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Multi-Proxy Facies Analysis of the Opalinus Clay and Depositional Implications (Mont Terri Rock Laboratory, Switzerland)

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Multi-Proxy Facies Analysis of the Opalinus Clay and Depositional Implications (Mont Terri Rock Laboratory, Switzerland) View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by RERO DOC Digital Library Published in "Swiss Journal of Geosciences 111(3): 383–398, 2018" which should be cited to refer to this work. Multi-proxy facies analysis of the Opalinus Clay and depositional implications (Mont Terri rock laboratory, Switzerland) Bruno Lauper1 • David Jaeggi2 • Gaudenz Deplazes3 • Anneleen Foubert1 Abstract Located in NW Switzerland, the Mont Terri rock laboratory is a research facility primarily investigating the Opalinus Clay as potential host rock for deep geological disposal of radioactive waste. In the Mont Terri area, this Jurassic shale formation is characterized by three distinctive lithofacies: a shaly facies, a carbonate-rich sandy facies and a sandy facies. However, the lithological variability at dm- to cm-scale is not yet fully understood and a detailed lithofacies characterization is currently lacking. Within the present study, petrographic descriptions at micro- and macro-scale, geophysical core logging (P-wave velocity and gamma-ray density), geochemical core logging (X-ray fluorescence) and organic matter quantifi- cation (Rock-Eval pyrolysis) were combined on a 27.6 m long Opalinus Clay drillcore comprising the three major lithofacies. The high-resolution investigation of the core resulted into a refinement of the three-fold lithofacies classifi- cation, and revealed high intra-facies heterogeneity. Five subfacies were defined and linked to distinctive depositional regimes. The studied succession is interpreted as a shallowing-upward trend within a storm-wave-dominated epicontinental sea characterized by relative shallow water depths. Keywords Mudstones Á Early-Middle Jurassic Á Sedimentary petrography Á Multi-sensor core logger Á XRF core scanner Á Rock-Eval pyrolysis 1 Introduction Mont Terri rock laboratory (e.g. Thury and Bosart 1999; Bossart and Thury 2008; Bossart et al. 2017). The Opalinus Clay, a shale formation of late Toarcian to Previous petrographic studies in the Mont Terri area early Aalenian in age, was selected by Nagra (National showed that the Opalinus Clay is composed of five sub- Cooperative for the Disposal of Radioactive Waste) as units characterized by three distinctive lithofacies (Bla¨si future host rock for the deep geological disposal of et al. 1991; Hostettler et al. 2017). Further to the east, the radioactive waste in Switzerland. Several partner organi- Opalinus Clay shows different lithofacies successions (e.g. zations considering shale formations as potential repository Bla¨si 1987; Matter et al. 1987, 1988; Wetzel and Allia http://doc.rero.ch host rocks initiated an international research program on 2000, 2003; Nagra 2001). This W–E lateral variability the Opalinus Clay (the Mont Terri Project) and addressed suggests that sediment deposition in the Mont Terri area numerous properties of this formation in the dedicated may have been influenced by different factors (e.g. Hostettler et al. 2017). Nonetheless, a depositional model has not been established yet for this area. The present research investigates in more detail the dm- to cm-scale heterogeneity of the Opalinus Clay in the Mont & Bruno Lauper [email protected] Terri rock laboratory, and discusses some implications for the depositional setting, particularly in the frame of the so- 1 Department of Geosciences, University of Fribourg, Chemin called SO-Experiment (Sedimentology of Opalinus Clay; du Muse´e 6, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland see also Mu¨ller and Jaeggi 2012). Furthermore, there is 2 Federal Office of Topography swisstopo, Seftigenstrasse 264, increasing interest to develop (semi-)quantitative methods 3084 Wabern, Switzerland for characterization of small-scale lithological variability at 3 National Cooperative for the Disposal of Radioactive Waste (Nagra), Hardstrasse 73, 5430 Wettingen, Switzerland 1 high-resolution. The present multi-proxy analytical study the east, the formation shows an average thickness typi- of the Opalinus Clay is the first step. cally varying between 80 and 120 m (e.g. Bla¨si 1987; Nagra 2002; Wetzel and Allia 2003). The Opalinus Clay rests on the Early Jurassic siltstone-marl-dominated 2 Geographical and geological setting Staffelegg Formation (Reisdorf et al. 2011). The overlying Passwang Formation consists of a series of parasequences The Mont Terri rock laboratory is composed of 700 m of characterized by mud, sandy marls, biodetritic limestones galleries and niches situated besides the security gallery of and iron oolites (Burkhalter 1996). the Mont Terri motorway tunnel (Fig. 1). Located north- The Opalinus Clay represents an overconsolidated shale west of the town of St-Ursanne (Canton of Jura, Switzer- consisting of clay minerals (illite, illite–smectite mixed land), the access to the rock laboratory is provided through layers, kaolinite and chlorite), quartz grains (silt to fine the security gallery of the tunnel. The