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Pino. Indian Acad. Sal. (Plant Sal.), Vol. 91, Number 6, Decvmbet 1982, pp. 509-~17. ~~) Printcd in India. Taxonomic importante of epidermai characters in the Indian Thespesia Con'. 0VIalvar S RAJA SHANMUKHA RAO and N RAMAYYA* Dopartmont of Botany, Saldar Patel Collego, Secunderabad 500025, India * Dcpartment of Botany, Osmania University, Hyder91 500 007, India MS received 4 Det;ember 1981 ; revised 21 October 1982 Abstract. In Thespesia lampas and. T. populnea, the foliar stomata aro aniso91 anomocytic anct tetracytic, the first type being dominant. Further in Thaspesia lampas and. T. populnea altogether eight triehome types are reeognisable mostly on the basis of structure. The two speoies can be d.istinguished from each other by the presence of multiseriate aseptato stellate hair in the former and that of multiseriato aseptate peltate haL in the latter. T. populnea is also distinet from that of T. /ampas due to curved, to wavy epir waUs, striated, surface, absence of mueilaginous cells on the leaf abaxial. The present evid.ence also supports treat mcnt of I". lampas un(ter Thespesia rather than in Hibiscus. Keywords. Epidermal characters ; taxonomy ; Thespesia ; Malvaeeae. 1. Introduction Taxonomic importanee of epidermal oharaotors in general and those of trichomes in particular in angiospermous plants is now widely reoognisod (Pmt 1932; Tomlinson 1961 ; Stace 1965 ; Ghose and Davis 1973 ; Verhoevon and Schijff 1973). Howev~, previous studi~s on the epid~mis ate limited to few taxa and only to certain aspeets in tha Malvaceae (Soleroder 1908; Metcalfe and Chalk 1950 ; Iaaamdar and Ckohan 1969; Ramayya and Shanmukha Rao 1976; Shan- muktm Rao and Ramayya 1977a, b). Henee, the present investigation w'91under- tak•n whioh de,als with foliar opidermal charaoters along with struoturo and organographio distribution of t¡ in whole plant and their taxonomic importaneo in the two Indian Thespesia. 2. Material and methods The material of Thespesia lampas Dalz. & Gibs. was eolleeted from Car.amjol, Goa, wheteas T. populnea (L.) Sol. ex Corr. from plants growing at Sardar Patel 509 510 S Raja Shanmukha Rao and N Ramayya Colicge campus, Socunderabad. Maturo triohomos worc studied eithcr from epidormal pedings of those isolated by s~aping the plant parte. Thcse micro- prepamtions wcre stained cither with anilin bluo in laotophcnol oF safranin, hematoxylin and then mountod in 7070 glyoe¡ Boiling the material with 5-1070 glacial aoetio acid was useful in obtainiug the pecls. Miorotome scctions of shoot apiccs were cut at 10-14t~m thiokncss and stainod with hematoxylin and basio fuchsin. The foot of the different ~iohomcs was det~minod in free- hand and rniorotome seotions of various parts of the species investigat•d. The walls of the digerent t¡ wcrc tested with phloroglucin and 270 HCI for li~in (Johansen 1940). The torras desofibing stomatal types ate aftor Metoalfe and Chalk (1950) and as rodo¡ by Shanmukha Rs and Ramayya (1977a) and for trichome types, aftor Ramayya (1972) and Shanmukha Rao and Ramayya (1977b). 3. Olmervations 3.1. Structure and distribution of epidermal and stomatal complexes on the leaf 3. la. Epidermal cell complex : Epidormal coUs : 4-6-si• anisodiamet¡ ; eontents dense, brownish in T. populnea; sides thin, s~aight (leaf abaxial and adaxial of T. lampas and leal adaxial of T. populnea) of curved to wavy (leafabaxial of T. populnea) ; surfaoe smooth (T. lampas) of striatod (T. populnea), st¡ wavy, prominent and continuous. Distribut[on: Confined to the interstices, vafiously oriented (figures 1-4). Costal cells : 4-sided, linear; contents soanty of mostly brownish (T. populnea); sides modemtely thiek, straight of eurved (leaŸ abaxial of T. populnea) ; surfaoe smooth (T. lampas) oF st¡ (T. populnea). Disttibution : O¡ par.alld to the veins, diffuse. Mueilaginous c~lls : Similar to the epid~mal colls but enlarged below with opaque contente ; sides thin, stmight of eurved ; suffaeo