]

AUTHOR GUIDELINES

ROOTS International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches (RIJMR) is a peer reviewed, refereed and quarterly journal. The journal provides a space for academics, researchers and professionals to share the latest developments and advances in Multidisciplinary Subjects. This journal is an excellent forum for intra–disciplinary and interdisciplinary study of various aspects of Arts, Science and Professional Studies as intellectually stimulating open platform for academicians, consultants, researchers, and business practitioners to share and promulgate their research works. Journal of Roots seek to publish research findings and articles that would promote research awareness and understanding dissemination.

Call for papers The journal aims to publish original research articles and reviews of thesis from all fields. The official language of the Journal is English (But the language depends up on the particular subjects. If needed to subject value, the article will publish in their own subject language). The Journal invites Empirical, Conceptual papers, case studies, PPP model, Meta analysis, and Field researches from leading academicians, Business peoples, Corporate Sectors, researcher scholars and students from academic institutions, research organizations, non – governmental organizations (NGOs), corporate sectors, civil societies, industries, and other enthusiastic writers from India and abroad.

Procedure for submission of papers The papers should be research oriented or related to it, be original and comprise previously unpublished material. Papers must send an abstract of the paper not exceeding 300 words, papers should be typed in MS Word Format with font size 12 Times New Roman. The full paper must not exceed 3000 words, including tables and references. The manuscript should be organized to have Title page, Abstract, Keywords, Introduction, Material & Methods, Findings & Results, Interpretation & Discussion, Conclusion and References. All quoted, reproduced material should be categorically referenced. Other than this, all contents should be original – authors own words, ideas, findings and arguments. Tables and figures should appear in the document near / after where they are referenced in the text. Photographs must be sharp, and exhibit good contrast. All figures and tables must have a caption that is intelligible without reference to the text. Correct and complete referencing of quoted and reproduced material is the obligation of the author. In the text, references should be inserted in parentheses in full. Papers must be sent by e-mail and a hard copy by post.

Plagiarism Alert & Disclaimer Contributors are advised to be strict in academic ethics with respect to acknowledgment of the original ideas borrowed from others. The Publisher & editors will not be held responsible for any such lapse of the contributor regarding plagiarism and unwarranted quotations in their manuscripts. All submissions should be original and must be accompanied by a declaration stating your research paper as an original work and has not been published anywhere else. It will be the sole responsibility of the authors for such lapses, if any on legal bindings and ethical code of publication.

ROOTS INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCHES A Peer Reviewed, Refereed and Quarterly Journal with Impact Factor (4.075) Vol: 5 No: 2 November 2018 ISSN: 2349-8684

Aim & Objectives Academic Excellence in research is CONTENTS continued promoting in research support for young Scholars. Multidisciplinary of research is motivating all aspects of encounters across disciplines and S.No. Title Page No. research fields in an multidisciplinary views, by 1 Ayesha in Rider Haggard’s Novel 1 assembling research groups and consequently She as an Archetype of Femme projects, supporting publications with this Fatale inclination and organizing programmes. Iswarya M Internationalization of research work is the unit 2 The Voluntary Ignorance of 5 seeks to develop its scholarly profile in research Humankind in Daruwalla’s “Boat through quality of publications. And visibility of Ride Along the Ganga” research is creating sustainable platforms for S. Aswini & Dr. K. Kaviarasu research and publication, such as series of Books; 3 Whale in and Whale out: The 8 motivating dissemination of research results for Endangered Nature in Tim Winton’s people and society Shallows E. G. Jithin Jenner & Disclaimer Dr. K. Kaviarasu Contributors are advised to be strict in 4 Utilitarian: A Dimension of Biophilia 12 academic ethics with respect to acknowledgment in Cormac McCarthy’s Select of the original ideas borrowed from others. The Novels Publisher & editors will not be held responsible for A. Joshua Sundar Raja & any such lapse of the contributor regarding Dr. K. Kaviarasu plagiarism and unwarranted quotations in their 5 Flora, Fauna and Natural Elements 15 manuscripts. All submissions should be original and in Anita Nair’s Select Mythological must be accompanied by a declaration stating your Stories research paper as an original work and has not R. Madhiyarasan & been published anywhere else. It will be the sole Dr. K. Kaviarasu responsibility of the authors for such lapses, if any 6 The Quest for Identity in Bharati 17 on legal bindings and ethical code of publication. Mukherjee’s Jasmine R. Saradha Communication 7 Transfigured War of Twenty-First 19 Papers / Enquires should be mailed to Century: An Assessment [email protected] Dr. Harshad K.Bhosale 8 Feminism in Literary View 26 Hussaina Azgar

9 Behind the Doors: A Subaltern 32 Perspectives in the Novel of Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie’s The Purple Hibiscus J. Jency Prathesha

10 Rejuvenation of Nature in Frances 36 Hodgson Burnett’s The Secret Garden M. Adline Shami 11 Hardships and Abjection of 39 Destitute in Aravind Adiga’s Last Man in Tower Raeshma Godsen 12 Pramod's Role Model in 44 Chaman Nahal’s Short Story The Silver Lining Dr. Anuradha & K. Deepa Rajyashree 13 Patient Awareness to Choosing a 46 Speciality Physician and Speciality Hospitals Dr. J. Mohamed Ali & Mrs. N. Thahira 14 The Language Learning in a Highly 52 Provoked Atmosphere Mrs. R. Sridevi & Mrs. R. Malathi 15 Impact of Sensitive Company 57 Announcement on Prices of Stock Listed at NSE Dr. S. Irulappan & V. Murugavel

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AYESHA IN RIDER HAGGARD’S NOVEL SHE AS AN ARCHETYPE OF FEMME FATALE

Iswarya M. Assistant Professor on Contract St. Michael’s College, Cherthala

Abstract The paper intends to examine the archetypal role of a femme fatale given to the chief female character in H. Rider Haggard‟s celebrated Victorian novel She: A History of Adventure. The paper also showshow theandrocentric perspective of the novelist casts the title character Ayesha or She, the white priestess of Isis, as a deadlysensuous and damned woman whose existence can completely destroy the order and structure of the world which is founded on male autonomy and power. A feminist reading of the novel unveils the male politics behind the projection of a powerful and intellectual woman as a fatal woman and its attempt to eradicateher to defend patriarchy. Haggard‟s She, not only questions the destructive nature of a woman‟s power and beauty, but also engages in complex ways the Victorian ideas of gender, power and matriarchy. Keywords: Archetype; Femme Fatale; Patriarchy; Matriarchy; Feminism; Fiction; Gender

Introduction similar view by identifying her as ―a Femme fatale, ‗fatal woman‘ or subversive, feminist figure challenging ‗disastrous woman‘ is a figure commonly patriarchy; …she‘s not deadly. She‘s found in mythology, literature, arts and beautiful‖ (Simkin 23). The real intent films. She is a temptress or an evil woman behind the seductive and destructive acts who uses her feminine charms to lure men of femme fatale is still a matter of debate. to their fall and may also be demonstrated in other forms as ―a hag, a witch, a The Femme Fatale in She supernatural woman using means such as Rider H. Haggard‘s novel She: A History love-potion, incantations and other snares of Adventure, classified among the genres to enslave a worthy male of heroic of adventure, fantasy and gothic fiction, is dimensions‖ (Thekkeveetil 12).Merriam- a major work of late Victorian fin de siècle. Webster's Dictionary defines femme fatale The plot of the novel is centered on the as ―a seductive woman who lures men into female character Ayesha or She-who-must- dangerous or compromising situations.‖ In be-obeyed. The novel traces the fate of two The Women's Companion to International highly sophisticated English men, Leo Film, Annette Kuhn explains that ―the Vincey and his adoptive father L. Horace femme fatale is primarily defined by her Holly, who go in search of a mysterious and desirable, but dangerous, sexuality which puissant female figure Ayesha to fulfill the brings about the downfall of the male familial pursuit of an ancient plea for protagonist‖(154). Many critics are of the revenge. Ayesha is revealed to be the opinion that her destructive nature is an ruthless female sovereign of Kor, the lost immutable and inherent dimension of her kingdom in the recesses of Africa. She persona, not a weakness or character flaw. reigns over the primitive and savage On the other hand, Barbara Taylor in Eve Amahagger tribe with terror. The two men and the New Jerusalem attributes the eventually meet her and both are ensnared behavior of thefemme fataleto the―product by her ethereal charm. She identifies Leo of a male-defined social order which as the reincarnation of her ancient lover consigned women to a stultifying, crippling Kallikrates and convinces the men the way of life‖(4). Helen Cixous also shares a same by showing them the preserved

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remains of Kallikrates. She leads both the She seems to be a mythical and fantastic men to the Pillar of Fire that would grant figure whose existence is uncertain. The Leo immortal youth that she had achieved misogynist construction of Ayesha as a by immersion in its fire centuries back. In ‗determined corruptor‘ and an ‗evil order to ward off their fear, she herself coquette‘ become apparent for the first time enters the Fire. However she finds that the when Holly watches Ayesha unveiling Fire has a reverse effect on her already herself. Though he says, ―I fear not thy ageless body andshe withers into a beauty. I have put my heart away from shrunken monkey like creature before such vanity as woman‘s loveliness, that ultimately meeting her doom. The novel passeth like a flower‖(172), once she lifts concludes by hinting at the resurrection of her veil, he is completely struck by her Ayesha in the next sequel. charm. He exclaims, ―I have heard of the From the novel‘s title onward, Haggard beauty of celestial beings, now I saw it; seems to suggest the idea that a woman only this beauty, with all its awful who must be obeyed is a threat to society. loveliness and purity, was evil… Never If such a woman exists, she will not be a before had I guessed what beauty made normal woman. An ordinary woman is not sublime could be—and yet, the sublimity in a position to make others obey her was a dark one—the glory was not all of against the wishes of a male dominated heaven—though none the less was it society. Haggard‘s Ayesha is so powerful glorious‖(173). His apparently positive and that her subjects literally crawl and elevating description of her beauty is prostrate before her. To disobey her is to undermined by his own use of terms like invite death. A woman who can conquer ‗evil‘, ‗dark‘, ‗not all of heaven‘, which point death and master nature with the to the catastrophic potential of She‘s astonishing wisdom of two thousand years serpentine charm. Holly later reflects, ―I, a poses a formidable challenge to any fellow of my college, noted for what my society.She must be destroyed rather than friends are pleased to call my misogyny, obeyed. It doesn‘t help much that she is and a respectable man now well on in not completely mortal and her kingdom is middle life, had fallen absolutely and completely cut off from the civilized world. hopelessly in love with this white sorceress‖ Since she is a power, irrespective of her (177). Ayesha‘s coquettish nature becomes being as a creation of imagination, she apparent when she invites Holly to press poses a great challenge to the traditional his hands roundher waist. Holly says that concept of Victorian woman. The he can ‗bear it no longer‘ and fallsupon his catastrophic, devolutionary and knees. Ayesha, who ‗claps her hands in decenteringpotential of a powerful woman glee‘(212) upon seeinghis behaviour, can be best illustrated if she is delineated reveals that she was ―wondering how many as a femme fatale. Haggard sketched minutes itwould need to bring thee to thy Ayesha in the conventional sense of a knees‖(212). She continues seducing him femme fatale, a threatening and terrible by asking him to kiss her while fixing her beauty who can make any man fall dark and thrilling orbs upon his own. While hopelessly and madly for her, and thus Holly is made to feel faint and weak, she cast her into a simple predictable pattern. puts an end to the scene by referring to her The references to She begins at the very actions as a ‗wanton play‘. onset of the novel and builds up to the Leo, the reincarnated Kallikrates who moment of her appearance in the middle of falls in love with the reincarnated the novel. Until her encounter with Holly, Amenartes in the form of the native girl

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Ustane, not only fails to take vengeance on ‗sin‘that combinesa great deal of physical the supernaturally powerful and immortal pain with utmost humiliation. When she She, but is also seduced by Ayesha over dies, she looks ‗too hideous for words‘ and Ustane‘s dead body. Leo‘s detestation and she connects herself with ‗shame‘. Since wrath soon give way to admiration and awe She was a ‗corrupting sorceress‘, the when She unveils her face: violence inflicted on her is justified in terms She stood forth, and fixed her deep and of her sin.Her miserable death in the end glowing eyes upon Leo‘s eyes,and I saw his points to the novelist‘s emphasis on the clenched fists unclasp, and his set and need for putting an end to such an quivering features relax beneath her gaze. I unconventional, unnatural and uncanny saw his wonder and astonishment grow figure.In addition to setting an anti- into admiration, and then into fascination, feminist political agenda which was part of and the more he struggled the more I saw the misogynist wing of Victorian Britain, the power of her dread beauty fasten on Haggard uses the novel as a warning to the him and take possession of his senses, New Woman, a concept of powerful and drugging them, and drawing the heart out intellectual woman that was rapidly gaining of him.(254) momentum at the second half of 19th Holly finds that Leo ―cannot be blamed century. too much‖ and thereby places the blame upon Ayesha, ‗the temptress‘ who References mercilessly draws men into evil with her 1. Gilbert, Sandra M. and Susan beauty. In short, Ayesha‘s beauty is Gubar: .No Man‟s Land, Volume 3: described as a destructiveforce that can Letters from the Front. New Haven: apparently bewilder, impair and destroy Yale University Press, 1994. men. There are many such instances in the 2. Haggard, H. Rider. She: A History of novel that strongly suggest that Ayesha as Adventure. Ed. Daniel Karlin. a femme fatale enjoys tempting and Oxford, OUP, 1998. Web. 12 July corrupting men.Ayesha‘s unmatched 2018. wisdom, great commanding power, 3. Kuhn, Annette. Women‟s knowledge and mastery over nature‘s Companion to International Film. secrets fade into insignificance before her London: Virago Press.1990. ‗sinful‘ and ‗evil‘ acts of tempting the two 4. Merriam-Webster's Collegiate English gentlemen. Dictionary. 10 ed.: Zane Publishing, Inc. 1997. Conclusion 5. Murphy, Patricia, ―The Gendering of The image of a femme fatale attributed History in She‖, Studies in English to Ayesha at various points in the novel Literature, 1500-1900, 39 (1999), displays the novel‘s veiled ‗sexual warfare‘ 747-72. Web 26 July 2018. against the beautiful and intellectual 6. Roy, Rupayan. ―She: A History of woman; a theme which has already been Adventure and its Misogynist Attack identified and challenged by feminist critics on Early Feminism.‖ Footnotes. like Josephine Butler, Sandra Gilbert and Volume 1. 12 July 2016. Web. 22 Susan Gubar. By depicting She as Sep 2018. apromiscuous and immoral woman, 7. Sandra M. Gilbert and Susan Haggard establishes female power as a Gubar. No Man‟s Land Volume 3: negative force that should be vanquished. Letters from the Front. London: Yale Ayesha is punished in the end for her University Press, 1994.

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8. Simkin, Stevie. Cultural Web Sources Constructions of the Femme Fatale: 1. http://www.victoriannetwork.org/i From Pandora's Box to Amanda ndex.php/vn/article/download/38/ Knox. New York: Palgrave 41 Macmillan. 2014. 2. https://www.goodreads.com/book/ 9. Stott, Rebecca. The Fabrication of show/162.Untouchable the Late-Victorian Femme Fatale: 3. http://scholar.google.ca/citations? The Kiss of Death. UK: Palgrave user=ptTVbucAAAAJ Macmillan, 1993. 4. https://www.palgrave.com/us/boo 10. Taylor, Barbara.Eve and the New k/9780230355699 Jerusalem. Cambridge: HUP. 1993.

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THE VOLUNTARY IGNORANCE OF HUMANKIND IN DARUWALLA’S “BOAT RIDE ALONG THE GANGA”

S. Aswini M.Phil. Research Scholar, Department of English Bishop Heber College, Affiliated to Bharathidasan University, Trichy

Dr. K. Kaviarasu Assistant Professor of English, Bishop Heber College Affiliated to Bharathidasan University, Trichy

Abstract Literature reproduces the reality in the fictitious writings, through that the reality gets exposed to many ordinary eyes. Indian Writing in English is a flourished literature that has contributed many prolific Indian writers to this world. KekiNasserwanjiDaruwalla is an Indian writer who has penned many of his works with the theme of landscapes. He always shows reality as reality in his poems which made his writings to be the epitome of realistic social writings in an artistic way. Daruwalla's“Boat Ride Along the Ganga” is a poem which was published in the collection of poems entitledCollected Poems 1970-2005. This poem intentionally illumines the gloominess of river Ganga as of human interventions in demising the beauty of the pristine river, Ganga. Ecocriticism is the interdisciplinary study of literature and the environment which helps the readers to be aware of the havocs they have been done to their environment. Daruwalla's“Boat Ride Along the Ganga” deploys how imperialistic mankind is towards nature. In an ecocritical perspective, the paper concentrates on how the beliefs and the activities of human beings have made the nature to be lifeless, severely contaminated.

