PhoneticsPhonetics 11 (part(part b)b) CCoonnssoonnaannttss
LLiinngg440000 TheThe vocalvocal tracttract
• Names of “places”: trachea (windpipe), larynx (voice box or Adam’s apple), glottis (opening between the vocal folds), epiglottis, pharynx, uvula, velum (soft palate), nasal cavity, (hard) palate, alveolar ridge, tongue, teeth, lips • Vocal folds: controls voicing WordWord ofof thethe dayday (1)(1) Pharynx epiglottis
t d $"%$ " k g s z &$"'% p b f v !"#
h PlacePlace ofof articulation:articulation: ccoonnssoonnaannttss •• LLaabbiiaall (bi-labial,(bi-labial, labio-dental):labio-dental): withwith lipslips •• IInntteerrddeennttaall:: betweenbetween teethteeth •• AAllveveoollaarr :: tonguetongue raisedraised towardtoward thethe alveolaralveolar ridgeridge •• Palatal:Palatal: tonguetongue raisedraised towardtoward thethe palatepalate •• VVeellaarr:: backback ofof tonguetongue raisedraised towardtoward softsoft palatepalate (velum)(velum) •• GloGlottattal:l: constrictedconstricted vocalvocal foldsfolds PlacePlace ofof articulation:articulation: ccoonnssoonnaannttss
•• LLaabbiiaall (bi-labial,(bi-labial, labio-dental):labio-dental): withwith lipslips (( ))**++ ppiinn )),,++ ,,--.. (( )/+)/+ ""//--.. ))0+""""01&0+""""01& •• IInntteerrddeennttaall:: betweenbetween teethteeth (( ))!!++ &&22--.. ))##++""&&2211&& PlacePlace ofof articulation--articulation-- ccoonnssoonnaannttss • Alveolar : tongue raised toward the alveolar ridge 33 )&+""&-.)&+""&-. )'+" '-. 33 )4+""4-. )5+ 5-* • Palatal : tongue raised toward the palate 33 )$+""46718)$+""46718 )%+""""""9:1468: 33 )&$+"";268;2""""""")'%+""""""<6'7: PlacePlace ofof articulation--articulation-- ccoonnssoonnaannttss •• VVeellaarr:: backback ofof tonguetongue raisedraised towardtoward softsoft palatepalate (velum)(velum) (( ))==++ kkiinn )7+"7>1&)7+"7>1&
•• GGlloottttaall:: constrictedconstricted vocalvocal foldsfolds •• [h][h] hithit LLaabbiiaall // VVeellaarr // AAllvveeoollaarr//PalPalatalatal • speak )4*-=+ • teal )&-?+ • deal )'-?+ • bead ),-'+ • seal )4-?+ • feel • feel )/-?+ • zeal )5-?+ • veal )0-?+ • she’ll )$-?+ • measure )9@%8A+A ")9@%B8+ • cheer )&$-8+ • scheme )4=-9+ )&$-8+ • congeal )=B.'%-?+ • gear )7-8+ WordWord ofof thethe DayDay (2)(2) MMaannnneerr ooff aarrttiiccuullaattiioonn
•• TheThe placeplace ofof articulationarticulation alonealone isis insufficientinsufficient toto describedescribe thethe soundssounds ofof aa languagelanguage inin articulatoryarticulatory termsterms (e.g.(e.g. wewe needneed toto distinguishdistinguish [p][p] andand [b])[b]) •• WeWe needneed toto thethe waysways inin whichwhich soundssounds areare made;made; thesethese areare knownknown asas mmaannnneerrss ofof articulationarticulation MMaannnneerr ooff aarrttiiccuullaattiioonn
•• IfIf thethe airstreamairstream isis stoppedstopped completely,completely, thethe phonephone isis aa ssttoopp;; partially,partially, itit’’ss aa fricativefricative;; affricatesaffricates == stopstop ++ fricativefricative SSttooppss // FFrriiccaattiivveess
• spat )4*C&+ • fat )/C&+ • vat )0C&+"‘tank’ • bat ),C&+ • thought )!E&+ • state • state )4&:D&+ • though )#>F+ • date )':D&+ • sat )4C&+ • scat )4=C&+ • zap )5C*+ ‘kill’ • show )$>F+ • gap )7C*+ • Azure )C%B8+""‘bright blue’ MMaannnneerr ooff aarrttiiccuullaattiioonn
• Nasality: lowering velum to get nasal resonance • When the velum is lowered the airstream carrying the voiced sounds enters the nasal cavity and then comes out through the nose • This resonance is added to closure in the oral tract to produce the nasal sounds [m] [n] [G+ 14"-."!""#$%&"'#$%()&* VVooiicciinngg SSyyllllaabbiicc CCoonnssoonnaannttss
•• [[99A+A+ AAddaamm ))C'9C'9+A+A •• [[..A+A+"",,66&&&&>>.."""")),,HH&&..+A+A •• [[??+AA+""??--&&&&??::""))??DD&&??+A+A •• [[88A+A+""44--..77::88""))44DGDG88+A+A – Alternatively, a schwa")B+"may be inserted before the consonant in question. SomeSome questionsquestions forfor youyou
•• AreAre therethere voicelessvoiceless nasals?nasals? •• AreAre therethere voicelessvoiceless vowels?vowels? •• AreAre therethere nasal(nasal(iizzeedd)) vovowweells?s?