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ISU-SSP08-XPRIZE Report Cover-6Mm ISU Report Cover Template based on a 8 mm spine Make sure your cover is at least using ALL the paper surface Building on the Google Lunar X PRIZE: Recommendations for Future Activities on the Moon and Beyond Final Report International Space University Space Studies Program 2008 i The 2008 Space Studies Program of the International Space University was hosted by the Ajunamente de Barcelona and Barcelona Aeronautics& Space Association at the Universitat Politècnicade Catalunya. Additional copies of the Executive Summary, Report and project CDs may be ordered from the International Space University Central Campus and can also be found on the ISU Web site. Ordering information, order form and electronic files may be found on the ISU web site at http://www.isunet.edu International Space University Strasbourg Central Campus Attention: Publications/Library Parc d’Innovation 1 rue Jean-Dominique Cassini 67400 Illkirch-Graffenstaden France Tel. +33 (0)3 88 65 54 32 Fax. +33 (0)3 88 65 54 47 e-mail. [email protected] ii ____________________________ Acknowledgements The International Space University and the Team Project Google Lunar X PRIZE (Team Noumenia) would like to thank its generous sponsors and supporters: Ajuntament de Barcelona Barcelona Aeronautics & Space Association Canadian Space Agency Centro para el Desarrollo Tecnológico Industrial European Space Agency – European Space Astronomy Centre EADS CASA Espacio Galaxy Suite Google Inc. Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial National Aeronautics and Space Administration Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya SENER X PRIZE Foundation] iii _____________________________Acknowledgements The International Space University and the Team Project Google Lunar X PRIZE (Team Noumenia) would like to thank to the following individuals for their generous support: René Laufer Lauren Fletcher James D. Burke TP Chair TP Teaching Associate TP Integration Chair Institute of Space Systems NASA Ames Research Center The Planetary Society Universität Stuttgart Stanford University Supporting Experts Agnieszka Lukaszczyk Executive Officer SGAC Alvaro Giminez Scientific Policy Coordinator ESA-HQ Andrew Ball Postdoctoral Research Fellow Open University Andrew Petro Innovative Partnership Program NASA-HQ Anthony Spear Program Manager Astrobotic Technology David Kendall Director General, Space Science CSA Program David Pieri Staff Research Scientist NASA/JPL Douglas Comstock Director, Innovative Partnership NASA-HQ Program Gaudy Bezos-O'Connor Exploration Systems NASA/LaRC Graham Gibbs Counselor, Space Affairs CSA James A. Dator Professor Political Sciences University of Hawaii Jim Green Division Director Planetary NASA Science Jitendra N. Goswami Director PRL Juan Manuel del Cura Engineer SENER Kazuya Yoshida Professor Tohoku University Lynn I.H.Cline Deputy Associate Administrator NASA Space Operations Mark Bentley Planetary Scientist OEAW-SRI Meritxell Gimeno General Manager DracoSystems Michael Gernhardt Project Manager NASA/JSC Niki Soper Mission Systems Engineer EADS Astrium UK Ramin Khadem Chairman of the Board Odyssey Moon Santi Grau T-shirt design Freelance Ricardo N. Vásquez PAP Technos Sabine Klinkner Research Engineer von Hoerner & Sulger Shinichi Sobue Associate Senior Engineer JAXA Steve Brody Vice-President, North America ISU Tiffany Montague Director, New Business Google Inc. Development William Pomerantz Director, Space Projects X PRIZE Foundation Douglas A. Comstock Director, Innovative Partnerships NASA Program Office iv ________________________________________ Authors José Sérgio Almeida David Rajzman Mechanical Engineering Brazil History and Business Administration Canada INPE University of Toronto Vaughan A. Barry Raycho Raychev Radiocommunications Engineering Australia NGO Projects Coordination Bulgaria Australian Communications and Tsiolkovsky Media Authority Karina E. Bravo Ibáñez Mercedes Ruiz Space Physics Norway Aerospace Engineering Spain University of Oslo SENER François Bulens Richard Ryan Mechatronics Engineering Belgium Telecommunications Engineering Ireland Louvain School of Engineering Dublin City University Javier Caina Musashi Sakamoto Aerospace Engineering Colombia Electrical Engineering Japan TU Munich – UP Madrid Kyushu Institute of Technology David Kuan-Wei Chen Jaganath Sankaran The International Law Engineering and Public Policy India Netherlands Leiden University University of Maryland Anne-Lise Coudry Fabian Steinmetz Business Law France Aerospace Engineering Germany University of Paris II University of Stuttgart Catherine Erkorkmaz Olga Stelmakh Aerospace Engineering Canada Business and Space Law Ukraine MDA IDEST, University of Paris 11 Ehud Hayun Lars Helge Surdal Aerospace Engineering Israel Space and Aeronautical