32 Literature Review on the Mechanical Properties Of

Sao R. et al ., Jour. Sci. Res. Allied Sci. , 2 (4), 2018, 43-50 2018

Journal Of Scientific Research in Allied Sciences ISSN NO. 2455 -5800

Contents available at: www.jusres.com LITERATURE REVIEW ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ANNEALED ALUMINIUM ALLOY

Ramakant Sao, S P Shrivas, Chandrakala Sao Mechnaical engineering Department CSVTU Bhilai ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT REVIEW ARTICLE

Article History hrough the advent of newer technologies, search for new materials was Received: March 2018 T Accepted: April 2018 started with the aim to fulfill various necessities needed in future and also Keywords: search was aimed to improve material to suit the present necessities. Annealing, Aluminum Interpretation for the improvement of properties of various metals and Alloy Al 5083, alloys (ferrous and nonferrous), it has been seen that heat treatment is the Properties, and most effective way. In this investigation, we studied the mechanical Temperatures. properties of Aluminum alloy Al 5083 at different annealing temperature 350ºC, 400ºC, and 450ºC and saw how it affects different mechanical

Introduction 2. Attractive Colors In general heat treatment basically 3. Softness and facility of cold working modifies microstructures and thereby produces a 4. Good formability variety of mechanical properties that are 5. Corrosion resistance important in manufacturing, such as improved 6. Special Electrical and Magnetic properties formability and machinability. Annealing is 7. Good Castability considered the most important heat treatment Aluminum Alloy Al-5083 process as it helps to stabilize the microstructure. This alloy comes in the category of Non-Ferrous Materials wrought aluminum alloys. Normally, Aluminum This increase in demand for these alloys alloy 5083 has 2.5% magnesium which is the is because of their unique characteristics like major alloying element and 0.25% chromium. corrosion resistance, lightweight, nonmagnetic The designation to this type of alloy is and a good conductor of heat and energy. Apart comprised in the following manner, the first from these advantages over the ferrous materials, digit indicates the major alloying element which these significant losses strength with increase in is magnesium here, and next digit describes the temperature and also these have a tendency for type of modification and the third and fourth hot shortness and as compared to ferrous place for other alloying elements. This alloy is materials they shrink more. They are basically basically popular due it properties like good used for the following reasons: workability, good mechanical strength, and very 1. Low Density good corrosion resistance, especially in marine

43 | P a g e Sao R. et al ., Jour. Sci. Res. Allied Sci. , 2 (4), 2018, 43-50 2018 conditions. As it belongs to the group of 53 HV0.3 but elongation is only 1.75 %. After aluminum alloys it bears the same properties as cold-rolling and the annealing treatment, the that of other aluminum alloys like low density SEM micrographs and the DRX patterns show and good thermal conductivity. This alloy is not more secondary phase precipitates and more heat treatable which means it can’t be hardened intermetallic formed. With an increase of by heat treatment, so it is hardened by cold annealing temperature, the amount of work. precipitates increases and work hardening Mechanical Properties of Material decrease, continuously. The elongation is Characteristics of any material which improved to 36 % but the tensile strength is describes the materials behavior under external decreased to 86 MPa after the annealing at 350 loads are commonly referred as mechanical °C for 1 hour. properties. As we know that all engineering Singh et al. [2] investigation for components are likely to subject to external Mechanical properties of Aluminium Alloy Al loads directly or indirectly, it is, therefore, 6061 Considering different Parameters of FSW. necessary to have knowledge of the mechanical Two different type of tool shapes and shoulder properties so as to avoid the chances of failures. surfaces for single weld configurations were These characteristics which are known as used in experiments. It was shown that both tool mechanical properties greatly rely on the types produce high-quality butt joints free from structure of the material, especially about the defects or imperfections as the visual inspection microstructure arrangement. Commonly known was done. The best tensile performance was mechanical properties are Strength, Hardness, obtained for FSW joints produced by a taper tool Toughness, Resilience, Stiffness, Elasticity, and the results obtained for joints produced by Plasticity, Ductility, Malleability, etc. threaded tool shoulder are significantly lower. LITERATURE REVIEW Tensile strength test indicated that welding Studies on the mechanical properties of speed is the main parameter which affects the Aluminum alloy Al 5083 have been made by tensile strength. Feed rate and tool shape are various scholars in the past. The majority of effecting second and third respectively. As the these studies were focused on the mechanical Impact toughness and Micro-hardness test are properties of Aluminum alloy Al 5083 but very conducted, the Feed rate is the main factor, less studied its mechanical properties in the Welding speed, Tool shape are effecting annealed condition. respectively. As a result of the experiment the Mhedhbiet. al. [1] performance of the welding speed 600 RPM, Feed Rate 40 mm/min homogenized AA1050 alloy, as well as after the and Taper probe tool is the best optimum levels different metallurgical conditions such as cold- to get the maximum strength of mechanical rolling and cold-rolling annealed. For this properties. The differences between mechanical reason, microstructures, microhardness, and properties using different parameters were tensile tests were studied. From the most predicted based on a recently elaborated important results, the optical micrographs show mathematical model developed for FSW joints. that with increasing cold-rolling reduction rate, Bhowmiket. al. [3] review on the equiaxed grains are elongated along the development of new technologies in the field of rolling direction obviously. The accumulation of manufacturing, there is a strong need of new and rolling reduction increases the work hardening advanced materials to be analyzed and studied so effect, which is a good agreement with the as to get the most of the benefits of new improvement of strength and low plasticity. we technologies. In lieu of this if we talk about can give some values; when the cold-rolling nonferrous materials which have some unique reduction is about 66 %, the ultimate tensile properties as compared to ferrous materials. In strength reaches 140 MPa, the microhardness is nonferrous materials, a very promising material

