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Fred Kirschenmann • Ann Tutwiler • Calestous 2014 Fred Kirschenmann • Ann Tutwiler • Calestous Juma • Andrew Guzman • Andreas Merkl Kathleen Merrigan • Jim Harkness • David Gustafson • Robert Paarlberg • Gus Schumacher • John Piotti the 2014 camden conference HIGHLIGHTS The Global Politics of Food and Water Moderated by John Piotti ood and water shortages are be- coming an increasingly important F issue as fishing industries collapse, America’s breadbasket and vegetable patch experience devastating droughts, and rising sea levels threaten mass dis- placement in the developing world. As the climate changes, conflicts over food and water resources are already desta- bilizing governments and creating refugees in the thousands. These prob- lems are exacerbated by the virtual cer- tainty that the world will see an enor- mous increase in human population in the coming decades. The 2014 Camden Conference exam- ined the geopolitical landscape of food and water here in the United States and KEYNOTE ADDRESS: Developing an Ecological Conscience around the world, including especially What Will the Future of Agriculture Look Like? . .1 China and Africa. The talks presented by Fred Kirschenmann national and international leaders in sci- ence, politics and agriculture weighed The Role of Biodiversity in Adapting to Climate Change . .3 potential solutions to these problems, Ann Tutwiler ranging from adoption of an entirely dif- ferent, more sustainable agricultural envi- Africa’s Next Harvest: ronment, to better nutritional approaches, Technological Leapfrogging and Sustainable Agriculture . .5 to keeping discarded plastic out of our Calestous Juma world’s oceans—all the while accepting the limits of global governance. Overheated: The Human Cost of Climate Change . .7 What emerged from these talks and Andrew Guzman questions from an attentive audience was a sense of the massive scale of both New Solutions for a Changing Ocean . .9 the food and water challenges facing the Andreas Merkl world and the cultural shifts that will be required to avert disaster on these fronts. Agricultural Solutions for Global Food Security A Multi-Systems Appro ach . .10 Kathleen Merrigan, Jim Harkness, David Gustafson International Food Security: The Limits of Global Governance . .14 Robert Paarlberg Growing the Local Farmers’ Markets: Future Trends . .16 Gus Schumacher Final Panel Highlights . .17 Fred Kirschenmann, Calestous Juma, Andrew Guzman, Kathleen Merrigan, Jim Harkness, David Gustafson, Robert Paarlberg, Gus Schumacher P.O. Box 882, Camden ME 04843-0882 • Telephone: 207-236-1034 Email: [email protected] • Website: www.camdenconference.org © 2014 The Camden Conference 2014 Keynote Address Developing an Ecological Conscience What will the future of agriculture look like? Fred Kirschenmann red Kirschenmann’s keynote address to the 27th Annual evidence America’s Ogallala Aquifer, which exists under Camden Conference showed why this North Dakota eight Midwestern states and is one of the world’s largest. It Ffarmer and Iowa State professor is considered one of has been depleted by half since 1960, and it is predicted that the leading thinkers on food issues in America today. in 20 years there will be no more water left to even irrigate the Kirschenmann offered opinions, presented challenges and American heartland, making one of our key water sources for issued warnings about why and how agriculture needs to growing crops no longer available. Couple this with the adapt to become truly sustainable and capable of feeding an increasing global impacts of climate change and extreme exploding world population. weather events, and the future of the world’s food supply, as Kirschenmann began by debunking the idea that focus- well as our own, certainly appears to be endangered. ing on food production alone will be the answer to feeding “And those who think that we can always come up with a the predicted nine billion people on earth by 2050. He called new technology to replace some gift of nature that we’ve lost, that idea simplistic and one that ignores addressing the need that we no longer have, are not paying attention,” he said. for “Solving for Pattern,” explaining that huge problems are Fred Kirschenmann believes we have been living with always part of a variety of issues, and that the whole pattern paradox. On the one hand, our present day methods of agri- they create must be recognized and confronted if there is culture have achieved bounteous yields, but on the other he going to be a real and lasting solution. considers this a “blip in human history” and the “least effi- “Hunger is not a problem primarily of producing enough cient food system ever known to man.” food. We’re currently procuring enough food to feed ten billion This “Neo-Caloric” era of food production has been all people and yet we have a billion who are going hungry,” he about the use of stored