Introduction ―Ecocriticism originates in a bio-social Indian Writing in English takes its context to unrestrained capitalism, origin with the impact of the British excessive exploitation of nature, worrying Colonization in India. The Indian writers definitions and shapes of ‗development' and who are using the English language for environmental hazard" (Nayar, 329). their writing to propagate their ideas, Ecocriticism is a theory which emerged in traumas and so on to this world would be the 1970s to make the people conscious of called as Indian English writers and which the depletion of the resources of nature and lead to creating the new kind of literature the destructions being caused to nature. named Indian Writing in English. Keki. N. William Rueckert in his essay "Literature Daruwalla who won the Sahitya Akademi and Ecology: An Experiment in Award is an eminent Indian poet whose Ecocriticism" has coined the term poems are embodied with environmental ‗ecocriticism' in 1978. But the word issues by satirizing the rituals, beliefs and ‗ecocriticism' took its full development only the customs the humankind follow. In Boat after the emergence of the Association for Ride Along the Ganga, the reader can the Study of Literature and Environment witness the gloomy ugliness that has (ASLE) in 1992 and the Interdisciplinary caused to the pristine river, Ganga by the Studies in Literature (ISLE) in 1993. human beings. The poet, Daruwalla The poem, Boat Ride Along the Ganga expressed the experience once he had when indicates the devastation of the purity of visiting the river Ganga. The paper focuses the river Ganga which had once known for on the corrupted nature which leads the its purity and holiness. environment to the ecological collapse. "Boat Ride along the Ganga" is a poem on the other side of the reality of the river

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Ganges. For the Hindus, Ganga is a a tragic one, as pure and classic as the mother, divinity, life-giver, and river of Greek or Shakespearean views: in partial salvation. However, the Zoroastrian poet, knowledge or often in total ignorance (the Daruwalla, views it differently and states basic postal of ecology and tragedy is the the sad reality of the river. On the banks of humans precipitate tragic consequences by the river, he finds death, disease, and acting either in ignorance of or without staleness. (Velmurugan 302) properly understanding the true Now, the present condition is that the consequences of their actions), we are banks of the river Ganga were diseased violating the laws of nature, and the with the rituals of funeral pyres. The whole retribution from the biosphere will be more environment of the Ganga exhibits only the terrible than any inflicted on humans by unhygienic and unpleasant view which was the gods. In ecology man's flaw is his defiled by mankind's culture and beliefs. anthropocentric (as opposed to biocentric) The ‗apoplectic gloom', the phrase vision, and his compulsion to conquer, enunciates the vacant sensation of the humanize, domesticate, violate, and exploit environment due to the loss of sanity. The every natural thing. (Glotfelty 113) banks of the river Ganga always seems to Human beings are so cared about their be blurred because the fire never stops its own life and not about nature's life. Though duty of burning the dead bodies. The river they know well that they are not ruining Ganga cannot regain its holiness as human the environment, they are destroying the beings believe that to burn or throw the whole nature and the human race because dead bodies on the bank or into the river of polluting the water and air. In Boat Ride brings the divinity to its soul. Along the Ganga, one can see the corrupted There is no lament. No one journeys environment of the river Ganga is in its here to end up beating his breast. This extreme ruination because of the much the mourners from the river, as they materialistic mankind. form a ring go shadows within whose ambit And while Pandas calculate the amount flesh and substance burn. of merit that accrues to you at eating The poet, Daruwalla gave his views on specific ghat, you cross the pyres bowing Hindu religion wherein the people have the your head to the finality of fate. belief that burning the dead bodies on the Behind the heat-haze rising from the banks of the river Ganga or throwing the fires objects shimmer, dance, levitate. dead bodies into the river Ganga will take You face reality on a different plane those dead persons' soul to eternity. The where death vibrates behind a veil of fire. holistic belief of the human becomes hostile The above lines are presenting the to nature. The poem Boat Ride Along the silhouette of the materialistic view that Ganga reveals the anthropocentric attitude money could disfigure anything like it of mankind that lead to the deterioration of disfigured the holiness and beauty of river the whole environment of the river Ganga. Ganga, it is being instilled in every man This shows the ignorance of the lives there, the ritual has become a humankind and one cannot make them prominent business. For many people who enlighten about what they are doing to live around the river Ganga, burning dead river Ganga as they are being voluntarily bodies is their job. They could afford to ignorant of what they are doing to nature. have food if only they get the corpses to "We are not free to violate the laws of burn. The total vicinity of Ganga river has nature". The view we get of humans in the been spoiled as it has become the crucial biosphere from the ecologists theses days is place of the business of burning the dead

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bodies. Among human beings, some are 2. Glotfelty, Cheryll, and Harold being money minded, some more are the Fromm. The Ecocriticism Reader: great practitioners of rituals, and for some, Landmarks in Literary Ecology. the money is the most needed thing to Athens and London: University of survive. But human beings are common in Georgia Press, 1996. the understanding of nature with the 3. Nayar, Pramod K. Contemporary notion that nature could destroy only by Literary and Cultural Theory: From the humankind. Structuralism to Ecocriticism. Ganga as mother, daughter, bride. Pearson, 2009. What plane of destiny have I arrived at 4. Velmurugan P. ―Nature and where corpse-fires and cooking-fires Passions in K. N. Daruwalla‘s burnside by the side? Poetry‖. International Journal of With the real understanding of nature, Physical and Social Sciences, Vol 2, the humankind is causing injustice to the No. 5, 2012, pp. 298-308. International Journals of sources of their own lives, so it is nothing Multidisciplinary Research Academy but the voluntary ignorance of humankind. (IJMRA), Humankind still knows that if nature is https://www.ijmra.us/ijpssvolume_ under destruction means their lives too are may2012.php. to be in horrible destruction. Though they have realized everything about nature very Web Sources well, they are stubborn to live and think of 1. http://debbiejlee.com/ageofwonder their welfare of their present moments. The /hutchings.pdf paper, thus, concludes with this notion 2. https://journalhosting.ucalgary.ca/ that nature has to be saved because nature index.php/ariel/article/download/3 is the thread which holds all the life the 2691/26743 world has. 3. http://puneresearch.com/media/d ata/issues/59843cf8952a7.pdf References 4. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/pape 1. Daruwalla, Keki N. Collected Poems rs.cfm?abstract_id=2382357 1970-2005. New Delhi: Penguin Books, 2006.

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WHALE IN AND WHALE OUT THE ENDANGERED NATURE IN TIM WINTON’S SHALLOWS

E. G. Jithin Jenner M.Phil. Research Scholar, Department of English, Bishop Heber College Affiliated to Bharathidasan University, Trichy

Dr. K. Kaviarasu Assistant Professor of English, Bishop Heber College Affiliated to Bharathidasan University, Trichy

Abstract Australian literature in the English language was originated in 1788, and it covers the duration till now. It includes fiction, non-fiction, novels, drama, poetry, biography, autobiography, journals, and articles. This literature begins with the feelings and observation of Australian born aborigines after the European settlement. Australia is considered to be an old continent, but it came late into history. The early Australian literature reflects the unusual social context and physical demands of the environment. It deals with the environment, culture and social issues. Tim Winton is a well-known Australian Novelist and Writer of both fiction and non-fiction. His novels relay upon the background of the Australian Coast. It also talks about the history of the country, people and social issues. The Novel Shallows is set in a small town named Angelus located on Australia‟s western coast. It deals with the culture and nature of the people towards the environment. This paper tries to attempt how the present culture changes people‟s mind towards money which leads to the destruction and extinction of nature. This paper also gives the solution for saving nature from extinction. Keywords: Nature, Tim Winton, Culturalism, Greediness, Shallows, Whale, Materialism, Ecology

Introduction affected, and this is dealt with in an Literature is a broad term which ecocritical aspect. usually denotes the works through Ecocriticism investigates the imagination, creativity, art, and culture. It relationship between humans and the allows one to enjoy the stories which are natural world in literature. According to different from reality. This reality is Cheryll Glotfelty, ―Ecocriticism is the study reflected in different regions about the of the relationship between literature and culture, nature and social order. Australian the physical environment‖ (Glotfelty xviii). literature begins with the feelings and It is also said to be the study of nature and observation of Australian born aborigines cultural artifacts of the human world. after the European settlement. Australian William Rueckert was the first person to literature deals with the "tension between use the term ―ecocriticism‖ (Barry 239) in the introduced culture, with its language, ―Literature and Ecology: An Experiment in law, education and scale of values, and the Ecocriticism‖, an essay published in 1978. indigenous qualities of the land that is The present-day environmental issues are settled and its existing inhabitants‖ in large part of our own making a by- (Goodwin 01). This literature voices out the product of culture. Ecocriticism explores cultural identity of the aboriginal people. It the link between human life and the describes the nature of the land and the environment. Ecocriticism is considered to people who lived during that period. Almost be a "matter of the relationship between every work in Australian literature reflects culture and nature" (Barry 243). The the culture and nature of the land. Due to environment is the one which makes the the advancement of culture, nature gets human life meaningful. Nature thus plays a

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great role in human existence. Humans harpoons, but when modern machines have no rights to reduce the richness of come into process whales are killed in huge natural diversity to satisfy their own needs. numbers with the gun and other iron This deep concept of nature is dealt with in materials. These are the development of this paper, from an ecocentric perspective culture. The aboriginal people did not use through Tim Winton's Shallows. whale products, so they did not harm Tim Winton is a famous Australian them. But when the culture changes people aboriginal writer of both fiction and non- use many products for their use. They use fiction. He is a great novelist who wrote whale products like food and cosmetics. ―In about twelve novels. His writings bring the 1712 the first Sperm Whale was killed; its adventures and experience of this own life. oil proved more valuable than that of the Almost every work of Winton set in the Right Whale, which had hitherto been the Australian landscape, especially seascape. object of whaling ventures‖ (Encyclopaedia At the age of nineteen Tim wrote his first 169). This novel brings out how the whalers novel An Open Swimmer (1982), for which used whale products and how they killed he got The Australian/Vogel National whales for production. Winton shows the Literary Award; Miles Franklin Award and history through this novel and the native Western Australian Premier‘s Award for peoples‘ concern toward nature. This novel Shallows (1984); Deo Gloria Award, WA talks about culture and nature, how the Premiers Award and National Book culture of the people plays a vital role in Council‘s Banjo Award for Cloudstreet. He the destruction of nature. won Miles Franklin Award four times for Angelus is located between two scrubby his fabulous works. These novel Shallows hills and on the other side lies an ocean. deals with the lives of whales in a small The people of the town are happy to hear town called Angelus located on the Western the voice of whales in the sea. Queenie Australian coast. The novel revolves around Cookson and Cleve are in their tent the whaling industry which kills whales for chatting with each other. Queenie began to their products. Angelus is the last tell the stories of her childhood. When she remaining scrap of the whaling industry in was a little girl she saw a glistening, "black Australia. Whaling is the most important . . . The whale is inching up towards the business of this town over 150 years. house" (Winton 04). She got feared and The novel chiefly deals with a character went to Poppa‘s room and slept. Queenie Queenie Cookson, her husband Cleveland talks about the Right Whales in the bay and father Daniel Coupar. Cleve has a with Cleve. The people of the town are very diary of Nathanial Coupar, which has a happy to see the whales in the sea. She story about the coastal region and the was unhappy that after one year, she did whalers. There was a conflict between Cleve not notice any whale at the beach. This and Queenie when she intended to join an shows the life of whales, due to the whaling anti-whaling protest group, and the protest industry whales are killed, and they are in happened against the whalers to close the the stage of extinction. Cleve always read whaling industry, which comes to town. the diary given by Nathanial Coupar, who Whaling in Australia has started in the late worked for the whaling station during the eighteenth century. There is no document 1830s. Cleve closes his book and watches in the history that aboriginal humans ―out in the bay the black skins of right hunted whales. This whaling has been seen whales fresh from the southern ice as the development of culture. In early days glistened in the thickening moonlight, their whaling has been done with the help of breath setting vaporously on the water‖

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(Winton 04). This scene of the ocean and nature, and when it comes to the fourth whales shows the creation of nature. stage it changes to ‗culture'. "Of course, the Nature is the one which cannot be wilderness is affected by global warming, imaginable; it is a gift of God. The breath of which is culture, and gardens depend on the Whales shows how the whales are sunlight, which is a natural force, but suffering for their survival because of the neither concept (‗nature' or ‗Culture') is cultureless people. thereby invalidated" (Barry 246). The The environmentalist in the town middle areas contain a large element of wanted to close the whaling station both culture and nature. The area of because of the destruction of nature. wilderness is exploited by the human Queenie Cookson was very much attached population, and it is transformed into a to whales. She was afraid of whales during new area of construction. Here the ocean is her childhood, but later on, she liked the considered to be the area of wilderness, whale‘s surfing in the sea. Queenie climbs due to human population and culture these the windmill to watch the bay where the areas are affected. People go deep into the whale surfacing takes place. They breathe wild, and they affect nature. Thus, nature in water, and it was described as "spouting is exploited by culture. vapor like Gunsmoke" (Winton 16). This is Through eco critical aspect "being sarcastic because Winton describes the bewildering" (Huggan and Tiffin vi) is the nature of whale breathing. It can also be ‗anthropocentric' view which focuses upon seen through a culture where the breath is human beings. The legacies of eco- compared to spouting gunsmoke, which is culturalism which relates to the deep green the development of a culture where the views of ecological connectivity towards whalers kill the whales with guns. The nature which challenge the human- author brings both culture and nature centered perspectives on the world. This through this line. paper proves how the whales are extinct. The Paris Bay industry was the last There are two kinds of whales Right Whales whaling industry in Australia. Whales have and Sperm Whales. The Right whales are been the main product to gain profit. almost extinct, and the Sperm whales are Natural resources are looked through a at the edge of extinction. ―The right and colored glass. Here whales are looked like a humpback whales are almost extinct. material product and not as a living being. The sperm, still hunted, could it left Humans are cruel, and they wanted to alone be replenished and move closer to make money through these mammals. land further facilitating a venture of this Human beings destroy nature only because sort‖ (Winton 09). So, the environmentalist of the greediness within them. This culture wanted to close the whaling station to save develops within the people because of these whales. They also wanted to conserve selfishness and greediness. whales and make people live along with According to Barry this nature and nature. cultural form can be distinguished into The solution is given as Whales are four stages. The first area is known as ‗the killed for many purposes, and the whaling wilderness'. The second is ‗the scenic industry gives employment to many people. sublime'. The third area is ‗the As seen through the cultural aspect the countryside'. The last and final area is ‗the environmentalist wanted to change the domestic picturesque'. The wilderness is whaling industry to whale observation the area which belongs to uninhibited center. ―Whale observation might not be as continents. This area is called ‗pure' lucrative as whale exploitation, but could

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be viable enough to sustain employment for Cheryll Glotfelty and Harold many of those seamen and workers who Fromm. Athens: University of must inevitably lose their jobs when finally Georgia Press, 1996. xv - xxxvii. whaling industry in Angelus causes its Print. redundancy. . . .‖ (Winton 09). The 4. Goodwin, Ken. A History of environmentalists are the concern of about Australian Literature. Ed. A Norman saving the lives of the whales for the future Jeffares. London: Macmillan generation. The environmentalists are Education, 1986. wanting to change the whaling station as 5. Huggan, Graham and Helen Tiffin. whale observing station, which will help the Postcolonial Ecocriticism: people and students to view these Literature, Animals, Environment. mammals in their habitation which will 2. London and New York: Routledge, help in the conservation of whales. Thus, 2015. Print. this paper brings out how culture causes 6. Winton, Tim. Shallows. London: changes in nature which leads to the Picador, 1991. Print. destruction of whales and it also gives a small solution to solve this huge issue Web Sources through ecocultural. 1. https://link.springer.com/chapter/ 10.1007/978-1-349-18177-3_1 References 2. https://prezi.com/1w5idk9k9vui/e 1. Barry, Peter. Beginning Theory: An co-criticism/ Introduction to Literary and 3. https://quizlet.com/175046748/po Cultural Theory. 3. New Delhi: Viva litical-science-final-exam-written- Books, 2015. Print. flash-cards/ 2. Encyclopedia. "Whaling." Britannica 4. https://www.seslisozluk.net/whalin Ready Reference Encyclopedia. X g-nedir-ne-demek/ vols. New Delhi: Encyclopaedia 5. https://d3ddkgxe55ca6c.cloudfront Britannica and Impulse Marketing, .net/assets/t1313507566/a/0f/27 2004. 169. Print. /poptns-rango-schol-150dpi- 3. Glotfelty, Cheryll. "Literary Studies 12aug11-861725.pdf in an Age of Environmental Crisis." 6. https://bookfrom.net/tim- The Ecocriticism Reader: winton/45054-shallows.html Landmarks in Literary Ecology. Ed.

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UTILITARIAN: A DIMENSION OF BIOPHILIA IN CORMAC McCARTHY’S SELECT NOVELS

A. Joshua Sundar Raja Ph.D. Research Scholar, Department of English, Bishop Heber College, Tiruchirappalli (Affiliated to Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli)

Dr. K. Kaviarasu Assistant Professor of English, Bishop Heber College, Tiruchirappalli (Affiliated to Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli)

Abstract The paper intends to examine the archetypal role of a femme fatale given to the chief female character in H. Rider Haggard‟s celebrated Victorian novel She: A History of Adventure. The paper also showshow theandrocentric perspective of the novelist casts the title character Ayesha or She, the white priestess of Isis, as a deadlysensuous and damned woman whose existence can completely destroy the order and structure of the world which is founded on male autonomy and power. A feminist reading of the novel unveils the male politics behind the projection of a powerful and intellectual woman as a fatal woman and its attempt to eradicateher to defend patriarchy. Haggard‟s She, not only questions the destructive nature of a woman‟s power and beauty, but also engages in complex ways the Victorian ideas of gender, power and matriarchy. Keywords: Archetype; Femme Fatale; Patriarchy; Matriarchy; Feminism; Fiction; Gender

Introduction research article brings to light of Biophilia Generally Utilitarian refers to the and focuses towards one among its Utilitarianism an ethical theory that dimension named ‗Utilitarian' through the judging an action whether right or wrong American writer Cormac McCarthy's The based on its results. "Utilitarians believe Orchard Keeper and Child of God. that the purpose of morality is to make life Any book that tends to Cormac better by increasing the number of good McCarthy's work should as a matter of first things (such as pleasure and happiness) in importance recognize the writer himself, the world and decreasing the number of who is giving a limitless ordinance to bad things (such as pain and pundits to both dreams over and unhappiness)" (Nathanson). appreciate. For almost fifty years, UTILITARIANISM is the ethical theory McCarthy, the most unflinchingly that the production of happiness and individual of contemporary American reduction of unhappiness should be the authors, has utilized his specialty in a standard by which actions are judged right world a long way from abstract circles, or wrong and by which the rules of foundations, and whatever method of morality, laws, public policies, and social writing happens to be in vogue at the time. institutions are to be critically evaluated Cormac McCarthy‘s The Orchard Keeper is (West 1). the story of independent woodsman Uncle Utilitarian as a dimension of Biophilia Ather Ownby living peacefully in the midst ―dependence on nature is both something of vain apple orchard. Same as Uncle Ather of a misnomer and at the same time Ownby, Cormac McCarthy bring another manifest‖ (Kellert and Wilson 47) and the character living peacefully in the midst of literal physical advantages received from woods in his third novel Child of God. ecosystem ―as a fundamental basis for Lester Bellard is the protagonist of this human sustenance, protection, and novel who is isolated from the modernized security‖ (Kellert and Wilson 47). This western civilized society. In both the novel,

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characters are divided into two sets of animals. "He is small, unclean, unshaven. people commonly: Eco-centric Characters He moves in the dry chaff among the dust and Anthropocentric Characters. and slats of sunlight with a constrained In case of any novels or movies truculence. Saxon and Celtic blood" generally, a heroic figure should preserve (McCarthy 1). Lester Bellard is the something or a heroic figure should be traumatic character whose home is rejected by others in any situation and auctioned out from him and living alone in again that heroic figure comes into the a Cave among woods. existence. Here Uncle Ather Ownby and ―The tracks of a fox raised out of the Lester Bellard is the protagonist of these snow intaglio like little mushrooms and two novels when the stories move on, they berry stains where birds shat crimson are isolated to the woods and living an Eco- mutes upon the snow like blood‖ (McCarthy centric life: living along with nature. The 41). main motive of the Utilitarianism the "There was nobody going up or down. ethical theory meant to be the production Already the snow was falling so that you of happiness and reduction of could not see up the valley at all. A spray of unhappiness; but as a dimension of small birds came out of the snowfall and biophilia, it should mean to be receiving passed like windblown leaves into the the security, protection and human silence again. Ballard crouched on his sustenance while Human being's life heels with the rifle between his knees. He completely depends upon the Nature as told the snow to fall faster, and it did" how the eco-centric character Uncle Ather (McCarthy 41). Ownby and Lester Bellard lives in the midst Though there is a trace of fox, he of the woods. received secure confirmation from the birds Uncle Ather Ownby tries to teach his and snows. acquired knowledge on mountains and Though these two Characters are living forest to John Wesley Rattner who is a alone in the woods, they are not in any pretty criminal young boy. The whole uncomfortable zone; instead, they are in moves between the love and loyalty in utilitarian comfort in the woods. They are Rural Place. The way McCarthy evokes the securely protected by the cave, woods, nature of forests and mountains among the birds, and animals. Apart from manmade conflicts of the characters in the novel. protection, they receive direct protection This was the orchard road red and from nature. From the Utilitarian point of quiet in the early sun, winding from the view the direct connection with nature as a mountain‘s spine with apple trees here biophilic dimension, the production of along the road and shading it, gnarled and happiness "as a fundamental basis for bitten trees, yet retaining still a kept look human sustenance, protection, and and no weeds growing where they grew. security" (Kellert and Wilson 47). Farther up was a side road that went off among the trees, shade-dappled, grass fine References as hair in the ruts. (McCarthy 41) 1. Ellis, Jay. No Place for Home Spatial ―McCarthy‘s third novel opens with the Constraint and Character Flight in procession of an auction to the dwelling of the Novels of Cormac McCarthy. a man who will resist that auction, United States of America: unsuccessfully‖ (Ellis 69). At the beginning Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, of the novel, there is no mention of the 2006. Print. protagonist. Usually, he is mentioned like

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2. Kellert, Stephen R. and Edward O. New York: Cambridge University Wilson. The Biophilia Hypothesis. Press, 2004. Print. Washington: Island Press, 1993. Print. Web Sources 3. McCarthy, Cormac. The Orchard 1. https://www.iep.utm.edu/util-a-r/ Keeper. New York: Vintage, 1965. 2. https://www.coursehero.com/file/1 Print. 6468392/Applying-an-Ethical- 4. McCarthy, Cormac. Child of God. Theory/ New York: Vintage, 1973. Print. 3. https://www.paperdue.com/topic/ 5. Nathanson, Stephen. Internet moral-development-essays/2 Encyclopedia of 4. https://www.christianityboard.com Philosophy.n.d.Web. 26 September /threads/a-womans-role-within- 2018. the-body.26870/ . god767c1a442816c2392519a84286 6. West, Henry R. AN INTRODUCTION f2f2f712427.html TO MILL‘S UTILITARIAN ETHICS.