Mont Terri motor- sand fraction) and carbonates (bioclasts, cements, micrite way tunnel crosses the northernmost anticline of the Jura and concretions), minor components are mica, feldspar, Mountains, the Mont Terri anticline (Fig. 2). This anticline pyrite and organic matter (e.g. Nagra 2002; Bossart and is located at a disruption of the Muschelkalk decollement, Thury 2008; Mazurek 2011; Lerouge et al. 2014). Lithol- and its complex geometry is influenced by the Rhine– ogy varies regionally and the formation is typically sub- Bresse Graben transfer zone (Nussbaum et al. 2011; Cae¨r divided into several lithofacies (e.g. Bla¨si 1987; Matter et al. 2015). et al. 1987, 1988; Nagra 2001, 2002; Wetzel and Allia In the Mont Terri area, the outcropping sedimentary 2003). In the Mont Terri area, five lithostratigraphic sub- rocks range from Middle Triassic to Quaternary. The late units are characterized by three lithofacies (Bla¨si et al. Palaeozoic clastic sediments are covered by 800 m of 1991; Hostettler et al. 2017; Fig. 3): (lower) shaly facies; Mesozoic sandstones, limestones, dolomites, evaporites, carbonate-rich sandy facies; (lower) sandy facies; (upper) marls and mudrocks, and locally by Cenozoic Molasse and shaly facies and (upper) sandy facies. Quaternary fluvio-glacial sediments (Nussbaum et al. 2011). Situated 300 m below the surface, the rock labora- tory is entirely located within the 130 m thick Opalinus 3 Materials and methods Clay (Hostettler et al. 2017). Previous studies estimated however an apparent thickness of about 150 m (Bla¨si et al. A 27.6 m long drillcore (BDM-B2) penetrating the three 1991) to 160 m (Bossart and Thury 2008). The structurally major lithofacies is the base of this study. Starting in the complex frame of the Mont Terri anticline makes difficult MI-niche, the core was drilled perpendicular to the bedding to determine the true thickness of the formation. Further to (angle of dip = 43.8°) and with an azimuth of 150° (see Fig. 1 Location map of the Mont Terri rock laboratory and outline of the A16 motorway. From Swisstopo, Mont Terri Project http://doc.rero.ch 2 Fig. 2 Simplified geological profile along the Mont Terri motorway tunnel. The location of the Mont Terri rock laboratory is indicated in red. Positions of the main faults are indicated. Modified after Freivogel and Huggenberger (2003) Fig. 3). Due to the low quality of the BDM-B2 core, it was and encapsulated in soft epoxy, were used for P-wave embedded in transparent polyethylene tubes filled with an velocity measurement. Pulse frequency was set at 230 kHz epoxy resin (SikaÒ Injection-26) before logging and and timing resolution was 50 ns. The datasets were then analyses. calibrated and outliers removed. Detailed lithological descriptions were performed on the Geochemical (X-ray diffraction) logging was performed split core sections. The DMT CoreScan3 (DMT Group, with the ITRAX Core Scanner (Cox Analytical Systems, Essen, Germany) available at the Mont Terri rock labora- Mo¨lndal, Sweden) installed at the University of Bern tory allowed the acquisition of optical images for (Switzerland). It was equipped with a 3 kW Molybdenum improvement of sedimentary structures recognition. 24 thin X-ray tube. The X-ray voltage and current were set at sections were acquired at representative depths and studied 30 kV and 35 mA, respectively. The split core sections with classical transmitted light petrographic microscopy were analysed at a resolution of 1 cm and 10 s exposure (see Fig. 4 for location). Thin sections were stained with time. A standard adjustment and refinement of the peak- potassium ferricyanide and alkaline red S in acid solution fitting parameters using representative parts of the core for distinguishing carbonate minerals (Dickson 1965). Thin sample was performed. sections were used to examine microfacies variation, small- Total organic carbon (TOC) and mineral inorganic scale sedimentary structures, compositional and textural carbon (MinC) were identified by Rock-Eval pyrolysis http://doc.rero.ch changes, and degree of bioturbation. The nomenclature method. In total, 120 samples of a few cubic centimetres of scheme proposed by Lazar et al. (2015) was used for the consolidated sediment were sampled about every 20 cm description of composition and grain size. Bedding was along the core. Each sample was grinded and homogenized described after Reineck and Wunderlich (1968), and degree into fine powder (* 10 lm) in an agate mortar. The Turbo of bioturbation was estimated using the bioturbation index Rock-Eval 6 apparatus (Vinci Technologies, Nanterre, (BI; from 1 to 5; see Lazar et al. 2015 and references France) installed at the University of Lausanne (Switzer- therein). land) was used for the analysis. Geophysical core logging was performed with a multi- Rock-Eval data allow the recognition of kerogen types sensor core logger (Geotek Limited, Daventry, UK) by the use of a hydrogen index (HI) vs. oxygen index (OI) installed at the University of Bern (Switzerland). Gamma diagram (e.g. Espitalie´ et al. 1985). The HI is derived from density and P-wave velocity were measured at a spatial the ratio of hydrogen to TOC and the OI refers to the ratio resolution of 0.5 cm.
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