44 | P a g e Sao R. et al ., Jour. Sci. Res. Allied Sci. , 2 (4), 2018, 43-50 2018 is aluminum alloy Al 5052 which have good Ertug & Kumruoglu [6] studied the corrosion resistance, especially in the marine corrosive behavior of 5083 and 1100 aluminum atmosphere. alloy in seawater under different conditions. Shrivas& Kale [4] during his research During the investigation, the pit morphology on aluminum alloys increases drastically in the polarized aluminum alloys showed automobile and aerospace industries. The hemispherical isolated deeper pits on the 5083 aluminum alloy takes the advantage of „strength alloy. Samples of the 1100 alloy revealed a to weight ratio ‟ and corrosion properties over higher number of shallow pits (more close to another structural element such as steel and its patches of general dissolution). The results alloys. The altered mechanical properties are showed that the type of intermetallic particles in achieved in aluminum alloy by using different the aluminum alloy played a major role in strengthening techniques such as age hardening passivity breakdown and pit morphology in etc. The favorable mechanical properties are seawater. It was reported that the corrosion explained by revealing the microstructure of resistance of 1100 alloy is better than 5083 in corresponding alloy and intermediate phase seawater both at room temperature and at 60 ºC. compounds during formation of the Also, it was found that with increasing the corresponding alloy. Hence the study of temperature the corrosion intensity also microstructure and their impact on mechanical increases. In addition, low corrosion rate values properties is essential. In the present review evaluated using weight loss tests for both the paper, the microstructure of aluminum alloys alloys indicate their useful application in the series are explained and their emphasis on the marine atmosphere. Park et al [7] in their mechanical properties are discussed. By doing investigation of the mechanical behavior of 5000 so, the research gap and the flow of research and 6000 series aluminum alloy under cryogenic fields are exposed for further development. conditions. The material characteristics were Patnaik et al. [5] during their study on the investigated and summarized as a function of effect of Al-5Ti-1B grain refiner on the low temperature (110–293 K) and quasi-static microstructure, mechanical properties and strain rate (10 -4 and 10 -2 s-1). It was found that acoustic emission characteristics of Al 5083 with a decrease in temperature the strength and aluminum alloy, find out properties like ductility was improved. It was also reported that hardness, impact toughness and tensile these materials exhibit more ductility and also properties of unaltered Al 5083 alloy as per absorbs more energy to fracture at low ASTM Standards and it was reported that the temperatures. It was concluded that for large addition of Al–5Ti–1B grain refiner into the displacement involved structures 5000 series is alloy caused a significant improvement in more suited and for structures which are ultimate tensile strength and elongation values. subjected to large loads 6000 series is more The main mechanisms behind this improvement favorable. Nikolaevich el at [8] in their were found to be due to the grain refinement investigation for evaluating various advance during solidification and segregation of Ti at materials for automobile bodies found that primary alpha grain boundaries. Microstructural aluminum and its alloys due to the properties analysis showed the presence of primary α solid like light weight, high corrosion resistance and solution. No Al-Mg phase was found to be also because they can be recycled as compared formed due to the presence of magnesium in the to steel is most preferred in the manufacture of solid solution. The results indicated that the automobile bodies, especially 5xxx and 6xxx addition of Al–5Ti–1B grain aluminum alloys. Maclins [9] in his investigation refiner into the alloy caused a significant of aluminum alloy Al 6063 in sea water for improvement in ultimate tensile strength (UTS). tensile behavior found that, with corrosion and related damage there is a gradual decrease in

