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MATERIAL CULTURE and TRADE of the POSTCLASSIC MAYA by David Atlee Phillips9 Jr0 a Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the D

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MATERIAL CULTURE and TRADE of the POSTCLASSIC MAYA by David Atlee Phillips9 Jr0 a Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the D Material culture and trade of the postclassic Maya Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Phillips, David Atlee Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 07/10/2021 10:35:00 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/565451 MATERIAL CULTURE AND TRADE OF THE POSTCLASSIC MAYA bY David Atlee Phillips9 Jr0 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 1 9 7 9 - Copyright 1979 David Atlee Phillips, Jr0 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE I hereby recommend that this dissertation prepared under my direction by _________________ David Atlee Phillipsf Jr._______________________ entitled MATERIAL CULTURE AND TRADE OF THE POSTCLASSIC MAYA_________ be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of _________________ Doctor of Philosophy____________________________ As members of the Final Examination Committee, we certify that we have read this dissertation and agree that it may be presented for final defense. Date q//<j / ? ? Date Date Date Date Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent on the candidate's adequate performance and defense thereof at the final oral examination. STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to bor­ rowers under rules of the Libraryc Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is madeo Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the copyright holder. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Although one hand wrote this report, and so is responsible for the errors it contains, many hands made this study possible. First thanks are due the Institute Nacional de Antropologia e Historia, Mexico, which granted permission for the Cozumel Archaeological Pro­ ject's 1972-1973 field seasons, I would also like to thank the staff of the Centro Regional del Sureste, INAH, and its director, Norberto Gonzales C,, for the kindness shown me during my restudy of artifacts in the spring of 1979o The generosity, professional and personal, shown me by members of that center will long be remembered. Financial support for fieldwork came from many sources, notably the National Geographic Society, My own part in the 1973 season was. made possible by the generosity of my parents, The subsequent artifact analysis was supported by the National Science Foundation; indirectly, by means of a three-year Graduate Fellowship, and directly, through a dissertation improvement grant (No, BNS 7901149), The latter included funds for obsidian source analysis, which is reported in Appendix B; this analysis was also supported by the Wenner-Greh Foundation for Anthropological Research (Grant no, 3342), the Graduate Student Pro­ gram Development Fund (Graduate College, University of Arizona), and the Educational Fund for Archaeology (Department of Anthropology, University of Arizona), Travel funds for artifact restudy were ill iv provided in part by Sigma XI, the Scientific Research Society0 The help of all these institutions is gratefully rememberedo Personal and professional help came often and generously<, I would like to thank Jeremy A 0 Sabloff and William Lo Rathje, the pro-- ject directors, for allowing me to take part in their researcho Bill Rathje also gave me work and storage space in his tiny office until a research cubicle could be obtained, and served as my dissertation chairman0 His help as a teacher, colleague, and friend has made all the difference over the last six years0 The other members of my com­ mittee, To Patrick Gulbert (whose office, too, I used) and Michael Bo Schiffer, also deserve thanks for their help -— not to mention their patience with a hopelessly tedious dissertation! These three people, . along with Theodore Downing and Richard A» Thompson, earlier served as my Preliminary Examination committee= The departmental staff was always willing to help me with any problems that arose, and, I must admit, by their foresight kept me out of a fewb My special thanks to Mara Spencer, the former departmental administrative assistant, and Dorothy Caranchini, without whom we graduate students would all be losto Carol Margolis and Susan Ciolek- Torillo, of the university’s Research Support Section, were endlessly patient in matters computational» Fred W* Nelson of Brigham Young University carried out the physical analysis described im Appendix B 0 The illustrations