smooth. Distr/bution: Oeeas,.'onal eith6w in lr abaxial (7'. lampas) of adaxial (T. lampas and T. populnea) (figures 4 and 10), 3.1b. Stomatal complex: Stomata mostly anisoeytie, oooasionally anomocytie of tetmcytie. Suhsidiaries 3 oF 4, monocyelic unequal, similar to the epidermal oolls oxeept that euticular stfiations are absent over stomata. Distribution: Amphistomatie but adaxially stomata confined to margins of the midrib (figures 1-6). Data on the epidermal and stomataI complexes are given in table 1. In both the species, single guard c~lls as stomatal abnormality ate ocoasionalIy observ6xl in the leal abaxial wherea~ they aro totalIy absent in the adaxial (figure 7). 3.2. Structure and distribution of trichome complex on vegetative and floral parte Eight triehome types could be re~ognis~xt in the two speoies, viz., O) unicellular conical hiax, (ii) uniseriato filiform clavate hair, (iii) uniseriate ¡ pyriform hair, (ir) multise~iate aseptate peltate hair, (v) multiseriatr ascptate stollate hair, (vi) multiseriate aseptato 4-arm~ stellate hair, (vii) multiseriate aseptate 3-armed ste,llatr hair and (viii) bisr asoptato V-shaped hair. The details of the struc- tufo of the triohomo types aro as follows : Taxonomic importance of epidermal characters in Thespesia 511 -( ! f/ I ! i 9 i/~l ........ F ~~~ .............. : T ~ oz' taza :0 0 ~ Gi :: ~c ~_ ~ o ! ~ ~ 0 0 io E) L.s....~ ........................ ~ .................. Figures 1-U. Epidermis of Thespesia. T. populnea : 1 and 2. SurIh.eo views of lr abaxial and. adaxial respectively (r stiiations not drawn). 7. Surface view of stomatal abnormality wittt single guard. ,cll from leafabaxial. 10. Mucflaginous coll from leal abaxial epidermis in "r.s. 11. Oblipu• seotion showing sunken uniseriatc filiform elavate hair from T.S. leaf (foot ccll not visible). 7". lampas : 3 anct 4. Surfaee views of leaf abaxiial and adaxial respeetively. 5. Semi- d.iagrammaticrepresentation ofstomatal distribution eonfined to margins of midxib from leal adaxial. 6. Suffaee view of anomoeytie stoma from leal adaxial. 8. Unisr filifoirm clavate hair ti-oro T.s. l~dicel. 9. Sido view of emergenr from pedicel. (me = maeilaginOuS cr P. (B)--£ 512 S Raja Shanmukha Rao and N Ramayya 6, -t- + ~ r". 0"1 .6 "0 2 .o r .< r ...., .+ ~ + 0 8 r., .6 Ÿ r~ rl~ CO r.ca .=. O t~ ,,.., 0 r-, "d "d ~ "& t~ '.a ~o t~ r.~ "6 t IT r~ .+ Taxonomic importance of epidermal characters in Thespesia 513 " /'I~"291 "' I00/~m " 7 Figures 12-28. Epidermis of Thespesia. 7". populnea: 12. Multiseriate aseptate pr hair from leaf abaxial. 13-15. Intcrmediates between multiseriate aseptatc p9 hair and. mtdtiseriate aseptate stellate hair frcm petal abaxial. 16. Multi- s9 ascptato stellate hair from peral abaxial. 17. Isolated. unicellular conical hair from sepal ad.axial. 27. Uniseriate filiform pyriform hair of nor from sr adaxial. T. lampas: 18. Unicellular conical hair from scpal adaxial. 19, 2Q. Biseriato V-shaped. aseptato hair from sepal adaxial and petal abaxial rr 21, 22. Multiseriate asoptato 3-armed stellato hair from petal abaxial. 23. Surface view of uniscriate ¡ clavate hair from pedJcel. 24, 25. h,[ultiscriate aseptato stellato hair from leaf abaxial and pedicel respeetively. 291Mulª aseptato 4-armed stellate hair from ovary. 28. Uniseriato filiform pyriform hair of nectary from sr adaxial. 514 S Raja Shanmukha Rao and N Ramayya 3.2a. Unicellular conical hair: Foot consisting of the basa! end of the body cell, indistinct from the body, embedded in the epidermis ; neighbouring eeUs of foot annular and striated; contents abscnt; waU thick. Body representing extension of the foot, conical, apically pointed ; contents absent ; waU thiek and nonligni¡ ; surfaee smooth (figures 17 and 18). 3.2b. Uniseriate filiform clavate hair: Foot 1-celled, square to linear of trape- zoidal, embedded of p~ojected above the epidermis; contents absent, waU thin. Stalk 1-celled, rectangular to linear ; contents seanty ; waU thin ; surface smooth. Head clarete, 2-6-tiered, eaek tier 2-6-oelled ; eeUs square to linear; contents dense; waUs tlª surface smooth (figures 8, 11 and 23). 