Future of Urban Travel
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MMoonnoorraaiillss Wind-driven monorail, invented by Henry Palmer (around 1820) Future of Urban Travel Japan Monorail Association Nishi-Tech Building, 2-12-10 Uchi-kanda, Chiyoda Ward, Tokyo 101-0047, Japan TEL 03-3258-6471 FAX 03-3258-6472 http://www.nihon-monorail.or.jp Japan Monorail Association 2019.03. Monorails in Japan Since the emergence of the Wuppertal Monorail in 1901, attempts were made to install monorails at various sites in Japan, the first successful example being at Toshimaen Amusement Park in 1951. Since the 1950’s, monorails have been considered a major mode of future urban transportation. The first monorail system introduced as urban transport in Japan was the suspended-type monorail built at Ueno Park, developed by the Tokyo Metropolitan Bureau of Transportation in 1957 with the purpose to conduct a feasibility study for monorail as a means for future urban transportation. In the 1960’s, thanks to imported techniques such as ALWEG and SAFEGE systems, in addition to unique technical developments pursued by Japanese enterprises, monorails were installed in various locations around Urban Beauty Japan. Among them, Tokyo Monorail, which commenced operation in 1964, has performed a crucial role in the city’s public transportation. Japan Monorail Association was established the same year to conduct and research from technical and administrative perspectives, so as to ensure the adoption of the monorail as a means of urban transportation, and to promote their practical application. This research yielded results in the use of the straddle-type monorail as the transportation system for the 1970 Osaka World Environment Exposition. Another successful example was the suspended-type Shonan Monorail, which commenced operation the same year. History of the Monorail The Installation of Urban Monorails in Japan was boosted up by the government’s guidance for promotion promulgated in 1972 backed by Japanese Infrastructure Subsidy System established in 1974, which enables to subsidize the construction cost of monorail infrastructure. This actually advanced the Global Monorails installation of Urban Monorail System in the areas of Kitakyushu, Chiba, Osaka, Tama, and Naha. The patent for the monorail can be traced back to UK patent No. 461 by Henry Palmer in the year 1821, who molded his invention In the 21st century, Japanese-made monorail system made an advance into global market and have into shape at London Wharf in 1824 to transport cargo. The rails evolved into successful system operations in Chongqing in China, Singapore, Dubai in the United Arab were made of wood instead of iron at the time, and horse-drawn Emirates, and Daegu in Republic of Korea. cars straddled the rail. In 1888, a straddle-type monorail powered by a steam locomotive was installed in Ireland over a line approximately 15km long and was used to transport cargo for 36 years until 1924. In 1901, a 1820 1840 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 suspended-type monorail with iron wheels was constructed in 1821 Monorail invented by Henry R. Palmer Wuppertal, Germany over a length of 13.3km, and still serves as the 1824 Installation of a monorail in London wharf for transporting cargo (the world’s first monorail) oldest monorail in operation as a major transportation system. 1888 Installation of a monorail in Ireland 1901 Wuppertal in Germany(L=13.3km) Installation of an experimental ALWEG-type monorail in Cologne, West Germany 1957 Research and development of the renovated monorail was actively History of global monorails Disneyland 1959 pursued after World War II, and an experimental straddle-type Installation of an experimental SAFEGE-type monorail in suburban Orleans, France 1960 Seattle 1962 (ALWEG type) monorail was constructed in 1957 in a suburb of Disneyworld 1971 Cologne, Germany. Then, in 1960, an experimental suspended-type University of Dortmund 1984 (SAFEGE type) monorail was installed in a suburb of Orleans, Alton Towers in the U.K 1987 Tampa International Airport in Florida 1991 France. These two systems marked the beginning of the Daedeok Science Town 1993 development of the modern monorail. Newark International Airport 1995 Barra Shopping Center in Brazil 1996 Jacksonville 1997 The world’s first ALWEG type monorail was put into practical Kuala Lumpur 2003 operation in 1959 at Disneyland in Los Angeles, followed by Turin Las Vegas 2004 (1961), Seattle (1962), and Disneyworld in Florida (1971). Moscow 2005 Mumbai 2014 Sao Paulo 2014 Ueno Zoo Monorail 1957 History of Japanese monorails Tokyo Monorail 1964 Shonan Monorail 1970 Kita-kyushu Urban Monorail 1985 History of the Monorail 2-3 Location of Monorail Systems in Japan 9 Chiba Urban Monorail 1988 Osaka Monorail 1990 Types of Monorail Systems 4-5 Practical Use of Monorail Systems Hiroshima Sky Rail 1998 Contents Features of the Monorail 6 Track Record of Monorails in Japan 10-14 Tama Monorail 1998 