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FLORA, FAUNA AND NATURAL ELEMENTS IN ANITA NAIR’S SELECT MYTHOLOGICAL STORIES

R. Madhiyarasan Ph.D. Research Scholar, Department of English, Bishop Heber College (Affiliated to Bharathidasan University), Tiruchirappalli

Dr. K. Kaviarasu Assistant Professor of English, Bishop Heber College (Affiliated to Bharathidasan University), Tiruchirappalli

Abstract In this modern cyber era, everything is getting the perspective of science or technology to believe. Without any evidence, no one will believe the facts, even laws. According to the etymonline dictionary, the word „myth' is "speech, thought, story, myth, anything delivered by word of mouth," of unknown origin. Likewise, flora means “the plant life of a region”, and fauna means “the total of the animal life of a certain region or time”. And these natural elements are Fire, Land, Air, Water, and Sky. Anita Nair is a prominent writer who has composed mythological short stories in her book. They are very interesting to read. This paper deals with the findings of flora, fauna and natural elements in her mythological stories to pursue the readers to know the differentiation and eco-centric identification of myth and its characters.

Introduction The word ‗myth‘ comes from Modern Anita Nair‘s World Myths and Latin myths, from Greek mythos "speech, Legends contains thirty-one short stories thought, story, myth, anything delivered by about various world mythologies. The book word of mouth," of unknown origin. Flora contains fifteen stories based upon the life means ―the plant life of a region‖, and of legends and sixteen stories based upon Fauna means ―the total of the animal life of the myths. It marks the importance of the a certain region or time‖. And these natural mythological stories. Each story talks elements are land, fire, air, water, and sky. about their myths and their cultures. This The story named "The Story of Dhruva," book contains six stories from the African based upon the Indian myth, tells the birth continent, seven stories from American of the Dhruva star, the North Pole star. The (both north and south) continent, eleven North Pole star has such a different story stories from the Asian continent and seven in India. The belief of Indians is different stories from the European continent. They where they have looked at this star. It is are all discussed by Nair for "keeping alive very bright. This Dhruva is a son of both animals and the myths" due to the Uttanapada and Suniti, gets the boon of disappearance of many animals from the becoming a star from Lord Vishnu, due to forest. Among these eleven stories of the his penance for nothingness. From this Asian continent, there are three stories story, one can understand the politeness of have the batch of India. One is Hindu Dhruva to reach the highest position in this myth-oriented, and others have the world. Stars are brighter than Sun. Dhruva features of Buddhism. According to gets such a place in the cosmic. Pole Star Hinduism, Buddha is the ninth incarnation guides to find direction, and it is only about of Lord Vishnu, the major deity in Hindu the fiftieth brightest star. But one can find mythology. But the feature of Buddhism is it easily in the sky. Likewise here the bitter- slightly different from well-reformed one. gourd, salt and butter are used by Suruchi to make Dhuruva hate food in the house.

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These food items are medicinal food items, unlike other stray dogs, is requested to but in this story, they are added to the food become chief of all the stray dogs. When of Dhuruva for jealousy. These vegetables their team is defended by the king for an and groceries have strengthened Dhurva. unjustified story that they are wrongly At last readers can get the idea of flora and accused of the activity of King's dogs who natural element from this story. have eaten the leather in the chariot. King The second story named "The Hare on has been ordered to kill all the stray dogs the Moon" is taken from the Buddhist myth without investigation the case. So the from India. This hare in the forest is representative of the stray dogs, this noble Buddha. It has a monkey, a jackal and an dog, enters the court and proves the dogs otter as its friends. It talks about the story, of King are the real culprits, with a human "there are certain days in a week when we voice. Then the King honored this noble must fast and give alms to the needy on dog by sharing a meal and agreed on those days. This fetches the item-giver a ahimsa the non-violence. It is very friendly place in heaven" (31). Three of them have with human and here in this story it is an food to provide, so Hare decides to give its incarnation of Lord Buddha. In Indian life for anybody who needs it. So the King Hindu mythology, there is no evidence for of heaven plans to check these four the incarnation as a dog, but this Buddhist animals' resolution of giving. When he has myth has such a story. The dog is a loyal gone to Otter, Money, and Jackal, they give animal to human beings. It guards the their food what they have stored. Likewise, human beings and their belongings. It when he comes in the disguise of the serves as a servant in a friendly touch. Brahmin to Hare, it gives its life by jumping Some of them bark, and some of them bite. into the fire. But the fire is made by the But they are the savior being of human King, so it does not burn the Hare. By beings. appreciating the resolution of the Hare, the From these three stories, the readers King of Heaven takes Hare against Moon can understand that every nation has its and "outlines the hare on the moon where own culture and stories for the evidence of it stays to this day" (34). Hare or Rabit is a their myth and legends. They are all talking harmless animal which eats a carrot, about the importance of their beliefs and radish, and other vegetables. No other customs. They may be different, but they religion has the incarnation of their gods as are in this world due to make the people to a Hare, but it happens in the Indian feel the purity and to keep their confidence Buddhist myth. Moon has a different story or belief. The above-discussed stories are in every myth. Likewise, the myth on the based upon the myths in India. At the moon in this Buddhist tale is very same time, they focus on the importance of attractive. The whiteness of the moon is flora, fauna and natural elements in the derived or portrayed for purity. mythological stories. The third story named "The Noble Dog" is highlighted from the Jataka tale from Web Sources India. This story talks about the 1. https://www.etymonline.com/word incarnation of Buddha and his first disciple /fauna Ananda. In this story, a homeless dog, with 2. https://www.etymonline.com/word good character of not eating dead fleshes, /myth

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THE QUEST FOR IDENTITY IN BHARATI MUKHERJEE’S JASMINE

R. Saradha Assistant Professor, Department of English KG College of Arts and Science, Coimbatore

Keywords: Immigration, child marriage, sati, widowed, subjugation, self-empowerment

Introduction This paper tries to highlight how Bharati portrays Jasmine as the new age of the woman who adopts the new lifestyle in an alien country. The position of women in India has been subjected to varieties of changes over the past years, and it had been discussed by many reformers to emancipate their position. We had scriptures which were written about the position of women where she enjoyed equal status. Only after the medieval period the place of women got worsened, and many evil practices like Sati, child marriage, and the ban on widowed re-marriage take part in social life. Even though few women excelled like Razia Sultan, Mirabai, and Lakshmi Bai. Indian novels depict Indian life and culture, and it resembles the problems generated by an individual's life, and it is determined by society. In this way, Indian novels reflect typical Indian feminine sensibility and their emotional propensities. These types of themes can easily be identified in works of immigrant writers of Indian English. Bharati Mukherjee‘s novels deal with the problem of female subjugation and give a new identity to the women of modern times. Self- empowerment is essential for a human being. Here she stresses on women empowerment through the character Jasmine.

Self-Empowerment of Jasmine she is not a normal village girl but a self- Jasmine is a story of a strong-willed girl willed. She has a tremendous will power to who crosses many obstacles and never go to America alone. She moves to America gives up at any circumstance. Throughout on a forged passport, but she is raped by a the novel, the title character's identity Captain of a ship, Half face. Since she is along with her name changes again and resolute enough, she doesn't kill herself. again from Jyoti to Jasmine, Jasmine to Instead, she kills the Captain and her Jazzy, Jazzy to Jase and Jase to Jane. Indian clothes and begins a new life in Jasmine is the narrator of the novel was America. born in 1965 in a rural Indian village called She takes the identity of Jazzy when Hasnapur. She is different from other she stays in Lillian Gordon‘s home. She village girls in her thought. She marries tries to come out her old identity of Prakash who gave her a new name Jasmine Jasmine, a widow. "Jazzy in a T-shirt, tight by saying that, ―You are small and sweet cords and running shoes” gives her a new and heady, my Jasmine. You‟ll quicken the identity of an American with such a whole world with your perfume”. resolution. She decides to move to Vadhera Soon Prakash dies in a bomb blast, and household. The strong urge in her to re- Jasmine plans to go to America which was invent herself and her eagerness for a dream of her husband. She says, "A independence and self-reliance made her village girl, going alone to America, without life difficult at the Vadhera household. She a job, husband or papers….I had sworn finds of losing herself in a superficial before God. A matter of duty and honor, I rituals and adherence there. She takes a dared not tell my mother”. This shows that

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green card with the help of Vadhera and murderer not widowed, raped, destitute, moves to New York. and fearful." Jasmine takes on a new identity and Human life has many obstacles and gets a job as a baby-sitter in the house of odds. Only some of them emerge as Taylor and Wylie Hayes. While living in the survivors whereas some of them surrender Hayes, she begins to master the English to fate. Here, Jasmine displays courage and language, empowering herself to further the ability to survive in her various appropriate American culture. Here we identities. She discovers more and more of could find out a great upliftment in the herself in the journey of multiple identities. character of Jasmine, a girl who came to She approaches life in a positive tone and the US to commit Sati on her husband's leads a successful life. She creates a new suit and the present Jase in Taylor's world consisting of new ideas and values. household. Though Jasmine seeks to distance ―Taylor didn‟t want to change me… I herself from cultural expectations and changed because I wanted to‖. tradition the possibility of independence Here she asserts her willingness to and agency exist in reality. Throughout the change or empower herself and be part of novel, Jasmine experiences enormous America. She has such a strength and situations which bring out the violence and capabilities. She takes in everything with mental trauma in her. She not only faces so much enthusiasm. This can be physical violence but also the mental considered as Jasmine‘s rebirth in a way, violence that forces her to be born as a where she becomes a more daring self, different person in various phases of her ready to face the umpteen challenges and life. The progression of Jasmine from one roles that lay ahead of her. stage of evolution to the other stage of life She obtains yet another identity when is portrayed as a courageous character. she leaves her role as a care giver and moves to Iowa to become the common-law References wife of Bud Ripplemayer, a banker and 1. Mukherjee, Bharati. Jasmine. New mother to their adopted son and later on York: Grove Press, 1989. becomes pregnant with Bud's child. She 2. Banerjee, Suchismita. ―Interrogating enjoys her new liberated self and allows her the Ambivalence of Self-Fashioning a part of American society. and Redefining the Immigrant The protagonist Jasmine leaves her Identity in Bharati Mukherjee‘s country to fulfill her wishes. She begins to Jasmine‖, Asiatic, Volume 6, search for self-independence. Though the Number 1, (June 2012). 14,20. astrologer predicts about her widowhood and exile in an early age, she refuses to Web Sources believe on it and always tries to raise her 1. http://newmanpublication.com/br/ above all the false beliefs and superstition. 03%20JULY%202014.pdf When she is New York, she expresses her 2. http://www.ijlll.org/vol1/15- survival skill in an alien country. X00018.pdf ―I wanted to become a person they 3. http://www.journalagent.com/paus thought they saw: humorous, intelligent, bed/pdfs/PAUSBED_2013_16_33_3 refined and affectionate. Not illegal, not 9.pdf

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TRANSFIGURED WAR OF TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY: AN ASSESSMENT

Dr. Harshad K.Bhosale Associate Professor, Department of Political Science Kirti College, (Dadar- W), Mumbai, INDIA

Introduction witnessed worst cases of war casualties in International conflicts or wars have the Twentieth century. In the twentieth become an indispensible reality of the century the number of war-related modern nation-state system. Wars or fatalities, as evidenced by recorded the international conflicts can be discernible in history is at least 108 million people. the long history of the development of the Throughout the history of human nation-state system. There are several existence, there have been roughly around viewpoints propounded by writers and 150 million to 1 billion people been killed philosophers on the nature of war. The in wars and other armed conflicts1. Despite most discussed amongst them have been several attempts by the international the definition advocated by Prussian community to prevent the escalation of military theorist Carl von Clausewitz. He war, it has not disappeared as a form of preferred to define it as an extension of social behavior. politics by other means. This The nature of war in the current understanding of war is even relevant in century has tremendously changed. To the twenty-first century which is marked examine the changing nature of war, it is by information and technology. The necessary to discuss the meaning and twentieth century has witnessed a definition of war. Since war is a malleable tremendous upsurge in the nature, concept, it has drawn a lot of contradictory outreach, and characteristic of war which viewpoints and opinions. According to has undergone monumental change. Britannica Encyclopaedia, a war in the Several academicians and political popular sense is a conflict among political commentators‘ believe that the groups involving hostilities of considerable metamorphosed nature of war is duration and magnitude. undergoing fundamental changes in the Sociologists generally apply the term to twenty-first century. those conflicts that are initiated and War is described as a prolonged and conducted by socially recognized forms. organized conflict initiated by a nation- They treat war as an institution recognized state against another nation state to secure in custom or law 2. objectives of its foreign policy and national- interest. The most important feature of war Globalized nature of war is that it involves extreme violence, social Today‘s wars have been modernized disruption and an attempt to destruct the and are systematised beyond imagination. economic setup. War is discussed as a There is excessive use of information and conflict among political groups involving technology in all types of armed conflicts hostilities of considerable duration and and, such advancement has led to the magnitude. War is an intentional emergence of globalized war. The massive unprecedented conflict and a widespread armed struggle between political 1 Chris Hedges, The New York Times, 'What Every Person communities. Wars are not recent creations Should Know About War' July 6, 2003 2 but have a long history. Human history has https://www.britannica.com/topic/war - Retrieved on 16th August 2018.

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proliferation of information technology has has evolved dramatically over the last few resulted in what Winn Schwartau describes decades. as ‗computers everywhere,' (Schwartau The onslaught of globalized forces has 1996). influenced the metamorphosis of war Military writers usually confine the resulting in the loathsome aftermath. The term war to hostilities in which the globalized nature of war has also contending groups are sufficiently equal in significantly affected the social and power to render the outcome uncertain for economic spheres thereby leading to the a time. Armed conflicts of powerful states emergence of revolution in military affairs with isolated and powerless peoples are (RMA). The after events of 1991 gulf war called pacifications, military expeditions, or conceptualized the term RMA, and slowly it explorations; with small states, they are got manifested in the political vocabulary of called interventions or reprisals; and with global actors. The development is described internal groups, rebellions or insurrections. as a significant departure from the Such incidents, if the resistance is industrial age to information technology sufficiently strong or protracted, may age. The debate got further accentuated achieve a magnitude that entitles them to after 9/11 terrorist strikes in the USA. The the name "war." basic assumption in the notion of RMA is War injects elements of emotion, the possibility of use of smart weapons to uncertainty and, improbability, which can achieve quick results in decisive battles affect the conduct of military operations. and secure outright victory against the The fog of war combined with human opponents. The use of RMA allows danger and stress can make the simplest controlling the battlefield in such a way task difficult. War is waged by people; as a that was not possible n previous years result, human emotions can shape the (Baylis and Smith 2014). conduct of war. The cohesion, passion as Crucial wars of preceding century well as the determination of people and involved huge armies that resorted to the groups of people, will shape the outcome use of heavy conventional weapons and can, in turn, is shaped by inspired engaged in major battles. The warring leadership. countries were supported and also enticed by the superpowers. , Human casualty and The changing nature of warfare loss of property were significantly alarming In the post-cold war, period war has in proportions. By the end of the century, almost transmogrified in its form and the nature of armed conflict had changed gravity. Wars of the contemporary period rigorously. Most of today‘s armed conflicts are low-intensity wars, or what may be fall in the typical category of war which is called as ‗asymmetric‘ wars. These wars are slowly emerging at international level, equipped with high-tech forces engaged in which is ‗low-intensity conflict‟4. Low- the relentless fight against the poorly Intensity Conflict (LIC) means the use of armed opponents. The nature of standing military power that falls short of a full scale armies are also changing, prominently conventional or general war. It includes relying on child soldiers3, Paramilitary various activities like peacekeeping, forces and private military firms. Warfare antiterrorism, assistance to foreign

3 Child soldiers are children below 18 years of age and are recruited by a state or non-state armed group. They are used as 4 A low-intensity conflict (LIC) is a military conflict, which is fighters, cooks, suicide bombers, human shields, messengers, localized in nature. The conflict is between two or more non-state spies, or for even for sexual purposes groups which fall short of conventional war.