energy, primarily from fossil fuels, said. “Hunger is a problem of poverty and inequality. It doesn’t that has allowed humans to consume more calories (a calorie make any difference how much corn and soy beans we pro- being a unit of energy that produces heat) than we produce. duce in Iowa if people in Tanzania can’t afford to buy it.” Now that man is running out of cheap and abundant sources As an example, Kirschenmann cited a study that found of energy, Kirschenmann believes a number of crucial that only a miniscule percentage of corn shipped down the changes to the way we grow food and the way we eat are Mississippi River reached the countries in need of it the most. already taking place. For the places in the world with the least food, more than for- eign aid is essential. FRED KIRSCHENMANN has been involved in sustainable agri- For people to be able to feed themselves they need to be culture and food issues most of his life. He currently serves as empowered to achieve that goal, he said. Access to land, to a Distinguished Fellow at the Leopold Center for Sustainable capital, and to information are necessary to farm successfully Agriculture at Iowa State University and as President of the and must be part of the approach to eradicating world Stone Barns Center for Food and Agriculture in Pocantico Hills, hunger. Kirschenmann added that since 70 percent of the New York. He also manages his family’s 1800-acre certified or- world’s farmers are women, insuring their equality and edu- ganic farm in North Dakota. In 2010, the University Press of cation are particularly vital. Kentucky published his book, Cultivating an Ecological Conscience: Kirschenmann turned next to the rapidly diminishing Essays from a Farmer Philosopher, which traces the evolution of amount of fresh water available for agriculture. He cited as Kirschenmann’s ecological and farming philosophy. CAMDEN CONFERENCE HIGHLIGHTS | 1 Fred Kirschenmann As energy and food production become more expensive nial based. Perennial crops, which are planted once and live we will move to a more ecologically sustainable model with for seve ral years, also nourish the soil and allow for more effi- more reliance on regional and local food sources. That will cient use of water applied to them. This is a biology that he also mean we will be forced to change our diets. But in the calls more “self-regulating and self-renewing.” perceived battle between industrial or organic farming as the Kirschenmann sees the future of food and the future of preferred way to move forward, Kirschenmann sees neither man as inseparably intertwined. The challenges we face, he as the path to the future. believes, will require nothing short of a new culture for both Instead, he sees both as part of the same paradigm. Both how and what food is grown and eaten. In addition, he says aspire to “maximum efficient production for short term eco- the current way in which food is traded and sold will have to nomic profit.” And what has made that system work so far be reconsidered. has been the supply of affordable energy and inputs (feed, Just as farmers and consumers will have to adapt, seed, fertilizer) and the earth’s stable climate, all of which will Kirschenmann believes that new and different economic mod- no longer be a given. els will need to be part of the transformation, too. Food may “If we think we can intensify everything that we have have to be thought of as more than a commodity that is basi- been doing in the past in order to produce more food for eth cally valued financially and produced for the highest profit. future,” he said, “those natural resources that we have “As humans we see ourselves somehow separate,” he depended on are not going to be there for us.” Both farmers said. “We feel we are the conquerors and force the rest of using synthetic inputs and those who employ only natural nature to do whatever we want it to do.” methods to grow food depend upon these increasingly scarce Kirschenmann’s final appeal was for us to develop what resources. The new path that he says must be taken will be he calls an “ecological conscience,” a caring attitude toward different. everything that shares existence with “What would that kind of agriculture “If we really want us from the microbes in the ground and look like?” he said. “If we really want to the plants that grow in it, to all the other have a sustainable agriculture we have to have a forms of life that inhabit the world with to do it the way nature does it, because sustainable us. In ord er for this to occur, he realizes nature has been around a long time.” a social evolution will have to happen, Planting “cover crops” that you can agriculture, we which will instill in each of us a belief in grow in the same ground at the same have to do it the the earth’s sacredness and our respon- time with “monoculture” crops like corn sibility to protect it.
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