in this dissertation were prepared as oppor­ tunities arose, by a number of people 5 it was unfortunate that they could not have all been done at once0 Douglas Mellis prepared .Figures 17, 18 a, 20 a-c, 21, 28, and 33 a and jb. in the fieldo Brigid Sullivan traveled to Merida in 1979 and prepared Figures 6-8, 14, 15» 18 Jb, 20 d., 22, 23, 26 , 29, and 33 _c and_do Deborah Westfall took time from her own work to draw Figures 10-13 and 30° Jerry Schaefer turned out Figures 3-5, 19, 24, 23 a-h, and 34-38 ° . Willie Cornell produced Fig­ ures 25 i-dd and 271 Phil Chase drafted Figure 9; Charles Sternberg inked Figures 2, 31, and 32, and Tony Andrews provided the base map for Figure 1„ Barbara McClatchie provided Figure 16 and also prepared photo-montages of several figureso I must apologize to the reader for the melange of styles that resuitedo Among my fellow students at the University, Tony Andrews was outstanding in providing sources and resources for my work — a fact which will surprise none that know him0 Pick Wilk enlivened my think­ ing about Maya prehistory with ideas which were sometimes outrageous, sometimes profound= Nancy Hamblin and Arthur. Yokes provided informa­ tion on the bone and shell from Cozumel0 In Merida, Pablo Meyer summarized his research on Cancun, and Fernando Robles Co discussed his interpretation of Yucatecan prehistory with me0 In the same city, Joanna Andrews was the quintessence of hospitality; may her orchids ever bloom» Ed Kurjak not only put up two guests myself and an illustrator — for several weeks, but served as guardian angel, guide, and boon companion; along the way I learned a great deal about Maya archaeology0 The preparation of an acceptable draft would try anyone's soul; I was most fortunate to have the help of Hazel Gillie, who not only typed the draft, but saw it through University channels» Jerry Schaefer proofread these many pages in my absence0 vi The list of people who have contributed to this research or to my years of graduate study could go on and dn0 To those friends who remain unsung, my most heartfelt thanks. Finally, my family has pro­ vided tolerance, support, understanding, and love in unstinting measure; without them my graduate career would have been crushing. It is to all these people — colleagues, friends, and family — that I dedicate this volume TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES oooooooooooooooooooo 0 0 xii / LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS o . ............. 0 xiv ABSTRACT OQOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 0 xvi lo INTRODUCTION O O © O ©OOOOO OOOOOOOOOOO 0 0 1 2o TRADE AS SOCIAL PROCESS ............... 0 0 7 The Origins of Trade ooooooooeoooooo 8 The Effects of Trade oooo o 60000000 00 * 14 3. MAYA TRADE . OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 0 0 20 The Nature of Early Maya Trade 0000000000 0 20 Shifting Routes of Trade o o o o 0 0 o 0 0 o o o o 0 0 25 Lowland Maya Trade in the Contact Period 0 O 31 Cozumel as a Trading Center in the Contact Period 0 0 34 4. THE COZUMEL RESEARCH DESIGN O O G O O O o 0 0 38 5. THE ARTIFACT ANALYSIS; BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURE . 0 0 49 Site Formation and Field Strategy ........ 0 0 49 Artifact Analysis . 0 0 53 6. A DESCRIPTION OF ARTIFACTS FROM COZUMEL. MEXICO 0 0 62 Items of Pottery . d 62 Small Pottery Balls (24) 00000000000 0 0 62 Figurines (7) 0000000000000000 o 62 Formed Spindle Whorlsoris ((76)... ) 0000000000 ....... O o 64 Beads (3) o 00 00 60 o 0 0 6 000 o bo o0 0 70 Formed Spatulate Object oo o oooooooo 0 0 70 Formed Net-sinkers (7) 0 .0 o o o 0 0 0 o 0 0 o0 a 70 Worked Sherd Net-sinkers (1378) 0000000 0 o 71 Worked Sherds With One Notch (2) o o o o o o o0 0 85 Problematic Notched Sherd ..........o o o o 0 0 oO 0 85 Perforated Sherd Pendants (2) 000000 00O 0 85 Notched Sherd Pendant ............ 0 0 85 vii viii TABLE OF CONTENTS— Continued • Page Paddle-like Worked Sherds (2) » <, „ o o « „ O0 Oo 87 Wing-like Worked Sherd 0,00=0=0=0 0oOO 87 Shaped and Incised Sherds (5) = = = = = = = 0 od 0 87 Shaped, Perforated, and Incised Sherd = = = 0oo0 88 Edge-ground Sherds (37) =======o== 0 0 oo 88 Sherds with Mend-holes (17) ======== aO0O 89 Miscellaneous Items (31) ========= oOO0 89 Items of Chert = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 0.000 89 Large Pointed Bifaces (30) ======== 00O0 90 Small P oxnts (7) = = = = = = = = = = = = = 0000 94 Miscellaneous Unifaces and Bifaces (5) « = 00.00 95 Modified-flake Scrapers (14) ======= 00©0 97 Drills (2) 0 = 00000.000000000 O000 99 Drill or Punch ==oooo0=o==ooo 0000 99 Chipped Chert Disk o=oo===o=oo= 0000 99 Miscellaneous Modified
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