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countries for internal defense, fulfillment of quantity or quality of their forces and international treaty obligations, assistance equipment. to foreign law enforcement agencies, and The term asymmetric war is an commando operations. The LIC emerged outcome of the revolution in military affairs during the years after the Vietnam War. (RMA). The asymmetric war can be The post- Vietnam period intensified the distinguished from the modern wars. use of LIC by various military powers Asymmetrical wars give a lot of impetus to especially the US. The war is used the use of unconventional method and meticulously by a major power when strategy of war. American troops have diplomacy alone does not resolve the extensively used this type of war in many turbulent political issues. small expeditions (Sudhir, 2008). This type The civil war that takes place in the of war often involves US-led ‗coalitions of developing world is typically fought by the willing‘, using high-tech weaponry relatively small, ill-trained, lightly armed against far weaker opponents who have few forces that avoid major military or no allies. The Gulf War, Kosovo, and the engagements but frequently target civilians. conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan fall into While often conducted with great brutality, this category. Due to the extreme power these low-intensity conflicts kill relatively imbalances, the duration of these battles is few people compared with major very short; it ends within a fortnight or conventional wars. Low-intensity warfare even in a week. The after-war effects are may be part of the bargaining process to also less destructive with few deaths and help the government to 'see the point of property loss compared with the older view' of groups within and without the state wars. Such enormous changes in the that are disaffected - for whatever reason - character and range of armed conflicts and to encourage action in line with that have coincided with the new global changes viewpoint. These groups may receive in military recruitment and organisation. support from sources outside the state These have been driven in part by concerned and may even be created to economic imperatives and in part by carry out a low intensity- warfare political changes. This section examines campaign. Low-intensity warfare becomes a three such changes: a reliance on child strategic tool in the hands of nation-states soldiers, the increasing use of paramilitary to exercise its pressure and maintain its forces and the privatisation of warfare5. influence on other sovereign country (Carey 1996). The rise of paramilitaries The second type of new emerging war is There is a growing trend amongst asymmetrical wars. Wars in the second various sovereign states to use paramilitary category are very different they are called forces instead of a full-fledged military. asymmetric wars. Asymmetric war can be A paramilitary is a quasi-militarized force described as an armed - conflict in which which is similar to that of armed force. The the strength of two warring camps differ in functional mechanism, composition, potentiality and competence, and they makeup strategy, training, etc. is identical attempt to exploit each other's to that of a professional military but is not characteristic weaknesses. Such wars of included as part of a state's formal armed asymmetric nature often involve strategies forces. This force is heavily armed than the and tactics of unconventional warfare, the police but lightly armed than the military. weaker combatants attempting to use strategy to counterpoise inadequacies in 5 https://www.resdal.org/ing/ultimos-documentos/part1-text3.pdf

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It can be disciplined forces under effective prodigious investment in paramilitary has government control—or private armies made India the second-largest paramilitary operating outside legal constraints, force in the world7. responsible only to themselves, and Paramilitaries perform multiple operating death squads and torture camps. functions apart from maintaining internal One of the most noteworthy attributes of a security. On several occasions, it has been paramilitary force is that it does not require used to control communal riots, rebellion any special expenses for maintenance. One marches, foreign infiltration and even the one hand they are inexpensive, and on elimination of political opponents. the other, they are quick to train and entail Numerous paramilitaries have developed little logistical support. Their rapid recent ominous identities, and many of them have growth in international relations has raised been responsible for instigating violence in several questions of national security. diverse parts of the world like Venezuela, The term paramilitary includes within Mali, Bosnia – Herzegovina, Serbia, its ambit a wide variety of organizations: Ruanda, Uganda, etc. and elsewhere. armed police, border guards, counter- insurgency specialists, internal security Outsourcing war and drive towards forces, riot squads, intelligence agencies, outsourcing wars militias and even privatized armies. Most The period of 1990‘s marks a significant exist outside regular police or traditional period in the history of international military command structures—and almost politics. The importance of this period is all fall into one of three broad categories: marked in the fact of the changing  Militarised police forces (such as international political circumstances and China‘s People‘s Armed Police). shifting of the power of balance as well as  Militias (such as Colombia‘s self- the emergence of the unipolar world8. The defense groups). resultant circumstances ended the  Intelligence agencies (such as prolonged cold war existed between the two Pakistan's Inter-Service super powers that are the US and the Intelligence)6. erstwhile USSR. The consequence of the The rise of paramilitary forces is an end of the Cold resulted in a sharp decline exemplary development in the realm of in war-related investment around the national security and global security. world. The defense and military assistance Russia, India and China, the three to the economically weaker countries also important global actors have the largest declined significantly. Defense ministries armed soldiers in the world. These endeavored to search for new avenues to countries have invested heavily in the enhance their efficiencies and reduce paramilitary force to secure its foreign defense-related costs. The consequence of policy objectives. India has made huge this development was menacing as there investments in developing a sophisticated was more solicitation for the demand for and modernized paramilitary force for its security in recent years. Almost fifty 7 percent of Indian armed forces are India's https://www.encyclopedia.com/international/encyclopedias- almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/paramilitary-forces-and-internal- paramilitary. This massive development security and investment in paramilitary are 8 This has a reference to the fall of the Berlin wall, the decline of estimated to be over 1 million. Such a communism and disintegration of Russia. After Russia's disintegration, there was for a brief period of the unipolar world with the US emerging as the only hegemony at international 6 https://www.resdal.org/ing/ultimos-documentos/part1-text3.pdf level.

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child soldiers and paramilitary surfaced for various reasons like boundary organizations. Along with this, there was dispute, or ideology or religious values. The also an increasing trend towards the number of casualties generally used to be ‗outsource‘ war. small compared to the contemporary Outsourcing of war is connected to the period. The twentieth century has changed advent of private actors in military affairs. the very edifice and determinants of war. The significant role of private firms in Between 1945 and 2010, wars have killed military affairs has increased in the 1990‘s. around 34,677 people per year, while the During this period the private companies average internal conflict killed 2,530 people saw tremendous business potential in per year. The Stockholm International international conflicts. It is due to this Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) has reason that the popular literature referred claimed that over the period 1998- 2008, them as mercenaries or irregular dogs of many of the major armed conflicts that war. The soldiers of private firms or what is were not international disputes were described as the executioners of war conflicts over seeking political power, with activities sponsored by private firms differ the remainder conflicts over territory. to the national defense personnel. Firstly Some of these conflicts are they are motivated by financial profit and ‗internationalized ‘in that they include business interest and not by national self- troops from a country external to the basic determination or patriotism. Secondly, they conflict aiding one of the belligerents. lack, accountability and are responsible to Examples today include the NATO no one. Finally, they are not bound by any intervention in the conflict between the international covenant or international law. Afghan Government and the Taliban and Private military firms or what popularly the US/British intervention in the conflict known as Private military companies (PMC) between the Iraqi Government and the are independent corporations that offer insurgency. There have to be collective military services to national governments, efforts from the inter governmental international organizations, and nonstate organisation to develop understanding and actors. The PMC is a very crucial emergent integration between the civilians and the element and highly contentious. The gamut military force. Such integration and of its controversy has increased due to its cohesive interlocution will result in tendentious nature. PMCs specialize in achieving a strategic success in controlling providing combat and protection forces. the insurgency and stabilize the war zone. Their work ranges from running small- The international actors should also not scale training missions to providing combat hesitate to use the contractors to serve the units composed of up to several hundred logistical need. highly trained soldiers equipped with They will likely remain a feature of powerful weapons platforms, future military operations. We need to including tanks and attack helicopters9. improve existing control mechanisms and make sure that they are more accountable. Conclusion Both civilian and military leaders need to The conventional usage of the term war take steps to make sure that they engage in demonstrated a description of a conflict a more productive strategic dialogue. between the nation-states. The conflict References 1. John Baylis, Steve Smith, Patricia, 9 https://www.britannica.com/topic/private-military-firm ―The Globalization of World Politics:

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An Introduction to International Institute (Oxford: Oxford University Relations, 2014, OUP. Press, 2005), pp. 83-120, p. 83. 2. C.v. Clausewitz, On War, ed. M.E. 11. S.P. Huntington, The Clash of Howard, P. Peter, B. Bernard, and Civilizations and the Remaking of W. Rosalie (Princeton, Oxford: World Order (New York: Simon & Princeton University Press, 1984), Schuster, 1996). p. 87. 12. T.X. Hammes, The Sling and the 3. C. Holmqvist, ―Major Armed Stone: On War in the Twenty-First Conflicts,‖ in SIPRI Yearbook 2006: Century (St Paul, MN: Zenith, 2004); Armaments, Disarmament and W.S. Lind, ―The Changing Face of International Security, published by War: Into the Fourth Generation,‖ the Stockholm International Peace Marine Corps Gazette, October Research Institute (Oxford: Oxford 1989. University Press, 2005), pp. 77 – 13. R. Smith, The Utility of Force: The 138. Art of War in the Modern World 4. Carey Roger et al. (Eds), "Low- (London: Allen Lane, 2005). Intensity Warfare and Limited War," 14. M. Ignatieff, Virtual War: Kosovo International Security in the and Beyond (London: Chatto & Modern World, Palgrave Macmillan, Windus, 2000); a division of Macmillan Publishers 15. R.D. Kaplan, Balkan Ghosts: A Limited 1996. Journey through History (London: 5. Dwan and Holmqvist, op. cit., note Papermac, 1994); 2; M. Ignatieff, The Warrior‟s Honor: 16. R.D. Kaplan, The Coming Anarchy: Ethnic War and the Modern How Scarcity, Crime, Conscience (London: Chatto & Overpopulation, Tribalism, and Windus, 1998) Disease Are Rapidly Destroying the 6. K.J. Holsti, The State, War, and the Social Fabric of Our Planet, The State of War (Cambridge: Cambridge Atlantic Monthly, February 1994. University Press, 1996). 17. S.N. Kalyvas, ―New and Old Civil 7. M.R. Sarkees, F.W. Wayman, and Wars, a Valid Distinction?,‖ World J.D. Singer, ―Inter-State, Intra- Politics, Vol. 54, No. 1, October 1, State, and Extra-State Wars: 2001, pp. 99-118. A Comprehensive Look at Their 18. T. Blair, ―A Battle for Global Distribution over Time, 1816-1997,‖ Values,‖ Foreign Affairs, Vol. 86, No. International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 1, January/February 2007, pp. 79- 47, Issue 1, March 2003, pp. 49-70. 90, p. 90. 8. M.L. Van Creveld, The 19. Schwartau, Winn, Information Transformation of War (New York: Warfare: Cyberterrorism: Protecting Free Press, 1991). Your Personal Security in the 9. M. Kaldor, New and Old Wars: Electronic Age, 2nd edition (New Organized Violence in a Global Era, York, Thunder‘s Mouth Press, new ed. (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1996), Ch. 2, pp. 71– 86. 2001). 20. Sudhir, M R "Asymmetric War: A 10. R. Dwan and C. Holmqvist, ―Major Conceptual Understanding" CLAWS Armed Conflicts,‖ in SIPRI Yearbook Journal Summer 2008 2005, published by the Stockholm International Peace Research

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Web Sources 3. https://windingstream.wordpress.c 1. https://www.hindustantimes.com/i om/about/ ndia/lankan-monks-demand- 4. https://www.coursehero.com/file/p abrogation-of-oslo-truce/story- 72kc0j8/It-is-due-to-this-reason- kdDaIBXvDD96DBWH85HpMN.htm that-the-officers-might-find- l themselves-being-subject/ 2. http://www.resdal.org/ing/ultimos- 5. https://www.scribd.com/book/353 documentos/part1-text3.pdf 090042/No-Nonsense-Guide-to-the- Arms-Trade

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FEMINISM IN LITERARY VIEW

Hussaina Azgar The Head Mistress Shree Sarasswathi Vidhyaah Mandheer School Alangombu, Mettupalayam

textbooks, in curriculum structure, and the "Feminism isn't about making publication of articles and books." Some women strong. Women are already three hundred colleges and universities strong. It's about changing the way the now offer degree options in women's world perceives that strength." studies. Moreover, Showalter claims, —G.D. Anderson feminism is forging alliances with other Feminism is a range of movements and modern critical schools. "Feminist, black, ideologies that share a common goal: to and post-structural critics, both male and define, establish, and achieve equal female" now comprise an "avant-garde that political, economic, cultural, personal, and shares the same enemies, namely those social rights for women. This includes who urge a return to the ‗basics' and the seeking to establish equal opportunities for ‗classics,' those who fail to recognize in women in education and employment. As these new schools of criticism a virtual feminist ideology would have it, the world "renaissance" in the humanities. These presents a harsh and alien landscape to including not just the works of Borges in women. Inevitably, in the feminist view, translation and the novels of Virginia Woolf literature itself mirrors this oppression. In but also science fiction, films, women's this way, gender is established "as a literature, black literature, Chicano fundamental category of literary analysis." literature, Asian-American literature, Native-American literature, and much Feminists' Approach To Literature more." Perhaps feminists have dismissed How does anti-sentimentality come tradition—in favour of a reductive and to be a male construct any more than a bullying ideology—because they sense that female one? they can't demand the status they want, for Is ‘The Mill on the Floss' a novel themselves and women generally, on the about the contemporary feminist view usual grounds. Furthermore, women have of the female dilemma? enjoyed various forms of power, although The feminists discredit their efforts not always those forms favoured by through political urgency. But of course, contemporary feminism. It is feminism that without the constraints of traditional presents an extraordinarily withered view literary aesthetics, the possibilities for of feminine history, by focusing only on revision are endless. In spite of the obvious female deprivation and ignoring female political character of this approach to fulfillment. literature, and despite its critical distortions, feminist literary criticism has Feminist Literature found a home in the academy. Showalter "The more I have spoken about claims that "the increased power of feminist feminism, the more I have realized that perspectives within the university has led fighting for women's rights has too to innumerable changes in literary often become synonymous with man-

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hating. If there is one thing I know for Women in feminist literature are always certain, it is that this has to stop." — featured as the protagonist who usually Emma Watson does not readily accept the traditional Feminist literature is based on the female role determined by society. Women principles of feminism and includes all in such works are ready to make their own literary works focusing on a woman's decisions, to express their personal choices struggle for equality and to be accepted as as well as dealing with the consequences of a human being, before becoming a victim of these choices, decisions, and actions. gender stereotypes. Not all works in this Although every woman is a daughter, a category follow a direct approach towards mother, a sister or a wife, any work of this goal of equality. Women believed that feminist literature first deals with her as a society could change the way it perceived woman. The identity of these female them only through such media. Not all characters is not determined by these authors of feminist literature are women, relationships, roles, or stereotypes. Rather, and there are fictional as well as non- it is their choices and beliefs that define fictional works their identity, and they are then associated According to critics, male and female with these roles. authors were not that different, and it was Many literary works by men have also not necessary to identify a separate class of treated women as important subjects. literature as feminist or look for traces of Norwegian author and playwright, Henrik feminism in literature. However, in any Ibsen often focused on women, women's work of feminist literature, it is clear how issues, the troubles they faced in society the writer criticized the male-centered and the decisions they made by their approach of society and tried to values and beliefs. In his play ‗A Doll's understand the beliefs and needs of the House,' the strength and character of the opposite sex with a subjective, rather than protagonist are seen. an objective, approach. Some works of feminist literature, non – fiction, in particular, showcase and stress "I hate to hear you talk about all women's suffrage and demand for equality women as if they were fine ladies in society, for political, economic and social instead of rational creatures. None of rights. With time, the attack on male- us want to be in calm waters all our dominated society became more forthright lives."― Jane Austen, Persuasion and straightforward, with women in In Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice, feminist literature demanding a closer look the protagonist, Elizabeth Bennett, was a into the patriarchal and capitalistic woman who knew her mind. She decided to approach towards feminism. follow her path towards what she wanted in spite of the societal pressure to choose a "As long as she thinks of a man, nobody partner and to lead a life that was pre- objects to a woman thinking."― Virginia decided for all women. Austen did not Woolf approach any of these things blatantly. Writers who wrote works with an Elizabeth did not put on an outward fight underlying feminist principle include Jane to choose her life course. The entire work is Austen and Virginia Woolf as some of the subtle, and the protagonist's only clear earliest representatives of this movement. characteristic is assertiveness. This Feminist authors who wrote in the second approach to such issues is very typical of half of the twentieth century and the feminist literature. beginning of the twenty-first century

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include Ursula K. Le Guin, Angela Carter, Feminism in Indian English novels is Jeannette Winterson, Aimee Bender, not at all a novel concept, and over the Edwidge Danticat, Suzan Lori-Parks, and years numerous new writers have broken Wendy Wasserstein. into the literary trail and have successfully Famous works of feminist literature, created a reader base. Indian women both non-fiction and fiction, include writers, composing their thoughts in Virginia Woolf's ‗A Room of One's Own‘, English range from an array of people like ‗The Handmaid's Tale‘ by Margaret Atwood, from Toru Dutt to Kamala Das and from Simone de Beauvoir's ‗The Second Sex‘, Sarojini Naidu to Suniti Namjoshi, from Susan Bordo's ‗Unbearable Weight: Arundhati Roy to Shashi Deshpande. These Feminism, Western Culture, and the Body‘, prominent Indian writers enlighten with the ‗Feminist Fairy Tales‘ by Barbara G. astounding variety of theme, in an Walker, Alice Childress's ‗Like One of the approachable fashion, that poetry and Family‘, Azar Nafisi's ‗Reading Lolita in novels are capable of offering. After Tehran‘, ‗When Everything Changed‘ by absorbing a variety of influences in the last Gail Collins, and Sylvia Plath's ‗The Bell fifty years and having dealt with an array of Jar‘. themes and thoughts, a diverse striates of poetic and literary expressions had been Feminism in Indian English Literature created. Each writer, in their way, has tried "There's no such thing as the 'voiceless.' to convey their hidden thoughts in a There are only the deliberately silenced, distinctly personal voice, yet they have or the preferably unheard." - Arundhati been successful in forming a part of the Roy chorus, a collective tone emphasizing the Feminism in Indian English novels, as sovereignty of women. It must be kept in commonly conceived, is extremely mind that literary creation by women need transcendent and over-the-top concept not be conceived only as feminist creation. most subtly handled under constrained Women writers have often raised their conditions. However, with the expansion of voice against a social and cultural time, feminism has been recognized in philosophy that constrained their liberty India, setting aside the patriarchal and committed institutional seclusion of predomination to a certain extent. Leaving women. Most cases propose confessional aside the crusaders and activists of the and personal note, where their composition social and political circumstances, acts as a social document as they are conceivably colossal framework on themselves sufferers and also agents of feminism is also accomplished through social revolution. English Indian literature. But, before realizing a closer look into feminist "She has the gift of accepting her life."― literature in India, it is essential to Jhumpa Lahiri comprehend the central concept of the In the contemporary scenario, there are expression 'feminism' in the context of many women writers who, through their India since inception. The history of writings, have been successful in projecting feminism in India can be looked at as the existing social inequality. With regards predominantly a "practical effort." Feminist to the new-fangled styles, technique and writers in India today proudly advocate trends in women's novels and poetry there their cause of 'womanhood,' through their is a noteworthy movement linking the works. domestic with the public spheres of work. Improved metropolitan involvement,

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sophisticated and posh lifestyles, that while she is a feminist, her novels are standardization, globalization, urbanized novel. She hasn't written the novels as a influences of disco and pop culture, Anglo- debating voice, to develop a thesis in a Americanization and increased preference debate. She feels her novels are open for convent education of the present examinations of the exploring experiences generation of women poets have made their of people in a specific setting. literary narratives sharper, chiseled, effortless and succinct. Breaking the norms "Oh, we want a new breed of men before of popular trends in literary narrative, the India can be cleansed of her disease."- women writers, along with the Sarojini Naidu simultaneous assimilation of Pan-Indian In the case of Arundhati Roy, who has elements, have made their creativity a her own opinion on society and has formidable area of study and research. successfully made a mark for herself in the The history of English Indian novel, a world arena. In the novel, "The God of journey that began long back has Small Things," which also won a Booker witnessed a lot of alteration to gain today's Prize in 1998, the processes of subjugation well-groomed curve. In the past few years, and suppression mechanisms portrayed many prominent writers have made a mark through a variety of narrative techniques: on the Indian Diaspora. Eminent writers characterization, scenes of violence, ironic like Arundhati Roy, Jhumpa Lahiri, juxtapositions, small acts of defiance by Shobha De, and so on, have given Indian characters, etc. Apart from these aesthetic English novel a whole new attitude. The codes, the historical and polemical codes in novels include various concepts of fact and the novel too function as a direct and fiction and are based on current events and indirect commentary on the will to power of recent social problems. the 'Big Gods.' Women writers explore old wives' tales, condemn exploitation and try to make Feminism Through Indian Literature sense of the fast changing pace of the new With the development of time, feminism world. Kamala Das explores women's plight has been acknowledged in India, setting in India and the world and others like aside the ‗male domination' to an extent. Shashi Deshpande paints characters who Perhaps one can see the massive work of blame their complacency for their feminism reflected through the Indian remorseful condition. Arundhati Roy begins literature. India's two of the most her story without a beginning and does not prehistoric epics, Ramayana and end it while Jhumpa Lahiri's well-crafted Mahabharata were written by Valmiki, and tales move at a perfect pace. Ved Vyas had created two central Shashi Deshpande is one of the serious characters, Sita and Draupadi whose novelists around who is never after misfortune is known by every Indian today. gimmicks. There is an honest voice, very While Sita accepts the harsh wretchedness severe about the story being told and its of the male ego, Draupadi rejects and style. She is one of the rare writers with resents them like a hero. These two female little posturing. Her novels usually have characters define the two poles of the women as the protagonists. This has led feminine experiences of the world. This was readers to call her a feminist writer. She is the budding stage of feminism in ancient of the view that in calling her novels Indian literature. feminist, one straitjackets the works; In the post-independent India, where imprisons them with the label. She feels education amongst women had already