3.2c. Uniseriate filiform pyriform hair: Foot 1-celled, linear, embedded or projected above the epidermis; contents absent; waU thin. Stalk 1-celled, rectangular to linea~ ; contents scanty ; waU thin ; surface smooth. Head pyri- form, multiseriate, 4-10-tiered, each tier 2-6-ceUed, generally terminated by a pair of rounded eeUs ; ceUs rectangular to linear ; contents dense ; walls thin ; surfac~ smooth (figures 27, 28). 3.2d. Multiseriate aseptate peltate hair : Foot narrow, consisting of the juxta- posed basal ends of the 20-35-body ceUs, embedded in the epidermis, polygonal in outline in peels mounted upside down, occasionaUy subtended by ah emergente ; contents absent ; walls thin, nonl2gnified. Body peltate, nearly circular of uneven, serrate of erenulate at margin, 20-35-armed, representing continuation of tho foot ; arms broadened near the centre of the body but tape¡ towards distal end, paraUel to the epidermis ; eontents brown ; walls thin, nonlig-nified ; surface smooth (figure 12). 3.2e. Multiseriate aseptate stellate hair: Foot es in the above. Body stellate, 5--40-armed, representing confinuation of the foot; amas tapering towards the distal end, unequal in length, generalIy paraUel to the epidermis, some obliquely raised above ; contents absent ; waUs thin to mod~atety thick, nonª ; surfaco smooth (figures 9, 16, 24 and 25). Multiseriate aseptate 4-armed stellate hair, muItiseriate aseptate 3-armed steUate hair and biseriate aseptate V-shaped hair types ate similar to the multi- seriate aseptate stet[ate hair described above except for the difference in number of arms of the body as indicated by the names of triettome types (figures 19-22 and 26). The details of distribution of the various triehome types ate given in table 2. 4. Discussion Inamdar and Chohan (1969) record~ anisocytic and anomocytic stomata in Thespesia populnea, which is presenfly confirmed. Further, tetracytic stomata (es defined by Shanmukha Rao and Ramayya 1977a) have also been presently not in the leaves of the two species of Thespesia studied.
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    AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY IN CALIFORNIA SERIES PUBLICATION 8191 Methods to Enable the Coexistence of Diverse Cotton Production Systems ROBERT B. HUTMACHER, Extension Agronomist, University of California Shafter Research and Extension Center and University of California, Davis, Department of Plant Science; RON N. VARGAS, County Director and Farm Advisor, University of California Cooperative UNIVERSITY OF Extension, Madera and Merced Counties; STEVEN D. WRIGHT, Farm Advisor, University of CALIFORNIA California Cooperative Extension, Tulare and Kings Counties Division of Agriculture Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) and Pima cotton (G. barbadense) are the two and Natural Resources types of cotton produced commercially in California. In acreage as well as crop http://anrcatalog.ucdavis.edu value, over the past 5 years cotton has typically ranked in the top three in agronomic field crops grown in California. During that period, plantings of upland cotton in California have ranged from about 400,000 to over 650,000 acres (160,000 to 260,000 ha), while Pima plantings have ranged from about 140,000 to over 250,000 acres (56,000 to 101,000 ha). Does cross-pollination occur in cotton? Both upland and Pima cotton are variously referred to as “largely self-pollinated” or “partially cross-pollinated.” These descriptions acknowledge that these types of cotton are mostly self-pollinated but some cross-pollination can occur, albeit at relatively low incidence rates, through activity of pollinating insects or by wind dispersion. The pol- len of both wild and cultivated Gossypium species is large in size and among the heaviest among angiosperms, the group of plants that produces flowers, fruit, and seeds.
