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Welding of Magnesium Alloys

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Welding of Magnesium Alloys Chapter 6 Welding of Magnesium Alloys Parviz Asadi, Kamel Kazemi-Choobi and Amin Elhami Additional information is available at the end of the chapter http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/47849 1. Introduction Magnesium is the sixth most abundant element on the Earth’s surface, with virtually inex- haustible supplies in the oceans. It is the third most plentiful element dissolved in seawater, with an approximate concentration of 0.14% (Busk, 1987). Over recent years the industrial output of magnesium alloys has been rising by almost 20% per annum. Magnesium and its alloys, as the lightest structural material, are about 40% lighter than aluminium and as much as about 78% lighter than steel. It is demonstrated that using magnesium alloys results in a 22–70% weight reduction, compared to using alternative materials (Kulekci, 2008). Magne- sium alloys have excellent specific strength, excellent sound damping capabilities, good cast-ability, hot formability, excellent machinability, good electromagnetic interference shielding, and recyclability (Haferkamp et al., 2000), (Mordike and Ebert, 2001), (Pastor et al., 2000). Moreover, magnesium ignites with difficulty in air due to its high heat capacity. Some disadvantages of magnesium are presented based on the following, Low elastic modulus; High degree of shrinkage on solidification; High chemical reactivity. Additionally, these alloys have limited fatigue and creep resistance at elevated temperatures (Mordike and Ebert, 2001). Because of the hexagonal close-packed (HCP) crystal structure, magnesium alloys also have a limited ductility and cold workability at room temperature (Sanders et al., 1999). These alloys have about the same corrosion resistance in common environments as mild steel, but are less corrosion resistant than aluminium alloys (Busk, 1987). Thus, magne- sium alloy usage has been limited due to its poor corrosion resistance and low ductility. In order to overcome these problems, new alloys, such as Mg-AZ91D, have been developed and have improved corrosion resistance (Munitz et al., 2001). The property profiles de- manded by automobile and other large-scale potential users of magnesium have revealed the need for alloy development. Fig. 1 illustrates the different trends in alloy development depending on the main requirement. The major alloying elements are aluminium, zinc, thorium and rare earths. Aluminium is the most important alloying element in the ternary Mg–Al series, which comprises AZ (Mg–Al–Zn), AM (Mg–Al–Mn) and AS (Mg–Al–Si) al- © 2012 Asadi et al., licensee InTech. This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 122 New Features on Magnesium Alloys loys. There are two binary systems employing manganese and zirconium (Oates, 1996). It is also common to classify magnesium alloys into those for room and elevated temperature applications. Rare earth metals and thorium are the main alloying elements for high tem- perature alloys. Aluminium and zinc, added either singly or in combination, are the most common alloying elements for room temperature applications because at elevated tempera- tures the tensile and creep properties degrade rapidly (Marya et al. 2000). Figure 1. Directions of alloy development (Mordike and Ebert, 2001). To date, no international code for designating magnesium alloys exists but the method used by the American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) has been widely adopted. In this system, the first two letters indicate the principal alloying elements according to the follow- ing codes: A, aluminium; B, bismuth; C, copper; D, cadmium; E, rare earths; F, iron; G, mag- nesium; H, thorium; K, zirconium; L, lithium; M, manganese; N, nickel; P, lead; Q, silver; R, chromium; S, silicon; T, tin; W, yttrium; Y, antimony and Z, zinc. The two or one letter is followed by numbers which represent the nominal compositions of these principal alloying elements in weight percentage, rounded off to the nearest whole number. For example, AZ91 indicates the alloy Mg–9Al–1Zn with the actual composition ranges being 8.3–9.7 Al and 0.4–1.0 Zn. Suffix letters A, B, C, etc. refer to variations in composition within the speci- fied range and X indicates that the alloy is experimental. Despite the good castability of some mentioned alloys (such as Mg-AZ91D alloys), it is not always possible or economically Welding of Magnesium Alloys 123 favourable to cast complex magnesium parts. Joining of magnesium parts, which may be crucial for these applications, is still restricted. It is, thus, very desirable that joining technol- ogies be developed and made accessible for