45 | P a g e Sao R. et al ., Jour. Sci. Res. Allied Sci. , 2 (4), 2018, 43-50 2018 mechanical properties. The investigation was be dependent on the variation of fracture carried out on 6063 aluminum alloy which was mechanism. The comprehensive fractographic heat treated and soaked in seawater. It was found investigations of the fracture surfaces clearly that corroded specimens were subjected to low demonstrate that the fracture mode of 2024-T4 is impact damage. Also with the increase in the predominantly transgranular fracture with high- exposure time in the corrosive environment, density small-sized dimples, and the fracture there is a decrease in the ultimate tensile mode of 7075-T6 is a mainly intergranular strength. And the chemical reaction increase fracture with many intermetallic particles in the with the time of exposure. bottom of voids located in the fracture surface. Akhil et al. [10] work on cooling Das et al [12] studied cry rolled Al 7075 characteristics of cast components with varying of different thickness reductions (40% and 70%) section size. In this study, aluminum alloy A356 for tensile and impact toughness behavior. In the is selected because it is widely used in study, it was reported that the tensile and impact automotive and aircraft industries in the form of toughness behavior shows an increment with components with varying section size. This cryorolling. During the investigation, study investigates how cooling rate and microstructural characterization of the alloy was mechanical properties vary with varying section also carried out by using field emission scanning size. The experiment is performed that electron microscopy. In this, it was observed that aluminum alloy ingot is heated in a muffle after 70% thickness reduction grain structure is furnace and poured into the molds having mold at ultrafine level. It was concluded that the cavity of varying dimensions. The cooling rate improved tensile strength and impact toughness was measured using K type thermocouple during of the cry rolled Al alloy is due to grain solidification of aluminum alloy. In order to refinement, grain fragments with high angle investigate the effect of cooling rate on boundaries, and ultrafine grain formation by microstructure and mechanical properties multiple cryorolling passes. In addition scanning microstructure analysis, impact test, tensile test, electron microscopy analysis of the fracture hardness test were performed. The results surfaces of impact testing carried out on the showed that mechanical properties of cast samples in the temperature range of 200°C to component of smaller section size are better. 100°C. It was reported that with the combined This is due to the fast cooling rate of smaller effect of short annealing and aging, improved section cast component makes refining of the the strength and ductility of cry rolled samples, grain size of the aluminum alloy. which is due to precipitation hardening and Ming et al. [11] studied on extruded subgrain coarsening mechanism respectively. On 2024-T4 and 7075-T6 aluminum alloys are the other hand, the impact strength of the cry investigated by using an instrumented drop rolled Al alloy has decreased due to high strain tower machine. The specimens are made from a rate involved during impact loading. 25 mm diameter extruded circular rod. The Wang et al [13] investigated friction and dynamic three-point bending tests of each alloy wear properties of cold-rolled 5083 aluminum are carried out at different impact velocities. The alloy of the thickness of 6 mm to 3 mm annealed initiation fracture toughness and average at a different temperature. In the investigation, it propagation fracture toughness of 2024-T4 and was stated that 5083 aluminum alloy annealed at 7075-T6 are determined at different loading different temperatures almost have the same rates. The results show that both the initiation coefficient of friction under the same toughness and the propagation toughness experimental condition, but the coefficient increase with the loading rate. Further, the friction of the same sample will increase while difference between the fracture toughness temperature rises. During the investigation, it behaviors of 2024-T4 and 7075-T6 is found to was observed that at the annealing temperature,