  • Wake Island Grasses Gra Sse S

    Wake Island Grasses Gra Sse S

    Wake Island Grasses Gra sse s Common Name Scientific Name Family Status Sandbur Cenchrus echinatus Poaceae Naturalized Swollen Fingergrass Chloris inflata Poaceae Naturalized Bermuda Grass Cynodon dactylon Poaceae Naturalized Beach Wiregrass Dactyloctenium aegyptium Poaceae Naturalized Goosegrass Eleusine indica Poaceae Naturalized Eustachys petraea Poaceae Naturalized Fimbristylis cymosa Poaceae Indigenous Dactyloenium Aegyptium Lepturus repens Poaceae Indigenous Manila grass Zoysia matrella Poaceae Cultivated Cenchrus echinatus Chloris inlfata Fimbristylis cymosa Lepturus repens Zoysia matrella Eustachys petraea Wake Island Weeds Weeds Common Name Scientific Name Family Status Spanish Needle Bidens Alba Asteraceae Naturalized Hairy Spurge Chamaesyce hirta Euphorbiaceae Naturalized Wild Spider Flower Cleome gynandra Capparidaceae Naturalized Purslane Portulaca oleracea Portulaceaceae Naturalized Puncture Vine Tribulus cistoides Zygophyllaceae Indigenous Coat Buttons Tridax procumbens Asteraceae Naturalized Tridax procumbens Uhaloa Waltheria Indica Sterculiacae Indigenous Bidens alba Chamaesyce hirta Cleome gynandra Portulaca oleracea Tribulus cistoides Waltheria indica Wake Island Vines Vines Common Name Scientific Name Family Status Beach Morning Glory Ipomoea pes-caprae Convolvulaceae Indigenous Beach Moonflower Ipomoea violacea Convolvulaceae Indigenous Passion fruit Passiflora foetida Passifloraceae Naturalized Ipomoea violacea Ipomoea pes-caprae Passiflora foetida Wake Island Trees Trees Common Name Scientific Name Family Status
  • A Chemical Overview of Azanza Garckeana

    A Chemical Overview of Azanza Garckeana

    Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry ISSN 2089-6514 (paper) Volume 9, Number 2, October 2020 | Pages: 91-95 | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2020.92.91-95 ISSN 2540-9328 (online) A Chemical Overview of Azanza garckeana Yilni Edward Bioltif1,*, Naanma Bioltif Edward2, Terry Dalyop Tyeng1 1Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Science, Plateau State University, Bokkos, Nigeria. 2Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Science, University of Jos, Nigeria. Corresponding author* [email protected] Manuscript received: 18 May, 2020. Revision accepted: 10 November, 2020. Published: 17 November, 2020. Abstract Azanza garckeana is a popular fruit tree in Nigeria, specifically in Gombe State, where it is locally called ‘goron tula’ which means ‘Kola of Tula’. It is also found in part of some African countries. Different plant part of this small tree/shrub has recorded different uses by the locals; uses ranging from its fruits being edible and others parts helping to remedy different diseases, especially sexually related diseases. It also records use as booster for sexual performance. The uses of the plant are majorly attributed to the presence of chemicals. Its local use initiates the necessity of this review to enhance the research for drug discovery since Chemicals are the chief constituencies responsible for its medicinal importance. Keywords: Azanza garckeana; Chemical; Compounds; Mansonone. INTRODUCTION Subkingdom : Tracheobionta – Vascular plants Superdivision : Spermatophyta – Seed plants The indigenous