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Domain Name Disputes: Is Private Dispute Resolution Working?

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Domain Name Disputes: Is Private Dispute Resolution Working? JOY LIDDICOAT DOMAIN NAME DISPUTES: IS PRIVATE DISPUTE RESOLUTION WORKING? LLM DISSERTATION LLM BY DISSERTATION (LAWS 592) FACULTY OF LAW VICTORIA UNIVERSITY OF WELLINGTON 2010 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................... 2 Glossary ............................................................................................................... 5 List of Acronyms ................................................................................................. 6 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ............................................................................. 7 A Personal Statement ....................................................................................... 8 B The Internet .................................................................................................. 9 1 Transformation and Ubiquity ................................................................... 9 2 What is a Domain Name? ...................................................................... 10 3 The Critical Nature of the Domain Name System .................................. 11 4 Domain Name Disputes ......................................................................... 12 5 Overview of the Dispute Resolution Service .......................................... 13 6 Has the Internet Outstripped the Law? .................................................. 14 C Original Contribution of Dissertation ........................................................ 16 1 The Primary Research Questions .......................................................... 16 2 New Legal Processes ............................................................................. 17 D Structure of Dissertation ............................................................................ 19 E Limitation on Scope ................................................................................... 20 CHAPTER II THE DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM IN NEW ZEALAND ................ 21 A Introduction ................................................................................................ 21 B The Domain Name System ........................................................................ 21 1 The Root Zone File and the Root Name Servers .................................... 21 2 Administration of the Domain Name System ......................................... 26 3 Domain Name Registration .................................................................... 29 4 The Domain Name System in New Zealand ........................................... 30 5 .nz Domain Name Service Policies ........................................................ 33 6 Commentary ........................................................................................... 34 C Domain Name Disputes ............................................................................. 36 1 Categories of domain name disputes ..................................................... 36 2 Scope of protected rights ........................................................................ 37 3 Categories of domain name dispute resolution systems ........................ 39 4 New Zealand until 2006 ......................................................................... 40 D Conclusions ................................................................................................ 42 CHAPTER III DISPUTE RESOLUTION THEORY .......................................... 44 A Introduction ................................................................................................ 44 B Dispute Resolution Theory ........................................................................ 45 1 Dispute Resolution and the Rule of Law ................................................ 45 2 Alternative Dispute Resolution .............................................................. 45 3 Categorising the DRS ............................................................................. 48 C Dispute Resolution Evaluation ................................................................... 59 1 Evaluation of ADR and Litigation ......................................................... 59 2 Evaluation of the Dispute Resolution Service ........................................ 62 D Conclusion ................................................................................................. 66 CHAPTER IV THE DISPUTE RESOLUTION SERVICE DEVELOPMENT .... 68 A Introduction ................................................................................................ 68 3 B The Dispute Resolution Service Policy ..................................................... 68 1 Overview of DRS Policy Development ................................................... 68 2 System Design ........................................................................................ 73 3 Policy context ......................................................................................... 86 4 Process integrity .................................................................................... 92 C Conclusion ................................................................................................. 95 CHAPTER V THE DISPUTE RESOLUTION SERVICE IN PRACTICE......... 98 A Introduction ................................................................................................ 98 B Evaluation of DRS ..................................................................................... 98 1 Standards ............................................................................................... 98 2 Costs ..................................................................................................... 103 3 Analysis of Complaints ......................................................................... 106 C Conclusion ............................................................................................... 115 CHAPTER VI CONCLUSION ......................................................................... 118 A Introduction .............................................................................................. 118 B The Primary Research Questions ............................................................. 118 1 The DRS is Operating Effectively ........................................................ 118 2 InternetNZ is Acting Responsibly ......................................................... 119 3 Contribution to the Review of the DRS ................................................ 119 C New Legal Processes ............................................................................... 120 D Wider Implications ................................................................................... 120 1 Human Rights ....................................................................................... 121 2 The State and Internet Administration ................................................. 123 APPENDIX 1 DISPUTE RESOLUTION SERVICE POLICY .............................. 126 APPENDIX 2 SUBMISSIONS ON 2004 CONSULTATION PAPER ................... 144 APPENDIX 3 RECOMMENDATIONS TO THE REVIEW OF THE DISPUTE RESOLUTION SERVICE POLICY ...................................................................... 145 APPENDIX 4 TABLE OF INTERNETNZ POLICIES, AGREEMENTS AND FORMS ................................................................................................................. 146 APPENDIX 5 TABLE OF EXPERT DECISIONS 2006 – JANUARY 2010 ......... 148 BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................. 154 4 Abstract InternetNZ has responsibility for management of the .nz domain name space. This dissertation examines InternetNZ’s development and implementation of the Dispute Resolution Service Policy (the DRS). The DRS, which is being reviewed in 2010, provides a substantive legal test for unfair registration of a domain name and a dispute resolution process. This dissertation asks whether the DRS is working effectively and, if so, what this reveals about the operation of the Internet in New Zealand. The dissertation shows that the DRS is a low cost, high quality alternative to litigation and is being run in a pragmatic but principled way by InternetNZ. Implications are discussed and recommendations are made for minor improvements. The dissertation concludes with a call for more participation in, and critique of, Internet policy developments given the important human rights issues that can arise and the significance of the Internet in New Zealand today. Word length The text of this paper (excluding abstract, table of contents, footnotes, bibliography and appendices) comprises approximately 34,978 words. Subjects/Topics Internet-Domain Names-Dispute Resolution. 5 Glossary Domain name: A domain name is the alphabetical representation of a string of numbers assigned to each computer on the Internet. Domain names have several levels and is read from right to left with each level separated by a full stop (commonly referred to as a dot). The furthest right hand level is known as the top level and may be a country code (such as .nz) or a generic code (such as .org). Domain name server: A computer that accepts requests from other programs or servers to convert domain names into numerical addresses (typically known as IP or TCP addresses). The Domain Name System: The world wide system of domain name services that process and contain data about domain names and numbers. The Domain Name System is often known simply as “the DNS” and
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