Canada's Oil Sands Resources and Its Future Impact on Global Oil Supply

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Canada's Oil Sands Resources and Its Future Impact on Global Oil Supply UPPSALA UNIVERSITY Degree Project Master of Science Systems Engineering Canada’s Oil Sands Resources and Its Future Impact on Global Oil Supply Bengt Söderbergh Supervisor: Professor Kjell Aleklett Assistant Supervisor: Fredrik Robelius Contact: Kjell Aleklett Uppsala Hydrocarbon Depletion Study Group Uppsala University, Box 535, SE-751 21, Sweden Contact e-mail: [email protected] Abstract Approximately 2000 billion barrels of conventional oil may ultimately be extracted. We have soon consumed half of it. Global oil production may peak around 2010. It is claimed that non-conventional oil production, including Canadian oil sands production, may bridge the coming gap between the world’s oil demand and global oil supply. In 2003 the oil sands reserves were included in Canada’s estimated proven reserves, thus increasing from 5 to 180 billion barrels. The objective of this report is to investigate and analyse the production of heavy oil/bitumen from Canada’s oil sands deposits and its future impact on global oil supply. The report shows that the Canadian oil sands industry’s dependence on natural gas is unsustainable. Extensive use of bitumen for fuel and upgrading seems to be incompatible with Canada’s obligations under the Kyoto treaty. The Canadian oil sands industry should be viewed as two separate forms of oil production, in situ production (similar to conventional oil production) and mining. The long-term future of the Canadian oil sands industry is the in situ production, although great uncertainty is associated with its potential. If a massive effort is made to put the whole oil sands mining area into production, a plateau production and a following decline are expected for the oil sands mining industry. The declining oil sands mining production may cause a peak production for the Canadian oil sands industry as a whole, since it is uncertain if the in situ production may compensate for the declining mining activities. The future Canadian oil sands production cannot even compensate for the combined declining conventional oil production in Canada and the North Sea. The most optimistic scenario will not manage to compensate the decline by 2030. Canada’s oil sands resources cannot prevent a global peak oil scenario. 2 Summary in Swedish Sammanfattning Olja har en oerhörd betydelse för mänskligheten. Ungefär 40 % av världens totala energiproduktion och 95 % av transportsektorns energiåtgång kommer från olja. Världens oljekonsumtion har ökat till mer än 80 miljoner fat per dag. Det globala behovet av olja beräknas fortsätta öka till hela 121 miljoner fat per dag år 2030. Antalet nya fynd av oljereservoirer har fallit stadigt sedan 1960-talet. Under det senaste decenniet har nya fynd bara ersatt hälften av den olja som konsumerats. När kommersiell utvinning av olja påbörjades fanns det ungefär 2000 utvinningsbara miljarder fat olja i marken. Av denna resurs har vi hittat 90 %, och hälften har konsumerats. Den globala oljeproduktionen kommer förmodligen att nå ett maximum (peak oil production) omkring 2010, för att sedan börja avta. Med anledning av det annalkande peak oil-scenariot har världens uppmärksamhet riktats mot Kanadas enorma reserver av okonventionell olja – oljesandsreserverna av tung olja/bitumen. Det hävdas ofta att okonventionell olja, då främst Kanadas oljesandsreserver, kan överbrygga det framtida gapet mellan det globala oljebehovet och världsproduktionen av olja. I januari 2003 ökade Kanadas uppskattade bevisade oljereserver från 5 till 180 miljarder fat, när Kanadas oljesandsreserver inkluderades. Över en natt blev Kanadas oljereserver världens näst största, efter Saudi Arabien. Syftet med denna rapport är att undersöka och analysera produktionen av tung olja/bitumen från Kanadas oljesandsfyndigheter och dess framtida betydelse för den globala oljeproduktionen. Rapporten visar att om det nuvarande naturgasbehovet för oljesandsindustrin kvarstår, då är det inte möjligt att förse den framtida expanderande kanadensiska oljesandsindustrin med nödvändiga kvantiteter av naturgas. Vidare är ett konsekvent skifte till att använda bitumen för energi och till uppgradering av den utvunna oljan svårt att kombinera med Kanadas åtaganden under Kyoto-protokollet. Generellt sett är oljesandsindustrin förknippad med allvarliga miljöstörningar. Kanadas oljesandsreserver kan exploateras genom gruvdrift samt in situ-metoder, som är olika modifierade former av traditionell oljeutvinning. Den stora osäkerheten för den kanadensiska oljesandsproduktionen gäller möjligheterna till storskalig oljeutvinning med in situ metoder. Samtidigt är det dessa metoder som har den största långsiktiga produktionspotentialen, eftersom den överväldigande delen av oljesandsreserverna endast kan exploateras