Engineering Norway IAI Andoya Rocket Range Mahsa Taheran Hou Xiong Vernoosfaderani Aerospace Engineering China Space Science and Engineering Iran China Academy of Launch Polytechnical University of Vehicle Technology Madrid Andrew Jones Eric Vachon Mechanical Engineering USA Mechanical Engineering Canada NASA CSA Michael Laine Stephanie Wan Business / Investment Management USA Space Policy USA LiftPort Group George Washington University Wang Shiying Pol Novell Spain, Propulsion Engineering Telecommunications Engineering China Catalonia Academy of Aerospace Solid I2CAT Foundation Propulsion Technology, CASC Raji Patel Guido van der Wolk Physics, Law and Management The USA Astronomy Massachusetts Space Grant Netherlands University of Groningen Consortium Yang Jianmin Joan Miquel Portero Sobrino Spain, Systems Engineering Mechanical Engineering China Catalonia China Academy of Launch APPLUS – LGAI Vehicle Technology v ______________________________Authors’ Signatures vi _______________________________________ Abstract The Google Lunar X PRIZE (GLXP) is causing a paradigm shift in space exploration. The GLXP is conceptualized and designed to spur private sector investment and initiate their leadership in space exploration. In 2014, if successful, the teams participating in the GLXP will have executed a privately funded and administered mission to the Moon. The very conduct of the GLXP raises several opportunities, challenges, and constraints for the teams, the X PRIZE Foundation (XPF), space agencies, United Nations Committee on Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (UNCOPUOS), scientific foundations, and other players with interests in space. A ‘Stakeholder Matrix’ was devised to better determination who would be most affected by the GLXP and better understand the issues that pertain to them. The report provides an analysis of the functional areas that the stakeholders must consider, and provides recommendations from which the stakeholders can benefit. The report begins with a philosophical overview of humanity’s inspiration in exploring outer space and then provides the reader some of the lessons learned from earlier missions. It documents the outreach initiatives the stakeholders will need to undertake in creating and sustaining interest in the competition. All future missions should be environmentally conscientious to retain public support, and the report conducts an analysis of the environmental impacts on the Earth, Moon and space. The report then examines the technical challenges the teams face, the legal issues that arise from the GLXP, and the business opportunities that should result. Finally, the document reviews the long term implications of space exploration. The ultimate goal of this report is to act as a compendium for GLXP stakeholders and provide them with a concise overview of the pertinent topics and recommendations on how to maximize the opportunities present in the Google Lunar X PRIZE. vii _________________________________ Faculty Preface "If you want to build a ship, don't drum up people to collect wood and don't assign them tasks and work, but rather teach them to long for the endless immensity of the sea. " - Antoine de Saint-Exupery (French author and pilot, 1900-1944) Longing is a very strong emotion - longing for home when being away from beloved family and friends, but also longing for fame, wealth or just for exploring the undiscovered. During all eras of human history, when crews and ships were searching the unexplored corners of the Earth, they were looking for such fame, wealth, and knowledge. Usually it was the governments of nations or empires that sent the first expeditions as a means to increase their political influence and for their financial benefit - unfortunately, not always for the benefit of the discovered regions and their inhabitants. In any case, governmental investment paved the way for private entities to also take advantage of the new markets. Later on small groups lead by single persons, often quite strong characters, took the individual and financial risk to fill the last open gaps in the global map. Since the launch of Sputnik I in 1957, space is the new sea of humankind. During the last five decades governmental space agencies have sent probes to the Moon, planets and their satellites, and to small bodies of the solar system. The Google Lunar X PRIZE should widen the field of space exploration for private entities and individuals through competition. The competition is limited in time but its results are anticipated to provide a basis for a sound strategy to enable long-term effects and benefits for humankind. To create a world-wide involvement in space exploration an interdisciplinary analysis in engineering, business, law, philosophy, outreach and other aspects had to be performed. Thirty
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