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commenced, ‗The New Woman' concept had 14. Prominent writers on the Indian started to emerge. Literature with time Diaspora- Arundhati Roy, Jhumpa gained pace thus, carving a new way for Lahiri, Shobha De, Shashi the introduction of feminism in Indian Deshpande literature. It was then that the concept of 15. Rachel Blau Du Plessis's essay- feminism appeared in the Indian literature "Female form"-, "For the Etruscans," from the west but did not liberally spread an attempt at "nonlinear," across the nation as fighting for women's 16. Ruddick 1989; Held 1995; Held rights was misinterpreted as going against 2007; Hamington 2006 Dependency the Indian womanhood. (Kittay 1999), Disability (Wilkerson "If you want something said, ask a 2002; Carlson 2009) man; if you want something done, ask a 17. Susan Glaspell's "A Jury of Her woman." Peers" Margaret Thatcher 18. "Sentimental Power, & 8221; Jane P. Tompkins References 19. Schneir 1972; Schneir 1994; Silvers 1. Annette Kolodny- "A Map for Re- 1999; Young 1990. reading: Gender and the 20. Valmiki and Ved Vyas- Ramayana Interpretation of Literary Texts," and Mahabharata wrote The history 2. Arundhati Roy - "The God of Small of Indian English novels Things" 21. Women's Labour (Waring 1999; 3. Brownmiller 1975; MacKinnon Delphy 1984; Harley 2007), 1987- Is it simply women's Scientific Bias and Objectivity biological role in reproduction? (Longino1990) (Firestone 1970) 4. Engels 1845; Okin 1989- Is it her Web Sources role in the labor market? 1. https://www.psychologytoday.com/ 5. "Female Aesthetics" us/blog/happiness-is-state- 6. "Feminist Political Philosophy," viz., mind/201805/feminism-changing- Liberal Feminism, Materialist the-way-our-society-views-women Feminism, and Radical Feminism- 2. https://www.studymode.com/essay Hampton 1993 s/The-Great-Impact-Of-Feminism- 7. Feminist authors in the late 64689703.html twentieth century and early twenty- 3. https://www.newcriterion.com/issu first century es/1985/11/feminism-and- 8. George Eliot- "Dominant" culture in literature The Mill on the Floss 4. https://www.harpersbazaar.com/c 9. Henrik Ibsen- A Doll's House ulture/features/a4056/empowering 10. Jaggar 1983; Kittay 1999; -female-quotes/ MacKinnon 1989; Nussbaum 1999; 5. https://www.facebook.com/Scorpio Okin 1979; Okin 1989; Pateman 67Photography/photos/a.38981681 1988; 1406784.1073741831.3896855614 11. Jane Austen – Pride and Prejudice 19909/757120614676400/?type=3 12. Lillian S. Robinson—Feminist 6. https://www.questia.com/library/li Challenges to the Literary Canon" terature/literary-theory/feminist- 13. Nancy K Miller - Plots and literature Plausibilities in Women's Fiction,"

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7. https://www.instagram.com/p/BqA 12. https://www.goodreads.com/quote MdrxnuZr/ s/445241-she-has-the-gift-of- 8. https://www.goodreads.com/quote accepting-her-life s/313552-as-long-as-she-thinks-of- 13. https://www.local- a-man-nobody-objects life.com/krakow/pubs/3001- 9. https://medium.com/@flexlibris/th Cafe_Szafe eres-really-no-such-thing-as-the- 14. https://www.indianetzone.com/36/ voiceless-92b3fa45134d indian_english_novel_indian_literat 10. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femi ure.htm nism_in_India 15. https://demidovpetya2016.files.wor 11. https://www.indianetzone.com/67/ dpress.com/2015/02/the-best- indian_writings_english_during_mo literary-essays.pdf dern_age.htm 16. https://www.brainyquote.com/quot es/sarojini_naidu_354971

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BEHIND THE DOORS: A SUBALTERN PERSPECTIVES IN THE NOVEL OF CHIMAMANDA NGOZI ADICHIE’S THE PURPLE HIBISCUS

J. Jency Prathesha Reg. No: 18113284012008 Ph.D. Research Scholar Women’s Christian College, Nagercoil Affiliated to ManonmaniamSundaranar University Abishekpatti, Tirunelvelli- 627012. Tamil Nadu

This paper explores the African women In the Purple, Hibiscus Eugene fits the struggle and their sufferings caused by male descriptions of a Gothic patriarch and domination through the character of Beatrice Beatrice, Kambili and Jaja the suffering and Ifeoma in the novel The Purple Hibiscus. subjects of his authority. These victims of Their life was subjugated through the paternal patriarchal authority do character Eugene. The duties and activities everything possible to claim their free space assigned to a particular gender can in the oppressive circumstances occasioned demonstrate their respective position in the by Eugene. No wonder male religious overall power structure in that particular leaders so often say that humans were society. Women are excluded from certain born in sin because we were born to female crucial economic and political activities and creatures. Only by obeying the rules of the their roles as wives and mothers are patriarchy can we be reborn through men. associated with fewer powers and No wonder priests and ministers in skirts prerogatives than male roles. African women sprinkle imitation birth fluid over our operate within the paradigm of dominated- heads, give us new names, and promise periphery defined groups and so they are rebirth into everlasting life actively engaged in the production of The character of Beatrice and Ifeoma in oppositional ideologies to counter the Purple Hibiscus is a case of women overriding patriarchal principles. asserting their positions in their societies This paper introduces power relations and challenging patriarchy with its several in Purple Hibiscus to investigate how female manifestations. The system of oppression characters‘ fight with their subjugation and draws much of its strength from the the oppression growing from patriarchy. accepting of its victims, their image and get The images of women and their position in paralyzed by a sense of helplessness. the universe of the novel and the Adichie‘s story explores numerous societal oppressive gender structures which push structures through which women are women to the margins as well as how oppressed. She identifies domestic violence, women came back to the center is religion, traditions, family life, civil unrest, examined. Eve Ensler states that: extended families, polygamy, desire for Women are excluded from certain sons, racism, colonialism, and crucial economic and political activities and neocolonialism as being responsible for their roles as wives and mothers are unequal gender relations forming the basis associated with fewer powers and of exploitation of women and domestic prerogatives than male roles. African violence that characterize Eugene‘s women operate within the paradigm of household in Purple Hibiscus. dominated-periphery defined groups and so Through the character of Beatrice, this they are actively engaged in the production novel explores how wives are subjugated by of oppositional ideologies to counter the their husbands. Beatrice's world is overriding patriarchal principles. controlled by her husband. She is not

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allowed to take any choice and express hold anymore and further suggests that feelings of her own in one situation that several centers of authority are necessary. confirms that when the family visits Father It is in the other centers where the Benedict after a Sunday service. Papa‘s characters living in Eugene's family enjoy word is final, and he disregards the wife's their freedom. Kambili is concerned about feelings, and thus Beatrice hangs at the every member of the family but does not limits of Papa's world. Being sick she is speak her mind because of lack of freedom. compelled to go to the priest's house. At Mama informs the daughter that she will home, she has no choice over what color of not replace the figurines and Kambili curtains to hang on the windows of the realizes that, "when Papa threw the missal house. The indecision depicted here at Jaja it was not just the figurines that confirms the marginal position Beatrice came tumbling down, it was everything" occupies about her husband. Beatrice (15). The word "Everything" implies even struggles from the boundary and rises as the authority that Papa has taken over his the pro-active character and who pulls family. Mama‘s refusal to replace the down patriarchy by poisoning the husband. figurines suggests a need to live without This way moves to the center where she is the usual patriarchal control occasioned by allowed to make her own choices. The Eugene. Eugene‘s family is housed in a suffering that Beatrice goes through can closed compound where dealing with the only be free by removing Eugene out of her outside world is completely avoided. There space and so the writer's act is the final act are high walls with electric wires so that of dragging down patriarchy and its nothing enters inside the compound or to violence. It does not mean destroying men go outside of it. This ensures that the since Beatrice desires to have a loving man violence that the family suffers is not in her life. What Eugene often fought with known to the outside world. It also his wife and Kambili is always upset when prevents new and laboratory ideas from her parents fight over everything. filtering in. They are very much held in a Eugene‘s attack of his pregnant wife controlled domestic space that they depend shows the brutal behavior of the evil face of on Papa‘s knowledge and ideas over patriarchy but also the insensitivity of such everything. It can be expressed that practice to basic principles of humanity. patriarchy has always tried to control the Mama‘s act of raising her hands while domestic space and women cannot enter being flogged together with her children into the chance of entering into the public symbolizes surrender and helplessness sphere symbolized by Eugene's family that made women once exposed to male compound. Mama, a symbol of oppressed violence. The author condemns Mama‘s African women, suffers such suppression failure to speak about her situation since and oppression. She has no voice and does the silence regained by Eugene results to not talk to Papa. She is a dehumanized wife several misfortunes that would have been and suffers in solitary. averted. Although Mama is abused and A considerable change in thinking and unloved by her cruel husband, she is looking at the world has taken place subservient to her husband as expected in because of the visit to Nsukka's. Kambili her marriage. can identify the high goals Papa sets for The opening lines of Purple Hibiscus them contrary to Nsukka where Ifeoma signal a threat to continued co-existence of allows the cousins to explore and scale the family members because of lack of free their heights. Through the traveling motif, space. The home is in turmoil, and things Kambili discovers her true self and her are about to fall apart. It means the center desire for freedom is highlighted. Her symbolized by the male domination cannot cousins have a voice to speak their joys,

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aspirations, sorrows and to explain their indignity of lacking mother-derived identity. world, which are the things Jaja and The identity of mothers is crucial in getting Kambili miss at Enugu. Silence in Eugene's business names. Such identification serves house is perverse, but there is a lot of talk, to marginalize those who are childless. laughter, singing, and exchange at Aunty Rarely have women been studied as Ifeoma's house. In super imposing the two daughters in literature since the identity of environments Adichie advocates for wives and mothers overshadow other upbringing like that of Ifeoma where girls identities. In Purple, Hibiscus Ifeoma forms are not discriminated from boys and a friendship with the sister-in-law Beatrice domestic chores are shared equally and attempts to pull her out of a violent regardless of gender. The home. marriage. Ifeoma is ready to take the Adichie seems to suggest that negative children to Nsukka so that Beatrice can patriarchy rears its ugly face in Africa in think independently and quit domestic the modern era despite the progress made abuse. It is on the same scale that women in different areas of human endeavor. It at the University of Nigeria-Nsukka are means that women can only be respected if concerned about the management and the they fulfill their biological duty of problems cause continual trouble to the mothering. Mama fears Papa may marry institution and people like Phillipa choose other women who may give Papa more sons out of the troubled waters. This movement and displace her. For a woman to have out of Nsukka probably to America serves security and a permanent position, then to expand the space for women to challenge she should have several children and more domination. Ifeoma bonds well with those so boys. African women's need to be women she is working with, and she is disparaged or at least revised to give given information about the list of disloyal women a breathing space as hinted to by lecturers long before she is sacked. It is out Adichie. Although Aunty Ifeoma is educated of her closeness with the female students and enjoys more freedom than Beatrice, that they even announce to her their plan she is also held by her family such that she to marry. So she is strong on her spends much of her time with the children: achievement that shows her education helping, correcting, punishing, encouraging power on her. Beatrice is close to Sisi, and and cooking. She is widowed and it is her who gets Mama the poison that struggling as Papa-Nnukwu realizes "since kills Eugene. This is a case of a woman the father of her children died, she has helping a colleague woman to surmount seen hard times" (65). Kambili notes that oppression. After Eugene's death, Sisi is she behaves like a referee who has done a married but spends a considerable amount good job and admired to watch the players of time instructing Okon the new family who in this case are her children: Amaka, steward. Obiora, and Chima. Adichie uses Ifeoma's This serves to celebrate the freedom character to open women's eyes to the that mother and daughter enjoy after realities of patriarchy and also to suggest Papa‘s death. The silence that grips this alternative avenues to self-actualization. family can afford them some freedom that She stands against oppression when lets them breathe. Kambili supports the everyone else is silent. Through this mother in her trying period of widowhood character, Adichie pronounces her and can also be analyzed as a troupe of convictions that the oppressed should heralding female bonding. Kambili comes constantly challenge their oppressor. out as a character who exhibits strength The identity of women is linked to their before adversity and an inspiration for the children, and one realizes that those much-desired change. In Purple Hibiscus women who are childless suffer the Aunty Ifeoma and Aunty Phillipa are

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educated and thus liberated. Ifeoma does gender inequality and continue to not want to marry again after the death of marginalize women. The chapter also her husband, and when Papa Nnukwu explores the different strategies Adichie informs her of his prayers for her to get a adopts to accord women a voice in the face good man to marry her, Ifeoma disagrees of the silencing structures. Women's because what she requires most is a writing is taken and understood as a promotion to a senior lecturer not and get process of challenging the dominating married one more time to suffer. She is free powers and creating oppositional discourse from male influence and determined to to engender change. The way Adichie's enjoy her freedom. Ifeoma‘s forthrightness female characters struggle to end their and confident are as a result of the power oppression is an issue that has received of education. She is educated and aware special attention in this chapter. Speaking when things are going wrong. Adichie uses to traditions and cultures that are her so that she can contrast her with the suppressive, strong female characters, sister-in-law Beatrice who depends on her education for women and female bonding husband economically. Due to lack of are identified as the strategies that women proper education and a paying job, Beatrice and female writers utilize to fight suffers all the effects of patriarchal oppression and exclusion. Although other domination perpetuated by Eugene and the African female writers explore the gender Igbo culture. issues discussed in this chapter before, Ifeoma becomes strong with her Adichie has a unique voice in the sense education strength, and she leads her life that her works are cast in wider human on her own without depending on others. oppression and not necessarily exploitation She is liberated from the patriarchy and confined to sexuality and gender. Her can give voices for the society, she is exiled, approach to fighting oppression confirms but she does not stop her action. She that despite the struggles by women to continues to give the voice for the voiceless assert themselves in a world dominated by and searches for a good paying job. She is men through the ways identified in this strong, and her achievement shows the chapter the war against gender power of education on her. Adichie portrays subordination in Africa is far from over. the miracle of education for women empowerment through projecting References characters who are educated and others 1. Adichie, Chimamanda Ngozi. Purple with less or no education to draw parallels Hibiscus. New Delhi: Penguin and give some freedom to the educated books, 2014. Print. ones. Educated women in the novel can 2. Ensler, Eve. The Vagina escape male oppression, unlike the Monologues. New York: Dramatists uneducated ones. Educated women can play service, 2001. Print. voice against suppression, oppression and also towards male domination. Web Sources In this paper inequalities, 1. https://www.800score.com/forum/ restrictions, penalties, and denials directed viewtopic.php?t=970 toward women in Adichie's novels have 2. https://www.goodreads.com/quote been identified. It emerges that tradition, s/tag/vagina religion, marriage, motherhood and the 3. https://twitter.com/dylanlscott/sta desire for baby boys among other factors tus/1046139792667348993 are to blame for the silencing of the African 4. https://prezi.com/8uv8xiwg5d6a/h woman. Adichie strongly indicts those alf-of-a-yellow-sun/ institutions and practices which perpetuate

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REJUVENATION OF NATURE IN FRANCES HODGSON BURNETT’S THE SECRET GARDEN

M. Adline Shami Ph.D. Research Scholar Women’s Christian College, Nagercoil, Kanyakumari District, Tamil Nadu, India (Affiliated to Manonmaniam Sundarnar University, Abishekapatti, Tirunelveli 627012, Tamil Nadu, India.)

Abstract The Secret Garden by Frances Hodgson Burnett is a story about a young girl‟s encounters with nature, animals, people, and ultimately God, in a rural Yorkshire setting – it is a story about coming alive with nature on springtime. This study explores the encounters in The Secret Garden and their transformative impact on the characters and events in the novel. This paper is divided into three parts: firstly, it gives a brief background to the main character Mary before she arrives Misselthwaite Manor in India; secondly, it will look at how she encounters with the robin; thirdly, it examines the significance of the garden and the landscape of India and Misselthwaite Manor as the most encounter in the novel. Keywords: Encounter, Robin, Misselthwaite Manor, Transform

Introduction The Secret Garden has devoted tod the There are moments in life where the understanding of Mary as a character border separates a man from the real before she arrives at Misselthwaite Manor. world. In Frances Hodgson Burnett‘s The Mary has grown up in a well situated but Secret Garden, a young girl Mary unloving family in Colonial India until her encounters nature. The study traces the parents die in a cholera epidemic in rebirth of Mary through her encounter with colonial India. She is then sent to her Robin and the garden. Mary brings uncle, Archibald Craven. Unlike many of physical healing to both herself and Colin Burnett's characters such as Cedric in through the green growing things and the LittleLord Fauntleroy or Sara in A Little wild robin in the garden. The novel Princess, Mary is not a likable child. Mary introduces Mary as a sickly child who is is a child living disconnected from left in the care of servants, spending her everything around her. Mary and her time lonely on the shades of the tree. When Indian nurse, Ayah, had their typical Mary is sent to England to live with her relationship. But to her parents, on the uncle, Martha encourages her to go out other hand, Mary has no relationship as and enjoy the pleasures of nature. Martha they were always busy in business and tells her the story of the garden shut up attending parties, Mary only watches her somewhere on the grounds of Misselthwaite parents from a distance, and she does not Manor for ten years by Master Craven. lament when they passed away by the Mary encounters the bird robin which cholera epidemic. showed her the way to the garden. When She was left alone as the morning went Mary enters the garden for the first time on, and at last, wandered out intothe the garden lacks utility and is disorderly garden and began to play by herself under arranged. Mary wanted the garden to be atree near the veranda. She pretended that active and participates with the she was making a flower bed, and she responsibility to make it tidy. She gets the stuck big scarlet hibiscus blossoms into help of Dickon to bring the dead garden little heaps of earth, all the time growing back to life. more and angrier and muttering to herself.(2)

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When Mary arrives at Musselwhite family. The friendliness of the bird helps Manor, she is selfish, uncaring, Mary to recognize she is not lonely. This is disinterested and angry. At first, she finds significant that Mary first befriends a wild the Yorkshire landscape strange and creature robin. Mary considers robin a unfamiliar: different kind of bird which is not found in On and on they drove through the India. Thus she makes her connection with darkness, and the wind rushed and a part of the moor. whistled. The road went up and down over Firstly the garden is characterized as a little bridge; the wide, bleak moor was a lack of value and disorder. Mary reacts to wide expanse of Black Ocean through this dead garden as ―It is all a quite dead which she was passing a strip of land. (17) garden? I wish it were 'not‖(33). This shows Grace takesher lifethrough a small red- that Mary is not primarily concerned for breasted bird - a robin. In the novel,Robin herself but another life, with the robin she is also known as ―The robin who showed comes to realize the true value of others as the way‖ (56), as he is one who helps Mary a participant rather than an object for find the key and enter into the Secret experience and use. Mary wants the garden Garden which had been locked up for ten to be active and tells that the garden will years. Mary first sees the robin in one of not be a secret garden if it was tidy. ―Don‘t the gardens at Musselwhite Manor on the let us make it tidy, said Mary anxiously, top of a tree where the old gardener speaks itwouldn‘t be a secret garden if it was tidy‖ to him as speaking to a child, the robin (87) begins to whistle as his reply: ―A bird with Mary had an attitude from the soul by a red breast was sitting on one of them, which the world come to life. This and he sang....chuckled the old man and awareness is present in Mary's desire to get then he spoke to the bird as if he were a spade and some seeds. ―If I have a spade speaking to a child‖ (31). she whispered, I can make the earth nice Mary watches the red-breasted bird on and soft dig weeds‖ (214).Mary then wants the top of the tree whistling, and suddenly some seeds to make flowers in the garden she hears a rushing flight of the bird which so that the garden will not be a dead is then tendered by Ben as a child. By this garden and will come alive. glimpse, Mary is drawn into the relation The one I knew best of All, Burnett with the robin. As Mary enters into a writes about her relation to the Tennessee relation with the robin, she truly becomes Wilderness: ―The most perfect rapturous of Mary. Mary begins to laugh andflights her moments always brought to her a along the wall and ran after Robin. Mary feeling that somehow in some subtle way - looked almost pretty for a moment. ―I like she was part of it - part of trees, warm you! I like you! She cried out pattering winds and scents and sounds and grasses‖ down the walk; she chirped tried to whistle (214). When Mary discovers sprouting which she did not know how to do in the bulbs, and intuitively she starts tending least. But the robin seemed to be quite them which allows them to breathe. The satisfied and chirped and whistledback at sun could get at them and warm them, and her‖(38). when the rain came down it could reach Mary is struck by many similarities them at once, so they began to feel very when she sees Robin, like her, Robin began much alive, so Mary spends most of her his life as an orphan; like her, the robin time in the garden, and she feels more finds shelter in the garden; like her, he happy working for two or three hours a began to seek friendship once he lost his day.