Maihama Resort Line 2001 Significance of Urban Monorails 7 Track Record of Monorail Exports 15-16 Okinawa Urban Monorail 2003 Chongqing Monorail, China 2005 Construction and Operation of Urban Monorails 8 Development of Compact Monorails 17-18 Sentosa Monorail, Singapore 2007 Monorail Systems Currently in Operation Outline of Japan Monorail Association 19 Dubai Monorail 2009 Daegu Monorail 2015 Types of Monorail Systems Large, Medium, and Compact Monorail Systems Train length 61 m Monorails developed in Japan are classified into large, medium, and compact Shaft weight 11 t Large systems, depending on the size of the cars and the overall system scale. Nominal riding capacity (0.3 m2/person) 415 Persons Planned passenger volume (0.14 m2/person) 693 Persons The large and medium-size monorail systems meet the high ridership demands The Urban Monorail Straddle-type and Suspended-type Monorail Systems of large metropolitan areas, especially effective during peak-hour situations for Full capacity (0.1 m2/person) 966 Persons Facilities for passenger or cargo transport either straddling a Monorails are classified into straddle and suspended-type daily commuting. Such systems have been deployed around Japan and have a Train length 57 m track or suspended from one, are generally called monorails. systems. Since the straddle-type travels by straddling the track, proven track record of creating a profitable operation model for public transit, as Medium Shaft weight 10 t Monorails are used widely, not only as urban transportation its center of gravity is situated above the track. The seen in the cities of Tokyo, Osaka and Kitakyushu. Such systems are most systems but also for amusement, sightseeing, and agricultural suspended-type, on the other hand, is configured suspending suitable for ridership demands of over 20,000pphpd (passengers per hour per Nominal riding capacity (0.3 m2/person) 348 Persons purposes. from the track, with its center of gravity under the track. direction), and can carry over 125,000 passengers daily. Planned passenger volume (0.14 m2/person) 580 Persons Full capacity (0.1 m2/person) 858 Persons To establish the monorail as a form of urban transportation, In order to meet the demands for a low-cost, highly versatile urban transit Train length 40 m the Law Concerning the Promotion of the Installation of Urban system especially common in regional cities around Japan, the compact monorail Monorails in Japan was enacted in 1972. Article 2 of this law system was developed as a simplified version of its larger counterpart, with a Compact Shaft weight 9 t(Average) defines “urban monorails" as the following: “Passenger or significant reduction in size and weight of not only the rail cars, but also ground Nominal riding capacity (0.3 m2/person) 170 Persons cargo transporting systems for general traffic, whose carriers facilities, such as tracks, columns, and stations, to account for the need to align Planned passenger volume (0.14 m2/person) 280 Persons are suspended from, or ride on, a track constructed over a routes in accordance with the complicated road configurations of narrow road in principle, and most of which are installed within an passages (minimum width 18m) and sharp curve radiuses (minimum radius 35m). Full capacity (0.1 m2/person) 380 Persons Flash Signal urban planning area.” Train radio antenna Automatic Train Cooler Protection (ATP) Large Unit: mm 2,980 Signal loop Straddle-type Monorail System cable 3,740 Circuit breaker 5,200 Main control Traction motor Pantograph Stabilizer wheel Cross-sectional view 700 3,050 9,600 2,150 2,150 9,600 2,150 350 Brake 850W X 1,500H Guide wheel 14,800 13,900 Coupler Drive wheel Trolley rail Track beam Medium Unit: mm 2,980 Positive trolley cable Automatic Train Protection (ATP) Track 3,735 Guide rail Signal loop cable Traction motor 5,100 Drive wheel Cooler Swing bolster Negative trolley cable Coupler Main control Suspended-type Monorail System Track girder Cross-sectional view 700 Guide wheel 2,700 9,000 2,000 2,000 9,000 2,000 350 800W X 1,400H 13,700 13,000 Compact Unit: mm 2,710 3,450 4,805 Cross-sectional view 4,280 7,400 7,900 700W X 1,300H 11,330 700 7,200 350 Features of the Monorail Significance of Urban Monorails Safe and Comfortable Ridership Quiet, Clean, and Minimum Sunlight Obstruction Establishing an Urban Public Transportation and scenery, new attractive urban spaces can be introduced by planting trees and adopting creative design. Urban monorails are Since monorails travel along an exclusive elevated track, (low pollution and environmental impact) System while Ensuring Smooth Road Traffic a new means of transportation, allowing citizens to rediscover comfortable, safe, and punctual operation is ensured with no Rubber tires and air springs minimize noise and vibration, The law concerning urban monorails in Japan was enacted the charm of urban settings. concerns of traffic jams. Furthermore, since they travel over a and eliminate concerns over exhaust gasses.