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Lake Levels and Sedimentary Environments During Deposition of the Trego Hot Springs and Wono Tephras in the Lake Lahontan Basin, Nevada, USA

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Lake Levels and Sedimentary Environments During Deposition of the Trego Hot Springs and Wono Tephras in the Lake Lahontan Basin, Nevada, USA Quaternary Research 73 (2010) 118–129 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Quaternary Research journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/yqres Lake levels and sedimentary environments during deposition of the Trego Hot Springs and Wono tephras in the Lake Lahontan basin, Nevada, USA Kenneth D. Adams ⁎ Desert Research Institute, 2215 Raggio Parkway, Reno, NV 89512, USA article info abstract Article history: The Wono and Trego Hot Springs (THS) tephras are widespread in the Lahontan basin and have been Received 16 December 2008 identified in a variety of sedimentary environments at different elevations. Davis (1983) reported lake level Available online 2 October 2009 to be at about 1256 m when the THS tephra was deposited, an interpretation questioned by Benson et al. (1997) who interpreted lake level to be ≤1177 m at that time. This is a significant difference in lake size with Keywords: important implications for interpreting the climate that prevailed at that time. Based on new interpretations Lake Lahontan of depositional settings of the THS bed at multiple sites, the larger lake size is correct. Additional sites Trego Hot Springs tephra Wono tephra containing the Wono tephra indicate that it was deposited when lake level was at about 1217 m in the paleowater depth western subbasins and at about 1205 m in the Carson Sink. Sedimentary features associated with sedimentary features progressively deeper paleowater depths follow a predictable pattern that is modulated by proximity to sediment sources and local slope. Fine to coarse sands with wave-formed features are commonly associated with relatively shallow water. Silty clay or clay dominates in paleowater depths N25 m, with thin laminae of sand and ostracods at sites located adjacent to or downslope from steep mountain fronts. © 2009 University of Washington. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Introduction documenting the characteristics, ages, occurrences, and environmen- tal settings of multiple tephra beds spanning the late Quaternary During its late Pleistocene highstand, Lake Lahontan was the (Davis, 1978; 1982; 1983; 1985; 1987a). This detailed work has second largest pluvial lake in the Great Basin of the western United substantially contributed to a broader tephrochronologic framework States. At around 13,000 14C yr BP, Lake Lahontan had a surface area of that covers much of the western United States (Sarna-Wojcicki et al., about 23,000 km2 and a volume of about 2100 km3 (Benson and 1983, 1991, 2005; Sarna-Wojcicki and Davis, 1991; Reheis et al., Mifflin, 1986). For most of the period from 30 to 10 ka, however, 2002). Ideally, each tephra bed represents an instant in time so that Lahontan was at lower levels and separated into several distinct lakes widespread and disparate outcrops can be perfectly correlated across that fluctuated somewhat independently. Therefore, there is not a a variety of depositional environments. This framework has proved single lake-level curve for the Lahontan basin but a family of curves invaluable to subsequent researchers working to reconstruct the that occasionally coalesced when lake levels were high (Davis, 1982). history of paleoenvironmental fluctuations and other aspects of A major research goal in the Lahontan basin has been to better define landscape dynamics in this region (e.g., Negrini et al., 1984, 1987, this family of curves to help delineate the effects of climate fluctuations 1988; Negrini and Davis, 1992; Bell and dePolo, 1999; Reheis et al., and to more accurately specify the varying load imposed by Lake 2002, 2003; Bell and House, 2007). Lahontan for isostatic rebound modeling (e.g., Bills et al., 2007). The main purpose of this paper is to use the numerous outcrops of Documenting lake-level curves for Lahontan has involved dating of the Trego Hot Springs (THS) and Wono tephras found in the Lahontan tufa and shells associated with various shoreline levels (Broecker and basin to examine the relationships between sedimentary features and Orr, 1958; Broecker and Kaufman, 1965; Benson, 1978, 1981, 1991, 1993; paleowater depth. Key to this task is Davis' (1983) interpretation that Benson and Thompson, 1987; Benson et al., 1995), dating of organic lake level in the western subbasins of Lahontan was between 1256 material associated with different lake levels (Born, 1972; Thompson and 1260 m when the THS tephra was deposited. Other outcrops of et al., 1986; Adams and Wesnousky, 1998; Adams, 2003, 2007; Briggs the THS at lower elevations allow estimates of paleowater depth to be et al., 2005), and using the elevations and distributions of tephra beds to associated with various sedimentary features. Similarly, the identifi- infer former shoreline levels (Davis, 1983; Benson et al., 1997). cation of lake level at the time that the Wono tephra was deposited In the 1970s and 1980s, Jonathon Davis constructed a tephrochro- allows a second stratigraphic marker to be used in a similar fashion. nologic framework for the Lahontan basin and adjacent regions by Previous work ⁎ Fax: +1 775 673 7397. Tephra beds have long been noted in the deposits of Lake Lahontan E-mail address: [email protected]. (Russell, 1885; Morrison, 1964), and as petrographic, geochemical, 0033-5894/$ – see front matter © 2009 University of Washington. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.yqres.2009.08.001 K.D. Adams / Quaternary Research 73 (2010) 118–129 119 and geochronologic techniques have advanced, so too has the utility Davis (1983) defined lake level in the western subbasins of La- of tephras grown for tying together isolated outcrops. Davis (1978) hontan to be rising through an elevation between 1256 and 1260 m published a comprehensive monograph on the Quaternary tephro- during deposition of the THS bed based on two exposures of the chronology of the Lahontan basin that describes the physical and tephra along Squaw Creek at the north end of the Smoke Creek Desert chemical characteristics, distributions, depositional settings, and ages (Fig. 1). At the northern (upstream) amphitheater, the tephra is of 20 distinct tephra beds that span the age range from greater than contained within poorly stratified, extensively burrowed, sandy flu- 750,000 yr to a few hundred years old. Most of these beds were newly vial deposits at an elevation of about 1260 m (Davis, 1983). This documented from outcrops within the Lahontan basin except the relatively thin (1.5 m) fluvial unit overlies a well-developed paleosol Mazama and Bishop tephras that had been previously documented (Churchill geosol of Morrison, 1964, 1991) and in turn is capped by a elsewhere. thick (10–12 m) package of well-bedded sand and silt that Davis Figure 1. Map showing study sites (white boxes) where the Trego Hot Springs and Wono tephras are found as well as other tephra sites as described in Davis (1978; 1982; 1985; 1987a, b), Benson et al. (1997), and Bell et al. (2005). The thin gray line represents the last major highstand of Lake Lahontan at about 1335 m. Place names mentioned in text are shown in gray-shaded boxes. Cities are denoted by small white boxes with adjacent letters: R, Reno; C, Carson City; F, Fernley; L, Lovelock; and W, Winnemucca. 120 K.D. Adams / Quaternary Research 73 (2010) 118–129 (1983) interpreted to be deltaic sediments. At the southern (down- Davis (1978; 1985; 1987a). Sedimentary symbols and terminology stream) amphitheater, the THS bed is contained within the base of a used in this paper are modified from Gierlowski-Kordesch and Kelts thick deltaic/lacustrine package at an elevation of about 1256 m. (2000) and Tucker (2003), as used in Adams (2007). The elevations of These interpretations led Davis (1983) to conclude that lake level the Squaw Creek, Smoke Creek, Double Hot Springs, Agency Bridge, must have been between 1256 and 1260 m at the time the THS tephra Hualapai spit, Jenny Creek, and Mullen Creek sites were surveyed with was deposited. Davis (1985; 1987a) also described a series of either a total station referenced to local benchmarks or a high- exposures in the Black Rock and Smoke Creek deserts where the precision GPS system; all other elevations are approximate. THS and Wono beds are exposed in lacustrine beds at various eleva- tions from about 1160 m to about 1230 m. Squaw Creek Subsequent to Davis' (1978, 1982, 1983, 1985, 1987a) studies, Benson et al. (1997) reexamined the Squaw Creek exposures and The two alternative interpretations of the depositional setting of interpreted that the THS bed in the downstream exposure was asso- the THS bed in the lower Squaw Creek outcrop are that it was either ciated with an approximately 1.5-m-thick fluvial/eolian unit capped deposited on a delta graded to a transgressing lake surface between by a buried soil, although they did note deltaic sediments both 1256 and 1260 m (Davis, 1983) or that the THS bed was deposited in a underlying and overlying the THS bed. Their interpretation was that small, flashy stream with a heavily vegetated, marshy floodplain, the unit that contained the THS bed was not part of underlying and which was not graded to a relatively high lake level (Benson et al., overlying delta complex(es) and was not graded to a high lake level. 1997). To evaluate these two very different models, a detailed analysis Benson et al. (1997) concluded that Lake Lahontan was much smaller of the lower amphitheater was undertaken (Fig. 2). It is recognized, than Davis's (1983) interpretation at the time the THS bed was however, that these exposures have probably changed over the deposited, probably at or close to the size of Pyramid Lake in historic 25+ yr that they have been studied due to continued erosion by time (Fig. 1). The conclusions of Benson et al. (1997) were based in Squaw Creek.
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