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Rose is the symbol of Mistress Craven it interaction with men or God is not able to. is because when Mistress Craven fell from Mary goes out into the ground at the bower, the ground is covered with Misselthwaite Manor expecting to roses. When Mary discovers the garden, the experience the sweetness of nature, but she garden has only rose - trees and rose also experienced the love of the robin. With bushes but none blooms. Dickon assures the encounter of robin and the garden, the garden is still alive and not dead Mary is transformed to love nature, and observing; there are fountains of roses in she brings the dead garden back to life. the garden as it is spring time. This foreshadows the way of the resurrection of References the garden to bring the spirits of Mistress 1. Burnett, Frances Hodgson. The Craven as it is believed that she exists Secret Garden. London: Harper wherever roses are in bloom. This Collins, 2013. Print. symbolizes both the children and the spirit 2. ---, The One I Know the Best of All. of Colin's mother, which comes again to the New York: Charles Scribner‘s sons, garden to watch over her son Colin. 1893. Print. The garden is locked and is restricted for the people because of sadness and pain Web Sources in the mind of Mister Craven on the death 1. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED of Mistress Craven, but a miracle happens 572023.pdf as the garden began to bloom and bare 2. https://idioms.thefreedictionary.co many fruits with the love and kindness in m/drove+through the heart of Mary. 3. http://etc.usf.edu/lit2go/163/the- Through the study, life with nature secret-garden/2879/chapter-5-the- introduces Mary to the world of relation cry-in-the-corridor/ through a curious bird, the wordless 4. https://www.globalgreyebooks.com interaction with nature enables Mary to /content/books/ebooks/secret- open up to a relation in a way that the garden.pdf

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HARDSHIPS AND ABJECTION OF DESTITUTE IN ARAVIND ADIGA’S LAST MAN IN TOWER

Raeshma Godsen Ph.D. Research Scholar Women’s Christian College, Nagercoil Afflicated to: Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Abisekapatti, Tirunelveli,Tamilnadu, India

Abstract The internal journeys and psychological sensibilities as external behavior are reflected in Novels. The evils of the society and the death of humanity are explicitly pointed out in the works of Aravind Adiga. This paper endeavors to show the social gap between the aristocrats and commons after globalization in India concerning Aravind Adiga's second Novel Last Man in Tower. Adiga portrays the reality of corporate business in India and picturizes the offers and threats through the Protagonist Yogesh A Murthy, a victim to the corporate business. His dreams are crushed for the sake of money and popularity. The paper is concluded with the findings that Money can bring out Luxury but not the internal peace and happiness.

Introduction A great transformation in the growth of Literature is a reflection of Life. Science and technological development Literature aims to present delight and took place in the twentieth century. Loss of instruction to the readers. The novel is Faith and Moral declination were the referred to as a tale of Love and adventure. results of the growth of Science. WH Hudson defined Novel as "anyone can Materialistic growth made an inseparable write a novel which has Pens, ink, and growth between Man and Nature. There paper at command and a certain amount of was great trouble in differentiating Morality leisure and patience‖. Meredith calls novel and immorality. This condition made as a ―summary of actual life‖. As the plot of people more ambitious and made them the novels is not symmetrical, the novelists create their boundaries. have their full freedom of writing. Critics The contemporary Novelists of Indian claim that the English Novel is known for English Literature are well noted for their their richness and variety. When the earlier selection of themes, Characterization and English writers concentrated on the action realistic portrayal of Modern World. The the modern writers like James Joyce, well-noted writers of the contemporary era Virginia Woolf aimed their writings on are Vikram Seth, Shashi Tharoor, Amitav Psychology. Ghosh, Kiran Namaskar, Amit Chaudhary, Indian English Literature blossomed Upmanyu Chatterjee, Pankaj Mishra, with the writings of Michael Madhusudan Rajkamal Sha, Aravind Adiga, and Chetan Dutt, RK Narayan, Mulk Raj Anand and Bhagat. Raja Rao in 1930s. Fiction became a Aravind Adiga is an Indo-Australian popular tool of expression in the late half of Writer and Novelist. Adiga was the former the nineteenth century. The modern Indo- India correspondent of Times Magazine. His English Literature evolved with the writing articles appeared in publications including of Raja Rao, Manohar Malgonkar, Financial Times, Independent, Sunday Bhabhani Bhatts and Women novelists like Times. Adiga is a keen observer of life Kamala Markandaya, Anita Desai, around him. The novels of Adiga reflects Nayantara Sahagal, Ruth Prawar Jhabvala, the social evils found in the society. Adiga and Shashi Deshpande. boldly expresses the recent dangerous problems that kill human values and

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makes the life problematic. The writings of compared to the land. Money plays a major Adiga are filled with the themes of role in society and to gain it people are Globalization, Social evils, Corruption and ready to stand against their dear ones. The distinction of rich with more depth and clear picture of Corruption in our country insight. Aravind Adiga in an interview with is depicted by Adiga in Last Man in Tower. Lee Thomas states that The novel symbolically stands as a warning ― I wanted to tell the story of an entire to the innocent people by quoting the tragic Indian town: every class, caste, and end of Masterji, a fighter against land religion. An entire cross-section of an mafia. Indian town: every class, caste, and The Novel opens with the description of religion. An entire cross-section of an entire Vishram Society Tower A and Tower B town: Muslim, Christian, Hindu, upper build plan and the residents. The Tower is caste, rich and poor appear in the stories‖. described as ―Old with cracked walls" with His Novels are The White Tiger (2008), Last an age of nearly fifty years. These towers Man in Tower (2011), and Selection Day were inaugurated in the late 1950s on the (2016) Short Story collection Between the birthday of the former Prime minister Assassinators (2008). His Short Stories Jawaharlal Nehru. The housing is of also includes The Sultan‟s Battery, Smack. secular state mixed with Hindus, Catholics, Aravind Adiga's Novels deals with serious and Muslims. The towers are described as topics like Poverty, Terrorism, Political ―rain water stained fungus licked grey face‖ turmoil, Caste Discrimination, and Class (LMT 5). The poor condition of the towers is Discrimination. described by Adiga through these lines " The Realistic Novel represents stories, More than four decades of Monsoon, characters, and settings that are similar to erosion, air pollution, and the low flying those commonly found in the contemporary plums"(LMT 9). everyday world. The Holman‟s Handbook to Tower A has middle-class people as Literature states Realistic Novel as ―A type settlers, and Tower B has IT professionals of novel that places a strong emphasis on and educationalists as the residents. The the truthful representation of the actual in people of Tower A had a strong bond of fiction. Generally, the realist is a believer in Love when compared with the Tower B pragmatism, and the truth he seeks to find residents. Though there were problems and express is a relativistic truth, between the residents, they accept it associated with discernible consequences adjusts to it and then rectified it. After the and verifiable by experience. General, too, entry of money people of Tower A had blind the realist is a believer in democracy, and ambitions which resulted in a strained the materials he elects to describe are the relationship. Due to the over-ambition common, the average, every day.‖ Aravind common people became over confident and Adiga‘s ―Last Man in Tower‖ brings out the started forgetting the value of relationships. sensitive ―real estate‖ business in the When relationships are injured Love, Peace, society. Adiga brings out the 21st Century Security vanished and betrayal, fooling and Mumbai as a city of New money and ego arouses. soaring real estate in ―Last Man in Tower‖. Last Man in Tower carries Rags to Last Man in Tower brings out the Riches as the major theme. The Oxford condition of contemporary India where Advanced learner‘s dictionary defines ―Rags people are ruled by corporate business to Riches‖ as an idiomatic phrase which companies and business tycoons. Human means ―From being extremely poor to rich‖. lives are given less importance when This Novel also discusses the effects of

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Globalisation, moral declination, the death soon be fulfilled. The statement of Mrs. of humanity concerning the effect of Puri is ―The poor in this city were never Poverty in contemporary India. These poor and now they…Would it be nice if people have risen from humble beginners someone gave us 81 lakh rupees‖ (LMT 38). to achieve greatness in their lives not even Dharmen Shah, the owner of Confidence by earning money but even by great Group, comes into the scene and offers a humans as well. sum of Rs.19,000 per square feet. The In the first part of the Novel, the residents of Tower B readily accept the Bandra Kundra Complex (BKC) appears in offer. In Tower A everyone except Ibrahim, the areas of Mumbai drawing global giants Mrs. Rijo, Pinto, and Masterji accepts the and killing the ordinary life of humans. offer. " The uniform rate of Rs 19,000/- a With the introduction of BKC Adiga brings square foot, for instance, an owner of a flat out the helplessness of the ordinary people of size 800 square foot will receive a in the first part of the Novel. Dharmen payment of 1.52 crore (1,52,00,000) rupees Shah, the owner of Confidence Builders, before tax…If the residents accept this wanted to grow his riches by constructing generous offer, the said sum is payable in more apartments. Hence he selects slums, three installments (LMT 79). and middle-class societies offer twice the Mrs. Rigo was almost threatened and amount cheats them by gaining their land. made to sign the of the bond. Ibrahim was Dharmen Shah offers Rs.19, 000 per almost bribed with sweet boxes, and Pinto's square feet to every tenant in the Vishram family accepted the offer with the influence society to start his new project. Shah of Mrs. Puri though the riches are forcibly promises the settlers of the society that demanded on these people the mentality they would be gaining nearly Rs 1 Crore as changes after the fortunes and forgets the a minimum, and with that, they could relationships. Masterji was the victim of the choose a better apartment for a better loss of relations. Adiga has portrayed the living. He promises that the money would character of Masterji with caution leaving a be delivered completely to all the residents picture of Masterji as retired school master of Vishram society in two to three chances. leading lonely life after the death of his wife The people who lived in the rageful and daughter. To overthrow Masterji from situation are blind folded by the offer of the Vishram society Gaurav, Masterji‘s son Dharmen Shah and his assistant betrays him, and the neighbors call him Shanmugam. The people of Tower A wanted "Madman". To make themselves rich people just to fulfill their desires irrespective of the from the middle class to high class forgets effects and consequences which are to be the basic needs of Love, trust, care and are faced by them. The people of Tower A were found with selfish ambitions. There was an first impressed by the offer made by the unhealthy competition between the "Ultimax group" in the nearby slum. They business tycoons to destroy the slums and were found jealous of their neighbors, and to build high-class apartments. Innocent they were also waiting for such a situation. people fell as a prey to these corporate Mrs. Puri, the resident of Tower A, was beasts…‖ Mr. J.J Chacko, the boss of the highly impressed by the offer made by the Ultimax Group, had made an offer of 81 "Ultimax Group" to the nearby slum. The lakhs rupees Ultimax group gave almost eighty-one (81,00,000) to that Muslim man for his lakhs to the nearby slum dwellers. Mrs. one-room hut (LMT 37 ). Puri boastly announces this to the Tower A When People found real estate business people and hopes that their dreams will as a key to lead a luxurious life the real

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estate owners snatched the health and threatened by the assistant Shanmugam wealth of the innocent people. The new quoting the incident of a person and his business men gave their focus to the slum son who neglected the offer of Shah and and the slum dwellers. As the innocent indirectly announces Mrs. Rego that the poor people are with lack of education, they same would happen to her, Shah was were not ready to analyze the situation and clever and cunning gave money, gold, sweet became blind folded by it. ―New financial boxes to the people according to the buildings were opening every month in the people‘s nature and according to their BKC- American Express, ICICI Bank, needs and satisfied his needs keeping that Citibank; you name it.." (LMT 37). as a base. Aravind Adiga quotes so many incidents When Masterji did not approve to the in the novel Last Man in Tower to depict the offer made by confidence group he was changes in the attitude of people on the tortured by the residents and nearby of the sight of money and the destruction they Vishram Society people, Masterji, a great cause to other people. Dharmen Shah was supporter stood as a stranger to him and a victim of the rash treatment from his own did not like to stand with Masterji to family. The unfair treatment faced by understand him and to console him. Dharmen Shah in his childhood and his Masterji was left alone without any selection of the wrong path due to the lack companions. Even his thirty years of a of care and kindness of his parents made lasting friend, Mr. Pinto, a no argument him cruel. Shah was accused of the death book to Masterji and rejected his feelings of his mother‘s death, and this led him to and emotions. Once Masterji became was a face harsh treatments from his father and symbol of purity and sacrifice to the stepmother, and finally, this made him flee residents. The same Masterji became a from his native town Krishnapur. He just stranger and was left alone as that of a wanted money to satisfy his needs. He did man in no man‘s island. Masterji led a life not want love from anybody and also failed of solitude and was called as the ―Last Man to do it. Hence, Dharmen Shah gave less in Tower‖. value to the feelings of the people though Masterji was insulted publicly by the they were rich or poor. His ignored his residents of the Vishram society. They acute condition of chronic bronchitis and made a detailed agenda stating why they wanted to fulfill all his desires and to lead a had respected Masterji earlier and luxurious life. Shah made fake offers to the questioned themselves that why they had innocent people and left the people respected him blindly. They intentionally abandoned…" Are you going to pay the took out every situation analyzed it and women the same sir Three hundred? How finds faults with Masterji. Masterji's son much are you giving them now? One Gaurav Murthy who was cared for by twenty- five if they are hefty 150‖ (LMT 63). Masterji as a mother overthrown Masterji To fulfill his needs, Dharmen Shah bribes from his life and failed to support him in the contractor with a gold ring and betrays his father‘scrucial situation. Gaurav posts the innocent lives with fake promises. a notice on the notice board stating that he According to Dharmen Shah "When it doesn't have any relation with his father. comes to work- hurry, hurry when it comes Masterji was heavily depressed by the to payment- delay, delay, delay" (LMT 94). happenings and soon after on October 7 When Mrs. Rigo neglected the offer found dead on the roof top of the Vishram made by the offer made by Dharmen Shah society. "Mr. Yogesh Murthy, a retired on vacating Vishram society she was school teacher at the famous St.Catherine's

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school in the neighborhood allegedly References committed suicide last night from the 1. Adiga, Aravind. Last Man in Tower. rooftop of Vishram Society in Vakola, Santa India: HarperCollins Publishers. Cruz" (LMT 395). It was even rumored that 2011. Print Masterji was murdered by the residents of 2. Prasad, B. A Background To The the Vishram Society as he refused to sign Study Of English Literature.Delhi: the bond. No one had grief or performed Macmillan.2013. Print death rituals after the death of Masterji 3. Anand, T.S. Modern Indian English instead they relaxed and enjoyed their life fiction. NewDelhi: Creative Books. thinking that great trouble from their life 2002. Print. had gone. 4. Naik.M.K. Twentieth Century Indian The problem is not caused by the entry English Fiction. NewDelhi: Pencraft of riches in one's life. Instead, the problems International. 2004. Print. are in reality caused by the change in the attitude of Men when the attitude changes Web Sources in one person many other people fall as a 1. http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/b prey to it. Benjamin Franklin states that itstream/10603/21905/7/07_chpte "Money has never made man happy, nor r3.pdf will it, there is nothing in its nature to 2. http://englishthing456.blogspot.co produce happiness. The more of it one has, m/ the more one wants". 3. https://www.brainyquote.com/quot es/benjamin_franklin_165453

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PRAMOD'S ROLE MODEL IN CHAMAN NAHAL’S SHORT STORY THE SILVER LINING

Dr. Anuradha Assistant Professor, Department of English Government Arts College, Coimbatore

K. Deepa Rajyashree Ph.D. Research Scholar Government Arts College, Coimbatore

The Silver Lining depicts the narrative The guardians confronted such of an impeded youngster and their folk‘s ungainly minutes each time a visitor troubled minutes until a visitor who is also arrived and the tyke dismayed while the incapacitated brings a beam of expectation circumstance was being clarified. Her into their tyke's life. His perspective about solitary methods for correspondence were deciding a man's outward appearance is the signals made with her hand. Chaman that "A glad man who puts on an proposes the guardians to advise each new appearance of bliss might be pounded visitor in a composed letter fixed in an profoundly inside; while a nitwit might be Envelope. The letter was a short note on genuinely cheerful". the tyke's impeded circumstance and had a Chaman Nahal portrays his encounters demand that the guest should abstain from amid his stay at a private visitor house in moving toward Pramod and making her one of the slope resorts, where one of his any inquiries. companions had suggested. It secured Chaman relates the episode, when one every one of the offices that for the most day there arrives an abnormal guest Mr. part needed in commercials, and it was a David, he was scarcely twenty-five, and had quiet resort. an unkempt appearance. In the wake of The master was Mrs. Bhandari from perusing the note in the fixed envelope South, wedded to a North Indian, about Pramod, he had hurried out into the tremendous, dull, with Kid appendages and courtyard and dashed out towards her. Mr. her appearance dim, yet lovely looking and David's sudden motivation had stunned the kind. They had a girl, Pramod, around guardians, who imagined that he was eight years of age with a Chinese product, inconsiderate. That snapshot of interest wearing Jeans and high boots. She was the noticeable all around was broken by the focal point of appreciation for the creator. sound of a firearm detonating sharp On landing at the resort he was invited by chuckling. It was a ponder and the warm and well-disposed love of Mrs. astonishment for the Bhandaris. David was Bhandari Pramodni stayed all of and a bit a young, who excessively was hard of tentative, ignorant of the tyke's handicap, hearing and unable to speak, however, sent Chaman Nahal allured the kid to him, at to another country to an organization which she shook her take and dashed off of where he had learned the expertise of the room. That circumstance expedited a correspondence also, had come back to difficult look the appearances of the India to open a school for the impeded Bhandaris. The little girl's physically kids. He was anxious to make Pramodni impaired condition was disclosed to the his first understudy and uncovering this creator. fact to the Bhandaris excited her folks. Their satisfaction knew no limits, and they