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Al-Mg alloys have grain boundary and surface behavior of the alloy in seawater the magnesium segregation and their strength are electrochemical behavior was studied with also impossibly enhanced by heat treatment. X- various inhibitor concentration using ray diffract analysis (XRD) indicated that electrochemical potentiodynamic reactivation metallurgical phase has no obvious (EPR), potentiodynamic polarization and transformation with different annealing electrochemical spectroscopy. It was reported temperature. It was reported that the higher that with the use of NaBz as an inhibitor the oxide layer of the surface, the smaller wear can corrosive tendency of 6063 alloys in seawater is be got. Also, it was stated that with the rise in reduced appreciably. In addition to this with the the annealing temperature, the hardness help of scanning electron microscope, decreases. morphology tests were done in order to study the Kciuk el at [14] in their study on development of thin film on the samples. corrosion behavior of aluminum AlMg2.5, Ramesh et al. [16] present work were to AlMg5Mn, and AlZn5Mg1 alloys and found that evaluate the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) the corrosion resistance of AlZn5Mg in chloride behavior of the annealed Al-7075 alloy before solution is highest in comparison to another two and after Equal Channel Angular Pressing aluminum alloys. In the investigation the (ECAP). The SCC behavior of the Al-7075 alloy corrosion resistance tests were done with the before and after ECAP was evaluated using slow help of potentiodynamic method, registering strain rate testing (SSRT). Tensile and SCC anodic polarization curves in 3.5% NaCl behavior of the UNECAPed and ECAPed solution at room temperature. And registering samples were compared. The elongation and anodic polarization curves was conducted at the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) was decreases potential rate equal to 1mV/s. As the reference 1.25, 1.1 times respectively after SCC in the electrode was used saturated calomel electrode annealed Al 7075. After ECAP, about 1.6 times (SCE) and the auxiliary electrode was a platinum decreases in elongation and 1.09 times decrease electrode. Vickers hardness test was done for in UTS is observed. The decrease in ductility is determining mechanical properties The test was more as compared to UTS. The fracture surface realized with the use of Hauser hardness tester. analysis (from the SSRT tests in 3.5% NaCl The observation of the surface morphology after solution) revealed predominant ductile failure in corrosive tests was done using Digital Scanning the before ECAP and mixed (quasi-cleavage) Electron Microscope DSM 940 OPTION. It was mode of failure was observed after ECAP. observed for the corresponding test conducted Though the SCC resistance decreases due to during the investigation that the highest ECAP, this appears a positive sign that the SCC corrosion resistance in 3.5% NaCl solution was may be improved by modifying process observed for AlZn5Mg1 aluminum alloy. And it parameters and the condition of the sample. was also observed that with an increase in Mg Chee and Mohamad [17] presents an the corrosion resistance decreases in chloride experimental study on precipitation of aluminum solution. alloy 6061-T6 to determine the effect of artificial Nik et al [15] studied the corrosion aging on the hardness of aluminum alloy 6061- aspect of seawater for various aluminum alloys. T6. The precipitation hardening is a thermal The experiment was done at room temperature treatment, which consists of a heat treatment, and in the atmosphere of seawater, where quenching, and artificial aging process. The different types of aluminum alloys were experimental study is focused on artificial aging subjected to aqueous corrosion in a salt spray upon which the temperature is varying between chamber and normal seawater container. Starch 175 o C to 420 o C at different period of time. which is considered to be natural corrosion The Vickers hardness test is to evaluate the inhibitor was used. To study the corrosion hardness of aluminum alloy 6061-T6 before and

47 | P a g e Sao R. et al ., Jour. Sci. Res. Allied Sci. , 2 (4), 2018, 43-50 2018 after aging process. The optimum aging time and specimen for aluminum alloys 5083 and 5383. It the temperature is determined at the end of this was also observed that the reduction in property experiment to obtain a reduction in energy and is more significant in 5083 in comparison to total cost. The study leads to the conclusion that 5383 alloys. the optimum aged was achieved between 175 o C to 195 o C with 2 to 6 hours of ageing time. Nowotnik et al [21] investigate the effect The contribution of short time ageing is of heat treatment parameters which are comparable to that of longer ageing time from temperature and time on the tensile properties previous studies. Mukhopadhyay et al. [18] and fracture toughness of 6082 aluminum alloy. studied on deformed up to 25% elongation in The uniaxial tensile test was conducted at room INSTRON at 788K. The grain boundary sliding temperature to determine tensile strength, yield due to this superplastic deformation was strength, and elongation of the 6082 aluminum measured by Scanning Electron Microscope. alloy. Also, tension test was conducted on the The microstructure and texture development aged alloy to determine the fracture toughness of due to this deformation at elevated temperature the aluminum alloy 6082. Therefore, according was analyzed from the Orientation Image to ASTM standard tests were performed on Microstructures i.e. the Electron Back Scattered fatigue pre-cracked compact tension and sharp- Diffraction Image. The Orientation Image notched specimens in both the longitudinal and Microstructures revealed that superplastic transverse orientation with respect to the rolling deformation was associated with recovery and direction. In the study, it was reported that the recrystallization in-situ process. microstructure, mechanical properties and Gang et al [19] studied the fracture toughness changes during artificial microstructure and mechanical properties of aging due to the precipitation strengthening 5052 Al alloy of thickness 8 mm processed by process. Ozturk et al [22] studied the tensile cryogenic rolling with reduction of thickness by properties of 5052 type aluminum-manganese 55% followed by 56% reduction by warm alloy of 1.6 mm thickness in warm temperatures. rolling. The properties were evaluated in each He analyzed the uniaxial tensile deformation case. It was observed that if the material is behavior of this aluminum magnesium alloy treated by cryogenic rolling combined with between room to 300°C and in the strain rate warm rolling at 448K there is a significant range of 0.0083-0.16 s -1. He reported that the increase in tensile strength up to 452 MPa. This uniaxial tensile elongation of the material increase in strength was due to the fine increases with increasing temperatures and precipitate formation by warm rolling. For decreases with increasing strain rates. Also, it enhancing mechanical properties it was was reported that the formability of this material suggested to use cryogenic rolling combined at warm temperatures is better than the room with warm rolling. Paik [20] investigated the temperature and concluded that the most suitable mechanical properties of two different aluminum forming conditions were at 300°C and 0.0083 s - alloys 5083 and 5383 under different welding 1. With his findings, it was said that strain rate conditions. Mechanical properties of fusion sensitivity plays an important role in the welded aluminum alloys are tested and formability of this material at warm compared with those of friction stir welded temperatures. alloys. And it was reported that there is a Overview reduction in mechanical properties with welding. With industrial growth and globalization Also, the tensile strength of friction stir welding more and more advancements have been is more in comparison to fusion welding. In witnessed in the scientific area especially into R order to carry out the investigation, tensile & D for providing new technology and materials testing is undertaken on dog-bone type test