på detta sätt. Om massiva ekonomiska insatser genomförs för att sätta hela det potentiella gruvdriftsområdet i produktion kan en platåproduktion och en efterföljande produktionsnedgång förväntas. En avtagande produktion för gruvdriften kan resultera i att hela den kanadensiska oljesandsproduktionen når ett maximum för att sedan börja avta. En total oljeproduktion på 5 miljoner fat per dag år 2030, kan vara möjlig. Detta kräver dock en utbyggnad av andra energikällor, exempelvis kärnkraft, samt att problemen med koldioxidutsläpp kan hanteras ekonomiskt och/eller tekniskt. Under perioden fram till 2030 kan varken den mest optimistiska officiella kanadensiska produktionsprognosen eller denna rapports mest optimistiska produktionsprognos, inte ens kompensera för den kombinerade nedgången i konventionell oljeproduktion från Kanada och Nordsjön. Kanadas oljesandsresurser kan inte förhindra utvecklingen mot ett globalt peak oil-scenario. 3 Table of Contents 1 Background ................................................................................................................... 7 1.1 The Concept of Peak Oil....................................................................................... 9 1.2 The Global Resource Base of Non-Conventional Oil ......................................... 11 1.3 Purpose and Disposition..................................................................................... 11 1.4 Methodology, Literature and Delimitation........................................................... 12 2 Definitions of Heavy Oils............................................................................................ 13 3 The Canadian Oil Sands Deposits............................................................................. 14 3.1 Geographical Location........................................................................................ 14 3.2 The Creation of the Oil Sands Deposits ............................................................. 15 3.3 Oil Sands and Bitumen....................................................................................... 16 4 Production Technologies ........................................................................................... 17 4.1 Mining Extraction ................................................................................................ 17 4.1.1 Mining Operations................................................................................. 17 4.1.2 Future Mining Technology .................................................................... 18 4.2 In Situ Extraction................................................................................................. 19 4.2.1 Cyclic Steam Stimulation (CSS) ........................................................... 20 4.2.2 Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) ........................................... 20 4.3 Emerging In Situ Technologies........................................................................... 20 4.3.1 VAPEX (Vapour Extraction Process).................................................... 21 4.3.2 THAI (Toe-to-Heel Air Injection) ........................................................... 21 5 Canadian Reserves of Crude Bitumen...................................................................... 23 5.1 Ultimate Potential of Crude Bitumen .................................................................. 23 5.2 Initial in-Place Volumes of Crude Bitumen ......................................................... 24 5.3 Surface-Mineable Crude Bitumen Reserves ...................................................... 25 5.4 In Situ Crude Bitumen Reserves ........................................................................ 26 6 Upgrading/Refining..................................................................................................... 28 6.1 Upgrading Today ................................................................................................ 28 6.2 Hydrogen Consumption, Upgrading to SCO ...................................................... 29 6.3 Future Upgrading................................................................................................ 29 7 Oil Production Investment Aspects .......................................................................... 31 7.1 Oil Sands Production Investments ..................................................................... 31 7.2 Oil Sands production - A Profitable Business Area ............................................ 32 8 Environmental impact................................................................................................. 33 8.1 Surface Disturbance ........................................................................................... 33 8.2 Water .................................................................................................................
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