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were loaded up with appreciation toward communicate with anybody. Be that as it Mr.David. The story closes with the may, in the wake of meeting David her life depiction of Mrs. Bhandari as the most takes a U-turn and out of the blue she feels joyful lady on the planet and her chuckle exceptionally great. She adapts new communicated as a joyful young lady. approaches to convey what needs be and The adage "Ever lump has a silver that expedites a grin her sweet little face. Lining" implies one ought to never feel miserable because troublesome occasions References dependably prompt more promising times. 1. https://hubpages.com› Books, A similar thing is reflected in this story. Literature, and Writing› Literature Pramod life changes when she meets 2. memorableshortstories.blogspot.co David. Her folks were constantly stressed m/2012/07/the-silver-lining-by- for Pramod due to the failure to hear and Chaman-nahal.html talk. Accordingly, she was not able to

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PATIENT AWARENESS TO CHOOSING A SPECIALITY PHYSICIAN AND SPECIALITY HOSPITALS

Dr. J. Mohamed Ali Assistant Professor & Ph.D. Research Advisor in Commerce Khadir Mohideen College, Adirampattinam-614 701, Thanjavur District, Tamil Nadu

Mrs. N. Thahira Ph.D. Research Scholar in Commerce, Khadir Mohideen College Adirampattinam -614 701, Thanjavur District, Tamil Nadu

Abstract Recent years the health care industry is growing very fast in India. India has an excellent network in health service providers both in rural and urban areas of the country. The talented specialty physicians, quality nursing care, Low cost compared to any other countries in the world, recent technologies for diagnosis and treatment which increase the medical tourism in India. The aims of the research to identify the patients' awareness towards choosing specialty physicians, medical facilities and service. The study was conducted to patients who visit for treatment to the single specialty and Multispecialty hospitals in Theni and Madurai District. For this study data‟s were collected from self- administered questionnaires and face to face interview to obtain information's from adult Participants in different hospitals in Theni and Madurai District. Questionnaires consisting socio-demographic profile of the patients and the second part of the questionnaire consisted of questions related to patient awareness to select the physician and Speciality Hospitals. Keywords: Patient Awareness, Choosing Speciality Physicians, Choosing Speciality Hospitals, Health Services

Introduction treatment to the patients according to their India has an excellent health care satisfaction. network both in rural and urban areas of the country. The important component of The objective of the Study the Indian Health industry rendering 1. To determine the socio-demographic services is the hospitals. A hospital is a profile among the patients. unit that provides treatment by specialized 2. To analyse the level of patients Doctors, Nurses, Pharmacists, Technical awareness towards choosing the staffs and use the specialist equipment‘s specialty Physicians and specialty for diagnosis and treatment, and often but Hospitals in selected hospitals of not always provides for longer-term patient Theni and Madurai District. stays. Patient insight is always different from time to time and patient to patient Research Methodology according to the situations and moods. Study Design Patients and their relatives identify This descriptive study was performed to different meanings in what they distinguish determine patient awareness towards from the treatment get from the Physician choosing the specialty Physicians and and Hospitals. Patients may change their specialty Hospitals in selected hospitals of views, or the things may make them. Better Theni and Madurai District with Socio Quality and improved service to the demographic predictors. For this study patients is the need and primary goal of the data's were collected from self-administered hospitals and the ability of service from questionnaires and face to face interview to physicians, hospitals to provide assured obtain information's from adult and expected (recovery from illness) Participants in different hospitals in Theni and Madurai District. Questionnaires

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consisting socio-demographic profile of the Patients are unable to give informed patients and the second part of the consent. questionnaire consisted of questions related to patient awareness to select the Limitations physician and Speciality Hospitals. The present study has a few limitations. Patients‘ loyalty was assessed by asking The sample size was small and collected whether they would return to the hospital within a short duration. The study was for any other treatment if they feel conducted only a few specialty physicians necessary and whether they would clinics and specialty hospitals in Theni and recommend this physician and hospital to Madurai District. It involved recall bias their friends and family. The questionnaire associated with the questionnaire-based was translated into a local language for study. The study population included the consistency and translated back again. patient group where they took the care Each patient was visited in the outpatient specialty physicians and specialty hospitals department and after obtaining verbal informed consent, the researcher Statistical Tools conducted the interviews maintaining strict Collected data were entered into confidentiality. Microsoft Excel and data cleansing was performed. Data were analysed using SPSS Study Area IBM Statistics version 22. Descriptive Selected specialty hospitals in Theni statistics were generated using and Madurai District. percentages.

Sample Size Data Analysis and Interpretation Survey Questionnaires was supplied to Table 1: Distribution of the respondents 200 Respondents and feedback gets from by socio-demographic characteristics 182 patients, 18 were rejected due to non- (N=182) response and incompleted. From this 182 Variables Frequency Percentage Respondents, out of which 124 are male Gender Male 124 68.13% Female 58 31.87% and 58 are female Patients was universal Age(In Up to 25 11 6.04% coverage of all patients fulfilling the Years) inclusion criteria. 26-35 45 24.73% 36-45 65 35.71% Study Period 46-60 42 23.08% Above 60 19 10.44% Data were collected from August 2017 Education Primary 24 13.19% to October 2017 among Patients attended Below 62 34.07% in Speciality Physicians Clinics and Secondary Hr. Speciality hospitals in Theni and Madurai. 67 36.81% Secondary UG and 29 15.93% Inclusion Criteria Above All the patients are reporting for Occupation` Agriculture 37 20.33% House treatment at Speciality Physicians Clinics 31 17.03% and Speciality hospitals including follow up Wife Private 44 24.18% patients for this study. Govt 16 8.79% Service Exclusion Criteria Self 54 29.67% Patients are not willing to participate. Employed 10,000 13 7.14%

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Family respondents were within 36-45 years of Income age. Mean age was 33.30±13.61 years. 10,000- 57 31.32% 25,000 Majority of the respondents (29.67%) were Above 112 61.54% self-employed, Educated up to Higher 25,000 Secondary level is (36.81%), and family Source: Primary Data income was above 25,000 were (61.54%) Total of 182 patients was responded to (Table I). the survey in this study. Most (68.13%) of the respondents were Male and 35.71%

Table 2: Choosing the Speciality Physician (N=182) Male Female Total Respondents S. Choosing Speciality (n=124) (n=58) (n=182) No. Physician Yes No Yes No Yes No 77 47 40 (68.97) 18 117 65 1 Know about your diseases (62.10) (37.90) (31.03) (64.29) (35.71) 46 78 19 (32.76) 39 65 117 2 Know the Cause for Illness (37.10) (62.90) (67.24) (35.71) (64.29) Know about the which specialty 89 35 16 (27.59) 42 105 77 3 treatment need for you (71.77) (28.23) (72.41) (57.69) (42.31) A doctor informed about your 57 67 39 (67.24) 19 96 86 4 diseases to you (45.97) (54.03) (32.76) (52.57) (47.25) The test was done at this 107 17 43 (74.14) 15 150 32 5 hospital (86.29) (13.71) (25.86) (82.42) (17.58) The doctor explained the test 93 31 26 (44.83) 32 119 63 6 results (75.00) (25.00) (55.17) (65.38) (34.62) 56 68 28 (48.28) 30 84 98 7 know the test and its results (45.16) (54.84) (51.72) (46.15) (53.85) know about the medicines 68 56 23 (39.66) 35 91 91 8 prescribed (54.84) (45.16) (60.34) (50.00) (50.00) 14 110 45 (77.59) 13 59 123 9 Same Gender Doctors (11.29) (88.71) (22.41) (32.42) (67.58) 102 22 50 (86.21) 8 152 30 10 Doctors Reputation (82.26) (17.74) (13.79) (83.52) (16.48) Source: Primary Data Figures in Parenthesis indicates Percentage (%)

Majority of the patients stated that they of them Know about which specialty choose the specialty Physician on his treatment need for them is (57.69%).In Reputation (83.52%.) In this, male this, male respondents 89 out of 182 and respondents 102 out of 182 and female female were 16 out of 182. A doctor were 50 out of 182. Most of the informed about the diseases (52.57%).In respondents were undergone the tests at this, male respondents 57 out of 182 and this hospital (82.48%). In this, male female were 39 out of 182.Most of the respondent 107 out of 182 and female were female patients‘ preferred same gender 43 out of 182. Most(65.38%) of the doctors while choosing the specialty respondents were satisfied with the doctor physician (77.59%) 45 out of 58. Most explained about the test results to them. In (64.29%) of the patients do not know the this, male respondents 93 out of 182 and cause of the illness and (50.0%) of the female were 26 out of 182. The majority patients were not aware of the medicines (64.29%) of the patients know about their prescribed. (Table II). diseases. In this, male respondents 77 out of 182 and female were 40 out of 182. Most

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Table 3: Choosing the Speciality Hospital (N=182) Total Male Female Respondents S. Choosing Speciality (n=124) (n=58) No. Hospital (n=182) Yes No Yes No Yes No 97 27 38 20 135 47 1 Easy Appointment system (78.23) (21.77) (65.52) (34.48) (74.18) (25.82) Recommended by 22 102 12 46 34 148 2 Friends/Relatives (17.74) (82.26) (20.69) (79.31) (18.68) (81.32) Recommended by 82 42 42 16 124 58 3 Receptionist / General (66.13) (33.87) (72.41) (27.59) (68.13) (31.87) Physician Doctors available on 76 48 44 14 120 62 4 Appointment / Call (61.29) (38.71) (75.86) (32.76) (65.93) (34.07) Doctors available on 108 16 39 19 147 35 5 Emergency (87.10) (12.90) (67.24) (32.76) (80.77) (19.23) Qualified, Specialised and 112 12 36 22 148 34 6 experienced Doctors (90.32) (9.68) (62.07) (37.93) (81.32) (18.68) 117 7 50 8 167 15 7 Specialty Care under one roof (94.35) (5.65) (86.21) (13.79) (91.76) (8.24) Good Lab Facility With 94 30 47 11 141 41 8 Modern / Advanced (75.81) (24.19) (81.03) (18.97) (77.47) (22.53) Equipment Friendly & Efficient Nursing 98 26 42 16 140 42 9 Care (79.03) (20.97) (72.41) (27.59) (76.92) (23.08) Nearer to my Residential 63 61 22 36 85 97 10 Place (50.81) (49.19) (37.93) (62.07) (46.70) (53.30) 103 21 49 9 152 30 11 Availability of Transport (83.06) (16.94) (84.48) (15.52) (83.52) (16.48) Availability of Ambulance 115 9 41 17 156 26 12 Service (92.74) (7.26) (70.69) (29.31) (85.71) (14.29) 72 52 24 34 96 86 13 Low-cost service (58.06) (41.94) (41.38) (58.62) (52.75) (47.25) Cashless Treatment/ 78 46 26 32 104 78 14 Insurance Facility available (62.90) (37.10) (44.83) (55.17) (57.14) (42.86) Cleanliness & Hygienic 96 28 51 7 147 35 15 Environment (77.42) (22.58) (87.93) (12.07) (80.77) (19.23) Source: Primary Data Figures in Parenthesis indicates Percentage (%)

Majority of the patients stated that they Transport. In this, male respondents103 choose the specialty hospital on specialty out of 182 and female were 49 out of 182. care under one roof (91.76%).In this, male A majority (81.32%) of the patients choose respondents 117 out of 182 and female the specialty hospital based unqualified, were 50 out of 182. Most of the Specialised and experienced doctors. In respondents were choosing the hospital for this, male respondents112 out of 182 and the availability of Ambulance female were 36 out of 182. Most of them services(85.71%).In this, male respondents choose the specialty hospital based on the 115 out of 182 and female were 41 out of doctors available on emergency(80.77%).In 182. Most(83.52%)of the respondents were this, male respondents 82 out of 182 and choose the hospital for the availability of female were 42 out of 182. Majority of the

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patients choose the specialty hospitals on generally associated with less consumer the basics of Cleanliness & Hygienic activism. Environment (80.77%).In this, male The results are useful in identifying respondents 96 out of 182 and female were subgroups of active consumers and point 51 out of 182. The majority (77.47%) of the to the mechanisms through which the patients choose their specialty hospitals on prevalence of consumer activism may the basics of Good Lab Facility With increase over time. The use of information Modern / Advanced Equipment. In this, was strongly associated with considering male respondents 94 out of 182 and female another doctor before choosing a current were 47 out of 182. Due to Friendly & doctor and a greater willingness to switch Efficient, Nursing Care patients choose physicians. This result implies that the speciality hospitals (76.92%).In this, male prevalence of consumer activism is likely to respondents 98 out of 182 and female were grow as access information with which to 42 out of 182. Easy Appointmentssystem in compare physicians also grows. Reported speciality hospitals attracts the patients to dissatisfaction-related physician-switching choose the hospitals (74.18%).In this, male was a significant predictor of using formal respondents 97 out of 182 and female were sources of information, considering 38 out of 182. The majority (68.13%) of the alternative physicians, and determining the patients choose the specialty hospitals for willingness to switch physicians in light of treatment is recommended by Receptionist poor quality. These relationships imply that / General Physician. In this, male consumers may become more active as it respondents 97 out of 182 and female were becomes more socially acceptable to switch 38 out of 182. Most (65.93%) of the physicians in response to negative respondents choose the specialty hospital experiences. on the basics of Doctors available on Consumer activism was also positively Appointment / Call. In this, male associated with some socio-demographic respondents 76 out of 182 and female were control variables, including gender, 44 out of 182. (Table III). education, and geographic region. Potential explanations include differences in patient Discussions trust of providers, the perceived ability of The desirability of a consumer choice- family and friends to be reliable driven health care system depends on the informants, and the perceived utility of ability of consumers to actively use the formal information sources. information to evaluate and select among alternative service providers. Overall, the Conclusion results of this study confirm the image Most of the individuals had a general depicted in the previous literature of idea to choose the specialty physician and patients as passive consumers of physician specialty hospitals. They may choose the services. The multivariate results suggest specialty physician either by the that ties to individual physicians and information given by the receptionist or by experiences with the delivery system are the recommendation of a general physician. most important in determining the process But they did not know the by which patients search for and choose specificmedicinesprescribed, test results, physicians. Controlling for health status, and cause of the illness. Awareness of freedom of choice of provider differed prior and expected hospital use, and significantly by specialty and patient‘s greater use of physician services was gender, education and employment. Major

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sources of information were personal how providers respond. London: knowledge of hospitals, relatives, health The King‘s Fund; 2010. professionals, and the Internet. 8. Wolinsky FD, Kurz RS. How the Main criteria for the decision were a public chooses and views hospitals. personal experience with a hospital, Hosp Health Serv Adm.1984; 29:58- recommendations from relatives and 67. [pubmed] General Physician, a specialty Physician 9. Ankur, Sanjeev Kumar. ―A Study of and hospital's reputation and distance Consumer‗s Preference for Various from home. Specific quality information as Medical Facilities while Choosing a provided by performance reports were of Hospital‖ International Journal of secondary importance. Most patients chose Research in Management, Science & the Hospitals closest to their home, the Technology (E-ISSN: 2321-3264) General Physician's recommendation and Vol. 3, No. 4, December 2015, short waiting time being the second and P115-120. third most important factors behind the 10. Singh R.G. and Shah MD.K. (2011), choice. Friend's experience was especially ―Customers preference for selecting important to patients referred to surgical private Hospital: A study in specialties. Manipur, Management Convergence, Vol. 2. No. 2, 41-50. References 11. Subramania Bala Jeshurun, R. 1. Almoajel A. Hospitalized Patients Karthi Keyan." An Empirical Study Awareness of Their Rights in Saudi on Customer Perception towards Governmental Hospital. Middle East Multi Specialty Hospitals, Journal of Scientific Research 2012; Tamilnadu‖ International Journal of 11 (3): 329-335. Pure and Applied Mathematics 2. Zakariya AM, Aman R, Hafizullah Volume 116 No. 22 2017, 63-70 M. Patient awareness survey in a ISSN: 1311-8080 (printed version); tertiary care hospital. JPMI. ISSN: 1314-3395 (on-line version) 2008;22(04):266-69. 12. Motwani, D. and Shrimali, V. 3. Kerssens JJ, Bensing JM, Andela (2014b), ―Factors affecting patients‘ MG. "Patient Preference for genders decision in selection of Hospital,‖ of Health Professionals." Social Management Strategies Journal, Science and Medicine. Vol.25, issue.3, pp.5-10 4. Phillips D, Brooks F. "Women 13. S. Pirasath, T.Kumanan, and Patients' Preferences for Female or M.Guruparan "A Study on Male GPs." Family Practice. Knowledge, Awareness, and 1998;15(6):543-7 [Pubmed] Medication Adherence in Patients 5. Saha S, Taggart SH, Komaromy M, with Hypertension from a Tertiary Bindman AB, "Do Patients Choose Care Centre from Northern Sri Physicians of their Race?" Health Lanka" Hindawi International Affairs.2000;19(4):76-83. [Pubmed] Journal of Hypertension Volume 6. Thom DH, Campbell B. "Patient- 2017,6 pages. Physician Trust: An Explanatory 14. Francis Mercado, Margaret Study." Journal of Family Practice. Mercado, Nancy Myers, Michael 1997;44(2):169-76. [Pubmed] Hewit, and Nairmeen Awad Haller 7. Dixon A, Robertson R, Appleby J, "Patient Preferences in Choosing a Burge P, Devlin N, Magee H. Patient Primary Care Physician" Journal of choice. How Patients choose and Primary Care & Community Health3(2) 2012, 125–131

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THE LANGUAGE LEARNING IN A HIGHLY PROVOKED ATMOSPHERE

Mrs. R. Sridevi Assistant Professor Mahendra Arts & Sicence College, Kalippatti, Namakkal

Mrs. R. Malathi Research Scholar of English Mahendra Arts & Sicence College, Kalippatti, Namakkal

Abstract As a student of Language Science and a Researcher of Language, my primary focus is on identifying the possible ways and means to create some simplified teaching models to teach and learn the universal language ENGLISH. This study considers the generally accepted language practices for our students. "Language levels the lead and loads the latitude"- Malathi This study is paying attention to the new national curriculum for comprehensive education. It aims specifically to discover how teachers interpret and implement the learning goal. It leads to the growth of cultural diversity and language awareness in English language teaching. The theoretical framework of this study starts by introducing simple school system and the general guidelines of the national curriculum. The learning goal of this study is based on concerns cultural diversity and language awareness, and it consists three sub-goals, the first one concerning varieties of English and intercultural competence, the second one English language contents, and operating environments and the third one regularities in the English language and the concept usage of linguistics. Through this study, I observed the proficiency level of our regional students. Students those who have Poor proficiency in English does not only affect the grades in the class X public examination but also affects their career and further education. In this thesis, I analyze the international theatre project YET. This YET CAN BE TRIED IN ALL OUR GOVERNMENT SCHOOLS TO HAVE THE PRACTICAL IMPACT DURING STUDY OF THE SCHOOL STUDENTS IN OUR REGION ESPECIALLY VILLAGE STUDENTS. Keywords: The national curriculum, comprehensive education, cultural diversity, intercultural competence, YET, Proficiency, observation, participation, speaking tests. Cultural diversity and language awareness