48 | P a g e Sao R. et al ., Jour. Sci. Res. Allied Sci. , 2 (4), 2018, 43-50 2018 so as to make improvements in the existing • The annealing process decreases the tensile technology and things. strength, hardness, and toughness of the Every day and new and advanced material materials are introducing with more and more • The annealing process improves the ductility utility. Some of the materials are artificial or percentage elongation. The ductility goes developed and others are customized according on increasing with the increase of annealing to specific requirements. If we talk about temperature. consumer electronics like for smaller, thinner • With the increase in annealing temperature, components as well as for larger products, such there is a decrease in hardness, tensile as laptop computers, mobile devices, and strength and in toughness. televisions. And also fuel pipelines, tubes, heat • Aluminum alloy Al 5083 shows an increase exchangers, pressure vessels, home appliances in ductility with an increase in annealing like freezers, kitchen cabinets, etc. temperature which is a strong requirement in In short, if we say about general sheet metalworking or fabrication but as there is a metal work we need materials which have good decrease in other mechanical properties with corrosion resistance, especially to salt water, increase in annealing temperature the choice lightweight, and high strength. Aluminum alloy of selecting the best annealing temperature Al 5083 due to its properties is well suited for rest on the design consideration. use in above-said areas and especially in References shipbuilding and marine application. And the 1. Mhedhbi M., Khlif M., Bradai C., (2017), important properties which make Aluminum Investigations of microstructural and alloy Al 5083 best is its mechanical properties mechanical properties evolution of AA1050 and if these properties can be improved or well alloy sheets deformed by the cold-rolling investigated will help to identify its actual process and heat treatment annealing, potential so that they can be better utilized. Journal of Materials and Environmental Also in recent past Aluminum alloy Al Sciences, JMES, 8(8), pp. 2967-2974, ISSN: 5083 showed its presence more rapidly and 2028-2508. there’s an urgent need for enhancement and 2. Singh H., Verma M., SidhuH. S., Singh D., investigation of its mechanical properties. (2016), Experimental Investigation for Attempts have been made by various scholars in Mechanical Properties of Aluminium Alloy this area. The present study is focused on how Al 6061 Considering Different Parameters of the mechanical properties such as strength, FSW, International Research Journal of ductility, toughness, and hardness behave or Engineering and Technology (IRJET), 3(2), change when Aluminum alloy Al 5083 is pp. 635-641, ISSN: 2395 -0056. annealed to different temperatures. This not only 3. Bhowmik A., Srivas S.P. and Khandelwal helps to study the behavior of the material but A.K.; A Review of the properties of also makes it more effective in utilization in Aluminum Alloy Al 5052, Journal of various sectors. Scientific Research in Allied Science (ISSN: Conclusions 2455-5800), Vol 2, No. 2 (2016): 25-30. The following conclusion can be drawn 4. Shriwas A K., Kale V C., (2016), Impact of from the present investigation on mechanical Aluminum Alloys and Microstructures on properties of annealed aluminum alloy Al 5083. Engineering Properties – Review, IOSR The following Gaps are found: Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering • There is a strong influence of annealing on (IOSR-JMCE), 3(13), pp. 16-22, ISSN: the mechanical properties of aluminum alloy 2320-334X. Al 5083. 5. Amulya Bihari Pattnaik, S. D. (2015). Effect of Al–5Ti–1B grain refiner on the

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