industrial applications (American Society of Metals [ASM], 1990). Welding and joining processes are essential for the development of practically every manufactured product. However, these processes often appear to consume greater fractions of the product cost and to create more of the production difficulties than might be expected (ASM, 1993). There are a number of reasons that explain this situation. Because there are many fusion welding processes, one of the greatest difficulties for the manufacturing engineer is to define which process will produce satisfactory properties at the lowest cost. There are no simple answers. Any change in the part geometry, material, value of the end product, or size of the production run, as well as the availability of joining equipment, can influence the choice of joining method. For small lots of complex parts, fastening may be preferable to welding, whereas for long production runs, welds can be stronger and less expensive. To date magnesium alloys have not usually been welded except for some repaired structures because of the occurrence of defects such as oxide films, cracks, and cavities (Haferkamp et al., 2000). However, the broader application of magnesium alloys requires reliable welding processes. Magnesium alloy components may be joined using mechanical clasps as well as a variation of welding methods including tungsten arc inert gas (TIG), plasma arc welding, electron beam welding (EBW), laser beam welding (LBW), friction stir welding (FSW), explosion, electromagnetic welding, ultrasonic welding, and resistance spot welding (RSW). 2. Laser beam welding Laser beam welding (LBW) uses a moving high-density (105 to 107 W/cm2) coherent optical energy source called a laser as the source of heat. "Laser" is an acronym for "light amplifica- tion by stimulated emission of radiation." The coherent nature of the laser beam allows it to be focused to a small spot, leading to high energy densities (ASM, 1993). Fig. 2 illustrates the schematic of the laser beam welding. Advantages and Limitations of LBW are listed below (ASM, 1993): Light is inertialess (hence, high processing speeds with very rapid stopping and starting become possible). Focused laser light provides high energy density. Laser welding can be used at room atmosphere. Difficult to weld materials (such as titanium, quartz and etc) can be joined. Workpieces do not need to be rigidly held. No electrode or filler materials are required. Narrow welds can be made. Precise welds (relative to position, diameter, and penetration) can be obtained. Welds with little or no contamination can be produced. 124 New Features on Magnesium Alloys The heat affected zone (HAZ) adjacent to the weld is very narrow. Intricate shapes can be cut or welded at high speed using automatically controlled light deflection techniques. The laser beam can also be time shared. Figure 2. The schematic view of LBW process. In the last two decades, the manufacturing industry has been actively engaged in qualifying laser welding, because high strength joints with low levels of residual stress and high visual quality can be achieved with this joining process. The effectiveness of laser welding depends greatly on the physical properties of the material to be welded. Magnesium alloys possess certain inherent characteristics such as low absorptivity of laser beams, strong tendency to oxidize, high thermal conductivity, high coefficient of thermal expansion, low melting and boiling temperatures, wide solidification temperature range, high solidification shrinkage, form low melting point constituents, low viscosity, low surface tensions, high solubility for hydrogen in the liquid state, and absence of colour change at the melting point temperature. Therefore, some processing problems and weld defects can be observed in laser welding of magnesium alloys such as unstable weld pool, substantial spatter (Haferkamp et al., 2001), strong tendency to drop through for large weld pools, sag of the weld pool (especially for thick workpiece), undercut (Lehner and Reinhart, 1999), porous oxide inclusions, loss of alloying elements, excessive pore formation (particularly for die castings) (Zhao and DebRoy, 2001), liquation and solidification cracking (Marya and Edwards, 2000). Despite the mentioned problems, among the welding technologies, laser welding has been considered to Welding of Magnesium Alloys 125 be an attractive and preferred fusion process due to high welding speed, very narrow joints with smaller heat affected zone (HAZ) because of using shielding gases, low distortion and excellent environment adaptability (Wang et al., 2001). 2.1. CO2 and Nd:YAG lasers Lasers have been promoted as potentially useful welding tools for a variety of
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