Introduction (George Paul, The Hindu, 20.08.06). This As the cultural range and language situation had led to stiff competition in the consciousness are a vital part of the arena of higher education and the job curriculum's principles and goals. This market. It is noted, especially where study looks into how the cultural and learners lack the expected writing language awareness aspect is confronted in proficiency. In Tamil Nadu, it has been English language teaching in the experimental that the students at class VI- curriculum. The learning goal that this IX level, especially those from rural schools study is based on cultural range and did not have the required writing language awareness, and it contains three proficiency. This could be because of sub-goals, the first one concerning varieties several factors such as insufficient written of English and intercultural competence, practice in the classroom, poor vocabulary, the second one English-language contents, dictated writing, lack of coverage to and operating environments, and the third English, lack of a homogenous English one regularities in the English language speaking community, limited reading and the usage and concepts of linguistics. habits and so on. English Proficiency Background in Tamil It has been noticed that a large percentage of Nadu "skill in the English language has failures from regional medium schools in emerged as a prescription for global reach" class X public examination occurs

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especially due to low performance in This project is to determine a beneficial English. Though English is the second and useful resource for an upper secondary language for these learners, they do not get school, as well as try to understand the enough help to improve their ability in phenomena. It involves not only methods to English. It is not shocking to see English determine changes in learning identity and lessons are being taught in Tamil. It was attitude, but also methods of established understood by the informal talk with the oral language proficiency testing to add students that they imagine English is the some diversity to the data. YET CAN BE most difficult subject than other subjects TRIED IN ALL OUR GOVERNMENT like arithmetic and social. The ELT (English SCHOOLS TO HAVE THE PRACTICAL Language Teaching) Situation in Rural IMPACT DURING STUDY OF THE SCHOOL India English has introduced a compulsory STUDENTS OF OUR REGION ESPECIALLY second Language to the rural school VILLAGE STUDENTS. students; it may teach in the Bilingual method. English medium education was Theoretical and Methodological costly not within reach of most of the Framework learners studying in Government schools in In this topic theme interviews and rural India, and as a result, only the spoken language evaluation are discussed, private educational institutions offer as they are the middle methods which I will English education. So, learners from the use for information gathering. Observation lower class of the society are pushed to as a valid research method will also be deal Government schools, there English used as with in the wider depiction of ethnographic a second or third language. Learners who research. come from local schools have a lack of exposure to the English language. These Description of Research Material learners were not having an encouraging There are three main methods for and supporting atmosphere to learn gaining research material in this thesis English. For these students, the only there are subject interviews, spoken opportunity to learn English is in the language tests, and observation. These are classroom. Various other factors such as employed to answer the research question poor financial background, uneducated what kind of a language learning parents, lack of resources, etc. contribute environment does the YET project offer as to the learners' poor ESL environment in well as is the YET project or projects rural areas. With the various policies of the similar to it useful tools for schools. government, the situation seems Observation and Participation Observation improving, but still, a lot has to be done to and participation were used as research make easy the English learning methods for this study. My participation environment in the regional medium and observation during the project were schools of India. To become fluent in nearly two weeks. I observed the students, English, four language skills (LSRW) are but not for a full day, only an hour or two very important, so satisfactory help and occasionally. I concentrated on one guidance is inevitable to improve the particular group, as I had created a bond language skills of learners of English with the students and I felt that they would second language. In this thesis, I focused accept me easier. the international theatre project YET At the half-point of This paper while I (Youth, Europe, and Theatre). observed I was given a chance to stay our group down and ask them how they felt

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about the project at that moment and have Speaking Tests them say a word or two about their The results of the speaking tests offered feelings. During conversations, I was in tables 1 and 2. As mentioned before, the allowed to speak to and ask questions from test was conducted twice; Speaking Test the students. No audio or any kind of one was conducted before the project videos were made from the observations. begins and Speaking Test two afterward. Some other students were present at all The students were graded from zero to nine times, and I had been unable to get written in four categories: Fluency and Coherence permissions from them to film or record (FC), Lexical Resources (LR), Grammatical them. As such, the analysis rests on my Range and Accuracy (GRA) and field notes. Participation during the project Pronunciation (P). These results on both after the Presentations were done was tests have been collected in table 1, with a mainly due to being present and accessible green color on the results of test two to the students for questions, mostly to do signifying an increase and a red color with English grammar. Also, I had handle suggesting a decrease from test one Table lessons to the students during the project. two shows the average grade from both Some of the students attended my class. tests, the change marked (positive or Still, it is important to note that I was not a negative) that happened from test one to blank, unapproachable observer, but a test two, and also lists the students member of the community that was asked English courses Grade Point Average (GPA) to think about my opinions from time to as well as a self-evaluation of the student's time. I also talked with some students own English skills summarised into one when I saw them outside. The focus of the word from a free-form answer from the participation was not really to gather question. information but to make easy and more relaxed conversation during interviews and speaking tests later.

Table Results of individual sectors Candidate FC T1 FC T2 LR T1 LR T2 GRA T1 GRA T2 P T1 P T2 1 8 8 7 8 8 9 8 9 2 6 6 7 6 6 6 6 6 3 5 5 6 6 6 6 5 5 4 7 6 7 7 7 7 6 6 5 5 6 5 5 6 6 6 5 6 5 5 5 5 5 6 4 5 7 6 6 5 6 6 6 6 6 8 7 7 6 7 7 7 6 7 9 7 7 8 7 8 8 7 7 10 6 7 7 8 7 7 6 7 11 7 8 8 8 9 8 8 8 12 7 8 7 9 8 8 7 8 13 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 14 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 15 6 7 6 7 6 6 6 6 16 7 7 7 8 7 7 7 7 17 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 7 18 6 7 6 7 6 6 6 7 Total Pos. 6 8 3 6 1 2 1 2

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LR = Lexical Resources techniques continue to be the same old P = Pronunciation ones. The teachers are not motivated for up GRA = Grammatical Range and Accuracy gradation of teaching. Whatever they learned at the time of learning even that is Conclusion not being practiced properly due to lack of Teaching English to the second self-initiation. This project has attempted language learners can be looked from many to rural ESL learners through YET Project. different angles. Speaking, Reading and Is an important and effective skill for these Writing are essential skills to the second learners. It is essential for them to achieve language learners. Generally speaking, is moderate and good for their emphasized that we first teach listening, communication. This study also tries to then speaking, reading and writing. address the problems for some affecting the However, in real life communication, these learners such as lack of exposure, poor skills are mutually dependent in many reading habits, lack of a conducive learning ways; even though they can be taught environment and so on, which affect their independently to some point. New performance and confidence. Therefore, in curriculums are being developed as to a way, this study is an attempt by the provide a communicative syllabus for the researcher to look into the issues that teaching and learning English at various hinder the academic achievement learners levels. The social purpose of the language Nevertheless; the study has achieved and the value of speech are stressed in all success in building confidence among rural linguistic theories today. school students to a certain extent. Moreover, communicative language is Further, the study has also inspired used much more than written language. and motivated not only the learners but There are many persons who cannot read also the language teachers in the school. It or write but can speak. So the question is has brought a positive change in the "How to teach Speaking English effectively." attitude of the teachers. Learners always The chief objective of teaching English is to tend to follow their teachers. Therefore, if enable the student to use the English the teachers act as role models by using effectively. But it is noticeable how many good English in the classroom, it can students are achieving this goal. In the motivate learners also to use English. colleges/ schools of small cities, the Method achieved such as Peer talk and students remain crazily exam-centric, and peer evaluation, drama techniques, action for them learning equals memorization. For songs can motivate learners to develop a this appalling situation, the reason is that liking towards learning English and writing they do not have chances of listening to the in the language. teacher and reading good books — one of Teachers may ask learners to refer to the confusing problems which we had to encyclopedia, magazines, newspapers, face soon after independence was the comic books and so on to do a writing task, position of English in the country. which will provide exposure at the top level. Knowledge of English is must climb the Teachers may ask learners to do a new type social ladder. of Projects and mini projects. These are The frequent changes in government some of the ways of creating plenty of policy towards the teaching and learning opportunities for helping learners to English, the indecision of the State acquire language. Education Departments as regards policies and Approaches, methodologies and

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References Concepts, Challenges, Evaluations. 1. Paul George, The Hindu, 20.08.06 In Intercultural Studies and Foreign 2. Borghetti, C. (2011). "How to Teach Language Learning. Oxford: Peter It? A Proposal for a―Methodological Lang. 2011. Model of Intercultural Competence." 5. Rajagopalan, K. (2012). 'World In T. Harden & A. Intercultural English' or 'World Englishes'?" Does Competence: Concepts, Challenges, it make any difference? Evaluations (pp. 140-161). In International Journal of Applied "Intercultural Studies and Foreign Linguistics", 23(3), pp. 375-391. Language Learning." Oxford: Peter Seargeant, P. (2012). Disciplinarity Lang. 2011. and the Study of World 3. Burns, A. (2013). "English as an International Language: Web Sources Considerations for English 1. https://www.slideshare.net/maican Language Teaching." In C. Manara htinh/0-writing-approach & N. T. Zacharias (Eds.) 2. http://jultika.oulu.fi/files/nbnfioul Contextualizing the Pedagogy of u-201509101984.pdf English as an International 3. http://www.catchnews.com/nation Language: Issues and Tensions (pp. al-news/pm-modi-calls-gst-a- 25-38). Newcastle upon Tyne: vibrant-example-of-cooperative- Cambridge Scholars Publishing. federalism-120376.html 4. Harden, T. & Witte, A. (2011). Intercultural Competence:

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IMPACT OF SENSITIVE COMPANY ANNOUNCEMENT ON PRICES OF STOCK LISTED AT NSE

Dr. S. Irulappan HOD, Department of Commerce M.K.U. College, Madurai

V. Murugavel Research Scholar, Department of Commerce M.K.University, Madurai

Introduction indicators, translate into buying pressure In any country, the capital market is and an increase in stock price. considered to be a very attractive field for Negative news will normally cause any investment. In the case of the Indian individuals to sell stocks. Bad earnings capital market, investment is very reports, poor corporate governance, important and significant for the economic and political uncertainty, and development and market capitalization of unexpected, unfortunate occurrences will domestic industry, trade, and commerce. translate to selling pressure and a decrease However, investors consider several things in stock price. before they invest their funds in any Shareholders invest t equity capital particular securities. Among them, so far with the expectation of making earnings. the most important subject matter is The Market Efficiency theory believes that return from investment in securities that the prices of stock reflect information since partly depends on company valuable information could change announcements in the stock market. investor's expectation and cause the market reaction. The effect of sensitive Statement of the Problem information on the market price of the The news is an important factor that stock is the subject matter of the study. affects the share price. When there is At this juncture, the present study positive news about a particular stock or captioned "A study on impact of sensitive company, people try to invest all their company announcements on prices of money in that particular stock or market. stocks listed at NSE" attempts to answer This leads to an increase in the interest of the following research questions that arise buying the stock. But there are many concerning the selected announcement circumstances where news could also bring from the companies listed at the National a negative effect where it could ruin the Stock Exchange. prospect of the particular stock. So it is 1. Does the market fluctuate or react very important to know the overall news of differently before and after the a stock or company where the investors release of particular information? can invest their money so that it grows 2. Which type of information does the within a very short period. market react more? Positive news will normally cause 3. Which media is mostly preferred by individuals to buy stocks. Good earnings the investors to receive the company reports, increased corporate governance, announcement? new products, and acquisitions, as well as 4. What type of announcement do the positive overall economic and political investors prefer to gain their

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expected return on their The hypothesis for Run test:

investment? H05: The prices of a company behave randomly for the dividend announcement, Objectives of the Study and price changes cannot be predicted.

The Following are the objectives of the H06: The prices of a company behave study randomly for the bonus announcement, 1. Review the previous studies on and price changes cannot be predicted.

prices of stock H07: The prices of a company behave 2. To study the conceptual framework randomly for the rights announcement, of the prices of stock listed at and price changes cannot be predicted.

National Stock Exchange H08: The prices of a company behave 3. To present the Indian capital randomly for the split announcement, and market. price changes cannot be predicted.

4. To analyses the demographic H09: The prices of a company behave factors of the investors‘ randomly for the earnings announcement, 5. To analyses the investors‘ opinion and price changes cannot be predicted. on the company announcement and their expectation towards it. The hypothesis for t-test:

6. To analyses the select company H010: There is no significant difference announcements. between changes in stock price before and 7. To offer suitable suggestions to after dividend announcement.

investors for investment H011: There is no significant difference improvement. between changes in stock price before and after bonus announcement.

Hypotheses H012: There is no significant difference The hypothesis for the chi-square test: between changes in stock price before and H01: There is no significant after rights announcement. association between investors‘ independent H013: There is no significant difference variables and their preference towards the between changes in stock price before and type of media. after split announcement.

H02: There is no significant difference H014: There is no significant difference between the type of investors and between changes in stock price before and expectation of company announcement after an earnings announcement.

The hypothesis for ANOVA (Randomized Scope of the Study block design): This study investigates the impact of H03: There is no significant news and events on a company's stock difference in investors‘ mean ratings of five price. It is however noted that the news categories of the company announcements. and events are happening are sometimes H04: There is no significant effect show a fairly multifaceted state of affairs on of the ‗block‘ used, that is, type of media on the company's stock prices. This is owing the mean ratings given to the company to the information that how investor announcements by the investors. analysis and stockholders perceived the news and events and also how credible and irreversible information, such announcements and event contain.

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Corporate managers, investors, Statistical Tools analysts, and stockholders are equally Relevant statistical tools such as benefited through this research as the Percentage analysis, mean, Standard nature, type and timing of the deviation, weighted average, Mean score announcement are well supported by analysis, Chi-Square, Paired t-test, ANOVA empirical statistical results and also help – Randomized Block design, Run test, them to completely analyze the news and Fishbein's scale, Garrett ranking were used events effects on company's stock prices in the study. And the Advanced and make rational decisions based on interdependent type of multivariate evidence provide through this research. statistical tools like Factor analysis, Cluster The study would be helpful to the analysis, and Multidimensional scaling was investor to take the rational decision like used for the analysis and interpretation of where to invest, how to invest, what survey data. portfolio should be made to obtain maximum profit from their investment. Statistical Packages This study is also useful for the firms' Statistical packages like Microsoft Excel perspective too. Knowing the objective of and SPSS IBM 19 were used in the present investor they can develop their plans and study. policies accordingly. The study is conducted to help the investors while Sampling Desing for Sampling Investors investing in share capital; So that they can (a) Sampling frame : 1850 make the correct decision at the right time Investors about the influence of company (b) Sampling size : 220 Investors announcements in the market price of the received out of (20% on 1850) 370 investors share and invest. (c) Sample method : Simple random sampling Methodology Source of Data Sample Design for Sampling Companies The study has depended on both (a) Sampling frame : 1,250 secondary and primary sources of data. Companies listed at NSE The secondary data were collected from the (b) Sampling size : (2% on 1250) standard text books and leading journals, 25Companies listed NSE magazines and financial websites. (c) Sample method : Judgment sampling Questionnaire Primary data were collected by Research Design administering a well-conceived The research design is a plan of action, questionnaire to the sample investors. a plan for collecting and analyzing data in an economic, efficient and relevant Scaling Techniques manner. A research design could be The scaling techniques used in the constructed either to test the hypothesis or present study are Likert scale, Rank order to give a cause-effect relationship to a scaling, paired comparison, bipolar scale, situation. The research design adopted in and constant sum rating scaling, etc. the present study is a "Descriptive Design." Descriptive research studies are those studies which are concerned with describing the characteristics of a

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particular individual or a group. The major Mean score analysis, Fishbein analysis, purpose of descriptive research is that the Garrett ranking, etc. researcher has no control over the The sixth chapter is tilted "Inferential variables. Analysis of survey data." It comprises the inferential analysis of survey data using Limitations of the Study statistical tools like factor analysis, cluster 1. The researcher experienced time is analysis, etc. the constraint to the present study. The seventh chapter is titled 2. The study deals with the "Inferential Analysis of secondary data." It particularly five announcements of consists the inferential analysis of the company at a particular time. secondary data using Run test and t-test. 3. The stock price is varying according The eight chapter summarizes the to the political changes. findings, suggestions, conclusion and 4. News in dailies is also affecting future research directions of the study. stock prices. Conclusion Chapter frame The last three decades of finance The present study, entitled, "A Study on research have produced a large number of the impact of sensitive company papers examining the effect of news announcements on prices of stocks listed announcements on financial markets. One at NSE" has been organized into eight difficulty in finding these effects comes chapters. from the fact that it is hard to measure the The first chapter is titled "Introduction component of the statistical release and Design of the Study." It deals with the relevant for stock prices. According to need and importance of the study, efficient market hypotheses, stock prices statement of the problem, objectives of the already incorporate all existing and study, research hypotheses, and scope of expected public information and should the study, research methodology, and only respond to new information. Thus, to limitations of the study. capture new information in the economic The second chapter is titled "Review of releases, the research surveys calculated the literature." It deals with need, the economic surprises of the releases, purpose of literature review and steps measured by the different between the involved in it. It also deals with the reviews release and financial market participant‘s and literature of various researchers previous expectations of the release, as relating to the present study. revealed by surveys. This difference would The third chapter is tilted "Conceptual then represent unanticipated, new Framework." It covers the concepts related information about economic conditions to company announcements that are and, if different from zero, should lead to a considered in the present research. change in stock prices. The fourth chapter is tilted "Indian Capital Markets. It discusses the capital References market in India, the history and their Books reforms. 1. Prasanna Chandra, Investment The fifth chapter is tilted "Descriptive Analysis and Portfolio Management, Analysis of Survey Data." It comprises Tata McGraw Hill, 2008. descriptive analysis of survey data using 2. Donald R. Cooper and Pamela S. statistical tools like frequency analysis, Schindler, Business Research

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Methods 9th Edition, Tata McGraw January 2006 Volume 5, Number 1 Hill, 2006 55 3. Philip Kotler and Kevin Lane, 5. Srinivasa Rao Kasisomayajula, "A Marketing Management, Pearson Study on Investor's Awareness An Education, 13th Edition 2008. Analytical Approach to Investing In 4. Levin R.I. and Rubin .D.S., Secondary Market," IJEMR - July statistics for Management, 7th 2012-Vol 2 Issue 7 - Online - ISSN Edition, 2001. 2249–2585 - Print - ISSN 2249- 8672. Journals 1. Arjun Chatrath, Sanjay Web Sources Ramchander, Frank Song, "The 1. http://www.ijbarr.com/downloads/ role of futures trading activity in 1211201556.pdf exchange rate volatility," Journal of 2. https://iprojectmaster.com/PUBLI Futures Markets, Volume 16, Issue C%20ADMINISTRATION/final-year- 5, pages 561–584, August 1996 project-materials/the-impact-of- 2. Arshanapalli, B. and M.S. value-added-tax-on-the- Kulkarni, 2001Interrelationship productivity-of-manufacturing- between Indian and US Stock organizations-in-the-nigerian- Markets. Journal of Management economy Research, 1: 141-148. 3. https://www.coursemerit.com/solu 3. Barry, C.B., Peavy III, J.W., tion-details/16426/SPSS- Rodriguez, M. (1998) Performance Worksheet-3-Two-Way-ANOVA Characteristics of Emerging Capital 4. http://www.delhibusinessreview.or Markets, Financial Analysts g/V15n1/dbr_v15nb_pg15_22.pdf Journal, 54, 1, p. 72-80. 5. http://decisiondisplay.com/ 4. Jayen B. Patel, "Diversification In 6. http://www.aijrrr.com/downloads/ An Emerging Market: A Closer 0307201727.pdf Look At The Indian Stock Market," 7. http://www.indianresearchjournals International Business & .com/pdf/IJSSIR/2012/December/ Economics Research Journal – 2.pdf

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